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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are widely acknowledged as the drivers of tumor initiation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression, and metastasis. Originating from both hematologic and solid malignancies, CSCs exhibit quiescence, pluripotency, and self‐renewal akin to normal stem cells, thus orchestrating tumor heterogeneity and growth. Through a dynamic interplay with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and intricate signaling cascades, CSCs undergo transitions from differentiated cancer cells, culminating in therapy resistance and disease recurrence. This review undertakes an in‐depth analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying cancer stemness and CSC‐mediated resistance to therapy. Intrinsic factors encompassing the TME, hypoxic conditions, and oxidative stress, alongside extrinsic processes such as drug efflux mechanisms, collectively contribute to therapeutic resistance. An exploration into key signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, WNT, NOTCH, and HEDGEHOG, sheds light on their pivotal roles in sustaining CSCs phenotypes. Insights gleaned from preclinical and clinical studies hold promise in refining drug discovery efforts and optimizing therapeutic interventions, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, cytokine‐induced killer (CIK) cell therapy, natural killer (NK) cell‐mediated CSC‐targeting and others. Ultimately use of cell sorting and single cell sequencing approaches for elucidating the fundamental characteristics and resistance mechanisms inherent in CSCs will enhance our comprehension of CSC and intratumor heterogeneity, which ultimately would inform about tailored and personalized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a new stochastic multiobjective technoeconomic model for integrating photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy resources in electricity price (EP)‐driven distribution systems. The primary goal of this paper is to determine the optimal location and capacity for renewable energy‐based distributed generation, specifically PV and wind resources, while considering weather and system uncertainties. These uncertainties include stochastic variations in PV illumination intensity, wind speed, EP, and load fluctuations. To address these uncertainties, the paper employs scenario modeling techniques named as Latin hypercube sampling with Cholesky decomposition. This technique generates multiple correlated scenarios that represent uncertain variables. Subsequently, a scenario reduction technique is applied to identify the scenario with the highest probability. Later, a mathematical model is developed to minimize an objective function that encompasses various factors like system losses, node voltage deviations, the cost of purchasing power from the grid; and simultaneously maximize the total annual energy savings. The objective is to find optimal solutions that strike a balance between different objectives. To obtain an efficient optimum solution, this paper employs an effective meta‐heuristic technique named as JAYA algorithm. The results obtained by the JAYA algorithm are juxtaposed with those obtained using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm techniques. The proposed method is evaluated using Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 33‐node and IEEE 69‐node test feeders to validate its feasibility and effectiveness. However, the effectiveness of the proposed method is not limited to any size of test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have challenged the validity of the Redfield ratio. It is proposed that physical and biogeochemical processes govern the geographical variations in carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) ratios. However, this proposal remains to be examined through concurrent observations of C : N : P ratios with physical and biogeochemical processes in various marine reservoirs. Here, we sampled the Arabian Sea for its C, N, and P content in organic and inorganic pools during the winter monsoon. We analyzed the role of convective mixing, eddies, and N2 fixation to explain the variation in observed elemental ratios. Convective mixing injected the cold water and enhanced the supply of N and P nutrients in the top layer (surface to 50–75 m) of the northern Arabian Sea. This led to a decrease in the N : P and C : P ratios in the particulate organic matter in the northern region, but C : N : P increased equatorward, averaging 245 : 32 : 1 in the top layer of the Arabian Sea. The variation in the elemental ratios in the top layer is best explained by the changes in water temperature. N2 fixation contributed negligibly to the N : P ratio of the export flux. The substantial decrease in N : P ratios of nutrients in the subsurface waters is most likely caused by the denitrifying conditions in the Arabian Sea. As the processes of convective mixing and eddies are are prevalent oceanic processes, our observations underpin that the interplay of these processes leads to changes in the elemental ratios globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Bhagyashree. Supekar, Rajesh. Soni, Ravi. Bhushan, Jayesh. Mukhi, Rajesh. Singh, Dharitri. Bhat Lazarine leprosy is an unusual expression of usually borderline tuberculoid (BT) form characterized by spontaneous ulceration of [...]

The heat transfer from the low latitudes to high latitudes is responsible for maintaining the earth's climate dynamics. Thus, deciphering the possible mechanism driving the variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) during the Holocene Epoch has been critical to understand the hydroclimatic changes of the low latitudes. Despite several efforts, the teleconnection of ISM with the global climate dynamics remains under-represented and poorly understood. The present study aims to delineate the ISM variability and its possible forcing mechanism from western India (Gujarat). In this study, a sediment core (~65 cm long) was raised from the Jaffrabad mudflat (MIT) in western Gujarat. The sediment samples were subjected to geochemical analysis to investigate paleomonsoon, paleo-sediment source and paleoweathering changes. The results show that, with the addition of intermediate sources, the sediments were principally derived from the hinterland's Deccan basalts. Further, the study suggested a warm and wet climate due to strong ISM during 10,650−5500 cal yr BP associated with the solar as well as orbital forcings. The weak monsoon during 5500−2700 cal yr BP has been linked with southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) along with the increased El Niño-like conditions. Further, the wavelet analysis revealed that a combined influence of solar, orbital and North Atlantic forcings led to monsoon variability along western India, during the Holocene Epoch. By reconciling the geochemical proxies, the present study has implications in the reconstruction of paleomonsoon and establishing the possible teleconnection with the global climate system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]