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Competence in research is an attractive feature that should be established for all practitioners because specialists with training and expertise in research will recognize strategic thinking, interpretation, and synthesizing more easily. Hence, this study aimed to describe the knowledge competency among junior high school mathematics teachers on the research processes applied on the contents of the various sections of a quantitative research paper. The descriptive method of research has been used to characterize the knowledge competence of 108 junior high school teachers on the research processes. The study used the research skill test, which was a researcher-made instrument, consisting of 50 multiple choice items with four choices each. The instrument went through the process of validity and reliability analysis obtaining a good result of 0.81. This study revealed that they were "novice" or had achieved the learning level of competency on the research processes applied on the contents of the different parts of a quantitative research paper. More so, they identified that interpretation of statistical results was a challenging part of doing a research paper.

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microplastics (< 5 mm) have lately been identified in the atmosphere of urban, suburban, and even distant places far from plastic particle areas, suggesting the possibility of long-distance atmospheric transport of microplastics. However, the occurrence, fate, transmission, and effects of these suspended atmospheric microplastics (SAMPs) are all currently unknown in the Philippines. This study investigated the presence of suspected microplastic in the atmosphere of sixteen cities and one municipality of Metro Manila, Philippines. Sampling was conducted using a respirable dust sampler mounted with a Whatman GF/C filter paper at an intake flow rate of 1.4 L/min with Whatman GF/C filter paper. Results reveal that all seventeen sampling areas have the presence of SAMPs. A total of 155 SAMPs were found and confirmed in Metro Manila, with the highest concentration in Muntinlupa City and Mandaluyong City (0.023 SAMP/NCM). Fourteen SAMP types were identified across the sampling areas, ⁓ 74% with polyester. This study is the first record of the presence of microplastics suspended in the ambient air in the Philippines. It is estimated that an adult person in Metro Manila has the potential to inhale (5–8 per minute, normal minute ventilation) about 1 SAMP if exposed for about 99.0 to 132 h. Further studies should be done to evaluate the fate and health effects of these SAMPs in Metro Manila's setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for quality research to cope up with the industry trends, understanding the need among researchers should primarily be established to further improve capacity and practices over the production of theoretical knowledge. Essential to support is the notion of exploring issues then stimulate the concern. This study established the concern on research capabilities among Graduate School student-respondents at President Ramon Magsaysay State University conducted during the First Semester School Year 2018-2019. The study made used of descriptive research design with survey questionnaire as the main research instrument. The data was processed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study concludes that respondents perceived their capabilities in writing research proposal and publishable research paper both as "Moderately Capable". The respondents perceived the availability of facilities, time, training, funding, other resources and support from agency in doing research as "Moderately Available". The analysis of variance test revealed that there is significant difference on the research capabilities of respondents in writing research proposal when grouped according to position and highest educational attainment; significant in writing publishable research paper when grouped according to sex, position and research seminars/trainings attended; significant in the availability of facilities, time, training, funding, other resources and support from agency in doing research when grouped according to sex, position and research seminars/trainings attended.

The fiber morphology and extractive content of Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl. wood collected in Davao Oriental, Philippines were determined to gather pioneering information about the properties of A. cumingiana for better characterization and classification. Wood samples were classified according to color with the aid of a Nix Mini 1 Color Sensor and labeled as A, B, C, and D. The result of the study showed an increasing trend of color lightness percentage from samples A (32.74%) to D (74.96%). Morphologically, both samples C and D (1.03 mm) showed the longest fiber, sample A showed the largest fiber (35.41 µm) and lumen diameter (27.77 µm), and sample C showed the thickest cell wall (4.71 µm). On the other hand, the highest Runkel ratio, slenderness ratio, and flexibility ratio were shown in samples B (0.49), C (33.00), and A (78.13), respectively. The amount of extractives obtained in the study decreases from samples A to D regardless of the solvents used. Statistically, the color lightness, morphological properties, and extractive content were significant across sample classifications. Among solvents used, the extractive content showed a significant result. The color lightness and extractive content showed a negative relationship, which signifies that the color lightness may be used to evaluate the amount and quality of extractives in A. cumingiana wood. Based on the morphological properties, A. cumingiana fibers are found favorable in pulp and paper production. The classification and characterization of A. cumingiana wood properties along the infected portions of a tree and chemical profiling of the extracts would be relevant information to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of self-care has strongly been associated with stress and burnout among nurse educators. It has long been a silent battle as they struggle with academia, clinical practice, and research. Challenges identified that contribute to lack of self-care are heavy workloads, limited facilities for instruction, lack of support for professional advancement, and limited self-care facilities. In support of the Alma Ata declaration in empowering and assisting individuals to obtain knowledge, skills, and resources to preserve health, this paper advocates the need to foster and establish a self-care culture for nurse educators in the Philippines through the Reflect, Recharge, Revive Program. The program framework of Reflect through self-assessment and self-reflection, Recharge through self-care education and training, and Revive for sustainability are collected from various programs already used by some nursing schools that have been proven effective in their respective organizations. Its integration into the current policies and guidelines, including policy frameworks of nursing institutions, will help address stress and burnout associated with a lack of self-care among nurse educators. As a healthy policy, it is believed to positively affect nursing education, especially in decreasing faculty turnover and increasing job performance and self-fulfillment in teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the art appreciation technique using Jerrold Levinson's artistic value in arriving at the importance of aesthetic experience in artwork. Levinson claimed that artistic value covers aesthetic value and achievement value, specifically in analyzing Juan Luna's Spoliarium, which is considered the largest painting in the Philippines and is proclaimed as a national heritage. This paper argued that art should have aesthetic engagement from the viewer's point of view which would lead them to discover its artistic value. Thus, this paper used the contextualizing technique since it augments and strengthens artistic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the dominant verb-phrase structure and the semantic functions of the modal "must" in research papers. It also determined whether the modal "must" conforms to or deviates from the standard modal usage in American English. A total of 122 graduate research papers were analyzed. The findings revealed that the dominant-verb phrase structure of the modal "must" was must + base form of the verb and Filipino graduate student researchers most favor the obligation/compulsion/advisability function of the modal must. Moreover, the results of the present study substantiated Morales' (2015) linguistic assumption that the obligation function of the modal must has a continuous usage in Philippine English and further confirmed the findings of Gustillo (2011) that the modal "must" in Philippine English maintains its conformity to the standard modal usage in American English.

Copyright of International Economics (2110-7017) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines how internationalisation of higher education institutions is reflected through their mission and vision statements by comparatively analysing the mission and vision statements of selected universities in Malaysia and the Philippines. To carry out the study, twenty (20) mission and vision statements of public and private universities in Malaysia and the Philippines were collected and analysed, underlined by the importance of textual agency in policy orientations. The framework used in analysing the mission and vision statements includes the analysis of textual practice and discourse practice. The micro-level analysis of the discourse focused on the textual practice, such as vocabulary, grammar, and text structure. Moreover, the genre and style of text were also analysed. The findings of the study reveal that the mission and vision statements of universities in Malaysia and the Philippines align with respective country policies, and have something in common as far as the concept of internationalisation in higher education is concerned. It is also evident that universities in both countries emphasise the importance of producing global and competent graduates, and obtaining international recognition and world-class education.

The article offers information on several conferences including of 2013 American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) Conference to be held in Dallas, Texas from March 16-19, the 2013 International Conference on English Education to be held in Taiwan from April 20-21, and the 11th Asia Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) International Conference to be held in the Philippines from October 26-28, 2013.

The COVID-19 pandemic calls for educators to deliver learning experiences that are relevant in order to empower students to adapt to these unprecedented times. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary social science course included in the undergraduate general education curriculum in the Philippines that can potentially be designed to help students make sense of the coronavirus crisis. This study aims to describe the insights on the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate students enrolled in STS classes through the textual analysis of their reflection papers. A total of 74 reflection papers were qualitatively textually analysed using thematic analysis. Four themes emerged from the data: (1) appreciation of the science and medical community; (2) sensitivity to the barriers of scientific progress during the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) gaining social consciousness about the impacts of the pandemic, and; (4) enrichment of critical thinking and social engagement. Educators are encouraged to incorporate STS approaches in their lessons to foster students' critical understanding of current socio-scientific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on sociologist Georges Piron's paper "The Educated Unemployed," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The following comments deal with the principal points raised in Piron's paper. These points relate to the basic data, the explanation of those data in terms of agencies and processes like the enrolment of children in schools and the absorption of graduates into industry, and some policy recommendations and implications. The basic data used by Piron are taken from the Bureau of the Census and Statistics via the Rand Report. His definitions, however, are from a later bulletin of the Bureau. From the interview schedule used by enumerators to determine the employment status of respondents, it is clear that a person doing no other work but work or chores around the house is considered to be not at work. One area of ambiguity centers around the definitions of the employed, at work, unpaid family workers and of persons doing no other work except work or chores around the house.

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of "Philippine Sociological Review." Much has been written about the causes of the conflict in Mindanao. There are major differences between the conflict in Lanao and the conflict in Cotabato. The violence in Lanao del Norte seems to have been triggered by a bitter rivalry between two political leaders-one a Muslim and the other a Christian. It erupted suddenly and spread quickly, but now it seems to have been fairly well contained. While the conflict has resulted in great loss of lives and property, and has caused massive dislocations of the population, it seems so far to have brought only a standoff. The balance of power between Christians and Muslims in the province does not appear to be radically altered. In Cotabato, by contrast, the trouble began much earlier and spread more slowly. It started as a series of sporadic encounters in which the opposing sides were not well organized and were not part of any larger struggle or movement. The struggle was soon interpreted to be one between the Christian settlers and the Magindanao and Iranun.

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The long standing abuse of numerous Christian settlers, particularly farmers and businessmen, by certain Muslim datus and political warlords was one of the causes of the present conflict. These abuses had bred deep resentment among the Christians, many of whom privately admit that they had waited for as long as 30 years for an occasion to avenge themselves Listed among the abuses were the "tong" system practiced by some datus, cattlesrustling, reclaiming, sometimes several times over, of land sold to Christians, threats and intimidations of all kinds, and abuses against women, particularly in areas inhabited by none Christian tribes. This litany of abuses could go on interminably, so that there was little reason to doubt that sooner or later alliances of political leaden would emerge who would call a halt to what most Christians regarded as an intolerable situation.

The physical and mechanical properties of branch wood from falcata [Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes] grown in Caraga Region, Philippines were determined to assess suitability for end-uses such as core veneer and as material for light construction and handles and boxes as the stem wood. Tests done to compare the properties with the stem wood showed significant differences in relative density (average values of 0.284 for the stem wood and 0.255 for the branch wood) and shrinkage properties in all directions. Axial position significantly influenced variation in moisture content (p = 0.0024) for stem and branch wood, as well as relative density (p = < 0.0001) plus percent tangential (p = < 0.0001) and radial (p = 0.0014) shrinkage. For the mechanical properties, the stem wood end hardness was significantly higher by 28.8% at green condition (p = 0.0003) and by 13.36% at 12% MC (p = 0.0133) than the branch wood. The compression perpendicular to the grain at 12% MC of the stem wood was also higher by 16.10% (p = 0.0166). However, for the other mechanical properties studied, the differences were not significant. The bottom portion of the stem and branch wood exhibited the highest mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the higher relative density at this portion (p = 0.0001). Based on the results that showed insignificant differences in most of the properties between the wood types of F. moluccana, the branch wood can possibly be used for similar applications as the stem wood such as for light construction, non-structural veneer, and plywood; for tool handles, boxes, and other household items; and for pulp and paper. The utilization of the branch wood of F. moluccana, therefore, can augment the raw materials supply for the local wood industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical properties -- namely, fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, cell wall thickness, vessel length, and width -- of young (3-, 5-, and 7-yr-old) Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes from Caraga Region, Philippines were evaluated to determine the variations among ages between and among trees, tree height, and their derived values as well, henceforth as a basis in recommending the potential of the species for various end-uses. Three trees per age of known seed origin were collected and used as materials. FPRDI standard procedures for determining anatomical properties were followed. Data were analyzed using three-factorial in complete randomized design (CRD) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used to determine significant differences among treatment means. Except for cell wall thickness, the variations in anatomical properties among age and tree were highly significant but not significant among height levels. Fiber diameter and lumen diameter increased as the trees aged. The cell wall was very thin with mean values of 0.0033 mm (3-yr-old), 0.0032 mm (5-yr-old), and 0.0031 mm (7-yr-old). Vessel length and width decreased from 3- to 5-yr-old and increased at 7-yr-old. Fiber length's mean values increased from near pith (NP), middle (M), to near bark (NB) at all three ages and height levels except in the 3-yr middle (1.1665, 1.2032, and 1.1541 mm) and 7-yr butt (1.1541, 1.2326, and 1.2009 mm). Other anatomical properties at three ages showed no consistent trend of variations from NP to NB. The potential uses of younger falcata based on their anatomical properties were for pulp and paper, veneer, and light construction applications where strength and durability are not important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reconsiders Guthrie's 1970 monograph, The Psychology of Modernization in the Rural Philippines, in light of current theories of development and underdevelopment. After summarizing the findings and the criticisms of the monograph, the author finds that Guthrie's work fleshes out Andre Gunder Frank's thesis concerning the "underdevelopment of sociology," and bolsters the arguments against Foster's "Image of the Limited Good" theory. The shortfalls of the monograph, the author conclude, stresses the need for an interdisciplinary approach to development studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the argument that greater equality in the distribution of costs and rewards of development is demanded by the value system of the Filipino and by the development process itself. Important steps toward equality would be agrarian reform, educational reform, and tax reform. For these to be carried out there is need for organized pressure from below. There is need also for strong and efficient government, whether it will in the long run be democratic depends on the attention given to genuine education and human development at the broad base of society. The aspirations of the great majority of the people for a higher standard of material welfare are evident and reflected in many surveys. Per capita income figures demonstrate that the Philippines is a poor nation and that a reasonable level of material welfare cannot be provided by redistribution alone Economic development and accelerated economic development are absolutely necessary if the Philippines is to meet the rising demands of its constantly increasing population.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The author limits the discussion to one area touched upon by Go's paper, namely, certain aspects of the formal educational arrangements of the Chinese in the Philippines which may help or hinder integration. The distribution of Chinese schools in the country is as follows 25 in Manila, 10 in the Manila suburbs, 45 in Luzon, 15 in the Bicol Region, 30 in the Visayas, and 26 in Mindanao. This gives a total of 151 schools in the whole country. A significant trait of the Chinese school is that it offers a double curriculum. The standard curriculum prescribed for the public and private schools by the Philippine Department of Education is offered in the morning by Filipino teachers. The material used in Chinese schools for courses in Chinese originate in Taiwan, much of it produced by the education section of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission in Taipei. The management of many schools has been under boards of trustees compliant with policies of China's Nationalist government and party.

Starting in the 1960s, traffic congestion became a staple part of Manila's history. Rapid urbanization, century-old thoroughfares, and large-scale migrations to Manila are just some of the reasons for the worsening traffic conditions. During the Marcos Era, the academe, practitioners, government agencies, and various organizations produced plans, position papers, and transport documents that sought to understand, assess, and perhaps provide possible solutions. Using data available in the libraries of University of the Philippines Diliman, this research note seeks to provide an initial survey and preliminary review of transport materials that documented and proposed solutions to the traffic congestion in the city of Manila from the 1960s until the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a relevant teaching-learning program amid a pandemic when in-person learning is suspended poses a significant challenge for any educational institution. At a particular Catholic university in the Philippines, an undergraduate course offered a service-learning (SL) activity wherein students actively served as online tutors to underprivileged students. Due to the health crisis, the SL activity seemed impossible, but a carefully planned program was created to continue the students' formation. The implementation of electronic service-learning (ESL) is executed through the collaborative efforts of the different offices and the partner community. This qualitative research utilizes two methods: the formulation of tutorial guidelines and a narrative approach by exploring the experience of the student tutors as expressed in their reflection papers. Three recurrent themes emerged from the participants' reflections, which can be considered significant components of their learning experience--civic learning, a more profound understanding of the course, and the adaptation of essential virtues. This paper validates the claim that the online teaching services rendered by students are indeed beneficial in their formation as socially responsible citizens. In the same way, the tutees have realized that despite their poor economic situation, they are not alone in battling to have a more comfortable life. Lastly, the study findings also helped the school implement its programs despite the suspension of in-person schooling continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfiuoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on paper packaging resist water and oil to effectively contain food and beverages. However, previous studies have established correlations between PFAS and several diseases including COVID-19, cancers, and obesity. The goal of this collaborative research between the Philippines and Singapore is to set a baseline for PFAS levels in local packaging with the intended outcome of further increasing awareness on these contaminants in Southeast Asia, providing a starting point for migration experiments and risk assessments on PFAS in commercially-available food contact materials and articles, and initiating policy developments on these substances in the Philippines. In this study, 15 different types of PFAS were analyzed in selected paper packaging used by major quick service restaurants (QSRs) in Metro Manila. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), PFAS was detected in 100% of the samples with a total PFAS concentration range of 8.20-97.7 ng PFAS/100 cm². The highest amount of PFAS compound measured across all samples was PF-3,7-DMOA (89.8 ng/100 cm²). PFAS compounds regulated in European packaging such as PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA were also detected in all samples but at trace levels. Paper wrappers for rice and small burgers were found to have the highest total PFAS of 97.7 ng PFAS/100 cm². This value translates to approximately 65.1 ng F/100 cm² which is way below 10,000 ng F/100 cm², the currently existing limit for PFAS in packaging set by the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food. While each packaging may be deemed safe compared to regulation, the compounded effects brought by use of multiple packaging, and high frequency and long-term exposures require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The author speaks of national identity rather than using the more common term nationalism for two reasons. The term nationalism carries the emotional burden of struggles for political independence and of cold-war rhetoric that is no longer entirely appropriate with the receding of the western European empires, the lowering of the bamboo curtain, and the coming of age of post-colonial generations. The term national identity suggests the affinity of this quest with the aspirations of collectivities other than the nation-state, such as the aspirations of the Bengali within what used to be Pakistan, or the aborigines of the Australian outback, or even the Muslims of the South. A national identity is a kind of political religion which, like a church religion, satisfies deep personal needs for immortality, individual identity, and personal meanings and purposes.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. One of the means which researchers devised for achieving these objectives was the moshav, or cooperative. The moshav is a way of life. It stresses the benefits to be derived from joint efforts, not just when planting and harvesting, but in all phases of agriculture and even in community life outside of agriculture. Through the moshav both economic and social problems are solved. It is a form of organization that allows the people of a community to participate in broad self-development, the guiding principle being the common good. One of the economic advantages of the moshav is that it reduces some of the risks inherent in agriculture undertaken by farmers alone. Small farmers tend to minimize asks, concentrating their resources on a single crop which will provide them with the maximum amount of security. Each moshav is an independent organization, but may federate at a higher level with other moshavs in order to benefit from economies of scale in such activities as marketing, handling storage, input procurement, and machinery pools.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. According to de los Reyes, the land reform implementing programs have centered on land-tenure improvement, agricultural productivity, credit services, and administrative machinery integration. He explained the rationale of these activities and then established their relevance to the political, social, and economic objectives of the land-reform law In focusing on the NELRIDP, de los Reyes presented a sample package of land-reform activities--probably the best sample available As such, the sample is not representative of what is happening in most places in the country but it does give a reasonable indication of what can be expected of the integration of land reform-related activities and alternative approaches aimed at hastening the attainment of land tenure and productivity goals The sample seems to suggest that if land reform does not succeed in Nueva Ecija, it will probably not succeed elsewhere in the country. Or, to be more conservative, it will probably have rougher sailing elsewhere.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. The activities of peasant organizations at this period also accelerated the progress of land reform Moreover, social confusion and widespread disturbances in the traditional value one nations of Japanese society also helped to minimize any counterblow by the landed class Most distinctive of the Japanese case, however, is the fact that expropriation and redistribution did not result in a heavy burden for either the government or the newly-created owner farmers. Except in those socialist countries which simply confiscate private property without compensation to its former owner, paying for expropriated land is the most serious hindrance to the implementation of land reform In the case of Japan, though the transfer of land was compensated for, the tremendous monetary inflation experienced in the late 1940s and early 1950s made the payments asked of new owners and the land bond issued by the government relatively light obligations. Under these conditions the land was rather confiscated than expropriated. In the late 1960s, in fact, the government made amends by appropriating additional compensation to the ex-landowners.

The article comments on the paper "Can Land Reform Succeed?," by B. de los Reyes. The agricultural enterprise, as any other, is made productive through a mixture of three basic inputs, namely, land, labor, and capital. Over the years, the Philippines has not been very much concerned about increasing the productivity of these three elements, but rather has elected to increase production by simply adding traditional mixes of capital and labor to new lands being brought under cultivation. The country has now extended its agriculture to essentially all of the economic lands, and a continuation of this expansionist policy is no longer a possibility. More intensive cultivation of existing lands is now required. Intensive agriculture can be brought into being by increasing either labor or capital input or both. Those looking at U.S. models suggest that investments in capital goods and increased reliance on machinery and chemicals is the proper alternative. But it is not reasonable to assume that a model which evolved in a country where land and capital were relatively cheap and labor dear is appropriate for a nation where the opposite situation exists.

The paper focuses on work undertaken in Cambodia to develop a monitoring framework that integrates Multi-lingual Education (MLE) with Child Friendly School (CFS) indicators. I begin by comparing CFS dimensions and indicators in Cambodia with those of the Philippines, and Nepal, and aligning MLE principles, arguments and foci with the CFS framework. I argue that an evidence-referenced system, such as the use of a rubric, is a model for giving meaning to achievement by linking it to evidence of growth or progress and measurement along a developmental continuum. Rather than just monitoring against a summative checklist, an evidence-based system describes the evidence so that progress can be benchmarked, and programs can be improved. Based on analysis of this research, I suggest an approach that could be used to reflect MLE indicators within the CFS framework, using an evidence-based rubric to monitor progress along a developmental continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of papers published in the January 1, 1981 issue of the journal Philippine Sociological Review. The paper "Some Notes on the Masagana 99 Program and Small Farmer Access to Credit," by Emmanuel Esguerra focuses on the accessibility of credit to small farmers as a performance indicator of the Masagana 99 program. Its main argument is that the logic of profit maximization dictates that credit agencies are generally adverse to high risk lending. The paper "Power Dynamics of Rural Families: The Case of a Samar Barrio," by Mina E. Contado investigates the power structure of rural families by looking at patterns of decision-making, authority, influence, and task role allocation. The paper "The Socioeconomic Aspects of Developmental Infrastructure: Two Aspects From a Project in the Southern Philippines," by Francis C. Madigan addresses the effects of rural electrification in isolation from other elements of a developmental package and finds a positive association between electrification and median income, and between electrification and non-farm employment.

The article presents a list of papers about economics literature, including "Export or domestic-led growth in Asia?," "The People's Republic of China and its neighbours: evolving patterns of trade and investment," "Number of children and their education in Philippine households," and "East Asian economic integration and its impact on future growth."

The article discusses the actions of U.S. politician Paul V. McNutt (1891-1955), as U.S. high commissioner of the Philippines, in arranging for hundreds of Jewish refugees to be brought from Nazi Germany to Manila in 1938-1939. McNutt's motivations in providing a haven for Jews rejected by the United States and other countries are discussed. His background in Indiana is discussed, including his opposition to the Ku Klux Klan and religious and racial bigotry. His political career in the Democratic Party is also discussed, including his time as governor of Indiana and his positions in the federal government.

19 FSW to parents, April 30, 1899, May 27, 1899, FSW Papers; Gerald F. Linderman, I The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish-American War i (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 67-90; Linn, I Philippine War i , 89-90, 123-26. 20 FSW to parents, May 27, 1899, FSW Papers; FSW, Angeles, to parents, October 22, 1899, FSW Papers; Report of the Lieutenant General, H. Doc. 56-2-2, pt. 6, p. 133; Coffman, I The Regulars i , 50-52; Karsten, "Armed Progressives", 266. 68 Colonel William H. Bisbee, Thirteenth Infantry, Binolanan, to Adjutant General, Washington, DC, April 23, 1900, USRAMU, LS (June 16, 1899 to April 23, 1900), RG 391, NAB; FSW to parents, July 8, 1900, FSW Papers; FSW to GHW, September 21, 1900, January 23, 1901, FSW Papers; McAlexander, I History of the Thirteenth Regiment i , 130. 49 FSW to GHW, January 9, 1900, FSW Papers; FSW to parents, July 8, 1900, FSW Papers; FSW to GHW, May 7, 1900, FSW Papers. 23 Report of the Lieutenant General Commanding the Army, 56th Cong., 2d sess., H. Doc. 2, pt. 4, pp. 571-72. 24 FSW, Angeles, to parents, August 28, 1899, FSW Papers; Report of the Lieutenant General, H. Doc., 56-2-2, pt. 4, pp. 571-74; Jamieson, I Crossing the Deadly Ground i , 105, 112, 135-37, 144-48. 25 FSW to parents, August 28, 1899, October 22, 1899, FSW Papers; FSW, Paniqui, to parents, November 30, 1899, FSW Papers; Report of the Lieutenant General, H. Doc., 56-2-2, pt. 6, p. 221. 74 FSW, Dagupan, to GHW, June 1, 13, 17, 1901, FSW Papers; E. Finley Johnson, Judge, Third Judicial District, Philippines, to FSW, January 4, 1902, FSW Papers; FSW to Johnson, January 8, 1902, FSW Papers; Jerome C. Knowlton, "Elias Finley Johnson", I Mich. Alumnus i 7 (1901): 236-38, https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/6. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated students' mental health challenges worldwide, including in the Philippines. This paper explores the University of the Philippines' response to this crisis, a crucial endeavor given the country's limited mental health resources. This paper reviews the relevant documents to the mental health initiative, titled "Sandigan, Sandalan," which sought to empower university stakeholders to advocate for mental and address mental health needs despite resource constraints and the university's vastness. The authors also share their experiences and insights in the program. This program is one of the few university mental health programs that were documented in the Philippines after the legislation of the Philippine Mental Health Act and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key recommendations arising from this experience include enhancing program visibility, fostering stakeholder collaboration toward a clear set of program objectives, leveraging mental health expertise, empowering stakeholders, and designing replicable program models for the different campuses of the university. The initiative underscores the vital role that educational institutions can play and provides valuable insights into supporting students' mental well-being amid large scale challenges in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, scholars of academic dependency have tended to focus their discussions on social sciences while treating other fields as separate. They suggest that in order to escape dependency, alternative discourse and autonomy should be developed. In this paper, we examine the Public Health Liberation (PHL) movement in Taiwan and theorize on the marketization and medicalization of the healthcare system since the 1980s as a dependency syndrome. The PHL was initiated by a group of public health scholars—with the second author of this paper being one of its key protagonists—and frontline public health practitioners after the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003. Inspired by the mass mobilization model in public health in Asian and Latin American countries, particularly China, the Philippines, and Nicaragua, PHL trains grassroots public health educators, nurtures critical research, and has built a network of activists for radical public health reform in Taiwan. Based on participatory action research, this paper analyzes the emergence of this influential public health movement and situates it within the global context of neoliberal health reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This short paper builds on and critiques work presenting potential non-disasters: disasters that did not seem to happen despite a major hazard. Previous work does not differentiate among different types of potential non-disasters. This short paper uses local information to propose three categories according to reasons for vulnerability being low or absent. These proposed categories are used to critique the construct of "potential non-disasters". Design/methodology/approach: This short paper uses a subjective approach to examples of potential non-disasters in 2022, focusing on local information that describes what happened. This information is applied and analysed for the three proposed categories using examples from Japan, Nepal, the Philippines and Vietnam. Such comparisons are useful for critiquing "potential non-disasters", by understanding better local approaches and information available for reporting on situations that could be disasters. Findings: Potential non-disasters remain relevant for exploring mechanisms, tools and actions for educating about vulnerability causes and vulnerability reduction to avert disasters. Limitations are evident by relying on media reports, even local ones with local authors. A suggestion is to implement a grant programme for collecting data immediately after a major hazard without an evident, major disaster. Additionally, an annual report and critique of each year's potential non-disasters, categorised and analysed, would help to evidence the presence and limits of the "potential non-disaster" construct. Originality/value: This short paper contributes a much deeper theoretical dive into understanding potential non-disasters, both describing them and the drawbacks of the construct. To practitioners, the construct now offers more avenues for actions while illustrating their effectiveness in reducing vulnerabilities. Thus, this paper supports multiple, linked pathways towards more non-disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to assess the legal and regulatory framework for mobile banking (M-banking) in Tanzania. The technological development in information and communication technologies has converted a mobile phone from a simple communication device to a very complex instrument that allows people to perform various digital transactions and extra operations such as web browsing and email reading. Such tremendous developments have brought in place the regime of M-banking. The birth of M-banking has brought legal and institutional challenges that were not anticipated before. It has complicated the traditional role of the telecommunication regulator and financial regulator in the business and caused legal gaps that need to be bridged. Design/methodology/approach: To disclose the legal gaps and bridge them, the study used doctrinal legal method and comparative study to learn the experience of international legal instruments and policies and laws of other jurisdictions. This paper has evaluated the contribution of international legal instruments and legal frameworks of foreign jurisdictions such as Kenya and the Philippines. Findings: It has been revealed that the prevailing laws regulating M-banking in Tanzania do not adequately address and bridge the existing legal gaps. There is a need to enact a specific law regulating M-banking and confer such powers to a specific institution to deal with regulatory issues. Originality/value: This paper stresses the importance of enacting new laws that will offer room for financial inclusion in the digital economy and protect consumers against financial risk. It also intends to act as a catalyst and change agent in policy and legislative development in the M-banking industry. It would also bring special attention to addressing consumer rights, security and risky issues surrounding the M-banking industry. Although several other authors in Tanzania have written in this area, they have not clearly focused on disclosing the existing legal gaps resulting from the convergence of the financial and communication sectors. This paper is therefore trying to offer an extensive discussion on the legislative development in the M-banking industry in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the impacts of industries and climate change on communities in the Philippines. This will be done through a review of relevant social and environmental literature and then the application of this to the current political, environmental, and economic state of the Philippines. The economy of the Philippines is unique, while a significant proportion is still from agriculture, mining, and other primary industries, the Philippines also has a significant proportion of income from a rapidly growing services sector, including tourism, business process outsourcing, and overseas Filipino workers. The article will discuss the expected impacts of climate change on the low-lying collection of islands, and the subsequent consequences this will have on Filipino industry. Further consideration will be given to the anticipated impacts climate change will have on public health, and how theoretically this could interact with the economy to play out for communities in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The basic issues set forth by the papers are the following. It is held that the existing inequality between the rich and the poor is an obstacle to development. National renewal requires no less than radical changes, apparently the kind which come the day after the revolution. But this may never happen or if it does, it certainly will be long in coming. It will not come as long as one continues holding seminars, discussion sessions, public lecture series, and the like It is highly doubtful that change will ever emerge from the elite sector of society, except as a result of organized pressure from the grassroots, or the masses. The underlying implication here is, bluntly put unless the poor, whose strength lies in their numbers, grab power, they will never have it. Carroll cites the Latin-American experience in land reform.

The article presents comments on papers on national renewal presented by University of the Philippines professor Zeus Salazar and National Secretariat for Social Action research director John J. Carroll as part of the Philippine Sociological Society's "Social Issues '72" public lecture series. The author holds that there are two competing strategies for the achievement of economic progress and modernity. One strategy sees national development as a process of departure from the traditional concerns of the village world into the modem and rational world of the elite. The policies of its adherents focus on monetary and fiscal stability, on the establishment of norms of legality and rationality in public administration and, most important, on creating a proper climate for entrepreneurship. There is nothing wrong with stability and rationality, per se The problem is that these policies are given priority over, and often at the expense of, those that would solve more basic problems in the country's economic and social structure. Because this strategy conceives of progress as movement from tradition to modernity, it accepts the division between the masses and the elite and sees it primarily in cultural and intellectual terms.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the "Philippine Sociological Review." The author agrees with many of Go's conclusions, notably with his statements that the Chinese no longer dominate the Philippine economy nor do they control it, that not all the Chinese in the Philippines are rich, that the Philippine Chinese community is not a fertile ground for the spread of communist ideology, that Chinese girls are willing to marry Filipinos, that never before in the history, be cause of the changes that have taken place, has the prospect of integrating and assimilating the Chinese into the mainstream of Filipino society appeared brighter than it does today. Chinese in the Philippines are far from homogeneous. Because of the existence of disparate factions sometimes working at cross purposes, the Chinese are not a monolithic group, nor are they united. However, one cannot deny the fact that the Chinese, especially the China-born, are clannish in the sense that they continue to cling to their family, clan, village, and district associations.

The article presents comments on sociologist Bernard C. Go's paper "The Chinese in the Philippines: Facts and Fancies," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the "Philippine Sociological Review." Some 30 or more years ago, the Chinese may have dominated a big portion of the retail trade but, as Go has emphasized, they never did control the economy of the nation. With the Retail Trade Nationalization Law in full force and effect for the past 18 years, Chinese domination of this facet of the economy has become a thing of the past. At the rate Filipinos are taking over retail business in the Philippines, it would not be presumptuous to assume that, perhaps 10 years from now, Chinese retailers in the Philip- pines will have been reduced to a minimum number, or entirely wiped out. The economy is made up of interdependent parts. It includes commerce, industry, agriculture, mining, servicing, and other sectors. Commerce alone embraces the retail and wholesale market and import and export trade. The Chinese investments in this country are mainly in commerce, including retail, wholesale, import, and export.

Food delivery riders have gained widespread significance when countries went into lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Particularly in the Philippines, two major companies - Grab and Food Panda - employ thousands of delivery riders as "independent contractors," sans any insurance or protection. This paper argues that food delivery riders, in line with the nature of their work, should be aptly recognized as employees of their digital platforms and should be accorded the proper benefits, protection, and compensation. Notwithstanding the cautious phrasing in the agreements signed by the delivery riders classifying them as independent contractors, it is the submission of this research that the law remains the primary factor that determines the relationship between the parties. As such, an employer-employee relationship, as laid down in Philippine jurisprudence, covers food delivery riders. The paper likewise cites landmark rulings from Spain and France, which recognized delivery riders and drivers as employees of their digital platforms. It is high time that such practices of food delivery businesses be corrected in favor of worker's rights and a decent, gainful livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a visual analysis on photographs that were gathered from the main and secondary pages of the websites of the Philippines' top four higher educational institutions (HEIs), namely University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD), Ateneo De Manila University (ADMU), De La Salle University (DLSU), and University of Santo Tomas (UST). Specifically, this paper used denotative reading, analysis of visual grammar, and connotative reading on the photographs to ascertain how each of these four Philippine HEIs represented their self-images in contradistinction with each other in terms of their teaching, research, extension, internationalization, campus and facilities, and student life, as well as their overall positioning. This paper was able to establish that UPD has strongest self-representation in teaching, and campus and facilities; ADMU in campus and facilities, and teaching; DLSU in teaching and student life; and UST in student life, and campus and facilities. This paper was also able to establish that UPD has the weakest self-representation in extension and internationalization; ADMU in research and extension; DLSU in extension and internationalization; and UST in research and internationalization. This paper is significant as it is the first publication that analyzes the websites of Philippine HEIs and even of Philippine corporations, while contributing to meager international literature on websites of HEIs and corporations. By looking at individual and collective self-representations of the top Philippine HEIs, this paper aims to gather insights on the status of Philippine higher education including the challenges it faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]