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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda , poses a significant global threat to agriculture due to its wide geographic range, high reproductive rate, and ability to thrive in diverse climates and habitats. A field study was conducted to evaluate the potential of nano-inert dust particles, specifically nano-diatomaceous earth (N-DE) and nano-potassium silicate (N-K 2 SiO 3), individually and in combination with emamectin benzoate, to manage FAW larvae infesting wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). The field experiments occurred during the winter seasons of 2021 and 2022 in Qaha, Qalubya Governorate, Egypt. Results revealed that the combined application of N-DE and N-K 2 SiO 3 with emamectin benzoate outperformed other treatments, achieving larval reduction rates of 93.33 % and 86.66 % in 2021 and 89.31 % and 86.90 % in 2022 after a 10-day interval from the second spray. Moreover, supplementation with N-DE and N-K 2 SiO 3 enhanced plant height, tiller count, leaf number, foaming, suspensibility, surface tension, and pH compared to using emamectin benzoate alone. Additionally, foliar application of N-K 2 SiO 3 and N-DE increased total flavonoids (4.23 and 3.24 mg CE/g) and total phenolic compounds (1.35 and 1.12 mg/g F. Wt.), as well as plant silicate content, indicating improved plant health and pest resistance. This study underscores the efficacy of N-DE and N-K 2 SiO 3 in reducing FAW infestations and enhancing plant growth and defense mechanisms. [Display omitted] • FAW poses a significant threat to agriculture globally due to its wide geographic range, and reproductive rate. • A field study assessed the potential of nano-diatomaceous earth (N-DE) and nano-potassium silicate (N-K 2 SiO 3). • Combined application of N-DE and N-K 2 SiO 3 with emamectin benzoate give superior efficacy in larval reduction. • Supplementation of N-DE and N-K 2 SiO 3 showed positive effects on wheat plants, enhancing plant parameters. • Application of N-K 2 SiO 3 and N-DE led to increased levels of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two filed experiments were performed in a sandy soil private farm located in ElQassasin, Fakous District, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt, along the two winter seasons of 2020/21 and 2021/22, to investigate the influence of spraying three aqueous extracts from three plant species besides their mix, as well as the efficacy of the three plant extract concentration alongside spraying with distilled water as control treatment. Additionally, the effect of three potassium application times on bread wheat yield and its attributes as well as grains content of both crude protein and carbohydrates were studied. The impact of the above mentioned factors on weed suppression (weeds number and dry weight) was assessed. Split-split plot design in three replicates was applied. Results displayed that spraying wheat plants with plant extracts had significant effects on all recorded traits except No. of tillers/m², No. of grains/spike, and Total Carbohydrates. Chinopodium extract produced higher biological yield and seed index. Lantana extract also achieved higher yield. Moringa oleifera extract had the highest value for each of biological yield and seed index. Foliar spraying with these extracts stimulated dry matter accumulation. Moringa and Chinopodium extracts produced the highest grain protein content. Foliar spraying with these extracts suppressed weeds number and dry weight. The concentration of plant extracts significantly impacted biological yield in wheat plants. A 75% concentration of sprayed extracts reduced weeds number and their dry weight; leading to higher grain yield, harvest index, and crude protein content. Fairly Potassium addition (pre-sowing) hampered weeds number and dry weight (combined analysis) while enhanced wheat yields and most of their attributes. Potassium played a crucial role in weed suppression, making wheat plants more competitive to weed plants. Adding potassium at early stages of growth is recommended. The interaction between extracts and concentrations significantly affected biological and grain yields, harvest index, and crude protein content. However, the interaction was ineffective on other traits. The interaction between extracts and potassium timing was also effective. The study found that spraying wheat plants with a mixed extract from three plant spices (C. album, M. olefeira, and L. camara) resulted in the highest reduction percentage in weed components, with C. album extract ranking second in suppressing weed components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, is one of the most dangerous rust diseases on wheat. Through physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis, the relationship between the change in resistance of 15 wheat cultivars to stem rust disease and the response of 41 stem rust resistance genes (Sr,s) as well as TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK races was explained. Some cultivars and Sr genes, such as Gemmeiza-9, Gemmeiza-11, Sids-13, Sakha-94, Misr-1, Misr-2, Sr31, and Sr38, became susceptible to infection. Other new cultivars include Mir-3 and Sakha-95, and Sr genes 13, 37, 40, GT, and FR*2/SRTT3-SRTT3-SR10 remain resistant. Some resistance genes have been identified in these resistant cultivars: Sr2, Sr13, Sr24, Sr36, and Sr40. Sr31 was not detected in any cultivars. Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, enzymes activities (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase), and electrolyte leakage were increased in the highly susceptible cultivars, while they decreased in the resistant ones. Anatomical characteristics such as the thickness of the epidermis, ground tissue, phloem tissue and vascular bundle diameter in the midrib were decreased in susceptible cultivars compared with resistant cultivars. Our results indicated that some races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) appeared for the first time in Egypt and many other countries, which broke the resistant cultivars. The wheat rust breeding program must rely on land races and pyramiding genes in order to develop new resistance genes that will survive for a very long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un-integrated fertilization and decreasing soil fertility are some of the challenges to achieving an increase in crop productivity and food security in a sustainable way. Keeping balanced fertilization and soil fertile is vital. To overcome these problems, a field experiment was conducted at Dar-Ramad experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt, during the two winter seasons of 2016/17 and 2017/18 to evaluate the complementary effect of compost (without, 2 and 3 ton feddan−1, feddan = 4200 m2) and mineral nitrogen fertilizer (N) rates (30, 45 and 60 kg feddan−1) on yield, its components and nitrogen, phosphorus as well as potassium (NPK) uptake in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Miser-1). Generally, in most cases, the highest significant values of wheat yield and its components along with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) uptake in grain, straw and biological yields were recorded by applying compost compared to without addition. Highest significant values of the former above traits were achieved by individual application of compost at a rate of 2 or 3 ton feddan−1 and also mineral nitrogen fertilizer (N) rate of 45 or 60 kg feddan−1. Exogenous application of compost with a rate of 2 or 3 ton feddan−1 along with mineral nitrogen (N) rate of 45 and 60 kg feddan−1 improved almost all the studied traits. Findings suggested that application of 3 ton compost feddan−1 with 45 or 60 kg N feddan−1 was more effective combination in maximizing wheat productivity, grain protein and NPK uptake under Mediterranean climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is considered one of the most essential crops for Egypt. Nevertheless, it is also one of its largest imports. Therefore, it is important to develop an accurate wheat suitability model to define the most suitable areas for its production. This study aimed to develop a parametric-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for land suitability evaluation of wheat in a selected area in El-Beheira governorate, Egypt. The climatic and land parameters influencing wheat production in the studied area were selected and rated according to the parametric method. These parameters included slope, texture, calcium carbonate, sum of basic cations, pH, organic matter, salinity, exchangeable sodium percentage and mean temp. of the growing cycle. The rated parameters were processed according to the AHP. The results were compared with Storie and the Square root methods and field observations. When validated using field observations, the developed method had a higher accuracy suitability evaluation for wheat cultivation in the studied area than the other two methods. According to the developed method, almost all of the studied areas could be classified as very suitable (S1) for wheat cultivation. On the other hand, the wheat suitability evaluation according to the other two methods indicated that most of the studied area could be classified as moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3), which contradicted the field survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronomy is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A FIELD experiment be located at Mallawi Agriculture Research Station, Minia Governorate, Egypt for two following seasons of 2021/ 2022 and 2022/ 2023, to examine effective of fertilization (100% NPK or control, 80 % NPK & EM (Effective microorganisms) applied at (12.35L ha-1), 80 % NPK & compost 12.35 ton ha-1 and 80 % NPK & Mixture of EM and compost) on wheat that grown in clay soil via using three cultivation methods, i.e. broad casting, ridges, raised beds. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design by three replicates. Water productivity as well as water use efficiency were extremely improved under raised bed method compared with the values with the other two methods through two seasons. Likewise, the highest values of plant height (cm). grain yield (ton ha-1), straw (ton ha-1), 1000 grain and protein% in the two consecutive seasons, were gained when planting wheat on raised bed at combined 80% NPK+ mix (EM and compost). Nutrition contents in wheat grain and total uptake kg ha¹ were increased with the same treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the serious diseases that attack wheat plants during the growing season. The Bgt virulence was screened against 16 Egyptian wheat cultivars and 21 powdery mildew differential lines carrying different (Pm) resistance genes in two regions (Kafr-Elsheikh and El-Minya) in Egypt 2021–2022. Broad-spectrum virulence and high diversity were observed at both regions. Regional populations of Bgt in Egypt are independent of each other. Genes, Pm2a, Pm3a, Pm1b, Pm3b, Pm21, Pm34, Pm36, Pm37, Pm53, PmNCA6, PmMIAG12, and PmNCAG13 were nationally effective, while Pm4a, Pm4b, Pm6, and Pm8 appeared to be defeated throughout the country affected by broad-spectrum virulence. Field responses showed that only four cultivars, Misr-1, Misr-2, Sakha-95 and Shandweel-1 were resistant in both regions. A strong correlation was recorded between FDS and AUDPC which implies that wheat pathologists and breeders may be able to assess their lines by a single scoring at an appropriate time. Phenotypic and genotypic data proved that ineffective Pm8 was present in four susceptible cultivars, Sakha-93, Sakha-94, Gemmeiza-10, and Gemmeiza-11, while it was present in combination with effective Pm3a in two resistant cultivars, Sakha-95 and Shandweel-1. This suggests that cultivar susceptibility may be attributed to the existence of ineffective gene Pm8 potentially suppressed by effective Pm3a in hexaploid-resistant wheat. Pyramiding effective resistance genes particularly those that have a suppression effect like Pm3a may be a viable option to avoid the risk of broad-spectrum Bgt virulence at a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted at Itay EL-Baroud)Agricultural Research Station, Itay EL-Baroud, Beherah Governorate, Egypt, during the seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of tribinuron-methyl, fluroxypyr and their combinations in controlling broad-leaved weeds in wheat fields. Hand weeding was performed at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS), while the herbicides were applied at 15 days after sowing (DAS). At harvest, fresh and dried weed biomasses (g m-2 ) were measured, as well as certain agronomic wheat crop parameters such as 1000 grain weight (grams), wheat grain and straw yields (kg fed -1 ). The results showed that all of the tested formulations significantly reduced the biomass of weeds including both fresh and dried biomasses of annual broad-leaved weeds. Melilotus indica L., Beta vulgaris L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Cichorium pumpilum Jacq., which were the most predominant weeds in the wheat field during both seasons. Throughout the two seasons of investigation, the combinations of tribinuron-methyl+ fluroxypyr demonstrated the most significant reduction in both weed control efficiency (WCE) and the fresh weight of annuls of broad-leaved weeds. These compositions improved all wheat crop biological parameters, including grain and straw yields, throughout the investigated two seasons, and were followed by hand weeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out during the four winter growing seasons from 2019/2020 to 2022/2023 seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station farm, ARC, Egypt to investigate the inheritance and nature of genetic control of yellow and stem rust diseases, yield, and its components in bread wheat. The five populations included P1, P2, F1, F2 and F3 of three crosses (cross 1: Misr 2 × Giza171, cross 2: Misr 2 × Sakha 95 and cross 3: Gemmiza 9 × shandweel 1). Results indicated that dominance gene effects were larger in magnitude than the additive gene effects for all the studied traits except for 100-kernel weight in the first cross. Additive × Additive gene effects were positive and highly significant for no of spike/plants in all the three crosses, grain yield/plant in the first and third crosses, no of kernels/spike in the third cross. Dominance × Dominance was highly significant positive for 100 - kernel weight and grain yield/plant in the first and second crosses and no. of kernels/spike in the second cross. Narrow sense heritability estimates were low to relatively high for all the studied crosses, and moderate to low for stripe rust in the three crosses, and was high in the first and third crosses for stem rust. The first cross (Misr 2× Giza171) was the most desirable which had the lowest mean values for the infection disease severity for stripe rust disease, while the third cross (Gemmiza 9 × Shandawel 1) for stem rust disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Gharbia Governorate, middle of the Nile Delta, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to determine the effect of different bedfurrow irrigation management strategies on irrigation efficiency, wheat grain yield and its components and quality parameters. The field experiment was designed in RCBD and included: basin-flooding (control, Tf) and bed-furrow with three irrigation times as a percentage of advance time (Ta); T1=Ta,T2=1.20Ta, and T3=1.30Ta. The results revealed that; increasing irrigation time had a simple effect on the Ta while had an obvious effect on the depletion and recession time. The T1 saved 23.3% of irrigation water compared to the Tf, increasing irrigation time increased water applied. The soil moisture content in the Tf was higher than in the bed-furrow treatments. Increasing irrigation time increased the moisture content in the furrows and within the beds. Bed-furrow enhanced irrigation efficiency compared to Tf. The highest application efficiency and distribution uniformity values were 76.6, 74.7 and 80.7, 82.3%, which were achieved by T3 treatment. Bed-furrow increased wheat grain yield compared to Tf. The T3 treatment is superior in grain yield with values of 3107 and 3185 kg fed-1. Bed-furrow enhanced the 1000 grain weight and spike length, while Tf surpassed in the number of spikes and straw yield. The highest water productivity was 1.87 and 1.67 kg m-3 achieved by T1. There is no significant difference in quality parameters except for dry gluten, the highest values achieved by T2 treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease that causes significant yield losses in wheat production worldwide, including in Egypt. The use of biocontrol agents is among the best eco-friendly management strategies to control this disease, as they are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than traditional chemical control methods. In a comparative analysis, antioxidant enzyme activity and various management approaches were compared with two bacterial biocontrol agents, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida. This study showed the remarkable efficacy of endophytic bacteria, B. subtilis and P. putida, in mitigating wheat stripe rust infection across three wheat varieties, namely Misr1, Gimmeiza11, and Sids12. B. subtilis exhibited superior performance compared to P. putida, resulting in infection types of 1 and 2.66, respectively, following inoculation. The highest reduction rate was observed with Tilit fungicide (500 ppm), followed by B. subtilis and Salicylic acid (1000 ppm), respectively. Variations in wheat varieties' response to Pst infection were observed, with Misr1 exhibiting the lowest infection and Sids12 showing high susceptibility. Among the tested inducers, Salicylic acid demonstrated the greatest reduction in disease infection, followed by Indole acetic acid, while Oxalic acid exhibited the lowest decrease. Additionally, the study evaluated the activities of five antioxidant enzymes, including Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX), in the wheat-stripe rust interaction under different integrated management approaches. The wheat variety Misr1 treated with Tilit (500 ppm), B. subtilis, Salicylic acid, Montoro (500 ppm), and P. putida exhibited the highest increase in all enzymatic activities. These findings provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of B. subtilis and P. putida as biocontrol agents for wheat stripe rust control in Egypt, emphasizing their potential role in sustainable, integrated, and environmentally friendly management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salinity is the abiotic obstacle that diminishes food production globally. Salinization causes by natural conditions, such as climate change, or human activities, e.g., irrigation and derange misuse. To cope with the salinity problem, improve the crop environment or utilize crop/wheat breeding (by phenotyping), specifically in spread field conditions. For example, about 33 % of the cropping area in Egypt is affected by salinity. Methods: Therefore, this study evaluated forty bread wheat genotypes under contrasting salinity field conditions across seasons 2019/20 and 2020/21 at Sakha research station in the north of Egypt. To identify the tolerance genotypes, performing physiological parameters, e.g., Fv/Fm, CCI, Na+, and K+, spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), such as NDVI, MCARI, and SR, and estimated salinity tolerance indices based on grain yield in non-saline soil and saline soil sites over the tested years. These traits (parameters) and grain yield are simultaneously performed for generating GYT biplots. Results: The results presented significant differences (P≤0.01) among the environments, genotypes, and their interaction for grain yield (GY) evaluated in the four environments. And the first season for traits, grain yield (GY), plant height (PH), harvest index (HI), chlorophyll content index (CCI), chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in contrasting salinity environments. Additionally, significant differences were detected among environments, genotypes, and their interaction for grain yield along with spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), e.g., Blue/Green index (BIG2), curvature index (CI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified simple ratio (MSR). Relying on the genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE) approach, genotypes 34 and 1 are the best for salinity sites. Genotypes 1 and 29 are the best from the genotype by stress tolerance indices (GSTI) biplot and genotype 34. Genotype 1 is the best from the genotype by yield*trait (GYT) method with spectral reflectance indices. Discussion: Therefore, we can identify genotype 1 as salinity tolerant based on the results of GSTI and GYT of SRIs and recommend involvement in the salinity breeding program in salt-affected soils. In conclusion, spectral reflectance indices were efficiently identifying genotypic variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the approximately 105 million Egyptians depend on wheat in the form of baladi bread for their daily diet. Millions of smallholders along the River Nile have produced wheat for millennia; however, in more recent history, the wheat demand and supply ratio has dramatically changed. The first wheat imports in Egyptian history were in 1966. Today, domestic production meets only half of the wheat consumption, and Egypt has become the largest wheat importer in the world. Before the Russia–Ukraine war, 85% of the wheat imports to Egypt came from Russia and Ukraine. The war and the associated disruption of the wheat supply chains has put Egypt on the top list of so-called "developing countries highly threatened by food crises". Against this backdrop, we analyzed decision-making factors and perceptions of wheat-producing smallholders in the Nile River Delta, the wheat basket of Egypt. The study draws on nine months of empirical fieldwork in the Nile River Delta. We employed a mixed approach to data collection, combining interviews and focus group discussions with smallholders, experts, and agriculture extension agents with transect walks and field observations. In total, 246 randomly selected wheat-growing smallholders were interviewed in four divisions in the Nile River Delta. Our findings show that the production of wheat by smallholders is highly influenced by system-immanent factors, such as subsistence need for home consumption and the presence and intensity of animal husbandry, as well as by external factors, such as the domestic prices for wheat determined by the government in each season and the time of the declaration of these prices. These factors affect smallholders' decisions to increase or decrease their wheat cultivation area. However, the study also showed that the factors influencing farmers' decisions to grow wheat or implement innovative practices vary across different areas within the same region. Smallholders struggle with poor access to fundamental production factors and are discontented with the low provision of extension and support services as well as poor market structures. These constraints act as disincentives for smallholders to produce (more) wheat. They need to be addressed and eliminated to increase domestic production and to reduce Egypt's dependency on expensive and unreliable wheat imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-year field experiment was conducted in Etay El-Baroud Experimental Research Station, El-Beheira Governorate, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons to investigate the effects of preceded winter crops with organic (FYM) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers on yield and its components, as well as seed quality of sunflower. This study included twelve combinations between three preceded winter crops (flax, wheat, and onion) and four fertilizer treatments (T1: (50% N + 50% farmyard manure, T2: 75% N + 25% farmyard manure, T3: 100% N and T4: 100% farmyard manure). A split-plot design with three replication was used. Three preceded winter crops were randomly assigned to the main plots, and four fertilizer treatments were allotted in sub plots. The preceding crops had a significant effect on most yield and yield components, the highest values (3.007 and 3.275 ton/ha) were obtained when sunflower grown after onion in the first and second seasons. Fertilizer treatments had a significant effect on number of seeds/head, 100-seed weight and seed yield/ha. The highest values (2.787 and 2.962 ton/ha) of seed yield of sunflower were obtained when the T1 treatment was applied at the first and second seasons. Growing sunflower after onion decreased percentage of two saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid), while increased the percentage of the 2 essential unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid), protein content and oil content, compared with sunflower grown after flax or wheat. The highest values of oleic acid (49.95 and 50.28%) and linoleic acid (35.81 and 37.86%) were observed by applying of T4 in both seasons. The highest palmitic acid values of (8.61 and 8.77%) and stearic acid (8.14 and 7.77%) were observed by fertilizing of T3 in both seasons, respectively. The fertilizer treatments of sunflower (T1 and T4) increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids%, while T3 decreased this percentage. Application of sunflower by 50% N + 50% FYM after onion uprooting can be recommended for increasing productivity and seed quality of sunflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ElWadi Elgadeed is one of the promising areas for national agricultural projects in Egypt. Soil fertility index and precision farming seek to maximize yield and reduce environmental damage. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the soil fertility of NPK. 25 soil samples (depth 0-50 cm) were collected. The results showed that most of the soil samples were nitrogen moderate fertile (Mf) and high fertile (Hf) with a percentage of (44%). Dissimilar, 64% of soil samples were low soil phosphorus fertility class, which has low wheat potential production (< 500 Kg ha-1). GISmap of N-soil fertility classes (FN) classified the soil samples into four groups. Relating to the GIS–map of P– soil fertility marked the absence of the very high fertile class, the minority of the high fertile class (92.00 ha, 0.09%), and the dominance of the low fertile class (7352.00 ha, 72.94 %). The potassium very high fertile class occupied the whole of the studied area (10080 ha, 100 %). GIS Maps illustrated that most of the studied area had no need for N application for low wheat production (< 500 Kg ha-1), and 5 kg ha-1 N applied to (55. 05%) of the area to moderate wheat production (500–750 Kg ha-1). Attaining high wheat production (750 -1000 Kg ha-1 ) classified the studied area into nine levels of N requirements. We assigned different eight P application levels to have high wheat production. Finally, the research referred to that there is no need for K fertilizer, even for high wheat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought is an environmental abiotic stress that diminishes wheat production worldwide. In the present study, we evaluated fifty bread wheat genotypes (arranged in alpha lattice design) under two main water regimes, water-deficit (two surface irrigations) and well-watered (four irrigations), at different sites in two consecutive cropping seasons, 2019/20 and 2020/21. To identify the drought-tolerant genotypes, utilized several selection/phenotyping criteria, including agronomic traits, e.g., grain yield (GY) and yield components (SM); physiological parameters such as canopy temperature (CT), leaf transpiration rate (TRN), intercellular CO2 concentration (INCO); spectral reflectance indices, e.g., Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI), curvature index (CI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); and stress tolerance indices (STI) were determined concurrently with the grain yield. The results revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among the environments, genotypes, and their interaction for grain yield (GY), days to heading (DH), days to maturity (DM), grain filling period (GFP), grain filling rate (GFR), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), plant height (PH), and spikes per square meter (SM). The genotype plus genotype by environment (GGE) and genotype by yield*trait (GYT) biplot techniques indicated that Genotype 37 (Sakha 95) and Genotype 45 performed best under well-watered and water-deficit environments. Furthermore, the same genotypes were the best from the genotype by stress tolerance indices (GSTI) approach view. Genotype 37 (Sakha 95) was superior to the GYT selection method, with physiological parameters and spectral reflectance indices. Likewise, we can identify this genotype as low-water-tolerant based on GSTI, GYT, and SRI results and recommend involving it in the drought breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research was carried out to evaluate the impact of treating wheat (Triticum aestivum c.v Sakha 93) seeds and irrigation water magnetically in combination with different sources and rates of nitrogen on wheat productivity and grain quality under saline soil conditions. Two field experiments were carried out during the winter seasons 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 in a split split randomized complete block design with four replicates at El-Rabaa village, Bir Al-Abd, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Main plots were assigned to N-sources, urea, and compost; sub-plots were N-rates 0, 119, 179, and 238 Mg N ha−1, while magnetic treatment of irrigation water and wheat grains was in sub-subplots. The highest chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents (3.12 mg g−1 f.w. and 783 g kg−1, respectively) were observed due to compost, N4+ (MS + MW) treatment representing an increasing percentage of 189% and 220%, respectively. The maximum plant height, spike length, No. spike plant−1, and spike weight values were 82.0 cm, 15.1 cm, 13.9, and 24.9 g plant−1. The results were due to the addition of compost at a rate of 238 kg N ha−1 in combination with magnetized seeds and water treatment with 224, 643, 546, and 845% over the untreated treatment. The maximum straw and grain yields (11.7 and 7.29 Mg ha−1, respectively) were achieved due to the application of compost at a rate of N3 + (MS + MW), and the corresponding increments over the non-treatment plants were 718 and 846%, respectively. However, treatment of compost (179 Mg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water) resulted in the maximum increases in the No. grains spike−1, grains weight, 1000-grains weight, protein content, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn-uptake by grains. Soil pH and EC values were decreased, especially for plants treated with compost (238 kg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water treatment). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries all over the world face numerous difficulties with regard to food security. The purpose of this research is to develop a new approach for evaluating wheat's suitability for cultivation. To this end, geographical information systems (GIS) and fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are used as the most appropriate artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Outcomes of investigations carried out in the western Nile Delta, Egypt. The fuzzy inference system used was Mamdani type. The membership functions used in this work are sigmoidal, Gaussian, and zmf membership. The inputs in this research are chemical, physical, and fertility soil indices. To predict the final soil suitability using FIS, it is required to implement 81 IF-THEN rules that were written by some experts. The obtained results show the effectiveness of FIS in predicting the wheat crop's suitability compared to conventional methods. The research region is split into four classes: around 241.3 km2 is highly suitable for wheat growth, and 224 km2 is defined as having moderate suitability. The third soil suitability class (low), which comprises 252.73 km2, is larger than the unsuitable class, which comprises 40 km2. The method given here can be easily applied again in an arid region. Decision-makers may benefit from the research's quantitative findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronomy is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronomy is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronomy is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Egypt, recent shortfalls in the wheat supply from Russia and Ukraine have necessitated substantial increases in domestic production. As agricultural practices influence the yield of bread wheat, we assessed current production strategies in the wheat-based systems of Egypt and investigated their effects on wheat productivity in four study areas in the Nile Delta. We used a multi-stage random sampling technique to select 246 wheat-producing farmers and applied structured questionnaires to assess farming practices and crop performance attributes. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, analysis of variances, and multiple regression models. Wheat farmers were on average 56 years old with about 30 years of farming experience. Land holdings were rather small, with an average of 1.05 hectares and a mean wheat yield of 6.4 metric tons (t)/hectare (ha). Farmers devote <20% of their cropland area to wheat. Of the large observed variation in wheat yield (4.2–8.5 t/ha), 59% was explained by differences in applied cropping practices in the multiple regression model. The application of mineral fertilizers was mostly inappropriate and unbalanced, with an overuse of nitrogen and phosphorus, the complete absence of potassium and micronutrient fertilizers, and insufficient rates of applied organic amendments. The type of the preceding summer crop and the irrigation frequency were found to be the most influencing factors, explaining 7.5% and 38% of the variation in wheat yields. The majority of farmers with low wheat yields irrigated their crops twice per season, while only 7% of high-yielding farmers applied the recommended irrigation frequency of >5 times per season. Most farmers had poor knowledge of modern agronomic practices and inadequate access to information. To enhance domestic production in Egypt, there is a need for fiscal incentives, permitting or stimulating wheat-producing farmers to devote larger shares of their cropland to wheat cultivation. In addition, policies must enable wheat producers to improve their productivity by implementing adequate and sustainable agricultural practices such as crop rotations, balanced mineral nutrient supply, and the use of organic amendments. However, the most important factors are interventions and technologies that improve provision and increase the use efficiency of irrigation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of a dose of fertilizer nitrogen (N) at sowing of wheat is a widely adopted management strategy in Egypt and several wheat growing regions in the world. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of delaying the application of this dose on yield and N use efficiency. The treatments in the field experiment conducted in 2018/19 consisted of applying 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg N ha−1 in three equal split doses. In the second experiment conducted in 2019/20, 200 and 250 kg N ha−1 were applied in three unequal split doses. In both the experiments, the first split dose was applied at 0, 10 or 20 days after sowing (DAS) while second and third split doses were applied at 30 and 50 DAS, respectively. The data indicated that applying the first dose of N at 0 DAS resulted in highest N uptake levels at 20 DAS. However, N uptake at later stages dramatically changed to reach highest when applying the first dose at 20 or 10 DAS. This was significantly reflected on grain yield and N use efficiency. For example, when a total of 250 kg N ha−1 was applied in the second season, postponing the first dose from 0 to 20 DAS resulted in an increase of 10.5% in grain yield and 10% in N recovery efficiency. Thus, this study reveals that delaying application of the first dose of fertilizer N up to 20 DAS of wheat can result in increased fertilizer use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out at the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Egypt, to identify the best parents with high combining ability and superior hybrid cross combinations under Egyptian conditions. Three thermo-photosensitive genic male sterile (TPSGMS) lines as female parents and 49 restorer lines as males were crossed according to the line tester hybridization method. The ratio of general combining ability (GCA) to specific combining ability (SCA) variances showed values less than unity for all studied traits, indicating predominantly non-additive gene effects in controlling their inheritance. The GCA values for sterile line S1 were higher than those of lines S2 and S3 in seven out of ten characters. The restorer line R16 and both lines R31 and R34 had a significantly positive GCA in eight and seven characters, respectively. The crosses S1/R8 and S3/R42 had the highest positive SCA values in three characters, including grain yield. In this study, heterosis over the Sakha 95 check variety reached 80.63, 71.27, 55.16, 26.07, and 24.49% for KS, SW, GY, TKW, and SP-1, respectively. The crosses S2/R34 and S1/R16 showed the highest significant positive heterosis estimates (55.16 and 54.43%, respectively) over the standard check for grain yield. Also, the crosses of S1/R16 and S1/R37 had the highest significant positive heterosis estimates over both the better parent (65.81 and 46.64%, respectively) and the mid parent (70.75 and 52.55%, respectively) for grain yield. The results showed a significant increase in heterosis over Sakha 95 check in twelve hybrids, and we recommend evaluating these hybrids in multiplications representing environmental conditions to benefit from them in raising wheat productivity in wide areas in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 wheat growing seasons at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag governorate, Egypt. Three cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, namely Vorobey A-line, Navojoa A-line and Neloki A-line of wheat having Triticum Timopheevi cytoplasmic male sterility source (three-lines system A, B and R) were crossed with twenty-five wheat genotypes as testers in line × tester fashion to identify maintainer and restorer lines for the CMS lines. Based on the evaluation of 75 hybrid combinations for pollen and spikelet fertility percent, results indicated that the identified wheat genotypes as effective maintainers were Shandaweel 1, Misr 3, Misr 4, Giza 168, Gemmeiza 11, Gemmeiza 12, Kutz, Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5 for all the three CMS lines, Sids 14, Giza 171, Sakha 1001, Nadi and Kenya Sunbird for Vorobey A-line and Navojoa A-line, Misr 1, Kachu #1, Francolin #1 and Baj #1 for Navojoa A-line and Neloki A-line and Sids 12 for Neloki A-line and these genotypes could be converted into new CMS lines through backcross breeding method. On the other side, the identified wheat genotypes as effective restorers were Sakha 95 for Vorobey A-line and Neloki A-line, and Kachu #1, Francolin #1 and Baj #1 for Vorobey A-line, therefore these genotypes could be used to develop promising wheat hybrids. Consequently, the presence of maintainer and restorer lines among the studied wheat genotypes indicates the possibility of developing wheat hybrids using CMS system in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the population growth, climate change, and salinity stress conditions particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, wheat crop production is significantly hampered by soil salinity. Zeolite, Calcium or organic acids may diminish the negative effects of salinity stress on plants. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the ameliorative effect of Zeolite, Calcium and Organic compounds (Ze-Ca-OC) mixture (100mg/L) on two bread wheat cultivars (Sakha 95 and Misr 3) grown under four salinity concentrations (0,50, 100, 150 mM NaCl). The present experiment was conducted in two consecutive seasons (2020/2021, 2021/2022) in sandy soil pots at Sakha agricultural research station, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. The wheat cultivars were exposed to only salinity stress levels or treated with the Ze-Ca-OC mixture, and were evaluated by different physiological characteristics in the vegetative stage were recorded for both cultivars. Additionally, at the harvest stage, the plant height, grain yield and grain protein content were measured as well. Salinity stress inhibited the growth of Misr 3 cultivar more than Sakha 95 through much compartmentalization of Na+ content and low K+/Na+ ratio with low Ca++ content in the leaf and root tissues. Application of Ze-Ca-OC mixture improved their growth by decreasing the Na+ toxicity and enhancing the oxidative defense of both cultivars over the upregulating the POD enzyme activity. Supplementing the wheat cultivars with Ze-Ca-OC mixture under salinity stress levels led to a significant increase in the RWC by (≈ 20, 17%) under (100, 150 mM NaCl), respectively, in cultivar Misr 3. Furthermore, the proline content in the leaf of Sakha 95 and Misr 3 considerably up surged (≈ 28, 21.4% and 60, 88%) at 100 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. In addition, the root proline content recorded a massive increase when Ze-Ca-OC mixture was added to salinity concentrations for both cultivars. The grain yield was similar in the two cultivars under the different treatments; however, the Ze-Ca-OC mixture significantly enriched their seeds with high protein content particularly under the highest concentration of 150 mM NaCl by 50.6% and 23.17% for the Sakha 95 and Misr 3 cultivars, respectively. Taken together, the findings imply that exogenous Ze-Ca supplemented with OC can reduce salt stress in bread wheat by increasing osmoprotectant accumulation, extruding toxic sodium, and compartmentalizing K and Ca in a useful way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat and rice crops are among the most important food grain crops in Egypt, on which most of the population depends for their food. There is a nutritional gap in the wheat crop that is covered by importing from abroad in hard currency. Rice is also an export crop that the state relies on to increase its harvest of hard currency, and the research problem was: that the production does not meet the need for food consumption from it, as in the wheat crop, and the emergence of a food gap that is covered by import from abroad, and the resources are not used efficiently in the production of the two crops, and the research aimed to estimate economic efficiency to reach Better use of resources to produce these two crops, and the research relied on the method of descriptive and quantitative analysis of data and standard analysis of production functions and cost functions, and determining the optimal size of production and the maximum size of profit for each of the two research crops, and the most important results of the research were that there is a statistically significant annual increase of about %2.3, while It increased by about %2of the average area for each of the wheat and rice crops, respectively, and the optimal size was about 22.2ardab achieved at an area of 2.2 acres, while the maximum size of the profit was about 02.0ardab at an area of about 2 acres, and the optimal size of the wheat and rice crop was about 0. 22 tons was achieved on an area of about 2acres, while the bulk of the profit was about 02.4tons achieved on an area of 2.2acres. The research recommends working to increase the net yield per acre of the two forage crops by reducing production costs and raising the farm price for them, and using technological methods to increase their productivity per acre, and to increase the economic efficiency of the elements of production The cultivated area for wheat and rice crops in the Republic amounted to about 2.2, 2.2million acres for the two crops, while the cultivated area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate amounted to about 022.4, 022.22thousand acres for the two crops, respectively, in 0200/ 0202 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TWO fieldexperiments were carried out at El-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt during two successive winter growing seasons of 2018/ 2019 and 2019/2020 to study the effect of mole drains (with 2 and 4 m distance and 30 and 40 cm depth) and two planting methods (basins and furrows) on saline soil chemical properties, fertilely and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Sakha 93) productivity. The obtained data showed that, increasing in mole depth and decrease the distance between the moles reduced sail pH, EC, ESP and the content of OM and available N, P and K. These decreases with furrows planting method were higher than those found with basins planting method. In addition, the high straw and grains yields (kgfed-1 ) of wheat plants as well as its content and uptake of N, P, K and protein were found with 2 m distance and 40 cm depth of mole drains in furrow planting methods. These results concluded that, under saline soil conditions, furrows planting method performed than basins one with applying mole drains as well as application of both organic and mineral fertilizer in suitable amounts and forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aimed to study the production, consumption, and determinants of the food balance of wheat, to study the most important factors affecting wheat consumption, and to study the most important means of narrowing the wheat gap in Egypt. The results show an increase in both the area of wheat and wheat production, the price of farmed wheat in Egypt increased annually, statistically, by an amount of about 52.61 thousand faddans, 128.81 thousand tons, and 196.33 pounds per ton, respectively, the results of estimating each crop available for consumption are shown, wheat, the wheat gap, and the average per capita share increased during the study period by a statistically significant annual amount of 0.55, 0.4 thousand tons, and 1.1 kilograms per year, respectively, a statistically significant decrease was found in the annual self-sufficiency ratio, which amounted to about 0.94. The results show that an increase in the population, per capita income, and consumer price by 10% leads to an increase in the consumed quantities of wheat by about 5.9%, 1.7%, and 1.8%, respectively. It turned out that the most important means of reducing the wheat gap in Egypt is to follow a stimulating price policy for farms that works to increase the cultivated area of wheat, and to make silage from an area of 500 thousand acres of maize without cobs, it is possible to dispense with 635 thousand acres of alfalfa area, and thus lies the increase in the total output of wheat is about 1.6 million tons, which fills about 22% of the average size of the wheat gap in Egypt during the period (2000-2020), which is about 7.394 million tons. Estimating the amount of wheat lost, it was found that the average amount of loss amounted to 2.794 million tons during the period (2015-2020), with an estimated value of about 9748.796 million pounds, and that the average amount of lost wheat was produced from an area estimated at 1,085 thousand faddans, and that this the area consumed an amount of irrigation water amounting to about 1574.623 million m3, and it is clear that the average amount of wheat lost could have been sufficient to feed about 10.28 million people of Egypt's population. Based on the results, the research recommends the necessity of: Work to reduce waste by using modern technology in harvesting, transportation, storage and manufacturing. Adopting a stimulating price policy for farms that works to increase the cultivated area of wheat. Working to spread the technology of making silage from maize without cobs to preserve corn grains and reduce the area of alfalfa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences (SJAS) is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The University of Nebraska has bred some of the most winter hardy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in the United States. With the advent of a new race of stem rust in Africa, the breeding program identified a testing site in northern Egypt, a Mediterranean environment, for seedling disease resistance screening. Quite surprisingly, the Nebraska winter wheat lines flowered when grown in northern Egypt, indicating the lines were vernalized. To confirm this result, a panel of 112 Nebraska winter wheat genotypes and three commercially grown Egyptian spring wheat check cultivars were grown in three replicates in a randomized incomplete block design at two locations for 3 years (2016/2017–2018/2019) in Egypt. Seven traits were measured on all genotypes (the number of days to flowering; total chlorophyll content; plant height; leaf, stem, and stripe rust reaction; and grain yield). The winter wheat genotypes flowered and several of them were not significantly different in grain yield from the spring cultivars. A multi‐trait stability index identified 22 genotypes (20% selection intensity, the local checks, and 19 lines from the United States) for good performance. This study provides novel evidence that winter wheat can flower in northern Egypt, can be used for adult plant resistance screening, and provide a grain yield comparable to the commercially grown spring wheat cultivars. Our findings are expected to facilitate future efforts to hybridize winter‐by‐spring lines to develop new genotypes with unique combinations of genes to improve grain yield production, adaptation, disease resistance, and climate resiliency. Core Ideas: All winter lines flowered, with several lines having grain yield similar or higher than the spring cultivars.The winter wheat lines flowered, thus adult plant resistance to disease can be measured in Egypt.This study provides evidence that winter wheat grown in Egypt can provide yield comparable to spring wheat.Our findings are expected to facilitate future efforts to hybridize winter‐by‐spring lines to develop new genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hyper-arid and arid zones, management of crop water requirements is considered a vital component for sustaining crop production. The efficiency of the irrigation method and the application of many kinds of organic matter are practices that should be followed in Egypt to maximize the use of irrigation water. Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 to study the effect of drip irrigation systems and of several types of compost on yield and yield attributes of four cultivars of wheat in newly reclaimed sandy soils. Studied factors were irrigation levels based on the amount of water evapotranspiration (ET) (I1, I2, I3) and the application of compost types (Com1, Com2 and Com3) on four bread wheat cultivars. The parameters measured at each irrigation level were: heading date (day), plant height (cm2), number of spikes/m2, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (t/fed.), Biological yield (kg/fed.) and harvest index (%). The farmyard manure (Com3) gave the maximum values under irrigation shortages, reflected in producing the maximum values for traits measured in the 2020/2021 season as compared to (Com1) or (Com2) applications, which scored lower values for the traits for the different cultivars for wheat. The interaction (I1, I2) × Com3 × (Mis1, Mis2) led to a significant increase during both seasons for all the yield and yield components studied. A drip irrigation system at the level of 80% of ET and application of Com3 is recommended to optimize wheat productivity from the unit area. The savings in water irrigation would allow expansion of the cultivated area to decrease the gap between local crop production and local requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is one of the most significant constraints to wheat production in Egypt and around the world. Therefore, twenty genotypes and four cultivars of bread wheat were tested under normal irrigation (six irrigations including planting irrigation) and water deficit stress (two irrigations at 21 and 45 days after the planting irrigation) during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 growing seasons at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt. Each irrigation treatment was considered a separate experiment in the randomized complete block design. The two seasons and two water treatments showed sufficient genetic variability among the studied genotypes. The number of days to heading and maturity, plant height, yield and its components traits significantly decreased under water deficit stress. The genotypes G13 and G17 significantly outperformed all studied genotypes and checked cultivars for grain yield under normal irrigation and water stress conditions. The genotypes G16, G2, G12, G9, G17, G20, G18, G8, G10 and G5 as well as cultivars Sids 14, Sokoll and Kasuko showed stress susceptibility index (SSI) <1 and they can be used as a source of water deficit tolerance in a breeding program. Genotypic main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) Biplot analysis revealed that the genotypes G13 and G17 had high yielding ability but genotype G17 showed more stability and tolerance under water stress conditions. Therefore this study concluded that the genotypes G13 and G17 were suitable genotypes to be cultivated under water shortage conditions and could be used to enhance the wheat breeding program for water deficit stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop intensification of traditional wheat crop sequence by the inclusion of legumes (as intercrops or catch crops) is a suitable procedure to increase land productivity. An experiment was carried out at Kafr El-Hamam Agriculture Research Station, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. A split-plot design was used in three replicates to compare the effect of 6 crop sequences (S1: maize/wheat, S2: maize/clover (fahl)/wheat, S3: maize/silage/wheat, S4: intercropping maize + cowpea/clover (fahl)/wheat, S5: intercropping maize + soybean/clover (fahl)/wheat, S6: maize + soybean/wheat) and 3 nitrogen fertilization levels for wheat (50, 70 or 90 kg N/fad.) on soil content of available NPK, wheat productivity and farmer's net income. The results can be summarized as follows: Legumes as preceding crops increased the soil content of available NPK. The inclusion of legumes in crop sequence significantly increased grain yield as compared with cereal crops. Where, the highest grain yield (2.86 ton/fad.) with S5 treatment in the first season and (3.04 ton/fad.) by S4 treatment in the second season, respectively. Application of 70 kg N/fad significantly increased grain yield and its components of wheat. The interaction of cropping sequence S5 and S4 treatments along with 70kg N/fad level significantly had the highest yield and its components of wheat in two seasons. Replacing traditional cropping sequence maize/wheat (S1) with S4 or S5 treatments significantly increased cereal units and net income. Therefore, it can be recommended to grow fahl berseem following maize monoculture (S2) or maize intercropping with cowpea (S4) and soybean (S5) to increase available NPK in the soil, wheat grain yield, values of total cereal units and net income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This trial was carried out on olive trees grown in the private orchard, Siwa oasis, Matrouh governorate, Egypt, during 2017, 2018 seasons. Trees were planted at 5x5 meters apart in sandy soil and irrigated by a flood system from agricultural drainage canal. This study aimed at studying the effect of olive–wheat in intercropping system and the application of humic acid on tree growth, yield and fruit quality of "Manzanillo" olive. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with five replicates for each treatment and each replicate was represented by one tree. The results showed that vegetative growth i.e. tree dimensions, shoot growth, leaf characteristics, blooming and yield recorded the highest values in intercropping olive fertilized (30g) humic acid with wheat crop fertilized (4kg) humic acid/fed treatment. Furthermore intercropped olive with wheat produced less vegetative growth, blooming and yields of Manzanillo olive trees as compared with monoculture. Moreover, high level treatment of humic acid increased vegetative growth, blooming and yield of Manzanillo olive trees as compared with non-humic acid treatment in both seasons. The intercropping Manzanillo of olive trees treated with humic acid with wheat plants fertilized with humic acid system could be valuable for sustainable farming a source of income to the farmers in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to determine of color properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya bean, wheat, corn, cotton faba bean and sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Through 2022. The design of feed mechanism system required easy movement for seeds this is a critically moving during the filling of the feed disk, so must detriments of the small differences in the surface area and topography of the grains and determine some image analyses. There are clear differences between faba bean and soybean in Hue value was 0. 626. the intensity, and the browning index was 91.75 and 16.25 in faba bean while in soybean were 0. 565,85.33, and 21.79 respectively. While the differences between corn and wheat in Hue value was 0. 699.Also the intensity, and the browning index was 100.08, 17.30 in corn while in wheat were 0. 708. 97.94, and 13.38 respectively. Also, clear differences between cotton and sunflowers in Hue value was 0. 634. Also the intensity, and the Black & White band was 87.40, and 87.40 in cotton while in sunflowers were 0. 480, 96.75 and 96.75 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production can achieve sustainability by appropriately applying agricultural mechanization, especially in developing countries where smallholding farmers lack sufficient agricultural machinery for their farming operations. This paper aimed to study the extent to which small-, medium-, and large-scale farms in the Delta of Egypt use agricultural mechanization in their wheat crop farming operations. K-means clustering was used to aggregate and analyze the scenarios implemented by farmers for wheat cultivation so as to suggest guidelines for each cluster of farmers on how to mechanize their indoor wheat agricultural operations to maximize production. The study is divided into two parts: Firstly, data were collected regarding the percentage of small, medium, and large farms; the cultivated area of wheat crops in small-, medium-, and large-scale farms; and the size of tractors, as an indicator of the mechanization available in the governorates of Egypt's Delta. Secondly, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 2652 smallholding farmers, 328 medium-holding farmers, and 354 large-holding farmers from Egypt's Delta governorates. Based on the surveyed data, 14, 14, and 12 scenarios (indexes) were established for small-, medium-, and large-scale farms, respectively, related to various agricultural operations involved in wheat crop production. These scenarios were analyzed based on the centroids using K-means clustering. The identified scenarios were divided into three clusters for the three levels of farms. The data obtained showed the need for smallholding farmers to implement mechanization, which could be achieved through renting services. These findings, if implemented, would have huge social and economic effects on farmers' lives, in addition to increasing production, saving time and effort, and reducing dependence on labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt is the largest wheat importer in the world; however, it produces only half of the 20 million tons of wheat that it consumes annually. The population of Egypt is currently growing by 1.94% per year, and projections predict that the demand for wheat will be nearly doubled by 2050. Russia and Ukraine are major wheat exporters to Egypt and globally, shipping grains from ports in the Black Sea. The ongoing conflict aggravates the already precarious food security situation in Egypt and many other import-dependent countries in Africa and Asia by disrupting supplies and accelerating food price hikes. Wheat is a strategic commodity in Egypt. Its production is a question of political stability. Against this backdrop, the Egyptian government declared gaining wheat self-sufficiency as a strategic aim. This study provides an overview of the degree and trends of cultivated wheat area, yield, production, and wheat self-sufficiency in Egypt between 2000 and 2020, followed by a qualitative analysis determining external pressures and system-immanent drivers that had an impact on wheat self-sufficiency in the past two decades in view of predicting future pathways to achieve wheat self-sufficiency in a sustainable way. The study underlines some critical external pressures such as agricultural policies, (subsidized) production inputs, climate conditions, global wheat supply chains, and system-immanent drivers such as domestic wheat supply prices and yields influencing the area of wheat cultivation and its productivity. There is a significant need to implement more effective and long-term sustainable agricultural policies in order to make wheat production in Egypt (more) attractive and feasible for smallholders again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Menoufia Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eleven wheat cultivars were obtained for this study, and three treatments were carried out: salinity treatment in a greenhouse, drought treatment in hydroponics and drought with salinity treatment in hydroponics. In the case of salinity treatment in a greenhouse, the cultivars Sids1 and Giza168 showed a high tolerance to salinity. In the drought treatment in hydroponics using PEG6000 in water irrigation, Sids1 and Giza168 showed a high tolerance to drought. In the drought with salinity treatment in hydroponics using PEG6000 with NaCl 8000 ppm in water irrigation, the cultivars Sahel1 and Misr2 showed medium tolerance to salinity and drought. Also, phenotypic parameters of the cultivars were measured. The tallest cultivar was Misr 1 99.67 cm, while Sids1 showed the highest thousand grain weight at 46.81 g. Based on these results, we selected five cultivars of wheat: Sahel1, Gemmeiza10, Misr1, Sakha93 and Giza168 to complete this study and were done carried out a complete diallele hybridization and reverse hybridization between group one: Sahel1 and Gemmeiza10, group two: Misr1 and Sakha93 and group three: Giza168 and Gemmeiza10. The transcripts levels of salinity (Na+/H+ antiporter) and drought (DREB2) genes in the three groups of wheat hybrid were determined using qRT-PCR; DREB2 gene transcripts significantly in group one by 0.79-fold were compared to group three mRNA levels of DREB2 gene that was 0.24-fold. The change in mRNA levels of DREB2 gene of group two was by 0.2-fold, while the mRNA transcript levels of salinity (Na+/H+ antiporter) gene raised no significantly in the groups. In group one in this group the fold change was 0.0037-fold, while mRNA levels of Na+/H+ antiporter gene was 0.0041-fold, in group two. In group three was found the fold change 0.0024-fold. The (DREB2 & Na+/H+ antiporter) genes in hybrid wheat were identified by amplification followed by sequencing. Our results suggest that the best Egyptian wheat cultivars can be grown under difficult environmental conditions in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]