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Homo erectus is the founding early hominin species of Island Southeast Asia, and reached Java (Indonesia) more than 1.5 million years ago.sup.1,2. Twelve H. erectus calvaria (skull caps) and two tibiae (lower leg bones) were discovered from a bone bed located about 20 m above the Solo River at Ngandong (Central Java) between 1931 and 1933.sup.3,4, and are of the youngest, most-advanced form of H. erectus.sup.5-8. Despite the importance of the Ngandong fossils, the relationship between the fossils, terrace fill and ages have been heavily debated.sup.9-14. Here, to resolve the age of the Ngandong evidence, we use Bayesian modelling of 52 radiometric age estimates to establish--to our knowledge--the first robust chronology at regional, valley and local scales. We used uranium-series dating of speleothems to constrain regional landscape evolution; luminescence, .sup.40argon/.sup.39argon (.sup.40Ar/.sup.39Ar) and uranium-series dating to constrain the sequence of terrace evolution; and applied uranium-series and uranium series-electron-spin resonance (US-ESR) dating to non-human fossils to directly date our re-excavation of Ngandong.sup.5,15. We show that at least by 500 thousand years ago (ka) the Solo River was diverted into the Kendeng Hills, and that it formed the Solo terrace sequence between 316 and 31 ka and the Ngandong terrace between about 140 and 92 ka. Non-human fossils recovered during the re-excavation of Ngandong date to between 109 and 106 ka (uranium-series minimum).sup.16 and 134 and 118 ka (US-ESR), with modelled ages of 117 to 108 thousand years (kyr) for the H. erectus bone bed, which accumulated during flood conditions.sup.3,17. These results negate the extreme ages that have been proposed for the site and solidify Ngandong as the last known occurrence of this long-lived species. Bayesian modelling of radiometric age estimates provides a robust chronology for Homo erectus at Ngandong (Java), confirming that this site currently represents the last known occurrence of this species., Author(s): Yan Rizal [sup.1] , Kira E. Westaway [sup.2] , Yahdi Zaim [sup.1] , Gerrit D. van den Bergh [sup.3] , E. Arthur Bettis III [sup.4] , Michael J. Morwood [...]

Loess is one of the most extensive surficial geologic deposits in midcontinental North America, particularly in the central Great Plains region of Nebraska. Last-glacial-age loess (Peoria Loess) reaches its greatest known thickness in the world in this area. New stratigraphic, geochronologic, mineralogic, and geochemical data yield information about the age and provenance of Peoria Loess, as well as evaluation of recent climate models. Sixteen new radiocarbon ages and recently acquired optically stimulated luminescence ages indicate that Peoria Loess deposition in Nebraska occurred between ca. 25,000 cal yr B.P. and ca. 13,000 cal yr B.P. After ca. 13,000 cal yr B.P. a period of pedogenesis began, represented by the dark, prominent Brady Soil. At some localities, further loess deposition was minimal. At other localities, sometime after ca. 11,000 cal yr B.P., there were additional episodes of loess deposition (Bignell Loess) intermittently throughout the Holocene. The spatial variability of particle size abundances in Peoria Loess shows a northwest-to-southeast fining in Nebraska, consistent with maps of previous workers that show a northwest-to-southeast thinning of loess. These observations indicate that paleowinds that deposited the loess were from the west or northwest and that the source or sources of Peoria Loess lay to the west or northwest. New mineralogical and geochemical data indicate that the most important sources of loess were likely Tertiary siltstones of the White River and Arikaree Groups, silt facies of Pliocene eolian sediments, and small contributions from Pierre Shale. It is likely that fine-grained silts were transported episodically through the Nebraska Sand Hills from Tertiary and Cretaceous bedrock sources to the north, in agreement with a model presented recently. The identification of Tertiary siltstones and silts as the primary sources of loess is consistent with isotopic data presented in a companion paper. Contributions of glaciogenic silt from the Platte and Missouri Rivers were limited to loess zones dose to the valleys of those drainages. An earlier computer-based model of global dust generation during the last glacial period did not identify the Great Plains of North America as a significant source of nonglaciogenic eolian silt. However, a refined version of this model does simulate this region as a significant nonglacial dust source during the last glacial period, in good agreement with the results presented here. Keywords: Peoria Loess, Nebraska, Great Plains, last glacial period, stratigraphy, geochemistry, provenance, paleoclimate.

Pb isotope compositions of detrital K-feldspars and U-Pb ages of detrital zircons are used as indicators for determining the sources of Peoria Loess deposited during the last glacial period (late Wisconsin, ca. 25-14 ka) in Nebraska and western Iowa. Our new data indicate that only loess adjacent to the Platte River has Pb isotopic characteristics suggesting derivation from this river. Most Peoria Loess in central Nebraska (up to 20 m thick) is non-glaciogenic, on the basis of Pb isotope ratios in K-feldspars and the presence of 34-Ma detrital zircons. These isotopic characteristics suggest derivation primarily from the Oligocene White River Group in southern South Dakota, western Nebraska, southeastern Wyoming, and northeastern Colorado. The occurrence of 10-25 Ma detrital zircons suggests additional minor contributions of silt from the Oligocene-Miocene Arikaree Group and Miocene Ogallala Group. Isotopic data from detrital K-feldspar and zircon grains from Peoria Loess deposits in eastern Nebraska and western Iowa suggest that the immediate source of this loess was alluvium of the Missouri River. We conclude that this silt probably is of glaciogenic origin, primarily derived from outwash from the western margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Identification of the White River Group as the main provenance of Peoria Loess of central Nebraska and the Missouri River valley as the immediate source of western Iowa Peoria Loess indicates that paleowind directions during the late Wisconsin were primarily from the northwest and west, in agreement with earlier studies of particle size and loess thickness variation. In addition, the results are in agreement with recent simulations of non-glaciogenic dust sources from linked climate-vegetation modeling, suggesting dry, windy, and minimally vegetated areas in parts of the Great Plains during the last glacial period. Keywords: loess, zircon, K-feldspar, U-Pb, Pb isotopes.

Isotopic analyses of three stalagmites from Cold Water Cave, northeast Iowa, United States, reveal nearly identical [[Delta].sup.13]C trends from ca. 7 to 2 ka. However, [[Delta].sup.18]O patterns differ by as much as 3[per thousand] from 5.7 to 3.2 ka. These disparate [[Delta].sup.18]O values reflect evaporative 18O enrichment in meteoric water prior to infiltration, suggesting that previously calculated temperatures based on a single Cold Water Cave stalagmite overestimated middle Holocene warming. The coincidence of elevated middle Holocene growth rates in the stalagmites with the lowest oxygen isotopic compositions indicates that the middle Holocene was marked by a predominance of cool-weather precipitation during a period of increased overall aridity.

Beginning with the position that sacred beliefs function as a causal force in the social system of classless societies, we hold that symbolic behavior materialized in earthen mounds represents a transformation of ideological beliefs and the conditions of social production and reproduction. Evidence for this proposition was collected from the excavation of four conical mounds in the keller and Bluff Top mound groups in northeastern Iowa. These Late Woodland period mounds contained complex arrays of pit features, rock layers, earthen fills, broadcast human bones, and other special offerings that are witness to a long-term cycle of rituals. All members of these Late Woodland societies are believed to have participated in the rituals of death and rebirth to dramatize their cosmological convictions and reaffirm their economic relationships with Nature.

We examined the impact of three different sample preparation methods on bulk soil geochemistry data obtained from a hand‐held, portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer. We generated data from a soil core recovered from the surface, downward into unaltered loess, and into a buried soil at a site in eastern Iowa. Samples were scanned (i) directly from field‐moist soil cores; (ii) after drying, grinding, and being loosely massed in plastic cups; and (iii) as pressed‐powder pellets. Data derived using these methods were compared with data obtained from a standard benchtop X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) unit. Generally, the results indicated that data from pressed powder pellets often provide the best correlation to benchtop XRF data, although the results were sometimes element or compound specific. Calcium oxide, Fe2O3, and K2O generally provided the strongest correlations between pXRF‐ and XRF‐reported values; SiO2 data were more problematic. Field‐moist pXRF scans generally underestimated element concentrations, but the correlations between pXRF and benchtop XRF measurements were greatly improved after applying pXRF‐derived calibration standards. In summary, although element/compound data provided by pXRF showed significant relationships to benchtop XRF data, the results are improved with proper sample preparation (i.e., drying, grinding, pressing) and usually by calibrating the pXRF data against known standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consolidation and codification of professional research standards proceeded in archaeological geology research in 1991. Federal policies such as the Historic Preservation Act of 1966 spurred greater activity in the profession and highlighted the need for standards. Quaternary chronologies continued to be refined, and volcanologists were busy with the major eruptions in Chile and Philippines.

This paper examines the coevolutionary roles of variable flow features and heterogeneous substrates on knickpoint migration. A conceptual model is used to depict distinct migration mechanisms in a channelized headwater system of a representative intensively managed watershed in the Deep Loess Region of the U.S. Midwest. Throughout this region, entrenched streams have eroded into alluvial‐based strata that are horizontally consistent but vertically heterogeneous. Variable flow in these streams switches between vented conditions, where water shoots from the knickpoint face as an aerated plunging jet, and unvented conditions, where water clings close to its face through suction. These switches affect hydrodynamic mechanisms controlling migration but cannot explain fully observed alternating slow‐fast migration rates. It is hypothesized that vertically heterogeneous strata in entrenched streams, specifically strong‐over‐weak layers, facilitate observed changes in knickpoint migration rates. Preferential erosion of weaker sublayers is thought to trigger other erosional mechanisms to accelerate migration even at low flows. Herein, a migration "diary" documents a representative knickpoint's displacement over time with flow measurements and site stratigraphy. Slower migration occurred from 2006 to 2009 through fluvial erosion of a resistant silt loam cap. From 2009 to 2012, migration accelerated as the knickpoint face reached a critical height through scour. A flow back roller formed, which preferentially eroded a weaker sand sublayer. Undercutting/cantilever failure cycles persisted, causing 30 m of retreat within 2 months (i.e., 62.5% of the total migration over 78 months). Comparisons with established fluvial hydraulics‐based and undercutting/cantilever‐based migration models confirm the hypothesis and importance of both stratified substrates and hydrodynamic controls on knickpoint migration. Key Points: A conceptual sketch is used to depict distinct knickpoint migration mechanisms in a channelized semicohesive streamKnickpoint migration in semicohesive streams is governed by coplay of flow and stratigraphic controls that can change in space and timeHeterogeneity in substrate properties can lead to preferential erosion of material, controlling the mechanisms that drive the migration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2016, the annual meeting of the International Union for Quaternary Research’s Loess and Pedostratigraphy Focus Group, traditionally referred to as a LoessFest, met in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA. The 2016 LoessFest focused on “thin” loess deposits and loess transportation surfaces. This LoessFest included 75 registered participants from 10 countries. Almost half of the participants were from outside the United States, and 18 of the participants were students. This review is the introduction to the special issue for Quaternary Research that originated from presentations and discussions at the 2016 LoessFest. This introduction highlights current understanding and ongoing work on loess in various regions of the world and provides brief summaries of some of the current approaches/strategies used to study loess deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loess is widespread over Alaska, and its accumulation has traditionally been associated with glacial periods. Surprisingly, loess deposits securely dated to the last glacial period are rare in Alaska, and paleowind reconstructions for this time period are limited to inferences from dune orientations. We report a rare occurrence of loess deposits dating to the last glacial period, ~19 ka to ~12 ka, in the Yukon-Tanana Upland. Loess in this area is very coarse grained (abundant coarse silt), with decreases in particle size moving south of the Yukon River, implying that the drainage basin of this river was the main source. Geochemical data show, however, that the Tanana River valley to the south is also a likely distal source. The occurrence of last-glacial loess with sources to both the south and north is explained by both regional, synoptic-scale winds from the northeast and opposing katabatic winds that could have developed from expanded glaciers in both the Brooks Range to the north and the Alaska Range to the south. Based on a comparison with recent climate modeling for the last glacial period, seasonality of dust transport may also have played a role in bringing about contributions from both northern and southern sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Analyses of fossil records of molluscs, stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen, diatoms and palynomorphs from alluvial deposits at Arroyo Claromecó, in the southern Pampa region of Argentina, provide an integrated reconstruction of rapid Holocene environmental change related to marine and palaeoclimate influences. The major events recorded include: (i) disturbances produced by marine influences in close proximity to the coast before ca. 7700 cal a BP; (ii) a short-term decrease in salinity associated with freshwater influx between ca. 7700 and 7400 cal a BP in response to eustatic adjustment as sea level rose; (iii) an increasing input of marine water related to the Holocene sea-level highstand and greater evaporative conditions between 7400 and 6450 cal a BP; and (iv) evaporative processes linked to a pronounced climatic variability that triggered changes in water chemistry during the last ca. 6000 cal a BP concurrently with the late Holocene sea-level fall. A comparison of coastal and continental stable isotope records from the Pampa region reveals that evaporation and a negative precipitation/evaporation (P/E) ratio balance strongly influenced water chemistry in the coastal region, and was as important an influence as marine water during the period of maximum sea-level highstand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Loess has accumulated in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska over the past ∼10,000years. [•] Concentrations of Fe in the silt+clay fraction of the loess are higher than most other loess bodies. [•] The loess contains many minerals that can yield bioavailable Fe to primary producers in the ocean. [•] Satellite imagery shows that dust from this region is transported to the open North Pacific Ocean. [•] Contemporary glaciogenic dust at high latitudes may play an important role in the global dust budget. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A sequence of paleosols in the Solo Basin, Central Java, Indonesia, documents the local and regional environments present when Homo erectus spread through Southeast Asia during the early Pleistocene. The earliest human immigrants encountered a low-relief lake-margin landscape dominated by moist grasslands with open woodlands in the driest landscape positions. By 1.5Ma, large streams filled the lake and the landscape became more riverine in nature, with riparian forests, savanna, and open woodland. Paleosol morphology and carbon isotope values of soil organic matter and pedogenic carbonates indicate a long-term shift toward regional drying or increased duration of the annual dry season through the early Pleistocene. This suggests that an annual dry season associated with monsoon conditions was an important aspect of the paleoclimate in which early humans spread from Africa to Southeast Asia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The alluvial fill in the Upper Mississippi River Valley (UMV) is a palimpsest of past landscapes, environments, and physical evidence of human life ways. The valley has undergone significant changes in fluvial style during the time humans have occupied its landscapes, including changes in channel pattern, location of depocenters, and sediment lithology. Remnants of late-glacial braidplains that predate human presence in the Upper Midwest occur as sandy terraces and terrace fills. A subsequent major change in alluvial architecture resulted from fundamental changes in seasonal water and sediment input that marked the end of glacial meltwater input into the valley about 12.4 ka (10,500 14C yr B.P.). A shift to net transport of sandy bedload and storage of fine-grained overbank sediment on the floodplain accompanied the change to an island-braided channel pattern at that time. The Holocene channel belt has been significantly narrower, and the zone of sediment storage is reduced relative to that of the late-glacial river. Major Holocene depocenters include alluvial fans and colluvial slopes, floodbasins, natural levees, and fluvial fans at the junction of large tributaries. Climate models, and paleobotanical, and isotopic studies indicate that shifts in large-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation and moisture transport into the mid-continent of North America induced hydrologic and vegetation changes that strongly influenced flood frequency and magnitude, the delivery of sediment from tributary basins, and the evolution of the UMV landscape. Understanding the alluvial architecture of the valley, and the temporal/spatial distribution of biotic environments and processes that have buried, mixed, altered, or destroyed archaeological deposits is essential to develop strategies for sampling the valley for evidence of past human activity and for properly interpreting the archaeological record. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sangiran (Solo Basin, Central Java, Indonesia) is the singular Homo erectus fossil locale for Early Pleistocene Southeast Asia. Sangiran is the source for more than 80 specimens in deposits with 40Ar/39Ar ages of 1.51–0.9 Ma. In April 2001, we recovered a H. erectus left maxilla fragment (preserving P3- M2) from the Sangiran site of Bapang. The find spot lies at the base of the Bapang Formation type section in cemented gravelly sands traditionally called the Grenzbank Zone. Two meters above the find spot, pumice hornblende has produced an 40Ar/39Ar age of 1.51 ± 0.08 Ma. With the addition of Bpg 2001.04, Sangiran now has five H. erectus maxillae. We compare the new maxilla with homologs representing Sangiran H. erectus, Zhoukoudian H. erectus, Western H. erectus (pooled African and Georgian specimens), and Homo habilis. Greatest contrast is with the Zhoukoudian maxillae, which appear to exhibit a derived pattern of premolar-molar relationships compared to Western and Sangiran H. erectus. The dental patterns suggest distinct demic origins for the earlier H. erectus populations represented at Sangiran and the later population represented at Zhoukoudian. These two east Asian populations, separated by 5000 km and nearly 800 k.yr., may have had separate origins from different African/west Eurasian populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Here we present palynological records from alluvial deposits in four outcrop sequences along the lower reaches of Arroyo Claromecó, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (38° 50′ S latitude, 60° 05′ W longitude). These data indicate development of soils and grasslands with associated halophytic vegetation in the higher elevations of the floodplains between ca. 7200 and 6000 14C yr BP (ca. 8000 and 7000cal yr BP). At lower elevations halophytic saltmarsh vegetation was replaced by wetland communities (sedges) in response to a sea-level highstand at 6500 14C yr BP (ca.7400cal yr BP). Soils were buried by expanding wetlands at ca.6000 14C yr BP, a trend that persisted until ca. 3400 14C yr BP (ca. 3700cal yr BP). Over this interval we observe repeated fluctuations between grassland and halophytic vegetation in response to variations in water level and physical–chemical conditions resulting from desiccation or flooding events. These variations are caused by hydrologic variability in a subhumid–dry climatic mean state. Channel incision occurred between ca. 3400 and 2500 14C yr BP (ca.3700–3200cal yr BP), concurrent with sporadic and intermittent sediment deposition at higher elevations of the floodplain. The pollen record from the paleochannel infilling indicate grasses accompanied by halophytic taxa between ca. 2500 and 800 14C yr BP (3200 and 700cal yr BP) deposited in a shallow brackish-to-fresh water body. The palynological spectra from sediments deposited sporadically at higher elevations show halophytic vegetation and a trend toward wetland desiccation followed by development of psammophytic communities after ca. 1100 14C yr BP. The tops of the alluvial sequences are covered by sand dunes whose modern spectra are characterized by psammophytic vegetation along with exotic tree taxa. Our results and inferences are consistent with previous studies and provide more detailed insights into the impacts of Holocene sea-level and climatic variations, aspects that are relevant for the coastal Pampa grasslands under various scenarios in a warming world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]