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A group of aquatic Coleoptera specimens was collected from Güvenç Village in the Kahramankazan region of Ankara. Among these specimens was Dryops rufipes (Krynicki, 1832) (Coleoptera: Dryopidae), which is recorded from the Middle Anatolian Region of Turkey for the first time. The egg morphology of D. rufipes is described based on light and scanning electron microscope micrographs. Copulation and oviposition are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were applied in many laboratories to visualize and image viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs). Two bacteriophages, P1 and 86, were chosen as model microorganisms known for their distinct structure, and viruses obtained from biofilms associated with modern travertines (Terme di Saturnia, Italy; Karahayıt “Kızılsu” and Pamukkale, Turkey) were also investigated. Three protocols, (1) full, (2) simplified, and (3) all at once were developed and tested for sample preparation and imaging. The full procedure enabled the observation of P1 bacteriophages, whereas the simplified protocol, successful in visualizing 86, did not yield satisfactory results for P1. The preservation state of the latter appeared to be compromised and led to less informative images in SEM and STEM. Viruses in biofilms exhibited various levels of mineralization and aggregation, complicating their characterization. In the all at once procedure, although effective in preserving bacteriophage tails, excessive coating and thickening of samples with heavy chemical reagents led to a reduction in overall image quality. Despite a final washing step, some residues of chemical reagents (OsO4 and uranyl acetate) remained, impacting the clarity of the images. Finally, the results obtained emphasize the critical role of sample preparation and imaging techniques in effectively visualizing and characterizing viruses and VLPs. The choice of analytical procedure significantly influences the resolution and preservation state of the observed bacteriophages and VLPs. It is suggested that the appropriate imaging technique is carefully selected based on the specific objectives of the project and the nature of the samples being investigated to obtain the best images of the viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aedeagus and spermatheca of the type species Pilemostoma fastuosum (Schaller) of the monotypic genus Pilemostoma Desbrochers des Loges have been studied and figured. Aedeagal and spermathecal structures were evaluated in detail under both stereo microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for the first time on the basis of 20 and 24 specified characters respectively. Contrary of popular acceptance, we demonstrate that the characteristics of the aedeagal and spermathecal structures, which can be obtained with SEM studies, can be used at almost all taxonomic levels diagnostically. It is obvious that the characteristics, however, will have different values for different taxonomic categories. As a result of this study, the aedeagi, especially a total of seven diverse characters (including characteristics of apex in dorsal view, general shape in lateral view, etc..), and the spermathecae, vasculum, ampulla, ductus glandula auxiliaris and ductus spermatheca are found generally constant within species, but distinct and useful in comparison with other species in the tribe Cassidini. Eventually, the aedeagal and spermathecal structures of the type species examined in this study was found to be distinctive not only at the species level but also at the generic level. Accordingly, as an important output of the study, we suggest that Pilemostoma should be downgraded to a subgenus level under the genus CassidaLinnaeus, 1758 as Cassida (Pilemostoma) Desbrocher des Loges, 1891 rest. stat.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Even though oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.), a common species in the East Black Sea Region of Turkey, is used in a wide range of applications, its wood has low permeability. This study investigated the degradation effects of the bioincising process to improve its treatability with wood preservatives on the microstructure of oriental spruce wood. Test samples were previously subjected to bioincising by Physisporinus vitreus fungus, and the bioincised samples were examined under both a light microscope and scanning electron microscope to observe the effects of the bioincising on the anatomical properties. Bordered pits on the longitudinal tracheid radial walls, piceoid-type cross-field pits, ray tracheid bordered pits, and ray tracheid cell walls in the earlywood and latewood regions within a growth ring were particularly subjected to anatomical evaluations. In the study, the degradation intensity in the samples after the bioincising was well correlated with the weight losses occurred. Splits and factures were determined on the tori of bordered pits on the tracheid cell walls while tears and cracks were present on the pit apertures. The results also show that P. vitreus, a Type I and II white rot fungus, may cause a Type I soft rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplocephalus graecus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) is recorded from Türkiye for the first time. In addition, characteristic features and photographs of D. graecus are presented. With this data, the number of species belonging to family Linyphiidae in Türkiye has been raised to 155. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A soil's physical properties, mineral types, and pore structure significantly influence the shape and properties of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). This study investigated the effects of the soil's physical properties and mineral types on the SWCC and pore-size distribution (PSD). Eight different soils from an alluvial deposit in Istanbul and Adapazarı/Türkiye were used in the study. The test samples were prepared by compaction at optimum water content (OWC) and wet side of optimum water content (wet of OWC). The samples were prepared by consolidation from the slurry. The PSDs of the samples were calculated using the SWCCs and evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In addition, the mineral types of all soils were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The soil which contains illite-type minerals has higher matric suction than containing kaolin-type. The effect of the clay percentage is more pronounced in silty soils than in plasticity and activity. Soil suction increased with decreasing compaction water content in clayey soils. The air entry water contents rose as the void ratio, liquid limit, clay content, and plasticity increased. The compaction conditions affected the macropore structure more than the micropore structure. In addition, the ratio of macro-micro pore sizes increased with the rise of the compaction water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara vitulorum is a pathogenic gastrointestinal nematode found in cattle and buffaloes all over the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions with humid climates. Buffalo farming is a sector whose value has increased in recent years in Turkey and is intensively performed to obtain various products such as milk, cream, meat, and horns. This study aims to determine the prevalence of T. vitulorum in Anatolian Water Buffaloes in Diyarbakır. Fresh stool samples from animals were placed in individual stool containers. The sex and age of the animal were recorded for each sample collected. The samples were evaluated under the light microscope after the application of the Fulleborn saturated salt solution method and under Scanning Electron Microscope. Positivity was detected in 5 (3.01%) of the 166 samples. Regarding prevalence by age groups, T. vitulorum was detected in 10% of the 0-6 month group, 4.17% of the 6-12 month group, and 0.89% of the older than 12 months group. The prevalence by sex was determined as 3.85% for females and as 1.61% for males. To determine the epidemiology of the disease in the region, it was concluded that larger herds should be studied and serological and molecular methods should be used to confirm and support the findings of microscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the arrangement of the flower head and the structure of the floral organs of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivar 'Bayrampa؟a', which is a very popular variety in Turkey. The structure of flower of this cultivar was investigated under a stereomicroscope, light microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Additionally, the flower development stages were examined. The flower heads contain multiple flowers attached to a single receptacle. The flowers on the flower head are arranged in the form of a disc. The maturation of the flowers starts from the outer part of the head and continues towards the center. The number of flowers per head was determined to be 800-1200. The flowers exhibited hermaphroditism, and one flower was found to have five rudimentary petals, five stamens, and one pistil. The ovary was the inferior type. The style was of the closed type and was very long. The stigma was very long and had two portions, with one portion shorter than the other. The stamen had one theca with two lobes. The pollen was lifted up and distributed at the outer sides of the stigma, which is the secondary pollen presentation system. The pollen grains of this cultivar were circular in shape and trizonocolporate. The pollen surface was echinate with spin projections. The pollen grain length was 54.33 pm and the spin length was 5 pm in the examined cultivar. The different stages of flower development were seen in the flower head. The flowers were divided into four different stages of development and they have Measuremented in these stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay minerals need to be dispersed with blungers before their utilization in the related industries due to their plastic properties, and size reduction is carried out in a wet medium. Clay minerals also contain impurities such as nonplastic materials in their structure. Mechanical dispersion parameters are important in the separation of clay group minerals (halloysite and kaolinite) from their typical non-clayey gangue minerals (quartz and goethite). In this study, the removal of impurities from halloysite ore obtained from Kızıldam, Turkey, was examined in terms of mechanical dispersion parameters, namely, feed size, blunging time and speed, pulp concentration, pulp temperature, and the aging process. The effect of these parameters on halloysite dispersion was determined by particle size, chemical, and mineralogical analysis, and optical and scanning electron microscope images. The results obtained from the studies of the mechanical dispersing and particle size distribution of the products indicated that the optimum dispersion parameters were determined as −10 mm feed size, 8 h, and 1000 rpm blunging time, and speed, 35% pulp concentration at 25 °C pulp temperature. Under these optimum conditions, a 72.3% amount of −38 μm clay product containing 35.6% of halloysite, 46.5% of kaolinite, 12.0% quartz, 1.9% goethite, 0.9% gibbsite, and 3.2% other minerals were obtained from the halloysite ore, having 30.5% of halloysite, 43.4% of kaolinite, 19.1% quartz, 2.9% goethite, 1.4% gibbsite, and 2.7% other minerals. In this study, it was understood that feed size, pulp concentration, blunging time, and speed were important parameters, while pulp temperature and the aging process had no significant effect on the mechanical dispersion of Kızıldam halloysite. In addition, impurities such as quartz and iron-bearing minerals were separated from the ore by blunging and sieving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedeagus and spermatheca of the type species Hypocassida subferruginea (Schrank) of the Palaearcticgenus Hypocassida Weise have been studied and figured on the base of 20 and 24 specified characters respectively under both stereo microscope and SEM for the first time. Contrary of popular acceptance, it is demonstrated that the characteristics of the aedeagal and spermathecal structures, which can be obtained with SEM studies especially, can be used at almost all taxonomic level diagnostically, however, will have different values ​​for different taxonomic categories. As a result of this study, in aedeagi, especially seven diverse characters (including characteristics of apex in dorsal view, general shape in lateral view, etc..), and in spermathecae, vasculum, ampulla, ductus glandula auxiliaris and ductus spermatheca are found generally constant within species, but distinct and useful in comparison with other species in the tribe Cassidini. Eventually, the aedeagal and spermathecal structure of the type species was found to be distinctive not only at the species level but also at the generic level. Accordingly, as an important output, the taxonomic position of Hypocassida is confirmed again on the base of aedeagal and spermathecal structures of its type species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bond strength of different repair systems by using composite resin and ceramic cementation repair methods to zirconia-based ceramics. Material and Method: All-ceramic blocks (IPS Empress II; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) sized 4.00 mm in length, 5.4 mm in width, and 3.00 mm in height were fabricated by dental laboratory as thirty specimens. CAD/CAM zirconia blocks (n =40) (Prozir; SeramDent, Turkey) sized 5.00 mm in length, 5.4 mm in width and 13.0 mm in height by CEREC System were fabricated from fully sintered Y-TZP core. Zirconia specimens were randomly divided into seven groups for the following different intraoral repair systems(Clearfil, Cimara Zircon, Bisco) and a control group. Every ten specimens were repaired as same sized. Control group was fabricated by conventional firing as unbroken solid zirconia ceramic samples. Each specimen underwent 5000 cycles of thermocycling. The SBSt (Shear bond strength test) was performed by loading force on the repaired piece to record load-to-failure. Failure mode was evaluated using a digital microscope and SEM. SBSt data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. Results: Clearfil and Cimara Zircon systems significantly increased the bond strength for composite resin method when compared with the Bisco system (respectively p <0.001, p =0.001). All-ceramic method significantly increased the bond strength when compared with the composite resin in Bisco system (p <0.001). Conclusion: Although the composite restoration method is effective for repair, the all-ceramic/zirconia repair method can be an option for repairing layered zirconia restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aethionema lepidioides Hub.-Mor. is an endangered endemic species in Turkey with a very narrow natural distribution area. The present study aims to reveal the structural features of this species. For this purpose, its unknown morphological features - such as leaf, petal, sepal dimensions and shapes, filament and anther lengths, as well as seed dimensions, shape, colour and micromorphology - have been studied for the first time. To reveal the pollen characteristics of Ae. lepidioides, light microscope and SEM studies were conducted. Additionally, in the present study the anatomical features of Ae. lepidioides were also studied for the first time. The Ae. lepidioides leaves were found to be linearoblanceolate, with an entire margin and a subacute to obtuse apex. The seeds were found to be dark brown and oval-shaped, with reticulated surface ornamentation. Anatomical studies found roots in the secondary growth stage, with xylem-filled pith. The stem was in the primary growth stage, featuring a multi-layer cortex under its outermost single-layered epidermis, a pronounced endodermis and a central cylinder beneath. The leaves were thick, amphistomatic and covered with a prominent wax layer. Their mesophyll was equifacial, and their stoma type was anisocytic. A stomatal index of 26 was found for the upper epidermis, while a corresponding index of 28.4 was found for the lower epidermis. The pollens were monad, radially symmetrical and isopolar. The pollen type was colpate, and the pollen shape was found to be prolate-spheroidal with a P/E ratio of 1.08. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Ca-bentonite samples from Ünye (NE Turkey) were calcined up to 1000 °C with 200 °C increments at 25 min. The physico-chemical and mineralogical effects of high-temperature loadings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and loss on ignition (LOI) analysis. The results of the experiments show that the dehydration up to 400 °C does not alter the properties of Ca-bentonites significantly; however, the endothermic reactions due to dehydroxylation between 400 and 800 °C cause the deformation in the Ca-smectite crystal structure revealed by the collapse of the basal reflection from 1.4 to 1.0 nm and the gradual disappearance of OH stretching of structural hydroxyl groups and decrease in specific surface area and the closure of micropores. By calcination at 1000 °C, the specific surface area reaches the minima of 1.33–2.05 m2 g−1 for all the samples, and the structure of Ca-smectite is almost completely decomposed for CaB2 and CaB3, however, partially decomposed for CaB1 due to incomplete dehydroxylation stage. The crystallinity of opal-CT intensifies, and the formation of amorphous silica phases is promoted for all samples at 1000 °C; however, the formation of mullite is enhanced only for CaB2 and CaB3. The sintering effect is revealed as much larger aggregates with more rounded morphologies. It is also determined that the calcination up to 1000 °C does not affect the mesoporous characteristics of Ca-bentonite samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedeagus of the type species of seven subgenera in the genus CassidaLinnaeus, 1758 have been studied and figured. Twenty aedeagal structures of these species of were evaluated in detail under both stereo microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).Contrary of popular acceptance, it is demonstrated that the characteristics of the aedeagal structure, which can be obtained with SEM studies especially, can be diagnostic at almost all taxonomic levels The characters; however, will have different values for different taxonomic categories. As a result of this study, seven diverse aedeagal characters are found generally constant within species, but distinct and useful in comparison with other species [as 1. characteristics of apex in dorsal view (D2), 2. general shape in lateral view (L7), 3. the ratio of the distance between posterior margin of the dorsal plate and the apex to the entire length of the median tube in dorsal view (D11), 4. the ratio of the width of apical part to the width of basal part of median lobe in lateral view (L4), 5. the ratio of the width of apex to the width of apical part in dorsal view (D3), 6. surface structure of the apical part in front of orifice including apex in dorsal view (D5), 7. surface structure behind orifice in dorsal view (D6)]. Also, as an important output of the study, it is observed that the type species and therefore the subgenera can be divided chiefly into 3 diverse group based on aedeagal structures: C. seraphina in C.(Alledoya), C. nebusa in C. (s. str.) and C. hemisphaerica in C.(Mionychella) as Group I; C. nobilis in C.(Cassidulella) as Group II; C. viridis in C.(Odontionycha), C. brevisin C.(Onychocassis)and C. murrea in C. (Pseudocassida) as Group III. The new grouping is discussed with the grouping according to host plants and with the grouping in previous stereo microscopic works due to there is no available SEM studies. These previous groupings do not seem to be compatible with the results obtained with this study. Based on the ultrastructure of aedeagus, the genus CassidaLinnaeus, 1758 is a polyphyletic group, not monophyletic.In addition, as a side outcome of the work, Cassida hemispherica Herbst, 1799 is reported for the first time with a verified locality record from Turkey. Moreover, the habitus of adults of the species examined and a diagnostic key to species examined based on the external and aedeagal morphological characters of adults is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmopolitan coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi form populations composed of different morphotypes distinguished based on coccolith ultrastructure. The relative abundance of these morphotypes varies along the gradients of several environmental factors, including temperature, pH and nutrients, with significant ecological and biogeochemical outcomes as morhotypes differ in the calcite content, hence in their contributions to the downward carbonate transport. A scanning electron microscope examination of Emiliania huxleyi cells and coccoliths was conducted on samples from an Emiliania huxleyi dominated coastal phytoplankton community formation captured on the 29th and 31th of May 2019, performing a morphological and morphometric analysis and an assessment of the environmental nutrient characteristics. The main aim of the study was to describe the morphotype from a highly important ecosystem with E. huxleyi blooms, the Dardanelles Strait, Turkey and contribute to the present scientific understanding of their ecological preferences. The satellite-derived chlorophyll a and particulate inorganic carbon concentrations data were also included to expand the spatio-temporal coverage of the study. The nutrient data suggested nitrogen limitation of the phytoplankton community in general and an additional silicate limitation of the diatoms. The microscopic observations of samples, coccosphere/coccolith counts and the morphologic and morphometric examination of the coccoliths showed the presence of an E. huxleyi bloom solely composed of morphotype A. Furthermore, the satellite data showed the coccolithopore bloom started in the interconnected basin of the Black Sea and progressed into the Dardanelles via the Sea of Marmara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clay areas in Gümüşhane (NE Turkey) were examined in mineralogical and geochemical terms, and by remote sensing methods. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and chemical analysis were completed on samples from 11 selected clay areas in the region. Within the scope of remote sensing, Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images of the region were processed with the Crósta technique to assess the clay areas. The Kale and Tamzı clays are contained within a Late Cretaceous turbiditic series. The clays in Canca, Refene and Çamlıca occur in intensively hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of the Eocene Alibaba Formation. The other clay areas are in the Liassic Şenköy Formation consisting of a volcano-sedimentary series. The clays in the Şenköy Formation are generally below the coal levels. While mainly illite and lesser kaolinite were determined in Dörtkonak, Alemdar, Yukarı Kov and Çamlıca, the clays in Tahnis and Kabantaşı are smectite. Tekke, Canca and Refene clays are kaolinite with smaller amounts of illite, whereas Kale and Tamzı clays are mainly chlorite with lower content of illite–smectite interlayers. Illites in Dörtkonak, Alemdar, Yukarı Kov and Çamlıca are poor in iron and magnesium and formed by hydrothermal alteration of feldspars in the host rocks. Findings of the remote sensing studies using Landsat 7 and 8 datasets were compatible with the results obtained from field observations and general geological studies, and so it is concluded that the Crósta technique provided good results for exploration of clay occurrences and their determination in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuber P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg. species have always attracted people's attention, with their high diversity, culinary and economic interest, strong aromas as well as the importance of plant ecosystem and animal nutrition. Interest in truffle species has been increasing in recent years in Turkey. Although some truffle species have been known previously in Turkey, many species are yet to be identified. Tuber macrosporum Vittad. samples were collected from Edirne and Tekirdağ regions in 2017 in a field study conducted to find new truffle species. Tuber macrosporum samples were firstly identified by macro and microscopic features, and this result was supported as 99% by DNA analyses when compared to GenBank. A short description of the newly reported species is given along with its macro and microphotographs, and spore images taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, ITS based evolutionary history of the species is provided with phylogenetic trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbascum × aytachii nothosp. nov. H. Duman & Uzunh. (sect. Bothrospermae) is described and illustrated as a new natural hybrid from the Orhaneli (Bursa Region) area in Western Anatolia, Turkey. This species is identified to have some intermediate morphological and palynological characteristics that place it between the parents which are V. ekicii and V. basivelatum. A comprehensive description, ecology, a distribution map and a detailed illustration are provided. Furthermore, pollen morphological properties of V. × aytachii and its parents are compared via light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A possible source of microplastics has started to be released into nature because of the single-use face masks that protect us against the spread of COVID-19 and are being thrown onto the streets and into seas and nature. This study aims to estimate the amount of face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, thereby expressing our concerns about waste management and plastic pollution and calling on appropriate solid waste management policies and governments to take the necessary measures to formulate their strategies at all levels. In this context, the number of masks in an area of 1 km2 in 3 different cities was determined theoretically and experimentally. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were also used to evaluate plastic polymer characteristics of the single-use face mask. It was determined that the three cities produce roughly 10 tons of face masks in a day. With the increasing use of single-use plastics, the impact of face masks on microplastic pollution is of great concern. Although studies on the recovery of disposable masks continue, the level is insufficient. Therefore, studies to be carried out on technologies that will enable the repeated use of masks are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf, stem, calyx, and corolla indumentum of seven endemic taxa belonging to Stachys subsect. Fragiles, growing in Turkey, were micromorphologically and anatomically analyzed under scanning electron and light microscopes with the use of cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis. We detected 10 trichome types on the leaf, seven trichome types on the stem and calyx, and eight trichome types on the corolla. Especially, the type and distribution of the trichomes on the calyx and corolla surfaces were quite different. The calyx and corolla had seven and eight trichome types, including glandular or non-glandular, in the examined taxa, respectively. The most common type observed was a short clavate glandular trichome; however, conical thin-walled unicellular hairs were specific for the studied taxa. No branched trichomes were observed. In the examined taxa, the indumentum indicated variations and some important similarities. The indumentum types have a high taxonomical value for the species of the genus. A key has been offered for the identification of the studied taxa based on the trichome characters, by comparing the key of classic taxonomic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermathecae of the type species of six subgenera in the genus CassidaLinnaeus, 1758 have been studied and figured. Spermathecal structures of these species on the base of 24 specified characters were evaluated in detail under both stereo microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It is demonstrated that the characteristics of the spermathecal structure obtained particularly with SEM studies can be used at almost all taxonomic level diagnostically. It is obvious that the characteristics, however, will have different values for different taxonomic categories. As a result of this study, in spermathecae, vasculum, ampulla, ductus glandula auxiliaris and ductus spermatheca are generally constant in shape within species, but distinctive and useful in comparison with other species. As an important output of the study, it is observed that the type species and therefore the subgenera can be divided chiefly into 3 diverse group based on spermathecal structures: C. seraphina in C. (Alledoya) and C. nebusa in C. (s. str.) as Group I; C. nobilis in C. (Cassidulella) as Group II; C. viridis in C. (Odontionycha), C. brevis in C. (Onychocassis) and C. murrea in C. (Pseudocassida) as Group III. The new grouping is discussed previous groupings based on host plants and stereo microscopic abservations due to lack of available SEM studies. Eventually, the spermathecal structure of the species examined in this study was found to be distinctive not only at the subgenus level but also at the species level. According to the ultrastructure of spermatheca, it was revealed that the genus CassidaLinnaeus, 1758 is a polyphyletic group, not monophyletic. In addition, the key to the diagnosis, which is formed according to the general characters and external and spermatecal morphological features of adults of the studied species, is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae) is one of the largest genera of the Plantaginaceae family. There are relatively fewer morphological studies on the genus. Seed surface micromorphology has become popular in plant taxonomy in recent years and found useful in most groups. The inflorescence and seed surface characteristics of 22 Plantago taxa collected from Turkey were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Cluster analysis performed in R. We observed that the micromorphology of the inflorescence parts and seeds of genus Plantago are very variable, and do not support the classification based on general morphology. This study shows that these characteristics are highly variable and micromorphological characteristics of inflorescence parts are not good characters for making a specific distinction between different taxa. Additionally, some groups have been to possess a stable seed surface characteristics. However, these characters are not reliable among all taxa, which means that they should be used carefully, especially when identifying widespread taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseuodoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones) have been little studied, although they are the third largest group in the Arachnida in number of species. Pseudoscorpions have features resembling those of true scorpions. Due to their small size (the largest pseudoscorpion being no larger than 1 cm) systematic studies have proven difficult. A high-performance microscope is necessary for detailed studies. In the present study, the pseudoscorpion Atemnus politus (Simon, 1878) collected in Osmaniye province, Turkey, was used to describe systematic and taxonomic characters, including chelicerae, pedipalps, walking legs, and cuticular structures on appendages using stereo light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study revealed characteristic features of this species. This is the first SEM study of A. politus and provides an important contribution to understanding the morphology of pseudoscorpions and demonstrates the taxonomic value of SEM micrographs. Probable functions of some of the structures observed are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macro and micromorphological characteristics of mericarps and seeds of four species belonging to the genus Althaea L. (Malvaceae) distributed in Turkey are studied via a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to identify their these features and the importance of them as taxonomic evidence. The mericarps are light-dark brown or light yellowbrown in color and reniform or orbicular to reniform in shape. All the investigated species have white, stellate and pilose hairs only on the dorsal sides of mericarps except of A. cannabina and also epicuticular wax crystalloids on the lateral sides of mericarps. The surface pattern of the mericarps is reticulate-striate-ruminate at dorsal and scalariform-rugose at lateral faces. The seeds are dark brown, reniform, with rounded apex and base reniform, ranging from 1.76-2.76 mm in length to 1.38-1.95 mm in width, glabrous, strophiolate with hilum basal in position. Four types of seed surface ornamentation have been observed: rugulate-verrucate, striate, reticulate-striate and scalariform-rugose. A key using the mericarp and seed properties is provided to identify the studied species. The size and indumentum of mericarp, seed size and ornamentation have diagnostic values for discriminating the species of Althaea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) mersinensis sp. nov. is described from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The male terminalia are documented with line drawings, photographs and scanning electron microscope images. The species is compared with the two most similar species, Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) baudeti (Lehrer) and Sarcophaga (Pandelleisca) theodori (Lehrer), both known from Israel. A key is provided to the western Palaearctic species of Pandelleisca Rohdendorf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the morphological characters, root, stem and leaf anatomy, pollen and achene micromorphology of Bellis L. species (Bellis annua L., B. perennis L. and B. sylvestris Cirillo) distributed in Turkey have been investigated on light and scanning electron microscope. Palynological analysis showed that pollen characters were found as small to medium size, isopolar, radially symmetrical, oblate-spheroidal and prolatespheroidal, tricolporate and echinate-perforate ornamentation in the three species. Achene characters were found dark brown to yellow in colour, often cylindrical, compressed, with thickened margin, obovate orobovoid shaped, pappus absent and the coat ornamentations are rectangular with short hairs on the surface. As a result of this study, leaf morphology and some pollen characteristics such as pollen size, shape, perforation and distance between spines were demonstrated to be different among the Bellis species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an archaeometric investigation on painted pottery obtained from the archaeological excavations carried out in Kuriki (southeastern Anatolia) are presented. It was intended to reveal the production features of the painted pottery which were occasionally unearthed from the sites dated to the Late Iron Age and Hellenistic period. The samples were subjected to spectroscopic (X-ray diffraction), microscopic (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and thermal (thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis) analysis techniques. It was deduced from the results that most of the ceramics were produced with calcareous clay batches. This assumption was supported by high amounts of CaO (detected through EDX), presence of calcite and occasionally the neo-formations (i.e. gehlenite, pyroxene) identified by XRD. The abundance of calcareous raw materials in the vicinity of the region therefore suggested a local production for the majority of the samples. Considering the mineral/phase contents of the potsherds and insufficient vitrification behavior in micro structure, the firing temperature of the samples was found to change between 700 °C and 900 °C, but mostly in the range of 800–900 °C. TG-DTA, used as a complementary technique, brought a convenient data in terms of elucidating the mineralogical content and the production properties. The same rock type (schist) determined through the petrographic analysis (OM) suggested that the raw materials used in production originated from the same or close sources. Finally, the results are compared with the outcome of the former archaeometric studies regarding the production features of various pottery types of Kuriki belonging to different time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of soil forming factors is crucial to define physical, mineralogical and morphological properties of soils. In addition to that soil formations were highly associated with slope positions which have influence on pedogenetic and weathering process of the soils. Because, topography or relief affects how water and other material are added to and removed from soils. The aim of this study is to enhance our understanding of the role toposequence in controlling chemical weathering, influence on physical and mineralogical properties in soils developed on basaltic parent material under sub-humid terrestrial ecosystem in Black Sea region of Turkey using geochemical and mineralogical data obtained from X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope analysis. For this purpose, four representative profiles formed on different topographic positions of transect were investigated and designated according to Soil Survey Staff (2014)/IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) classification systems. The results clearly showed that topography strongly affects soil physical, mineralogical and morphological characteristics either directly or indirectly in the local region even soils formed on the same parent material with the same climatic condition. This case was also explained with chemical weathering indices (Chemical Index of Alteration and Chemical Index of Weathering) in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the nest materials, some physical characteristics and the essential composition of the nest of Vespa crabro germanaChrist, 1791. Nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. In the inner surface of the V. c. germana nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb varied between 5.30 and 11.90 µm with an average of 9.07 µm. In the outer surface of the nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb were between 4.46 and 11.40 µm with an average of 7.68 µm. The nitrogen and protein concentration of the nest was 0.22 and 1.40%, respectively. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and the water absorption capacity were calculated as 70-75, 25-30, 16-20 and 120-150, respectively. The amount of the elements nickel and copper in the nest was found to be 0.6 and 1.2 ppm, respectively. The major components of the nest were plant fibers, saliva and oil. Consequently, we have found that the ratios and the amounts of physical characteristics, the element composition and the fibers in the envelope and comb of the nest changed with environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to document the taxonomical, morphological, anatomical, palynological and cytological characters, and geographical distribution of endemic Aubrieta pinardii Boiss. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. The description of the taxon was revised as a consequence of comprehensive assessments of many specimens. The surface pictures belonging to seed and pollen of the taxon were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope. The seed surface ornamentation was rugose. The pollen was radially and isopolar and prolate in forms, with polar axes of 19.52 ± 0.29 µm and equatorial axes of 13.04 ± 0.22 µm, with oval outlines in the equatorial axes, and elliptical in the polar axes. They were three-colpate and colpus sizes varied between 12.98 µm and 13.29 µm in length, and between 1.33 and 2.09 µm in width. Also, the anatomical structures of the root, stem and leaf of species were studied. In cytological studies, the chromosome number of species was found as 2n = 16 (x =8). This was the first work including taxonomical, morphological (macro and micro), anatomical and cytological data of endemic Aubrieta pinardii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the nest materials, some physical characteristics and the essential composition of the nest of Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791. Nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. In the inner surface of the V. c. germana nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb varied between 5.30 and 11.90 µm with an average of 9.07 µm. In the outer surface of the nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb were between 4.46 and 11.40 µm with an average of 7.68 µm. The nitrogen and protein concentration of the nest was 0.22 and 1.40%, respectively. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and the water absorption capacity were calculated as 70-75, 25-30, 16-20 and 120-150, respectively. The amount of the elements nickel and copper in the nest was found to be 0.6 and 1.2 ppm, respectively. The major components of the nest were plant fibers, saliva and oil. Consequently, we have found that the ratios and the amounts of physical characteristics, the element composition and the fibers in the envelope and comb of the nest changed with environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes the morphological and anatomical characters of the nutlets of 7 endemic species of the subsection Fragiles of the genus Stachys (Lamiaceae) from Turkey and the systematic significance of these characteristics, using one-way analysis of variance and cluster and principal component analyses. Morphological characters such as the dimensions, shapes, colors, and surfaces of the nutlets were studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. The structures and thicknesses of the pericarp and endosperm layers, as well as the sizes of the cotyledon in the nutlets, were anatomically studied. The outcomes revealed that the taxa vary from each other in terms of nutlet shape and color. The nutlet dimensions range from 1.31 mm to 3.49 mm in length and from 0.84 mm to 1.95 mm in width. While Stachys longiflora and S. pseudopinardii have the largest nutlets, S. chasmosericea has the smallest. The nutlet surface ornamentation was recorded as 5 types: reticulate, scalariform, reticulate-foveate, ruminate, and rugose. The most common type is reticulate; however, the other ornamentation types are specific for the studied taxa. Anatomically, the structure and thickness of the pericarp parts and the endosperm and the size of the cotyledon are very important characteristics that disclose interspecific relations within the studied taxa. A key is presented for the identification of the examined taxa based on the nutlet properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macro- and micromorphological features of fruit and seeds belonging to 12 taxa genera of Matthiola W.T.Aiton were studied via stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. In macromorphological studies, the following variables were investigated: the shape, size, and color of fruit and seeds; the length of fruiting pedicel; the structure of the median vein; stigma (horns); and trichome properties and density in fruit. In micromorphological studies, the presence or absence of seed wings, seed coat pattern in disc and wing, and epidermal cell shape in disc and wing were determined. According to our findings, all characters of fruit and seeds are extremely variable and can be used as criteria to distinguish species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study includes on the taxonomic evaluation of morphological and anatomical features of seeds belonging to Iris taxa, which are I. suaveolens, I. sintenisii, I. foetidissima and I. germanica scattered in Turkey. Morphological features like dimension, shape, colour, and surface ornamentation types of seeds have studied by light and scanning electron microscopes. The structure and thicknesses of testa and parenchyma layers in seeds have examined anatomically. The obtained results show that the color, shape, testa structure and thickness of the seeds of the examined taxa are different in some respects. Furthermore, the surface ornamentations are somewhat diverse for the studied taxa at the interspecific level. As a result, it has been determined that the examined morphological and anatomical characteristics of the seeds show variations with some exceptions, and this situation has a taxonomic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify the nest materials, some physical characteristics and the elemental composition of the nest of Sceliphron curvatum (Smith, 1870). The nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the inner surface of the S. curvatum nest of the fibers in the mud-ball nest varied between 427 nm and 6300 nm, respectively and averaged 1465.730 nm. The thickness of the fibers in the outer and the inner surface section of the mud nest were between 14 nm and 1430 nm, respectively and averaged 629.373 nm. The nitrogen concentration was 3.94%, the percentages of the saliva, soil and the water absorption capacity were calculated to be 4.848%, 95.152%, and 18.51%, respectively. However, the amount of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) in the nest was found to have a value of 3.38, 1.526, 0.020 and 0.38 weight % respectively. The colors of the individual mud pots are composed of building materials of different origin and with different shades of almost white over light brown to greyish black with long dark and light brown lines. We have found that the ratios and amount of physical characteristics, elemental composition and the fibers in the mud-ball of the nest of S. curvatum change with soil structure in which nest is built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the palynomorphology of 17 taxa of section Cheirolepis in Turkey, were investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Detailed descriptions of the pollen grains were given for each taxon and a well-resolved dendrogram was generated through numerical analysis of palynological diagnostic features. The pollen grains were found to be radially symmetric, isopolar, and generally 3-zonocolporate, with the exception of C. derderiifolia, C. kotschyi var. floccosa, and C. saligna, which were also 4-zonocolporate. The shape of the pollen grains were prolatespheroidal, with the polar axes of 32.76-46.26 µm and equatorial axes of 31.86-45.82 µm. The sculpturing of the pollen grains was generally scabrate-perforate or rarely microechinate-perforate. The spines were conical with a changing base length. The length and the width of the spines varied between 0.48 and 2.28 µm and 0.4 and 3.39 µm, respectively. The number of perforations at the base of the spines ranged in two or more rows and they varied between 5 and 30. The number of spines was 16-70 in 10 µm2. The results of this study showed that the polar axes, equatorial axes, aperture type, pollen shape, spine length, perforation number, and number of spines in 10 µm2 are essential for distinguishing the studied taxa. The taxa were grouped by clustering analysis of selected pollen characters using the UPGMA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Palladium, the building block of white gold, has been found to exhibit extraordinary properties in nanotechnological products produced in recent years. The most prominent feature of palladium is adsorbing and storing high levels of hydrogen. Therefore, the demand for palladium in the world increased excessively in the 2000s. In the present study, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were biosynthesized by the extract of Diospyros kaki leaves as bio-stimulator. D. kaki, also called persimmon, was collected in a local area in Istanbul Turkey. PdNP formation was screened by analyzing UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 250-550nm. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope which revealed that the biosynthesized PdNPs were in sizes ranging from 50 to 120 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy applied on both D. kaki leaf extract and PdNPs was used to decide on the reactive groups managing the reduction of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Also, the PdNPs showed reasonably proficient antibacterial efficacy for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the zones of inhibition were found as 18 and 10.5 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapidly increasing search for compact, sustainable, and low-cost energy storage systems has led researchers to seek natural materials with high energy storage capability. Taking motivation from this point, our study has been focused on examining the physical, chemical, and dielectric properties of Kayseri Limestone (LS-K), Yahyalı stone (YS), and Edirne Limestone (LS-E) which have been collected from different regions of Turkey mines. The chemical content and structure of the stones have been determined by X-Ray Fluorescence analyzer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry. The surface morphologies have also been visualized by Scanning Electron Microscope images. The frequency dependences of the components of complex permittivity, impedance, and ac conductivity have been examined at room temperature. It has been reported that LS-E has the greatest ε ′ value at 1–100 Hz interval. On the other hand, LS-K stands out as a low dielectric loss material with ε ″ values approximately 30 times and 24 times lower than YS and LS-E in the low-frequency range, respectively. Moreover, although the LS-K cannot have as high ε ′ values as the LS-E in the low-frequency region, it exhibits super-capacitive properties in a wide high-frequency interval of 47 kHz-40 MHz. The super-capacitive behavior of the LS-K has manifested itself with a phase angle of almost −90°. In particular, the LS-K that has ε ″ values of 0.02 and less in the frequency interval of 0.1 MHz–40 MHz becomes an inexpensive and natural promising candidate for high-frequency energy storage applications. • Geochemical and electric properties of two LS and Fe-shale were determined. • LS-K, YS, and LS-E were collected from different geographical regions of Turkey. • Impedance spectroscopy was employed to reveal the enery storage performance. • The LS collected from Edirne has remarkable high ε ′ values at low frequencies. • The LS belongs to Kayseri exhibited supercapacitive ability at high-frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redescription and SEM images of Lucoppia burrowsi (Michael, 1890) are given. The genus Lucoppia is recorded for the first time in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new harvestman species of the genus Mediostoma Kratochvíl, 1958, Mediostoma izmirica sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on males and females from İzmir Province, Turkey. Differences between the new species and other species of the genus Mediostoma are indicated. Scanning electron microscope photographs of its characteristic structures are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species,Klasea yunus-emreiB. Dogan, Ocak & A. Duran (Asteraceae), is described from central Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on calcareous soils in the Alpu district (Eski¸ehir province) in central Anatolia. It is morphologically similar toKlasea lasiocephala(Bornm.) Greuter & Wagenitz. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed and arranged in a key. Ecology, conservation status and biogeography of the species are also presented. The achene surface ofK. yunus-emreiandK. lasiocephalaare examined by Scanning Electron Microscope. In addition, the geographical distribution of the new species and other related species are mapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ceramic pigment material was obtained by the waste of processing chrome ore from the deposits of Pınarbaşı Village (Kayseri/Turkey) for industrial glaze application. The chemical analysis of waste powder was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and the particle size analysis was carried out laser particle sizer. The waste powder was calcined at 900 °C and 1000 °C to investigate the color effect of synthesized pigments with different type of frits in industrial glazes. The factorial design of experiment was used for defining the main factors on color formation and parameters. The used factors were calcination temperature of waste powder, amount of waste powder, type of glaze and firing temperature. The spectrometer was employed for comparison of the coloring parameters (L*, a*, b*) of glazed tiles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) analyses were performed in order to examine the phases and microstructures of glazed tiles. It was observed that the most effective factors were determined by factorial design of experiment as type of glaze and amount of waste powder for L* and b* parameters, type of glaze and firing temperature for a* parameter. Depending on the frit/glaze composition, the chromite processing waste provides a wide color range from brown to green tones in colored glazes for ceramic tiles. Factorial design experiment and microstructure analysis results reveal that chromite processing wastes is a strong alternative material as pigment to able to produce ceramic glazes and to contribute to waste elimination. [Display omitted] • This study includes the effects of chromite processing waste powder addition on glaze samples created with factorial design. • The amount of waste powder, frit type and firing temperature were important parameters on the optical properties. • The chromite processing waste provides a wide color range from brown to green tones in colored glazes for ceramic tiles. • From this study, it can be concluded that this waste powder can be used to produce economical pigment. • Statistical methodology can provide significant time savings by identifying appropriate factors and their levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed micro- and macromorphology of 39 Silene taxa were studied by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Quantitative (9) and qualitative (11) values of seed characters vary greatly both within and between taxa. The tree topology of UPGMA based on quantitative values does not supported the traditional relationship. Therefore, we concluded that seed characters of Silene alone cannot be used to describe taxa without detecting the full range of intra- and intertaxon variation of those characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollen, seed and fruit morphology of eight Ribes species was investigated with light microscopies (LM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The pollen grains of Ribes are usually radially symmetrical and isopolar, their outlines are more or less circular, obtusely quadrangular or elliptic-obtusely rectangular. The pollen grains of the genus are oblate-spheroidal with the polar axes 18.66-31.1 μm and the equatorial axes 19.48-36.67 μm. The smallest dimensions are observed in R. anatolica, and the largest in R. multiflorum. The pollen grains are usually 5-,6-,7-,8-pantoporate or 5-,6-zonocolporate or pantoaperturate with operculate aperture. Aperture membranes are generally granulate or rarely psilate. Psilate-perforate and rugulate-perforate sculpturing are observed in the Ribes species. The seeds are elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, broadly ovate and campanulate in shape among the studied species. Seed length ranges from 2 to 4 mm and seed width from 1 to 4 mm. The apex of the seeds is acute, acuminate or obtuse. The bases of the seeds are obtuse, reture and emarginated. The hilum is elliptical or ovate. They show variation in color: dark orange, dark brown, yellow, orange and light orange. Several types of ornamentations have been observed by SEM on surface structures: psilate, striate-reticulate, indistinct striate and reticulate. All species have an epigynous berry formed from inferior ovaries. The berry is usually glabrous and globose or depressed, 4-11 mm long and 5-13 mm wide and crowned with calyx remnants at the apex. The pericarp is fleshy and indehiscent with 1-23 seeds. The fruit surface is usually glabrous or rarely hispid and verrucose in LM. The colors of the fruits vary between red with light thin bands, dark red with light thin bands, yellow or purplish red with light thick bands, orange-red and black. The surface of the berry is reticulate or indistinctly reticulate in SEM. Simple glandular trichomes have been observed in R. nigrum, R. uva- crispa and R. multiflorum. Ornamentations, pollen shape, aperture type, fruit and seed shape and color have been observed as important morphological characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Homolophus nakhichevanicus Snegovaya, 2012 (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) was recorded in Turkey for the first time. This is only the second known location for this species, the first being the type locality (Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan). The morphological characteristics are described along with a scannig electron microscope (SEM) study on the dorsal aspect, crown-shape on cephalothorax, ocularium, chelicera, pedipalp, the first pair of legs. The male genitalia of the specimens are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolomite is a carbonate mineral of calcium and magnesium having the chemical formula CaMg(CO 3) 2. It is a reservoir for significant petroleum reserves and mainly used as building and ceramic material. Thermoluminescence (TL) emission of this mineral has been examined in the literature, especially collected from Egypt, India, and Brazil. In this study, the aim is to investigate TL properties of dolomite mineral which has a wide reserve in Mersin/Turkey. Structural, morphological, and elemental analyzes were performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS), respectively. TL measurements were carried out using a TL/OSL reader with a90Sr/90Y beta source. The natural TL (NTL) curve of the sample showed two peaks at around 255 and 345 °C by the wideband blue filter whereas an additional peak at 115 °C was observed under the beta irradiation. In addition, at high doses from 50 Gy, a shoulder at around 402 °C occurred. The optimum annealing temperature and duration of the sample were determined as 500 °C and 30 min. In order to remove the low-temperature peak, a preheating process at 200 °C with 23 s duration was applied before each TL readout. TL response to absorbed dose showed good linearity over the 0.1–1200 Gy dose range and the sample was observed to be reusable with only 1.7% change up to 10 cycles under a dose of 100 Gy. The kinetic parameters (activation energy E (eV), frequency factor s (s−1), kinetic order b) of the evident glow peaks were estimated using Peak Shape (PS), Various Heating Rate (VHR), Initial Rise (IR), and Computerized Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) methods. The kinetic analysis indicated that the TL glow curve of the preheated sample consists of four individual peaks having activation energies of ∼1.56, 1.60, 1.78, and 1.73 eV, and these peaks obey second and general-order kinetics. • TL character of natural dolomite mineral originating in Turkey was investigated. • TL glow curve of the β-irradiated sample exhibited three peaks at 110, 255, and 345 °C and a shoulder at 402 °C at high doses. • The sample shows a good linear TL response in the 0.1–1200 Gy β-dose range. • The sample can be reused up to 10 sequential cycles with the deviation of 1.7%. • TL kinetic analyses revealed the decomposed peaks have second- and general-order kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oltu-stone is a unique black gemstone used commonly as an ornament in Turkey. The most distinctive characteristics of Oltu-stone are its strength and its reflective black appearance after polishing. It has been widely used since the 18th century as an important material for the production of quality prayer beads. This relatively hard stone is found in marine flysch and marl deposits as scattered chunks. Macroscopically, it more closely resembles obsidian than coal. Many scientists have researched the origins of this stone, but until recently, its genesis was not well understood. Its petrographical property is remarkable and quite interesting. In order to perform petrographical studies on Oltu-stone, ten samples were taken from two locations a few kilometers from the town of Oltu which is northeast of Erzurum city in eastern Turkey. Polished briquettes and thin sections were produced from the samples for petrographical examination under a coal microscope. SEM and EDS analyses were also conducted. Internal cellular structures can clearly be traced in fluorescent mode. The great strength of the stone has always incorrectly led to the conclusion that its genesis is unlike the genesis of coal. However, fluorescent light plainly revealed detailed cellular structures. With the aid of fluorescent light, suberinite textures and silicate filling of the cell cavities were clearly observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two water mite species new to science are described of the genus Lebertia, collected from running waters and springs in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Lebertia (Brentalebertia) anatolica Esen and Dilkaraoglu, sp.nov. as the fourth known species of the subgenus Brentalebertia Gerecke, 2008 and Lebertia (s. str.) erzurumensis Esen and Erman, sp. nov. as a sister species of L. pusilla. Lebertia (s. str.) subtilis Koenike, 1902 is recorded for the first time after the original description from Switzerland. It was found in a high-altitude spring, rich in gravel substrata and moss vegetation. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6D5992C0-CB77-4651-B93C-17AA5015F027 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]