Search

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared by the green synthesis method and loaded inside niosomes as a drug release system and their physicochemical and biological properties were determined. Zn-NPs were prepared by the eco-friendly green strategy, the structure, and morphological properties were studied and loaded into niosomes. Subsequently, different formulations of niosomes containing Zn-NPs were prepared and the optimal formulation was used for biological studies. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to investigate the morphology and size of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis were used to confirm the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) determined the elemental analysis of the Zn-NPs synthesis solution and the crystalline structure of Zn-NPs was analysed by XRD (X-Ray diffraction). Furthermore, Zn-NPs were loaded inside the niosomes, and their structural characteristics, entrapment efficiency (EE%), the release profile of Zn-NPs, and their stability also were assessed. Moreover, its antimicrobial properties against some microbial pathogens, its effect on the expression of biofilm genes, and its anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines were also determined. To study the cytocompatibility, exposure of niosomes against normal HEK-293 cells was carried out. In addition, the impact of niosomes on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis (Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, Bax) at the mRNA level was measured. Our findings revealed that the Zn-NPs have a round shape and an average size of 27.60 nm. Meanwhile, UV–Vis, FTIR, and XRD results confirmed the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Also, the EE% and the size of the optimized niosomal formulation were 31.26% and 256.6 ± 12 nm, respectively. The release profile showed that within 24 h, 26% of Zn-NPs were released from niosomes, while in the same period, 99% of free Zn-NPs were released, which indicates the slow release of Zn-NPs from niosomes. Antimicrobial effects exhibited that niosomes containing Zn-NPs had more significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects than Zn-NPs alone, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects increased 2 to 4 times. Cytotoxic effects indicated that when Zn-NPs are loaded into niosomes, the anticancer activity increases compared to Zn-NPs alone and has low cytotoxicity on cancer cells. Niosomes containing ZnNPs increased the apoptosis-related gene expression level and reduced the Bcl2 genes. In general, the results show that niosomes can increase the biological effects of free Zn-NPs and therefore can be a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of Zn-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO:ZnO nanocomposite photocatalyst with tunable ratios of CuO was synthesized using a low-temperature-assisted co-precipitation method, which is suitable for industrial-scale production. Analytical techniques, including XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, XPS and UV–Vis, were utilized to investigate the structure, morphological characteristics, chemical composition and optical properties of the CuO:ZnO nanocomposite. The XRD analysis reveals that the samples exhibit a single phase, characterized by a wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO and a monoclinic structure of CuO. The average crystal size changed from 37.3±8.8nm to 24.6±6.9nm when CuO varied from 0% to 5% in the CuO:ZnO nanocomposite. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal that the nanocomposite particles exhibit a high degree of uniformity, with an average size of approximately 50nm. HR-TEM shows the width of lattice plane families consistent with X-ray diffraction for CuO and ZnO materials. The ZnO exhibits a unique hexagonal shape. Furthermore, there is a slight correlation between the CuO fraction and an increase in grain size. FTIR analysis revealed the specific vibrational modes of ZnO and CuO at wavenumbers of 564, 619, 651, 673 and 488, 607cm−1, respectively. XPS shows secondary valences of Cu and Zn indicating the formation of CuO and ZnO while the high Ov peak indicates the presence of Oxygen defects in the crystal lattice. The absorption results clearly demonstrate the presence of two absorption edges corresponding to ZnO and CuO, as well as the broadening of the absorption spectrum of the nanocomposite sample up to a wavelength of 840nm. The photocatalytic degradation of RhB yielded remarkable outcomes, as the concentration of RhB declined by 98.6% after 20min of illumination using a CuO:ZnO (3:97) nanocomposite. The photocatalytic efficiency is significantly influenced by changing the CuO ratio in CuO:ZnO nanocomposites. This can be attributed to the tradeoff between the effectiveness of the heterogeneous contact layer and the limited ability of CuO to catalyze photochemical reactions. Based on the scavenger test, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are primarily responsible for the decolorization of RhB dye. Results of evaluating the reusability and stability of the material show that, after fifth recycling, the decomposition efficiency still reaches over 90% after 30min of illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights This paper presents the effect of varying the type of Z‐pin on the delamination bridging performance of unidirectional composite laminates. Carbon and Kevlar Z‐pins were inserted in thick composite laminates using the pre‐hole insertion Z‐pinning process and their bridging performance characterized across the different mode‐mixity range. The bridging response indicated that Kevlar Z‐pin experienced load reduction driven by interfacial friction (Stage III), which was absent in the Carbon Z‐pin. When Mode II dominated the bridging crack, Kevlar Z‐pin showed partial pullout and fiber shear cracking, while the Carbon Z‐pin exhibited clean transverse fracture. Although the bridging load obtained by the Carbon Z‐pin was twice that of Kevlar Z‐pin, the Kevlar Z‐pin provided a higher interlaminar fracture energy. The superior bridging performance of Kevlar Z‐pin is correlated with the enhanced ductility. Moreover, the resin‐rich area was involved in deformation and provided the extra axial load of Z‐pin. The comparison of mixed‐mode bridging mechanism between Kevlar Z‐pin and Carbon Z‐pin. Reveal the variation of multi‐directional load and energy consumption with mixed‐mode angle in thick laminates. Detailed scanning electron microscope observation to understand failure characteristics of ductile Z‐pin. Evidence that the extra axial load of Z‐pin provided by resin‐rich area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present investigation aims to examine the influence of various facilitators and biases on the behavioral intention (BI), which in turn lead to actual implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Further to get a comprehensive viewpoint, the study attempts to observe the impact of actual implementation on perceived sustainable performance. Data for the current study were collected from 600 healthcare practitioners who use AI tools to treat patients. To analyze the linkages between exogenous and endogenous constructs Structural Equation Modeling (through AMOS software) was performed. The results indicated that out of eleven facilitators, eight significantly influenced BI to adopt AI. The findings for biases depicted that out of six biases three (Historical, Evaluation and Algorithmic) were supported. Furthermore, findings suggest that BI has a direct positive influence on actual implementation of AI which in turn positively contributes to perceived sustainable performance. The observations of this study could be helpful for practitioners and academicians. It may be used to determine which AI-supported approaches should be used for certain designs in the healthcare sector. Though this research provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals, yet it has certain limitations which may be used by researchers to build frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct in situ tensile straining experiments to investigate the role of hydrogen and slip in crack initiation in nickel-based alloy 725. Our experiments reveal no tendency for hydrogen to enhance localized slip and no necessity of slip for crack initiation. We use electrochemical charging to introduce hydrogen into samples, melt extraction to measure hydrogen content, and digital image correlation to analyze localized plastic strains during in situ tensile tests in a scanning electron microscope. Cracks initiate both in regions with and without nearby localized slip. Moreover, the fraction of cracks initiating with no nearby slip is greater at higher hydrogen content. Slip-assisted crack initiation generally occurs at locations where intergranular slip is arrested, especially at intersections of slipping coherent twin boundaries with thin twin lamellae. Cracks that initiate without nearby slip occur at a wider variety of microstructural features, including inclusions, triple junctions, and surface flaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste fiber reinforced concrete is gaining recognition as a high‐performance construction material, offering notable load‐bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and enhanced durability features. As the building and construction industry focuses on sustainable practices, fibers derived from waste materials create an opportunity to be utilized further in composite designs. This study explores the tensile, compressive, and flexural behaviors of cardboard fibers (kraft fibers) and textile polyester fibers in concrete materials. The composite microstructure is also investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to measure the bonding performance of the fibers within the cementitious matrix. Four mix designs were created using 2.5% textile fibers as a reinforcement agent and 5% silica fume modified kraft fibers (SFKFs) as a partial cement replacement. The combination of fibers achieved 44 MPa compressive strength, equaling the control. Tensile strength was enhanced by 5% when using the combination of the two fibers, achieving 3.58 MPa in comparison to 3.41 MPa. However, flexural strength was reduced among all fibrous concrete materials. SEM images distinguished the natural and synthetic characteristics associated with the two fibers within the cementitious matrix. Namely, demonstrating the chemical bonding of SFKFs in comparison with the physical bonding properties of the textile fibers. This study serves as a valuable resource for future investigations and the broader adoption of binary waste fiber composite designs in cementitious composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focused on evaluating the evolution of the corrosion product layer and associated corrosion rates on archeological artifacts from 16 sites. Sites with clay soils and maximum waterlogging (pond bottoms and wetlands) were monitored. The corrosion products were evaluated by X‐ray imaging, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and nanoindentation. Two stages of corrosion attack with slightly different mechanisms were observed. Corrosion rates observed at sites with continuous flooding show average corrosion rates of 0.4–1 μm.a−1. These values demonstrate a minimum service life of the container outer case of 15 × 103 years, which is several times longer than the required lifetime of the outer case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During rock drilling, a drill bit will wear as it breaks the rock. However, there is no uniform grading standard for rock abrasiveness. To solve this problem, the wear mechanisms of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit and the formation it is drilling into are analyzed in depth, and an abrasiveness evaluation method based on the fractal dimension of the rock surface topography is established. Initially, a three-dimensional digital model is generated from a scanning electron microscope image of the rock after drilling; next, an evaluation of the irregularities on the rock surface is performed using an adapted Weierstrass–Mandelbrot (W-M) function to ascertain the fractal dimensionality. Then, the microcontact characteristics of the contact surface between the formation and the PDC bit are analyzed, and the distribution of the microconvex contact points of the two-body friction pair in a region is obtained. Because the sliding friction between the drill bit and the rock produces a large amount of heat, according to the contact area formula of the friction surface and heat conduction theory, the temperature rise and overall temperature distribution of the formation and PDC bit under the condition of sliding friction are revealed, and the real contact area between the formation and the drill bit within a certain temperature range is obtained. Finally, the evaluation index of rock abrasiveness under sliding conditions is established by adopting the wear weight loss of the rock cutting tool per unit volume as the index of rock abrasiveness, and the model is verified by a microdrilling experiment. The research in this paper is highly important for improving the rock-breaking efficiency and bit service life during drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, children's daily consumption of some products, such as cereals and candies, has been rising, which provides a compelling rationale for determining any metallic substances that may be present. Monitoring the concentration of certain metals, like nickel, in these products is necessary due to medical issues in humans when consumed regularly. So, in this work, a novel and highly selective carbon paste as a Ni(II) ion-selective sensor was prepared and investigated using ceramic magnesium aluminum spinel nanoparticles as the ionophore and tritolyl phosphate (TOCP) as a plasticizer. A modified co-precipitation method was used to synthesize the spinel nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope with EDAX, transmission electron microscope, and BET surface area were used to determine the phase composition, microstructure, pores size, particle size, and surface area of the synthesized nanoparticles. The spinel nanoparticle was found to have a nano crystallite size with a cubic crystal system, a particle size ranging from 17.2 to 51.52 nm, mesoporous nature (average pore size = 8.72 nm), and a large surface area (61.75 m2/g). The composition ratio of graphite carbon as a base: TOCP as binder: spinal as ionophore was 67.3:30.0:2.7 (wt%) based on potentiometric detections over concentrations from 5.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with LOD of 5.0 × 10−8 mol L−1. A measurement of 29.22 ± 0.12 mV decade−1 over pH 2.0–7.0 was made for the Nernstian slope. This sensor demonstrated good repeatability over nine weeks and a rapid response of 8 s. A good selectivity was shown for Ni(II) ions across many interferents, tri-, di-, and monovalent cations. The Ni(II) content in spiked real samples, including cocaine, sweets, coca, chocolate, carbonated drinks, cereals, and packages, were measured. The results obtained indicated no significant difference between the proposed potentiometric method and the officially reported ICP method according to the F- and t-test data. In addition to utilizing ANOVA statistical analysis, validation procedures have been implemented, and the results exceed the ICP-MS methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the use of isocyanate adhesives mostly requires the assistance of solvents, which can cause adverse environmental pollution and health effects. The aqueous isocyanate avoids the shortcomings of the solvent, but shortens the working life of the isocyanate. Isocyanate microcapsules can avoid these shortcomings, and can also solidify isocyanate to improve the efficiency of isocyanate use. In this study, microencapsulation technology was used to protect the highly reactive -NCO group, improve the stability of isocyanate, and prolong the working life of isocyanate in water-based wood adhesives. That is, isocyanate microcapsules with gum Arabic/gelatin as shell and isocyanate as core were prepared in oil-in-water emulsion by complex coacervation. In addition, the preparation process was optimized by changing the parameters. Then, the prepared isocyanate microcapsules were characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Scanning electron microscope, Particle size analyzer, etc. Finally, plywood was prepared by using the prepared isocyanate microcapsules in the wood adhesive. The results showed that, the particle size of isocyanate microcapsules was controllable, and the content of active groups and core in the prepared isocyanate microcapsules can reach a high level. The isocyanate microcapsules extend the working life of isocyanates from about 30 mins to 5 hours, and significantly improve the stability of isocyanates. The bonding strength of the prepared plywood meets the requirements of (Class I plywood) with only 20% -NCO addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi-doped Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) microelectronic solder is gaining attention for its utility as a material for solder joints that connect substrates to printed circuit boards (PCB) in future advanced packages, as Bi-doped SAC is reported to have a lower melting temperature, higher strength, higher wettability on conducting pads, and lower intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the solder-pad interface. As solder joints are subjected to aging during their service life, an investigation of aging-induced changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the solder alloy is needed before its wider acceptance in advanced packages. This study focuses on the effects of 1 to 3 wt.% Bi doping in an Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy on aging-induced changes in hardness and creep resistance for samples prepared by high cooling rates (>5 °C/s). The specimens were aged at ambient and elevated temperatures for up to 90 days and subjected to quasistatic nanoindentation to determine hardness and nanoscale dynamic nanoindentation to determine creep behavior. The microstructural evolution was investigated with a scanning electron microscope in tandem with energy-dispersive spectroscopy to correlate with aging-induced property changes. The hardness and creep strength of the samples were found to increase as the Bi content increased. Moreover, the hardness and creep strength of the 0–1 wt.% Bi-doped SAC305 was significantly reduced with aging, while that of the 2–3 wt.% Bi-doped SAC305 increased with aging. The changes in these properties with aging were correlated to the interplay of multiple hardening and softening mechanisms. In particular, for 2–3 wt.% Bi, the enhanced performance was attributed to the potential formation of additional Ag3Sn IMCs with aging due to non-equilibrium solidification and the more uniform distribution of Bi precipitates. The observations that 2–3 wt.% Bi enhances the hardness and creep strength of the SAC305 alloy with isothermal aging to mitigate reliability risks is relevant for solder samples prepared using high cooling rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of changes occurring on the working surface of lubricated gears using analytical equipment, e.g., an FE-SEM scanning electron microscope with an EDS microanalyzer, a WLI interferometric microscope, or a GDEOS optical discharge spectrometer, enables the characterisation of wear mechanisms of this surface. Definition of the phenomena occurring on the surface of tribo-couples after scuffing tests enables a comparative analysis of scuffing resistance and surface properties of the micro- and nanostructure, and elemental composition of the tested gears. Recognition and analysis of the wear mechanisms occurring on the working surface of gears will reduce the risk of damage and losses resulting from the need for maintenance and repair. The study concerned the working surfaces of gears made of 17HNM and 35HGSA steels on which a W-DLC/CrN coating was deposited. Shell Omala S4 GX 320 commercial industrial oil with a synthetic PAO (polyalphaolefin) base was selected for the lubrication of the gears. Tribological tests employed an FZG gear scuffing under severe conditions test method and they were carried out on a T-12U test rig for cylindrical gear analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the high demand for innovative solutions in medicine, a major increase in interest in biomaterials research has been noticed, with the most significant advancements in metals and their alloys. Titanium-based alloys are one of the most recognised in the scientific community but do not represent the only way to achieve optimal results. Zirconium alloys for medical applications are a novelty with significant research potential based on their outstanding properties, which may be of value for medicine. The aim of the present study was to obtain new biomedical Zr-Nb-Mo alloys with varying ratios of their respective elements—Zr and Mo—using combined powder metallurgy (PM) and arc melting (VAM) methods. The obtained samples underwent microstructure analysis using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The study of element distribution was conducted with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), whereas the phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties were examined with a Micro Combi Tester MCT3, whereas tribological properties were assessed with a TRN Tribometer, and Ringer's solution was used as a lubricant. Additionally, the wear tracks of the studied samples were observed using the SEM. The research results indicated that increased Mo content conduced to microstructure refinement and homogeneity. Furthermore, the higher content of this element contributed to the growth of the HVIT, HIT, and EIT parameters, together with the improvement in the tribological performance of the alloys. XRD analysis revealed that the obtained samples were multiphase, and raising the Mo addition promoted the formation of new phases, including a ternary phase—Zr0.9Nb0.66Mo1.44 (Fd 3 ¯ m). The chemical composition study showed uneven distribution of niobium and areas of uneven mutual distribution of zirconium and molybdenum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the deformation behavior of UNS S32750 (S32750) duplex stainless steel during low cycle fatigue was studied by controlling the number of cycles. The microstructure of the specimens under different cycles was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The microhardness of the two phases was measured by a digital microhardness instrument. The results showed that the microhardness of ferrite increases significantly after the first 4000 cycles, while the austenite shows a higher strain hardening rate after fatigue fracture, and the microhardness of ferrite and austenite increases by 23 HV and 87 HV, respectively. The two-phase kernel average misorientation (KAM) diagram showed that the continuous accumulation of plastic deformation easily leads to the initiation of cracks inside the austenite and at the phase boundaries. The evolution of dislocation morphology in the two phases was obviously different. With the increase in cycle number, the dislocation in ferrite gradually transforms from dislocation bundles and a dislocation array to a sub-grain structure, while the dislocation in austenite gradually develops from dipole array to an ordered Taylor lattice network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale geranium waste (GW) and magnesium nanoparticle/GW nanocomposites (Mg NP/GW) were prepared using green synthesis. The Mg NP/GW samples were subjected to characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-FT). The surface morphology of the materials was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their thermal stability was assessed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TG). The BET-specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of the prepared materials were determined using the N2 adsorption–desorption method. Additionally, the particle size and zeta potentials of the materials were also measured. The influence of the prepared nanomaterials on seed germination was intensively investigated. The results revealed an increase in seed germination percent at low concentrations of Mg NP/GWs. Upon treatment with Mg NP/GW nanoparticles, a reduction in the mitotic index (MI) was observed, indicating a decrease in cell division. Additionally, an increase in chromosomal abnormalities was detected. The efficacy of GW and Mg NP/GW nanoparticles as new elicitors was evaluated by studying their impact on the expression levels of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS1) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPPS1) genes. These genes play a crucial role in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in Sinapis alba (S. alba) and Pelargonium graveolens (P. graveolens) plants. The expression levels were analyzed using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The qRT-PCR analysis of FPPS and GPPS gene expression was performed. The outputs of FPPS1 gene expression demonstrated high levels of mRNA in both S. alba and P. graveolens with fold changes of 25.24 and 21.68, respectively. In contrast, the minimum expression levels were observed for the GPPS1 gene, with fold changes of 11.28 and 6.48 in S. alba and P. graveolens, respectively. Thus, this study offers the employment of medicinal plants as an alternative to fertilizer usage resulting in promoting environmental preservation, optimal waste utilization, reducing water consumption, and cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylene blue dye in water sources can pose health risks to humans, potentially causing methemoglobinemia, a condition that impairs the blood's ability to carry oxygen. Hence, the current study investigates the synthesis of novel magnesium borate/magnesium oxide (Mg3B2O6/MgO) nanostructures and their efficiency in removing methylene blue dye from aqueous media. The nanostructures were synthesized using the Pechini sol–gel method, which involves a reaction between magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and boric acid, with citric acid acting as a chelating agent and ethylene glycol as a crosslinker. This method helps in achieving a homogeneous mixture, which, upon calcination at 600 and 800 °C, yields Mg3B2O6/MgO novel nanostructures referred to as MB600 and MB800, respectively. The characterization of these nanostructures involved techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N2 gas analyzer, and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). These analyses confirmed the formation of orthorhombic Mg3B2O6 and cubic MgO phases with distinct features, influenced by the calcination temperature. The mean crystal size of the MB600 and MB800 samples was 64.57 and 79.20 nm, respectively. In addition, the BET surface area of the MB600 and MB800 samples was 74.63 and 64.82 m2/g, respectively. The results indicated that the MB600 sample, with its higher surface area, generally demonstrated better methylene blue dye removal performance (505.05 mg/g) than the MB800 sample (483.09 mg/g). The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating dependency on available adsorption sites. Also, the adsorption process matched well with the Langmuir isotherm, confirming a homogeneous adsorbent surface. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process was physical, exothermic, and spontaneous. The MB600 and MB800 nanostructures could be effectively regenerated using 6 M HCl and reused across multiple cycles. These findings underscore the potential of these nanostructures as cost-effective and sustainable adsorbents for methylene blue dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual melon by-products were explored for the first time as a bioresource of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtention. Two alkaline extraction methods were employed, the traditional (4.5% NaOH, 2 h, 80 °C) and a thermo-alkaline in the autoclave (2% NaOH, 1 h, 100 °C), obtaining a yield of MCC ranging from 4.76 to 9.15% and 2.32 to 3.29%, respectively. The final MCCs were characterized for their chemical groups by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), crystallinity with X-ray diffraction, and morphology analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR spectra showed that the traditional protocol allows for a more effective hemicellulose and lignin removal from the melon residues than the thermo-alkaline process. The degree of crystallinity of MCC ranged from 51.51 to 61.94% and 54.80 to 55.07% for the thermo-alkaline and traditional processes, respectively. The peaks detected in X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the presence of Type I cellulose. SEM analysis revealed microcrystals with rough surfaces and great porosity, which could remark their high-water absorption capacity and drug-carrier capacities. Thus, these findings could respond to the need to valorize industrial melon by-products as raw materials for MCC obtention with potential applications as biodegradable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute is an inherent lignocellulosic fiber, consisting of hemicellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin. Industrial ventilation, automotive composites, upholstery, carpets, military uniforms, hospital furnishings, and curtains necessitate the integration of flame-retardance properties into jute fibers. In this investigation, seven weave-structured jute fabrics were treated using an organophosphorus-based flame-retardant (FR) chemical (ITOFLAM CPN) and a crosslinking agent (KNITTEX CHN) by the pad–dry–cure method. The thermal stability, degradation and pyrolysis behavior of jute was measured using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Surface morphology and element distribution were scrutinized utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) technique has been employed for analyzing the composition of chemicals in the jute fabrics. According to the protocols specified in ISO 14184-1, free formaldehyde detection was carried out on the jute fabrics. The flame-retardance property was significantly improved on all of the jute fabrics after FR treatment. FTIR and SEM-EDS studies revealed the presence of FR chemical deposition on the surface of the jute fabrics. TGA analysis indicated that the fabrics treated with FR exhibited premature degradation, leading to the generation of more char compared to untreated samples. The jute fabrics specifically demonstrated a notable enhancement in residual mass, exceeding 50% after FR treatment. However, it is noteworthy that the FR-treated fabrics exhibited an elevated level of free formaldehyde content, surpassing the permissible limit of formaldehyde in textiles intended for direct skin contact. The residual mass loss percentage after ten washes of FR-treated fabrics remained in a range from 32% to 36%. Twill weave designed fabrics (FRD4 and FRD5) clearly showed a lower thermal degradation temperature than the other weaves used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar discontinuities occur in oxide heterostructures due to varying net charges in the sub-unit cell layers. These polar discontinuities lead to structural reconstruction and often create diverse functionalities. This work constructs polar discontinuous in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrCuO2 (LSMO/SCO) heterostructures on a (001)-orientated SrTiO3 (STO) substrate under different configurations. By changing the growth order of LSMO and SCO, we found two different compensating mechanisms for polar discontinuity. When LSMO is grown on SCO, interfacial polarity discontinuities result in the generation of a large number of oxygen vacancies within the LSMO film. Thus, the LSMO magnetism deteriorates. For the SCO/LSMO/SCO trilayer, the SCO capping layer can recover the LSMO magnetism. The scanning transmission electron microscope results show an atomic reconstruction at the SCO-on-LSMO interface and several oxygen vacancies at the SrO sublayer. The interface reconfiguration releases the polar energy, thereby inhibiting the generation of oxygen vacancies and improving the ferromagnetism of the LSMO film. Our work studies the impact of polar discontinuity at the interface, providing insights into the effects of interface polar discontinuities on functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a kind of polyester from biomass. To increase the ductility of PLA, melt blending was used to prepare the polylactic acid/poly(butylene diglycolate) blends in this study. The effect of poly(butylene diglycolate) (PBD) on the thermal, crystallization, tensile, and dynamic mechanical properties of PLA was investigated. The blend containing 30 wt% PBD has a substantially improved elongation at break (79%) due to the lower glass transition temperature of PBD compared to PLA. The results indicated that PLA and PBD exhibited partial compatibility, which was confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed there is the interaction between PLA and PBD. In summary, the incorporation of PBD resulted in improved mechanical properties, indicating potential for applications requiring enhanced ductility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been continuous efforts to further promote various properties of polymeric materials to meet various industrial demands, especially in the area of thermal, electrical, mechanical and wear properties. This study developed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-boron nitride (BN) nanocomposites and significantly enhanced their wear and nanomechanical properties by incorporating very low content of carbon nanotubes (CNT). The nanocomposites were developed via simple technique of solution mixing and hot compression. Scanning electron microscope showed that the nanocomposites achieved uniform microstructure with no significant agglomeration of the nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix. The wear rate of PVDF-10wt%BN-0.1wt%CNT was reduced from 5.68 × 10–4 and 5 × 10–3 mm3/Nm for pure PVDF to 1.6 × 10–6 and 8 × 10–6 mm3/Nm at applied loads of 10 N and 20 N, respectively. Also, an increase in hardness and elastic modulus of 225% and 219% for PVDF-10wt%BN-0.1wt%CNT was obtained relative to the pure PVDF at 100-mN applied load. While the nanocomposite showed about 75% and 103% increments compared to PVDF-10wt%BN at 100 mN. This study revealed that the addition of small amount of CNT could further improve the wear and mechanical properties of PVDF-BN as well as any other polymer-ceramic binary systems various advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of the interaction between electron beams and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be challenging due to the complex surface charging behavior and various nanostructures formed by CNTs. Herein, an overview of the challenges and potential solutions are provided for achieving high‐resolution imaging of nanomaterials, such as CNTs, in SEM systems. First, imaging mechanisms of CNTs on conducting, insulating, and hybrid substrates are summarized, with morphology, material type, and charging effect covered. Second, measuring the conductivity, bandgap, and diameter of a CNT by SEM method is introduced. Finally, the utilization of super‐aligned CNT (SACNT) films for observing insulators and vertically aligned CNT arrays (VACNTAs) as electron blackbodies are discussed separately. New techniques for imaging and characterizing nanostructures will ultimately lead to the advancement of CNT‐based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to modify the surface characteristics of cerium oxide (ceria, CeO 2) nanoparticles using different surface modification strategies for improved CeO 2 nanoparticle dispersion and suspension stability. Analysis and discussion were conducted on the two surface modification processes used by a cationic surfactant like hexadecyl cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a silane agent like tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Untreated CeO 2 was used as reference material. The dispersion effect of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles at different pHs was determined by zeta potential measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Particle size analysis (PSA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm the efficacy of the surface modification of CeO 2 nanoparticles. First, the results obtained in this experimental work demonstrate that both advanced modifications greatly enhance the dispersion and suspension stability of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles in comparison with untreated CeO 2 nanoparticles. Second, it is also shown that the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained through a silanization surface process with TEOS silane agent had a better dispersion effect and dispersion stability than the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained by surface modification with CTAB cationic surfactant. These results can help better understand how advanced surface modifications can assist the application of well-dispersed CeO 2 nanoparticles in technological applications. [Display omitted] • Surface modification significantly improved the aqueous dispersion and stability of CeO 2 nanoparticles. • The modification improved the CeO 2 dispersion by increasing the spacing and negative charge. • CeO2 dispersion was optimal at a specific pH, with a significant effect of pH. • The modification strategy is crucial for the performance of CeO 2 in technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, HAPAQ and EAPAQ, were first synthesized, and their molecular structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. The effects of HAPAQ and EAPAQ on corrosion processes were investigated using weight loss, electrochemical, and theoretical methods. Overall, the data unmistakably demonstrate that the inhibition performance (η %) increases with an increase as HAPAQ and EAPAQ concentrations rise, peaking at 96.08% (HAPAQ) and 94.37% (EAPAQ) at the optimal concentration (10−3 M) for PPD technology. The two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives exhibit inhibitory behavior, as seen by the polarization curve impedance tests; however, they demonstrate that adsorption promotes protective action on metal surfaces, creating a geometric blocking effect and a protective coating that impedes metal breakdown. HAPAQ and EAPAQ's inhibitory efficacy may be reduced by the rising temperature. Furthermore, it adheres to Langmuir’s single-layer adsorption isotherm, and the physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms are linked to the corresponding value of the adsorption energy (ΔGads). Additionally, the MS scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been studied and discussed. The possibility of complex organization between the inhibitor molecules, 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (HAPAQ and HAPAQ), and the Fe2+ ions generated during the oxidation process was established by examining the test solutions using UV–visible spectroscopy. Consequently, it is evident from DFT simulations that the surface recovery is dependent on the local reactivity descriptors. The theoretical outcomes derived from DFT are aligned with the findings of the experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome of this research paper is to investigate the room and hot corrosion behavior of Al-10Ni-4Co-x multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites processed through Powder Metallurgy (P/M). The secondary particle MWCNT content was varied as 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5wt.%, respectively. The fabricated composites were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The corrosion behavior of the composites was analyzed using Tafel polarization. After polarization, the corroded surfaces were analyzed using SEM. The high temperature corrosion behavior was also investigated and found that the corrosion rate of 3.9025 mpy for 90Al-10Ni-4Co composite and 4.9025 mpy for 85Al-10Ni-4Co-1.0MWCNT composite. The results indicated that 84.5Al-10Ni-4Co-1.5MWCNT composite possessed better corrosion resistance than other composites. Various elements including Na, Cl, Al, Ni, Co, Mg, Si and O were observed. It reveals that Na+ and Cl− ions react well with Ti. Hot corrosion studies clearly demonstrated that after the 50 h test, the samples with MWCNT inclusion exhibited improved corrosion resistance. The 85Al-10Ni-4Co-1.0MWCNT composite showed a mass change of 0.01870mg which was 5% lower than 90Al-10Ni-4Co composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic pollutions have damage on our environment, and it is necessary to remove them. However, the treatments for different water pollutions can be specific due to the hydrophobicity of various molecules. Therefore, it is important to separate pollutants with different hydrophobicity. In this work, we developed a diffusion separation method based on hydrophobicity selectivity polymer membranes, whose selectivity between hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants can be up to more than 100. By doping pH‐responsive monomer into hydrophobic polymer membrane, the permeability of membrane can be tuned by surrounding pH, and the selectivity is not decreasing. With the results of characteristics on contact angle, scanning electron microscope, and mechanical properties, we prove the stimuli‐responsive polymer membrane at different states have similar properties with the nonresponsive amorphous polymer membranes with high separation selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to uncover the chronology and production technologies of ancient bricks unearthed from various locations in Upper Assam, Northeast India. To achieve this goal, complementary spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), as well as Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL/IRSL) dating, were applied. FTIR and XRD analyses revealed the presence of quartz, feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, albite), kaolinite, chlorite, cerussite, palygorskite, magnetite, hematite, and organic carbon. The mineralogical composition indicates two distinct groups with firing temperatures below 650 °C and above ~800 °C. These two groups could be the first indication of the presence of two civilizations or at least two different production technologies involving different firing temperatures and kiln atmospheric conditions. Further, the SEM-EDS study suggests that both calcareous and non-calcareous clays were used in brick making, which have low and high refractory properties, respectively. The internal morphology of the samples shows the existence of micropores and microfractures, indicating the influence of higher-temperature firing. Absolute dating techniques associate the two brick groups with different age ranges: a firing temperature above ~800 °C indicates a superior technology corresponding to a production period between the 7th and 10th centuries CE. In contrast, a temperature below 650 °C indicates a technologically less advanced group of people, with the age group dated between the 11th and 14th centuries CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the ecology of species and promote biotechnology through beneficial strain selection for improving starch yield in maize wet-milling steeping, bacterial diversity and community structure during the counter-current steeping process in a commercial steeping system were characterized and investigated. The microbial diversity in the steeping liquor, which consisted of 16 phyla, 131 families, and 290 genera, was more abundant compared to those present on the surface of unsteeped maize. As the counter-current steeping progressed, exposing newer maize to the older steepwater, Lactobacillus dominated, replacing Rahnella, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Serratia. The thermophilic and acidophilic microbial consortia were enriched through adaptive evolution engineering and employed to improve starch yield. Several steeping strategies were evaluated, including water alone, SO2 alone, mono-culture of B. coagulans, microbial consortia, and a combination of consortium and SO2. Combining the microbial consortium with SO2 significantly increased the starch yield to, about 66.4 ± 0.5%, a 22% and 46% increase over SO2 alone and the consortium alone, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of steeped maize structure indicated that the combination of consortium and SO2 disrupted the protein matrix and widened gaps between starch granules in maize endosperm. This released proteins into the steepwater and left starch granules in the aleurone layer. The steeping strategy of using thermophilic and acidophilic microbial consortium as additives shows potential application as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional maize steeping procedures. Highlights: Characterization of bacterial diversity in a commercial steeping system. Adaptation of a thermophilic and acidophilic microbial consortium for maize steeping. Development of an environmentally friendly strategy for maize steeping. Consortium combining SO2 leads to 66.4% increase in starch yield. Novel strategy disrupts protein matrix making starch granules to aleurone layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X90 steel was investigated at various cathodic protection potentials by slow strain rate tensile tests, crack growth tests, electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the crack growth behavior of X90 steel in high pH soil environment is controlled by the microenvironment-electrochemical interaction at the crack tip. Under the combined action of anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement, the SCC susceptibility decreases at first and then increases with the negative shift of cathodic protection potential. The pH value and Cl- concentration at the crack tip are affected by the potential outside the crack. Crack growth rate (CGR) is fundamentally affected by the cathodic protection potential, and the minimum CGR is − 850 mV/SCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Polylactic acid (PLA)-polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) nanofiber-based smart composite structures were investigated for smart grippers and self-folding applications. In the first stage, the electrospinning process is used for PVDF nanofibers fabrication. In the second stage, fused filament fabrication-based 3D printing was used for manufacturing PLA composites with sandwiched PVDF nanofiber interleaves. In the next stage, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and shape memory (for self-folding abilities) performances were investigated. The optimized process parameters observed for self-folding PLA-PVDF nanofiber-based interleaves composite structures are the combination of 1 no. of PVDF nanofibers layer, 0.15 mm thickness of nanofibers layer, and zigzag infill pattern. The results of the study were supported by a scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Most importantly, the smart structure manufactured using a zigzag pattern showed better self-folding performance as compared to the structure manufactured using a grid pattern under the thermal stimulus. The investigation of the study suggested that PLA-PVDF nanofiber-based interleaves composite structures are potential candidates for self-folding, smart gripper, and smart actuator applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting gas from unconventional shale reservoirs with low permeability is challenging. To overcome this, hydraulic fracturing (HF) is employed. Despite enhancing shale gas production, HF has drawbacks like groundwater pollution and induced earthquakes. Such issues highlight the need for ongoing exploration of novel shale gas extraction methods such as in situ heating through combustion or pyrolysis to mitigate operational and environmental concerns. In this study, thermally immature shales of contrasting organic richness from Rajmahal Basin of India were heated to different temperatures (pyrolysis at 350, 500 and 650 °C) to assess the temperature protocols necessary for hydrocarbon liberation and investigate the evolution of pore structural facets with implications for CO2 sequestration in underground thermally treated shale horizons. Our results from low-pressure N2 adsorption reveal reduced adsorption capacity in the shale splits treated at 350 and 500 ºC, which can be attributed to structural reworking of the organic matter within the samples leading to formation of complex pore structures that limits the access of nitrogen at low experimental temperatures. Consequently, for both the studied samples BET SSA decreased by ∼58% and 72% at 350 °C, and ∼67% and 68% at 500 °C, whereas average pore diameter increased by ∼45% and 91% at 350 °C, and ∼100% and 94% at 500 °C compared to their untreated counterparts. CO2 adsorption results, unlike N2, revealed a pronounced rise in micropore properties (surface area and volume) at 500 and 650 ºC (∼30%–35% and ∼41%–63%, respectively for both samples), contradicting the N2 adsorption outcomes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images complemented the findings, showing pore structures evolving from microcracks to collapsed pores with increasing thermal treatment. Analysis of the SEM images of both samples revealed a notable increase in average pore width (short axis): by ∼4 and 10 times at 350 °C, ∼5 and 12 times at 500 °C, and ∼10 and 28 times at 650 °C compared to the untreated samples. Rock-Eval analysis demonstrated the liberation of almost all pyrolyzable kerogen components in the shales heated to 650 °C. Additionally, the maximum micropore capacity, identified from CO2 gas adsorption analysis, indicated 650 °C as the ideal temperature for in situ conversion and CO2 sequestration. Nevertheless, project viability hinges on assessing other relevant aspects of shale gas development such as geomechanical stability and supercritical CO2 interactions in addition to thermal treatment. Highlights: Insitu thermal treatment of shales for liberation of hydrocarbons and CO2 sequestration. Significant changes in shale geochemistry and pore properties with increasing temperatures of treatment. Visualizing thermally induced pore evolution in shale: microcracks to collapsed pores. Limitations of N2 in accessing complex pore structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating particle reinforcements have been adopted for a wide range of engineering applications. Nevertheless, micro‐filled composites exhibit insufficient strength despite good abrasion resistance. Conversely, nano‐filled counterparts possess enhanced strength but easily generate particle agglomeration. Hybrid filling has therefore been utilized in previous studies to combine the advantages of different components, but conclusive results have not been obtained. Within this study, the effects of hybrid filling on the strengthening mechanism and curing kinetics of light‐cured polymer composites were investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests, in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and finite element simulations. It was found that hybrid filling led to an average increase in Young's modulus by ~3.94%, the hardness by ~5.81%, the tensile strength by ~10.44%, and the degree of conversion by ~2.54% compared to micro‐filling at the same filler content. Besides, hybrid filling showed more reduced particle agglomeration compared to nano‐scale filling. Finite element analysis revealed that hybrid filling effectively enhanced the load‐bearing capacity of the matrix. Overall, the experimental results unveil a mechanism of particle reinforcement that can be extrapolated to various particle‐filled polymers across different length scales. These findings provide a versatile manufacturing technique for composites with heightened mechanical reinforcement and are expected to guide the application in the field of photo‐polymeric materials. Highlights: Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating hybrid silica particles were prepared.The strengthening mechanism was investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests.Hybrid filling could lead to an increase in material strength compared to micro‐filling.Hybrid filling exhibited reduced particle agglomeration in comparison to nano‐filling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of the surfaces of polymeric scaffolds is often required to make the material suitable for specific tissue engineering applications. Physico-chemical properties of scaffolds can be altered using various methods, such as plasma treatment, laser processing, chemical modifications, grafting with nanoparticles, or surface coating. In this paper physico-chemical modification of polycaprolactone (PCL) surface fibers was performed by exposing PCL samples to simultaneous soft X-ray/extreme ultraviolet (SXR/EUV) radiation and low-temperature, SXR/EUV-induced, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas. The physical and chemical changes on modified PCL surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The effects of physico-chemical scaffold surface changes were verified with biological tests, i.e., MTT assay and immunofluorescence on murine osteoblast cell line (7F2). It was found that exposure of scaffolds to ionizing radiation and low-temperature plasmas induced strong chemical changes on their surface, i.e., appearance of various new chemical groups. Also, smoothing of the surface of PCL fibers, i.e., disappearance or significant reduction of the size of micropores on their fibers was also observed. Increased viability and adhesion of 7F2 osteoblasts on modified PCL samples after 24 h cell culture compared to non-treated PCL was also confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Herein, we demonstrate how compatibilizers affect the thermorheological properties and morphology of engineering thermoplastic composites based on nylon and cork. Nylon12 was melt‐mixed with cork treated with four distinct compatibilizers with radically different chemical structures and compositions, respectively: (i) Octadecanamide (ODA), (ii) polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA), (iii) polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA), and (iv) (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS). The rheological behavior was assessed using an oscillatory rheometer and the morphology was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. The rheological data were thoroughly analyzed using different formalisms based on empirical, phenomenological, and molecular origin, including the Carreau‐model, time–temperature superposition (TTS), Han plot, and van Gurp–Palmen (vGP) plot. It is observed that rheological data of neat nylon can be treated as themorheologically simple. However, the inclusion of cork makes the composite thermorheologically complex and increases the relaxation time (τ) by >50‐fold when compared to the neat polymer. As compatibilizers, ODA and PP‐g‐MA significantly lower τ, improve internal flow behavior, and demonstrate good cork distribution and dispersion. However, PE‐g‐MA does not affect the τ of composites significantly. The application of APTS as a compatibilizer enhances the interfacial interaction between Nylon12 and cork most significantly, which leads to a notable rise in τ, and the composite's elastic modulus surges by two orders in magnitude compared to neat Nylon. Additionally, the polymer melt flow becomes elastically dominant. Finally, it is observed that the Han plot offers a better insight into the correlation between changes in the thermorheological behavior and the microstructural modifications to the composites. Utilizing cork particles as a sustainable raw material for engineering thermoplastics. Quantifying compatibilizer's impact on rheological properties of polymer composite. Illustrating how interfacial interaction affects thermorheological complexity in composites. Visualizing morphological change in nylon‐cork composite with interfacial interaction. Producing lightweight engineering polymer composites using cork as a filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves to improve the upper‐limit temperature of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) through regulation of the vulcanization process, filler system and cross‐linking additive. The tensile test and scanning electron microscope images showed that the aging at 180°C significantly accelerated the deterioration in the property of HNBR compared with 150°C aging. The results showed that a higher dosage of bis(1‐(tert‐butylperoxy)‐1‐methylethyl)‐benzene curing agent reduced the compression set of HNBR without sacrificing its tensile strength. Carbon black N539‐filled HNBR exhibited high tensile strength, while carbon black N774‐filled HNBR showed high heat resistance and low compression set. When the HNBR sample was reinforced with 20 phr of N539 and 20 phr of N774 carbon black, it achieved low compression set, high tensile strength, and heat resistance simultaneously. Then, N,N′‐bismaleimide‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane (BMI) was introduced into the HNBR composite as a cross‐linking assistant agent. The residual strength of BMI‐modified HNBR was 20.3 MPa (the retention rate of 92.3%), and its compression set was as low as 19.2% after aging at 180°C for 72 h. Even after aging the composite at 180°C for 168 h, its strength retention rate remained at 83.2% (18.3 MPa). The approach provided here increased the upper‐limit temperature range of HNBR to 180°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual examination of the surface topography, in conjunction with the other sensors, may confirm the existence of chatter. Online chatter detection during real machining operations is possible with the use of sensors, and the presence of noise in their output and restricted bandwidth are the major drawbacks of these sensors. Productivity drops and manufacturing costs go up when there is a lot of chatter in the machining process. In the present paper, an integrated spindle tool system is modeled using finite element method with Timoshenko beam theory including rotational and shear deformation effects. To maximize the average stable depth of cut in an end milling process while simultaneously minimizing the chatter vibration levels, real time and offline strategies have been investigated. Machining experiments performed on Al6061-alloy specimens provide an empirical confirmation of the stability boundaries. The surface topography methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope images along with vibration levels are considered, to identify chatter marks under various machining conditions, which helps to assure cutting process stability. Stability lobe diagrams are plotted with these derived conditions and observed at an incremental level in the axial depths of the cut. The methodology shown in this paper improves the machining stability of the end milling with the reduction in the tool tip vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Three dimensional (3D) textiles are preferable reinforcing materials for composites with lightweight and higher mechanical properties. In this study, a 3D woven flax fiber reinforced PLA composite with better flexural and tensile properties was developed. Four hybrid yarns with varied PLA contents were prepared as warp, weft and z‐yarns to weave the 3D preform and then changed to composites through compression molding technology without additional fillers and matrixes. The composite's flexural and tensile properties were studied and an optimum value of 78.0 and 140.0 MPa respectively were found. Stress strain properties were also discussed which implies the flexural elongation is higher than those of tensile values. The microstructure was analyzed using optical microscope and SEM equipment's showed composites with higher PLA content were more brittle due to the PLA inimitable behavior. The thermal properties of the 3D composites made with different Flax/PLA combinations have closer and comparable values. One way ANOVA statistical analysis was done to show the significancy of PLA /Flax mass ratio, which has a significant effect on composite's properties. This study could bring a novel procedural approach for an advanced 3D woven composites for load bearing applications. 3D woven flax /PLA composite was developed using Flax/PLA hybrid yarns Tensile and flexural properties were studied Flexural strength increases with PLA, but, slightly lower in its strain PLA/Flax mass ratio has a significant effect on composite's properties The mechanical strengths were improved compared to the related findings [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop smart concrete with afterglow emission, epoxy resin (EPX) was immobilized with nanoparticles of alkaline earth aluminate (NAEA) as a photoluminescent agent and electrospun polypropylene nanofibers (EPN) as a reinforcement agent. Scanning electron microscope images of EPN displayed diameters of 70–90 nm, whereas transmission electron microscopic images showed that NAEA has diameters of 3–9 nm. To create a transparent sheet that glows in the dark, NAEA were physically immobilized in EPN@EPX composite. CIE Lab and photoluminescence spectrum studies demonstrated that EPN@EPX bars turned greenish upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays and greenish-yellow in a darkened box. The luminous EPN@EPX morphologies and chemical compositions were analyzed using various analytical methods. The resistance to scratching of EPN@EPX bars was monitored to considerably increase with increasing NAEA concentration. The photoluminescence spectrum demonstrated two emission peaks at 437 and 518 nm. Photoluminescent EPN@EPX hybrids with low NAEA content have shown rapid photochromism reversibility. On the contrary, NAEA-rich EPN@EPX bars displayed slow reversibility, glowing in the dark. Superhydrophobicity and UV blockage were found to be significantly improved in the luminescent colorless EPN@EPX hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating of pistons with ZrO2 and TaC improves their longevity and performance in internal combustion engines by enhancing the resistance to wear, heat and corrosion. In this study the plasma spray coating is performed on crown of the piston with the combination of the percentage composition namely, 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC, 98 % ZrO2 + 2 % TaC and 100 % ZrO2. Among the three 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC composition shows better results. The increase in ZrO2 content leads to the formation of a more integrated scale with fewer pores. Higher concentrations of ZrO2 in the coatings lead to the increased interaction with discharge sparks and instability of the process. At elevated temperatures, a two-phase material of cubic zirconium dioxide and hexagonal corundum was formed. The bonding strength of the coating is influenced by the addition of TaC and the power input during the spraying operation. The microstructure of ZrO2 and TaC coatings on aluminium alloy is characterized by granular structure, tightly packed pores and partially melted ZrO2 particles. The coating had a uniform structure with columnar and cluster-like elements, influenced by ZrO2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the self-assembling nature of nano-doped liquid crystals is characterized using different techniques. Liquid crystals, namely 4, n-alkoxybenzoic acid (nOBA, where n = 7,8), doped with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 of size 20nm) are considered for the present study. The structural and morphological properties of nano-doped liquid crystals are determined by the techniques of X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Morphological properties like grains, grain boundaries, and crystal defects are elucidated using the scanning electron microscope technique. Structural properties such as crystal structure, grain size, inter-atomic spacing, lattice constant, and dislocation density are determined using X-ray diffraction studies. The characteristics measured from the X-ray diffraction studies are correlated using the statistical analysis of Scanning electron microscope images. This is an objective analysis of X-ray diffraction studies. In addition to these techniques, colorimetric studies of optical anisotropic liquid crystals are carried out by measuring the chromaticity coordinates and color purity. This study utilizes the polarizing optical microscope technique. Furthermore, the influence of nano dopants on the characteristics of liquid crystals with carbon chain length is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imprinted polymer has been successfully synthesized using polyeugenol and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) crosslinker for selective adsorption of Fe3+ ions. The synthesized imprinted polymer is milled to obtain a polymer with high adsorption performance. This work aims to determine the effect of milling on ionic imprinted polymer (IIP) and non-ionic imprinted polymer (NIP) as selective adsorbents of Fe3+ ion against competing metal ions. Adsorbent synthesis was carried out by adding polyeugenol with the crosslinking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) in chloroform solvent and with the initiator 2,2'-Azobis(2-methyl propionitrile) (AIBN). IIP and NIP were used as adsorbents in the adsorption selectivity test of Fe3+ on the binary metals Fe3+/Cu2+, Fe3+/Zn2+, Fe3+/Ag+, and Fe3+/Cd2+. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) shows a more identical and smaller particle surface morphology in the milled IIP. Surface area analysis using the BET method (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) showed an increase in the surface area of IIP after milling treatment. The adsorption capacity and selectivity of Fe3+ metal ions on milled IIP were greater than that of IIP. The selectivity of Fe3+ adsorption is greater in the binary metal ion mixture Fe3+/Cu2+ and Fe3+/Zn2+ than in the Fe3+/Cd2+ and Fe3+/Ag+ solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesized a new thiosemicarbazone derivative molecule (5) that exhibits sensor properties. The characterization of the synthesized molecule was performed using spectroscopic methods such as 1H−, 13C–NMR, FT–IR and Q–TOF. PVC‐membrane ion‐selective sensors were prepared in which the synthesized molecule was used as an ionophore. Surface images of the prepared sensors were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The prepared sensors exhibited selectivity towards barium(II) ions. The developed barium(II)‐selective sensor had a low detection limit of 5.54×10−7 M in the concentration range of 1.0×10−1–1.0×10−6 M. The proposed barium(II)‐selective sensor had fast response time, good repeatability and stability, and can be manufactured with low cost. The sensor can detect barium(II) ions in various water samples with very high recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloys have broad application prospects in the field of marine engineering due to their excellent corrosion resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties. Titanium alloys, when connected with other metals, such as copper-nickel alloys, could produce two distinct effects. On the one hand, the passive film gives titanium alloys positive potential, which could accelerate galvanic corrosion of negative-potential metals. On the other hand, the passive film could obstruct current flow and prevent further development of galvanic corrosion. In this paper, Potentiodynamic Polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical Noise techniques were utilized to investigate the galvanic corrosion behavior of B10/Ti80 under simulated seawater environment. The corrosion morphology and product composition were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The above experimental results showed that Ti80 and B10 served as the anode and cathode respectively in the early stages of corrosion (within 2.5 h of immersion), due to the incomplete formation of the passivation film on Ti80. While in the latter stages of corrosion, due to the positive shift of Ti80's potential by passivation, there was a noticeable accelerated corrosion effect on B10, which was proportional to the area ratio of Ti80/B10 and showed a gradually stable trend after 28 days of immersion in the seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the possible defects and their root causes in a soft-termination multilayered ceramic capacitor (MLCC) when subjected to a thermal reflow process. Design/methodology/approach: Specimens of the capacitor assembly were subjected to JEDEC level 1 preconditioning (85 °C/85%RH/168 h) with 5× reflow at 270°C peak temperature. Then, they were inspected using a 2 µm scanning electron microscope to investigate the evidence of defects. The reliability test was also numerically simulated and analyzed using the extended finite element method implemented in ABAQUS. Findings: Excellent agreements were observed between the SEM inspections and the simulation results. The findings showed evidence of discontinuities along the Cu and the Cu-epoxy layers and interfacial delamination crack at the Cu/Cu-epoxy interface. The possible root causes are thermal mismatch between the Cu and Cu-epoxy layers, moisture contamination and weak Cu/Cu-epoxy interface. The maximum crack length observed in the experimentally reflowed capacitor was measured as 75 µm, a 2.59% difference compared to the numerical prediction of 77.2 µm. Practical implications: This work's contribution is expected to reduce the additional manufacturing cost and lead time in investigating reliability issues in MLCCs. Originality/value: Despite the significant number of works on the reliability assessment of surface mount capacitors, work on crack growth in soft-termination MLCC is limited. Also, the combined experimental and numerical investigation of reflow-induced reliability issues in soft-termination MLCC is limited. These cited gaps are the novelties of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, polyacrylamide (PAM) was used as the main matrix material to form the first layer network structure, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as the secondary matrix material to form the second layer network structure. The hydrogels were prepared by free radical in‐situ polymerization and physical cross‐linking. This hydrogel was characterized not only by its semi‐interpenetrating network structure, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) penetrate through the polyacrylamide network but also by the physically and chemically cross‐linked hybrid PAM/PVA double network. The structure and appearance of the hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and a series of tests were carried out to detect their mechanical properties, electrical properties and sensing properties. The results show that the hydrogel has good mechanical properties (the elongation at break can reach 600 % and the stress at break can reach 0.16 MPa), and the hydrogel also has good sensing and electrical properties. The addition of organic solvents makes the hydrogels have excellent antifreeze and water retention properties and also have excellent swelling properties. Therefore, the PAM/PVA/CNC dual network interpenetrating composite hydrogel has potential application value in the field of flexible sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological measurements of Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) leaves were done within the borders of Abana district of Kastamonu province. The study was conducted using mixed (oak, beech, hornbeam, black pine, and yellow pine) medium (41% to 70%) and fully closed (71% to 100%) stands. Some leaf parameters, such as leaf blade width, petiole length, leaf blade length, leaf length, distance between lateral veins, teeth width, teeth length, the angle between the leaf base and the petiole, and the angle between the midrib and lateral veins, were measured. Moreover, stomata of the leaves picked up from precise altitudes were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The differences between fibre elevation, fibre wall thickness, elasticity coefficient, rigidity coefficient, Muhlstep rate, and Runkel ratio were found in the wood samples taken from different altitude zones. It was found that altitude did not affect leaf blade width, fibre length, fibre width, felting ratio, and lumen width. However, it was determined that altitude affected other studied characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effect of raw material morphology on the properties of bamboo-plastic composites produced using hot-pressing. To provide a reference for reducing the production cost and improve the product properties of the composites, polylactic acid (PLA)-based bamboo-plastic composites were prepared using bamboo chips with a shaved morphology (BS) and fiber morphology (BF) and PLA as the matrix material, via hot-pressing. The properties of the bamboo-plastic composites formed with BS and BF chips were studied and compared with those of composites with conventional granular morphology (BM) and powder morphology (BP). The results showed that when the content of the bamboo chips was at 50% (the same below), the mechanical properties of the BF/PLA composites were remarkably better than those of the other PLA-based composites. However, the BF/PLA composites showed a high degree of hydrophilicity, with a water contact angle of 70.0° and a water absorption of 10.8% at 288 h. More holes could be seen in the BF/PLA composites using a scanning electron microscope. Among the four types of PLA-based composites, better melt fluidity was found only in the BF/PLA composites, and the melting index was 65.3 g/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanochemical ball milling process at 650°C for 5 h formed the single‐phase Bi2VO5.5 powder, which was tested as a catalyst for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. X‐ray diffraction validated phase formation. A scanning electron microscope inspection verified the presence of grains with irregular shapes. Piezocatalytic MB dye degradation with a.4 g BV sample was ∼67% after 90 min in a ball mill and ∼49% after 180 min in an ultrasonicator. Utilizing a.4 g BV sample, the 90‐min investigation of piezocatalysis using a ball mill showed an 18% increase in degrading performance compared to the findings of the 180‐min study of piezocatalysis using ultrasonication. Ball mill employed piezocatalysis evaluation utilizing.4 g Bi2VO5.5 with 15 balls produces an excellent k value of.0109 min−1. Based on the results of a scavenger test, hole (h+) is the primary species in the ball mill‐induced piezocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate ceramics were successfully prepared at various temperatures by spark plasma sintering technique (SPS) using two different compositions, and their morphological and structural characteristics were thoroughly analyzed and compared by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and apparent density measurements. The effect of the sintering method and temperature on microstructural properties has also been studied. The sintered samples prepared by SPS through a heat input of 800°C showed the highest densification as results 800°C was suggested as optimum sintering temperature. Different phases presented in pseudo‐wollastonite, wollastonite, and triclinic Ca3(SiO4)O have been observed in the case of 50C50C with lowest porosity ∼6%$\sim \;6\% $ and highest density 2.6 g/cm3, whereas the composition 10C90S resulted in a fully amorphous material presented in granular microstructure with density of 1.7 g/cm3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]