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The essential requirement for precise localization of a self-driving car is a lane-level map which includes road markings (RMs). Obviously, we can build the lane-level map by running a mobile mapping system (MMS) which is equipped with a high-end 3D LiDAR and a number of high-cost sensors. This approach, however, is highly expensive and ineffective since a single high-end MMS must visit every place for mapping. In this paper, a lane-level RM mapping system using a monocular camera is developed. The developed system can be considered as an alternative to expensive high-end MMS. The developed RM map includes the information of road lanes (RLs) and symbolic road markings (SRMs). First, to build a lane-level RM map, the RMs are segmented at pixel level through the deep learning network. The network is named RMNet. The segmented RMs are then gathered to build a lane-level RM map. Second, the lane-level map is improved through loop-closure detection and graph optimization. To train the RMNet and build a lane-level RM map, a new dataset named SeRM set is developed. The set is a large dataset for lane-level RM mapping and it includes a total of 25157 pixel-wise annotated images and 21000 position labeled images. Finally, the proposed lane-level map building method is applied to SeRM set and its validity is demonstrated through experimentation.

Vehicle bounding box tracking (VBBT) is a new problem that is becoming increasingly important in autonomous driving. It is defined as a problem in which not only the position but also the size of a target vehicle is estimated using a sensor. In this paper, novel VBBT using a low-end three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner is proposed. Compared to previous methods, the proposed VBBT has three distinctions: (1) the center of a rectangular vehicle is defined as its position, and the motion model that uses the center of the vehicle as the state is developed; (2) a new measurement model is proposed that models the measured size of the target vehicle as a sample from a uniform distribution; and (3) a Bayesian filter for the proposed motion and measurement model is developed and it is named as the Pareto Kalman filter (PKF). Finally, the proposed method is applied to six scenarios, and its validity is demonstrated through experimentation.

Unlike high-end three-dimensional (3-D) scanners with more than 16 layers which are mainly used in academia, low-end 3-D scanners with a few layers are being developed by sensor makers for installation in commercial advanced driver assistance system. The output of a low-end 3-D scanner is completely different from that of a full 3-D scanner and it is rather similar to the output of a 2-D scanner with a single layer. In this paper, a new framework for moving object detection and subsequent tracking using a low-end 3-D scanner with four layers is proposed. The proposed method uses the contours of the objects to obtain a robust association between a detection and a tracking. The proposed method comprises five steps: preprocessing, contour extraction, hypothesis generation, pruning, and moving object detection. In the preprocessing step, outliers, such as the ground or backlights from preceding vehicles, are removed and the scanned points are decomposed into segments, each of which corresponds to a single object. In the track hypothesis generation step, each segment is associated with an existing track maintained over multiple scans. The association method developed here uses the contour shape of the segments and is motivated by the linear programming and dynamic time warping. In the track hypothesis pruning step, unlikely tracks are removed from the hypothesis trees based on the proposed hypothesis scores. In the last step, moving objects are detected based on the track velocity. The proposed method is applied to four challenging real-world scenarios, and its validity is demonstrated via experimentation.

These days, laser scanners becomes the primary sensor for advanced driver assistance system (ADAS). The most important theme of ADAS is to distinguish surroundings of egovehicle because notification of situation is the beginning of ADAS such as path planning, mapping and tracking. In this paper, we present approach for object classification by using a laser scanner mounted in vehicle. For object classification, we suggest Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) which is widely used in linguistic study or language model. We rearrange laser scanner data to equivalent theta intervals and apply recurrent neural network model to identify of class about laser scanner point. The proposed method is implemented on a real vehicle, and its performance is tested in a real-world environment. The experiments indicate that the proposed method has good performance in real-life situation.

High Definition map (HD Map) is an important part of autonomous driving vehicle. Most conventional method to generate HD map requires expensive system and postprocessing of observed data. In this paper, we propose automatic HD map generating algorithm using just monocular camera without further human labors. The proposed algorithm detects road lane from image and classifies the type of road lane at pixel-level with Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) which outperforms the other semantic segmentation methods. The segmentation results are used to extract lane features, and the features are used for loop-closure detection. Final map is generated with graph-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm. The experiment is done with monocular camera mounted on mobile vehicle. In this paper, final map generated by proposed method is compared with aerial view data. The results show that the proposed method can generate reliable map that is comparable to real roads even only the low-cost sensor is used.

Intelligent vehicle plans motion and navigate itself based on t he surrounding environment perception. Hence, the precise environment recognition is an essential part of self-dr iving vehicle. There exist many vulnerable road users (e.g. vehicle, pedestrians) on vehicular driving environm ent, the vehicle must percept all the dynamic ob-stacles accurately for safety. In this paper, we propose an multiple vehicle tracking algorithm using microwave radar. Our proposed system includes various special features. F irst, exceptional radar measurement model for ve-hicle, concentrated on the corner, is described by mixture dens ity network (MDN), and applied to particle filte r weighting. Also, to conquer the curse of dimensionality of parti cle filter and estimate the time-varying number o fmulti-target states, reversible jump markov chain monte carlo ( RJMCMC) is used to sampling step of the proposed algorithm. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is demonstr ated through several computer simulations.Key Words : Intelligent Vehicle, Multiple Target Tracking (MTT), Markov C hain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Particle Filter, Mixture Density Network (MDN).Received: Jan. 30, 2014Revised : Apr. 14, 2015Accepted: Apr. 14, 2015

Recently, there are many researches on active safety system of intelligent vehicle. To reduce the probability of collision caused by driver's inattention and mistakes, the active safety system gives warning or controls the vehicle toward avoiding collision. For the purpose, it is necessary to recognize and analyze circumstances around. In this paper, we will treat the problem about collision risk assessment. In general, it is difficult to calculate the collision risk before it happens. To consider the uncertainty of the situation, Monte Carlo simulation can be employed. However it takes long computation time and is not suitable for practice. In this paper, we apply neural networks to solve this problem. It efficiently computes the unseen data by training the results of Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we propose the features affects the performance of the assessment. The proposed algorithm is verified by applications in various crash scenarios.Key Words : Collision Risk Assessment, Monte Calro Simulation, Neural Networks, Time-to-Collision(TTC)

In this paper, we present road boundary estimation based on laser scanner by using histogram model. For raw laser scanner data, we apply histogram model, which means that the histogram of the number of laser point is applied from a center of ego-vehicle. After histogram is made, we estimate the boundary point and select point of road boundary. We estimate selected points to clothoid model and update them by using Kalman filter. Experimental results carried out with laser range data illustrate the robustness of our approach.

There are several types of intersections such as merge-roads, diverge-roads, plus-shape intersections and two types of T-shape junctions in urban roads. When an autonomous vehicle encounters new intersections, it is crucial to recognize the types of intersections for safe navigation. In this paper, a novel intersection type recognition method is proposed for an autonomous vehicle using a multi-layer laser scanner. The proposed method consists of two steps: (1) static local coordinate occupancy grid map (SLOGM) building and (2) intersection classification. In the first step, the SLOGM is built relative to the local coordinate using the dynamic binary Bayes filter. In the second step, the SLOGM is used as an attribute for the classification. The proposed method is applied to a real-world environment and its validity is demonstrated through experimentation.

In this paper, we present approach for the detection and classification of multiple vehicles using a vehicle mounted laser scanner. The sensor, which is placed in front of the vehicle, is Scala 1403 and its characteristic is that it scans data twice -upper and lower direction- in one period. Consequently, it is difficult to detect and classify vehicles continuously. For solving this problem, another method for classification is needed. In this paper, binary classification is proposed for classification of Scala sensor. It can show better classification result than by using SVM (support vector machine) in case of occlusions. Experimental results carried out with laser range data illustrate the robustness of our approach.

In this paper, we propose a Collision warning system for rear-end collision situation to avoid an accident. There are many complex situations in roadway. Therefore, we focus on a rear-end collision which is a common traffic accident wherein a vehicle crashes into the vehicle in front of it. The state of vehicles and the TTC are used to state features and LDA is used to project the state features into linear space which can indicate the possibility of collision. Computer simulation will be show the validity of our proposed method.