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This paper considers the concept of Phrygia, its origins at the cusp of the Early Iron Age, the beginning of the process of state formation marking the start of the Middle Iron Age and the possible development of a large unified kingdom under Midas son of Gordias. Secondly, the paper turns to consider the aftermath of the Phrygian state following the death of Midas and the period of Lydian hegemony together with the establishment of a new Phrygian petty kingdom east of the Kızılırmak (the Red River, the classical Halys River) in the first half of the 6th century BCE. In order to assess the extent of the territory of Phrygia, it has been necessary to consider evidence for neighbouring polities, particularly the Neo-Hittite kingdoms to the south and 'Cappadocia' to the southeast and east. Two maps graphically illustrate the principal suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cappadocia in Turkey is an important region with emphasis on ethnic and historic structures and geological features. Because of volcanic eruptions, ash flow materials deposited at different levels. These different colored ignimbrite levels have a wide range of geomechanical properties. In the region, the Kızılkaya ignimbrite covers a very large area and is frequently used as building dimension stone in for the restoration of old historical buildings such as churches, caravansaries and mosques as well as new buildings. It contains tuffaceous matrix with some minerals and rock fragments. The rock has variable character. In this study, the relationship between petrographic and physico-mechanical properties of the Kızılkaya ignimbrite was investigated. Rate of change between uniaxial compressive strength and the other index properties of the rock was statistically examined utilizing multiple regression analysis (MRA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods. The study has shown that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the ignimbrite can be successfully estimated by the use of dry unit weight, effective porosity, sonic velocity, and grain matrix ratio (GMR) parameters. A new UCS prediction equation is proposed in this paper for the ignimbrite with variable character. Since properties of the ignimbrite at different distances from the eruption area changes significantly, the approach presented in this study can be considered for the ignimbrites especially covering a large area with different welding degrees and grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CEDRUS is the property of Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the last quarter of the twentieth century, increased tourism in traditional settlements have led to the adaptive reuse of built vernacular heritage to serve the tourism industry. The adaptive reuse of historic buildings is considered a conservation strategy and an alternative to new constructions in historic environments. Nevertheless, the adaptive reuse of built vernacular heritage and its socio-spatial impacts have not yet been sufficiently investigated. To fill the gap, this paper, focuses on Cappadocia, Turkey, where adaptive reuse of individual vernacular houses has recently paved the way for the transformation of an entire neighbourhood, the historic neighbourhood of Kayakapı, into a 'holiday village.' This study argues that traditional settlements and communities in Cappadocia have been subjected to 'gentrification' and so-called 'Disneyfication.' Such historic environments are facing controversial physical interventions, detached from local communities and devoted to a single function, namely tourism, becoming 'stereotypical and depersonalised.' The study further argues that the current situation is incompatible with international heritage and conservation policies. Correspondingly, to reveal the potential conflicts, the recent revitalisation project of the historic neighbourhood of Kayakapı in Cappadocia is examined as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied building materials from the Niğde-Kınık Höyük archaeological site (Southern Cappadocia, Turkey) with the support of historical, architectural, and geological research. The samples were collected within the framework of the Kınık Höyük Archaeological Project, which began excavations at the site in 2011 in a bid to conserve the ancient buildings that would be discovered there. The objective was to characterize the fine-grained building materials as a means of understanding the structural stability they offered, in order to explain how the remains had managed to survive for such a long time. Samples were taken from the coating on different walls, from mud bricks and rendering, and from soil-beaten floors from the different buildings in the settlement. Samples were first observed using a video microscope and then studied by means X-ray diffraction and optical and scanning electron and transmission microscopies. The materials studied were composed of volcanic sands coming from the materials that outcrop in the area. In general, the samples were porous and fissured and minerals of volcanic origin were identified such as quartz, plagioclases, cristobalite, pyroxenes, micas, amphiboles, and olivine together with others of sedimentary origin, such as calcite, and small amounts of clays. The possible presence of hydrated calcium silicates was closely investigated due to their important role in the preservation of ancient building materials, but although we searched for them with a range of different techniques, none was found. This indicates that the long-term conservation of the Niğde-Kınık Höyük archaeological site may be due to the fact that it was buried at constant temperature and humidity conditions and so protected from the weather conditions, which are milder in this area than in any other region of Central Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the topics discussed during the 5th World Conference for Graduate Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure held in Cappadocia, Turkey on May 25-30, 2010 is presented. The event was attended by graduate students from 76 institutions across the globe and presented 55 research papers and 38 extended dissertations. The topics on tourism in the presentations included job and internship satisfaction, cultural heritage, and rural tourism.

The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand, Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever's design solutions in Uçhisar's local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou's and Cansever's visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to varying tourist motivations and needs, involvement in new experiences has different individual consequences. This paper examines the predictive relationship between memorable tourism experience (MTE), meaning in life (MIL) and subjective well-being (SWB). It further investigates whether meaning in life mediates memorable tourism experience's influence on subjective well-being. The study design was cross-sectional, with data collected from 283 tourists visiting Cappadocia, Turkey. Although all variables were positively correlated, SEM analyses revealed that meaning in life mediated the association of memorable tourism experience with life satisfaction but not positive affect. These findings are discussed considering the role of meaning in life in the link between dimensions of MTE and SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Structure-from-Motion algorithms is a common practice to obtain a rapid photogrammetric reconstruction. However, the performance of these algorithms is limited by the fact that in some conditions the resulting point clouds present low density. This is the case when processing materials from historical archives, such as photographs and videos, which generates only sparse point clouds due to the lack of necessary information in the photogrammetric reconstruction. This paper explores ways to improve the performance of open source SfM algorithms in order to guarantee the presence of strategic feature points in the resulting point cloud, even if sparse. To reach this objective, a photogrammetric workflow is proposed to process historical images. The first part of the workflow presents a method that allows the manual selection of feature points during the photogrammetric process. The second part evaluates the metric quality of the reconstruction on the basis of a comparison with a point cloud that has a different density from the sparse point cloud. The workflow was applied to two different case studies. Transformations of wall paintings of the Karanlık church in Cappadocia were analysed thanks to the comparison of 3D model resulting from archive photographs and a recent survey. Then a comparison was performed between the state of the Komise building in Japan, before and after restoration. The findings show that the method applied allows the metric scale and evaluation of the model also in bad condition and when only low-density point clouds are available. Moreover, this tool should be of great use for both art and architecture historians and geomatics experts, to study the evolution of Cultural Heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground space has been used throughout history by humankind for the purposes of human accommodation, religious ceremony, defence, food storage etc. There are a number of man-made underground rock structures in different areas all over the world. Today the interest in utilisation of underground space continues. The Cappadocia Region of Turkey was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1985. In this area, there exist significant historical underground settlements such as rock cut dwellings, cities, churches, and semi-underground cliff settlements, and modern man-made, multi-use cavities. Easy carving and thermal insulation properties of the soft Cappadocian tuffs are the main reasons for the extensive multi-purpose underground use in the region from the past to the present. In addition, short- and long-term behaviours of these rock-hewn structures and the surrounding soft tuffs are also important data sources in terms of underground geo-engineering. This paper attempts to point out some issues including short- and long-term geo-engineering characteristics of the soft Cappadocian tuffs, in which historical underground openings have been carved, a critical overview on their geo-engineering aspects, particularly their stability and implications in geo-engineering based on some typical rock-hewn structures selected from the region, and possible measures of protection and mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the perceptions of Cappadocia residents on the impacts of tourism development and resident attitudes toward tourism. Social Exchange Theory underpinned this study of the perceptions of Cappadocia’s residents and their attitudes toward tourism. Primary data were collected from tourism industry professionals, officials of non-profit organizations and handicraftsmen. Twenty-three in-depth interviews were conducted with Cappadocia residents, and the data were analyzed with content analysis. Results highlight that “Economic,” “Socio-Cultural” and “Environmental” aspects can be inferred to encompass resident perceptions toward the impacts of tourism development in Cappadocia. Residents tend to recognize the economic benefits as well as socio-cultural and environmental costs. Results indicate that Social Exchange Theory can be used in explaining the perceptions of Cappadocia residents and reactions to tourism phenomena. This study is expected to provide practical ways for concerned authorities to make future policies and strategies to eradicate problems that create unpleasant feelings amongst residents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Identifying an appropriate location is one of the most significant factors in determining the success of a facility. This paper focuses on the selection of the most appropriate small hotel location in inner Cappadocia, based on seven destination-specific criteria. The Pivot Pairwise Relative Criteria Importance Assessment (PIPRECIA) and Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) methodology is utilized to obtain the relative criteria weights and the final ranking of six alternative small hotel locations. The results indicate that the most important factors in small hotel location selection in Cappadocia are revenue per available room (REVPAR) potential, investment amount and view of hot air balloon flights. Goreme and Uchisar are identified as the most appropriate locations for small hotel investment in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of analyses carried out on the paintings on the rock-hewn walls of the Forty Martyrs church at Şahinefendi in Cappadocia (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), a central region of Turkey, performed during conservation work from 2007 to 2012. The micro-samples were investigated by spectroscopic, micro-stratigraphic and scanning electron microscopy analysis in order to study the painting technique, the materials and the degradation products. The micro-stratigraphic analysis showed a white, sometimes pinkish, plaster. Micro-Raman analysis, performed on cross-sections of the mortars, enabled the detection of calcite, gypsum, anhydrite and calcium oxalate. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed a similar composition among all investigated phases, aside from minor differences such as the presence of diatoms in the second and third phases and of biotite, lime lumps and plants fragments in the fourth one. Apart from traditional pigments of medieval wall paintings, micro-Raman analysis revealed the presence of lead-based compounds and jarosite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the phenomenon of text transfer that followed the transfer of a cult between two different Orthodox cultures and three language traditions. The case of Saint John the Russian and the transfer of his cult from Cappadocia to Greece, and later to Russia, are examined. Special attention is paid to the hagiographic texts composed or translated during each stage of this transfer: from the initial oral tradition, based on which the first text was published in Karamanli Turkish in 1849, up to the texts written in Greek in mid-late 19th century and Russian texts from the late 19th century. The comparison of these text traditions shows the peculiarities in the perception of the same saint in different Orthodox cultures, while the factors that lead to this divergence are also revealed. The process of the gradual formation of the hagiographic text tradition dedicated to St. John the Russian in this trilingual space is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of St John the Russian's cult in Cappadocia, and more specifically the historical and social conditions as well as the interests and intentions that played a role in its stabilization and diffusion. Encouraged by the representatives of the Greek Enlightenment who wished to give impulse to the "Hellenization" process and defend Orthodox faith against Protestant missionaries' influence, this cult received a new impulse after the intervention of Russian monks at the end of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has two purposes. Firstly, it aims to identify models that best estimate tourism demand. Secondly, it also aims to estimate the demand of Spanish tourists who visit Cappadocia, by using the identified proper models. As international tourism demand continually grows, the importance and magnitude of the tourism sector for the economies of the countries increase. In order to take into account the tourism demand, countries need to be prepared and therefore they want to know about the future demand. However, it is not always possible to know the actual demand and one can only make forecasts in such cases. This paper deals with forecasting international tourism demand, specifically focusing on the Spanish tourist visits in Cappadocia region of Turkey. In accordance with this aim, eight forecasting models are used. The results of the analyses for each model are obtained and the forecasting accuracy examined. It is seen that the Artificial Neural Networks and the Multiple Regression Model outperforms the other models. Finally, limitations of the study and future resarch directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cappadocia Region (World Heritage Site registered by UNESCO) carries thousands of rock-cut structures, masonries and fairy chimneys, which have been used in every aspect of daily life. Damages occurred during their working life, and restoration with inappropriate materials are threatened these structures. Moreover, an enormous amount of waste material is excavated throughout the carving process, passing approximately 10 million cubic meters per annum, creating pollution in the region, and not being used efficiently. This study aims to use Cappadocia waste earth (CWE) in the grout for consolidation and strengthening rock-cut structures, masonries and fairy chimneys located in Cappadocia region. The utilization of this waste earth in the grout prevents the destruction of these valuable structures and provides a solution to a critical environmental problem. The experiments were conducted employing by 30%, 40%, and 50 wt% of Cappadocia waste earth with natural hydraulic lime in the existence of chemical admixtures. The influence of ambient temperatures (5°C, 20°C, and 40°C) and time-dependent behavior on the rheological performance of grouts were investigated. The findings revealed that dosages of Cappadocia waste earth, different environmental temperatures, and constant shearing (time-dependent) have critical roles in determining the optimum requirements for injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines tourists' perceived satisfaction with local shopping culture, staff service quality, product value and reliability, physical features of shops, payment methods, and other shopping and shop attributes with special reference to the region of Cappadocia, Turkey. A survey questionnaire was designed and conducted with tourists visiting the region on a guided tour. It was found that the respondents recorded different levels of satisfaction with various attributes of shops and shopping. Based on the research results, it is suggested that providing a higher level of shopping experience for tourists and increasing the contribution of shopping to the regional economy requires supporting indigenous local people via various fiscal and educational instruments to continue producing and retailing authentic handicrafts and souvenir goods. It is believed that this not only is necessary for the achievement of higher levels of tourist satisfaction and greater economic benefits for the local economy but also for achieving the ultimate goal of sustained and sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rock-cut structures of Cappadocia, which are enlisted as natural and cultural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, have particular acoustics due to the specific tuff stone belonging to the region. This study, for the first time, discusses the indoor sound fields of the Cappadocia over five selected spots (one church and four residential halls) from Middle Byzantine sites of Hallaç, Açıksaray and Avanos with an aim of providing evidence regarding the spatial features and culture of the people inhabited these spaces. Acoustical data is collected during in-situ field tests. Acoustic parameters (EDT, T20, T30, C80, CD50, and STI) are obtained for the spaces under study. The rock-cut church is found to be the most reverberant among all the spaces and the most suitable for liturgical practices. The other four spaces are observed as comparatively more favorable for speech-related activities. The study also compares the sound absorption performance of Cappadocian tuff stone to those present in other natural caves and rock-cut structures investigated throughout the world in few prominent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to determine the mediating role of trait anxiety in the relationship between hotel managers' perceptions of digital competence in the Cappadocia Region and their perceptions of job insecurity. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, which is based on quantitative research, a cross-sectional design was used. The seven-item digital competence scale, four-item job insecurity scale and 20-item trait anxiety scale were used to measure the level of digital competence, job insecurity and trait anxiety of hotel managers. The convenience sampling method was used in the research, and 337 questionnaires were completed by senior and junior managers who agreed to participate in the research. To test the mediating role of trait anxiety, Andrew F. Hayes' views on the contemporary approach were taken as a basis. Findings: The analysis results showed that digital competence had the opposite effect on job insecurity. Similarly, digital competence had the opposite effect on the level of trait anxiety. The level of trait anxiety affected the perception of job insecurity in a linear direction. As a result of the bootstrapping test, it was found that the indirect effect of trait anxiety on the relationship between digital competence and job insecurity was significant. Research limitations/implications: The study was unable to collect data from hotels that were closed during the COVID-19 pandemic due to restrictions. Therefore, one of the limitations of the study was that it did not reach the entire population. Another limitation of the study was that the questionnaires were addressed to hotel managers in the Cappadocia Region. Practical implications: Hotel managers' digital skills are considered to contribute to the tourism industry by organizing and determining business strategies, work processes and employee skills. In addition, when hiring hotel managers, it is essential to ensure that they have certain skills such as compatibility with the digital age, openness to innovation and the ability to adapt the employees working in their team to the age, which helps to improve the competitiveness of the hotel industry with the world and ensure the continuity of this situation. Originality/value: The research addressed the variables of digital competence, job insecurity and trait anxiety and collected data from hotel managers in the Cappadocia Region using a survey technique. There were few studies that addressed these variables, and the mediating effect of trait anxiety was revealed based on the contemporary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greek Orthodox Community was uprooted from Cappadocia with the signing of the Convention of the Exchange of Populations between Turkey and Greece at Lausanne on 30 January 1923. Until then Potámia had been one of the prosperous villages of the area, thanks to financial contributions of Potámian migrants in foreign lands. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the village had stone houses, a new church, and a school. The villagers had neighborly relations with the Turks of surrounding villages, with a degree of competition at the communal level which was reflected in their narratives, myths, and songs. These narratives are revealing of their senses and perceptions of their neighbors in the last decades of their existence in their homeland, and they are meaningful in allowing researchers to detect the cohabitation practices of two religious communities at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the changes in paleoenvironmental conditions in the northern branches of the Neo-Tethys by employing geochemical proxies and shell data of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) located in central Cappadocia. Three measured stratigraphic sections are studied from the Altipinar Formation (Boztepe Member), which is dated as middle Eocene. Three genera and five specieswere recorded as a result of the paleontological analyses, namely, Alveolina sp., Assilina exponens, Nummulites aturicus, Nummulites maximus and Nummulites perforatus. Composed of clayey sandy limestones, the Boztepe Member is represented by SBZ (Shallow Benthic Zones) 16-17 (late Lutetian/early Bartonian). In the Cappadocia region, a warming event was characterized by a temperature increase of 3°C to 4.5°C, and the warming started after 41.0 Ma (younger than the Lutetian /Bartonian boundary). The peak warming occurred around 40.0 Ma (early Bartonian). This period corresponds to the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), which was a significant global warming event. The findings of this study are confirmed by numerous studies that the global warming event occurred in the middle Eocene (between 41.8 and 39.7 Ma.). Additionally, while paleoenvironmental changes had no effect on the shell shape of Assilina exponens, they had a significant effect on the shell shape of Nummulites perforatus. The diameter/thickness ratio of benthic foraminifera tends to be smaller in shallowconditions than in deep conditions. Thiswas observed as their shell shapes becamemore spherical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfalls are one of the most dangerous natural events in hilly terrains, and they substantially threaten residential areas and transport corridors in these environments. This study is aimed to analyze the risk of rockfall from a slope to nearby houses in a historical settlement with past rockfall histories. It contains numerous applications to study rockfall danger from different points of view (e.g., kinematics, numerical stability analysis, risk assessment, 2D trajectory). The rockfall kinematics revealed the statistics for different structurally controlled failure modes among the surveyed slope discontinuities, especially wedge type and block toppling were the most significant ones. Finite element analysis showed that the slope was stable under the natural condition with a safety factor of 2.19. The rockfall risk rating system calculated a medium risk for the houses downstream. Based on the field measurements, a possible rockfall profile was determined and located as an input in the 2D rockfall trajectory program. The rigid-body impact model runs utilized various shapes and sizes of blocks to simulate the rockfall events realistically. According to the 2D trajectory model results, there was no rockfall danger for the investigated downslope houses. The study showed the importance of using different analysis techniques to solve rockfall risk in protected areas based on scientific and rational approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding sustainability to be multifaceted and inherently contradictory, this article draws on long-term ethnographic research in the Cappadocia region of central Turkey to explore the gendered manifestations of various tourism-related 'sustainability fluxes'. In particular, I consider the ways in which both change and continuity are legitimized through sustainability and tourism and so manifest in contradictory ways to shape women's lives and practices. I identify four key sustainability fluxes as especially relevant in this tourism context. Firstly, women's empowerment through tourism work and increased gender equality through social and educational reform are discussed in relation to their enabling and legitimizing of change. Secondly, and reacting against these changes, are fears over sustainable food security plus nostalgic concerns over cultural sustainability. These latter sustainability fluxes engage with tourism and heritagization processes to revalue certain gendered food-production practices, and thereby legitimize continuity tying women's lives and practices to a logic of sameness. Contributing a feminist anthropology approach and guided by poststructuralist feminist thought, the article develops nuanced understanding not only of how these contradictory legitmizations "do things" in shaping women's lives and practices, but also of where ambivalences lay between acceptance and resistance to both change and continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluminous moderate- to high-magnesian [Mg# = molar Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) = 44–64] andesitic and dacitic rocks with high silica (mostly 61–66 wt%) adakitic affinity (Y = 13–22, Yb = 1.3–2.1, Sr/Y = 18–44, La/Yb = 10–25) and common mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs) are first reported in the Keçiboyduran stratovolcano (KSV) from the Cappadocia volcanic province (CVP), Central Anatolia, Turkey. We present comprehensive whole-rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data, mineral chemical compositions and 40Ar–39Ar ages for KSV samples. Based on the volcanostratigraphy and 40Ar–39Ar dating results, two successive eruption ages of 2.2–1.6 Ma (stage I: amphibole-rich) and 1.6–1.2 Ma (stage II: pyroxene-rich) were established for the KSV, corresponding to the Gelasian and Calabrian stages of Early Pleistocene, respectively. Textural and geochemical evidence indicates that the KSV magnesian andesites–dacites are products of a hybrid magma formed by mixing between mantle-derived mafic and crust-derived felsic magmas with further fractionation and minor contamination during magma storage and ascent. Our new data, combined with previous geological and geophysical results suggest that parental magnesian mafic melts of the KSV rocks originated from a heterogenous mantle source generated through the metasomatism of mantle wedge material by subducted sediment-derived melts, and then partially melted through asthenospheric upwelling in response to slab break-off. The mafic magma underplated the overlying lower crust, resulting in its partial melting to generate crustal felsic magma. Both magmas mixed at lower crustal levels creating MME-rich hybrid magmas. Subsequently, the hybrid magmas were emplaced at different depths of the crust (c. 4–11 and 11–15 km for the stage I and II, respectively), where they crystallized at moderate temperatures (c. 1180–840 °C) and under relatively high oxygen fugacity (LogƒO2 = − 11.4 to − 9.2), water-rich (H2Omelt = 5.6–3.6 wt%) and polybaric (~ 1.2 to 5.1 kbars) conditions, and underwent fractionation of primarily amphibole ± pyroxene causing adakitic affinity. We propose a new petrogenetic model for the early Quaternary magnesian/adakitic andesites/dacites of the CVP in a post-subduction tectonic setting. Our results provide robust evidence for slab break-off of the eastern Cyprus oceanic lithosphere and put further constraints on the tectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean collision zone during the Early Quaternary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the indoor acoustical characteristics of a Middle Byzantine masonry church in Cappadocia. The Bell Church is in partial ruins; therefore, archival data and the church's remains are used for its acoustical reconstruction. The study aims to formulate a methodology for a realistic simulation of the church by testing the applicability of different approaches, including field and laboratory tests. By conducting qualitative and quantitative material tests, different tuff stone samples are examined from the region. Impedance tube tests are performed on the samples from Göreme and Ürgüp to document their sound absorption performances. Previous field tests on two sites in Cappadocia are also used to compare the sound absorption performance of tuff stones, supported by acoustical simulations. The texture, physical and chemical characteristics of the stones together with the measured sound absorption coefficient values are comparatively evaluated for selecting the most suitable material to be applied in the Bell Church simulations. The church was constructed in phases and underwent architectural modifications and additions over time. The indoor acoustical environment of the church is analyzed over objective acoustical parameters of EDT, T30, C50, C80, D50, and STI for its different phases with different architectural features and functional patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magmatism forming the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province of Cappadocia, central Turkey, records the last phase of Neotethyan subduction after ∼11 Ma. Thirteen large calc-alkaline ignimbrite sheets form marker bands within the volcano-sedimentary succession (the Ürgüp Formation) and provide a robust chronostratigraphy for paleoecologic evaluation of the interleaved paleosols. This paper evaluates the chronologic record in the context of the radiometric, magnetostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic controls. Previous inconsistencies relating primarily to K/Ar evidence were reason for the initiation of an integrated study which includes 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating, palaeomagnetic and stratigraphic evidence. The newly determined 40 Ar/ 39 Ar-ages ( Lepetit, 2010 ) are in agreement with Ar/Ar and U/Pb data meanwhile published by Pauquette and Le Pennec (2012) and Aydar et al. (2012) . The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar-ages restrict the end of the Ürgüp Formation to the late Miocene. The paleosol sequence enclosed by the ignimbrites is thus restricted to the late Miocene, the most intense formation of pedogene calcretes correlating with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cappadocia region in Turkey is known as a touristic and historical area with volcanic rocks formed by the effect of intense Neogene calcalkaline volcanism. Rhyolitic to trachyandesitic tuffs, being widespread as a volcanic rock in this region, are used as building stone in historical structures and many monuments with cultural heritage. However, since they have variable durability performances, it is important to evaluate the durability of tuffs for restoration purposes. The aim of this study is to characterize the tuffs using their properties including effective porosity, water absorption, dry and saturated unit weights, dry and saturated uniaxial compressive strengths, dry and saturated point load strengths, dry and saturated sonic velocities and slake durability index, and to estimate the long-term durability of tuffs based on the correlation between field performances and measured properties of the tuffs. In the context of this study, 13 tuff samples used in ancient monuments with good durability performances were taken from nine quarries of Kayseri and Aksaray areas in the Cappadocia region. The physical and mechanical properties of these tuffs were investigated. The properties of these tuffs and the ones with poor durability based on the literature data were compared. A series of correlation graphs using unit weight, effective porosity, water absorption, sonic velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength values of all tuffs has been developed to identify durable and non-durable tuffs. Among these, effective porosity (by volume)-dry sonic velocity and effective porosity (by volume)-dry uniaxial compressive strength pairs yield better durability assessment for the tuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Social Sciences is the property of SDU Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present contribution focuses the attention on the mural paintings of two among the oldest Cappadocia churches, belonging to the group of "proto‐Byzantine paintings." These materials have never been extensively investigated before and represent a starting point of paramount importance to understand the evolution of both materials and techniques during the ages in this extraordinary region of central Turkey. Specifically, among the several investigated churches and after the synergic work of art historians, conservators, and scientists, we selected the church of St. John the Baptist at Çavuşin, whose architectural structure is dated back to fifth–sixth century, and Church nr. 5 (Süslü church, sixth–ninth century) in Güllü Dere. A limited but exhaustive number of samples was carefully selected and then collected during the on‐site campaign in Cappadocia. Samples were investigated with a multianalytical approach by using cross‐section examination, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), and micro‐Raman spectroscopy to characterize materials, execution technique, and conservation state. The wall paintings in the church of St. John the Baptist are characterized by the presence of superimposed or adjacent layers ascribable to different historical periods, as it occurs in many of the Cappadocia churches. Their discrimination has been based on the mortar/ground layer. Pigments have been successfully identified and are mainly based on iron earths and ochres; the presence of gypsum and anhydrite, oxalates, and organic materials have been highlighted on the surface, thus suggesting alteration processes. The church nr. 5 at Güllü Dere shows a unique pictorial phase. Pigments are applied on a gypsum based ground layer and exhibit alteration patterns being made of lead based compounds, such as lead oxides and carbonates. A peculiarity of this church is the presence of anatase, detected in correspondence of red and yellow areas of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kızılırmak is the longest river in Turkey, extending from the western part of eastern Anatolia to the Black Sea, and crossing the orogenic Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) and Black Sea Mountains. This study focuses on the formation period of the drainage system of the Kızılırmak River in the Cappadocia region, which is situated in the middle of the CAP. The Upper Pliocene-Quaternary geological and geomorphological stratigraphy of the Cappadocia region was revised with new findings and those of previous studies. In this study, the oldest terrace (Sünnetli Tepe Terrace, T0) of the Kızılırmak River was identified 214 m above the current river level. The terrace deposit is located between the Pliocene lacustrine Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5-2.7 Ma) and the ~2.7 Ma Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite. A minimum age for the terrace deposits was provided by the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite, which caps the terrace. Therefore, the terrace T0 revealed that the Kızılırmak River drainage system existed in the eastern part of the CAP after the deposition of the Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5-2.7 Ma ago) and before the formation of the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite 2.7 Myr ago. Contrary to most previous studies, this finding shows that Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite cannot be included in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Ürgüp Formation, which formed under an extensional tectonic regime and was incised by the Kızılırmak River. The data obtained showed that 17 of the Kızılırmak River terraces that have formed since ~2.7 Ma have been preserved to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the radiological quality of drinking waters consumed in Nevşehir province which is the most important tourism destination of the Cappadocia region. The activity concentration of gross α- and β-emitting from natural radionuclides (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Po, 232Th and 210Pb, 228Ra and 40K) in 21 tap water samples supplied by municipal pipelines were analyzed by using a gas proportional α/β counter. The average activity concentrations of the gross α and gross β in tap water samples were found as 88 ± 10 mBq L−1 and 305 ± 32 mBq L−1, respectively. The average natural activity concentrations of α- and β-emitting radionuclides in tap water samples are below the limit values recommended by the Turkish regulation and WHO. For all samples, except for one sample, the gross β activity concentrations are higher than the corresponding gross α concentrations. The average annual effective radiation dose (AERD) due to the ingestion of these water samples was estimated to be 43, 60 and 124 μSv year−1 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. The average of AERD estimated for adults is 24 % higher than the dose limit of 100 μSv year−1. The activity concentration results reveal that tap water samples are acceptable for human consumption in accordance with the Turkish regulation and WHO recommendations for drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present research is to understand hostel experiences of travellers visiting hostels operating in Göreme province of Cappadocia region. Within the context of user-generated content data were collected from online reviews and comments at hostelworld.com online platform and content analysis has been utilized to examine data. Results indicated differences as well as commonalities prior researches in terms of hostel experiences' characteristics. The findings show that hostel experiences are multifaceted and heterogeneous based on factors of cleanliness and facilities, location, atmosphere, security, staff/owner, price/value for money, social atmosphere, food experience, authentic experience and memorable experience. The presence of food, authentic and memorable experiences have emerged as distinct factors accelerating the quality of hostel experiences that travellers gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science / Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences / Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This forum piece looks at an unexplored case of a sentient ecology in Cappadocia among the cave dwellers and their environment, at a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to contribute to and expand the limited knowledge base of the ways in which tourism development impacts rural livelihoods. It traced the process of tourism-based livelihood development in the Cappadocia region of Turkey by using The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) framework to provide the perspectives of those who chose to incorporate tourism as a major part of their overall livelihood strategy. The results showed that tourism development had a great impact on the locals' livelihoods. In order to enhance the locals' livelihood and achieve an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable outcome for tourism livelihood, the recommendation is to support and encourage small local establishments versus large scale foreign investments, increase the number of overnight stays by promoting Cappadocia as a main tourist destination, take precautions to prevent fraud and forgery in locale handicrafts and souvenir shops, and enact a protection law that prevents harm to the environment caused by traffic, shops, balloons, and hydroelectric power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, curie point depth (CPD), heat flow, geothermal gradient, and radiogenic heat production maps of the Cappadocian region in central Anatolia are presented to reveal the thermal structure from the aeromagnetic data. The large, circular pattern in these maps matches with previously determined shallow (2 km in average) depression. Estimated CPDs in this depression filled with loose volcano-clastics and ignimbrite sheets of continental Neogene units vary from 7 to 12 km, while the geothermal gradient increases from 50 to 68 °C/km. Heat flows were calculated using two different conductivity coefficients of 2.3 and 2.7 Wm K. The radiogenic heat production was also obtained between 0.45 and 0.70 μW m in this area. Heat-flow maps were compared with the previous, regional heat-flow map of Turkey and significant differences were observed. In contrast to linear heat-flow increment through the northeast in the previous map in the literature, produced maps in this study include a large, caldera-like circular depression between Nevsehir, Aksaray, Nigde, and Yesilhisar cities indicating high geothermal gradient and higher heat-flow values. In addition, active deformation is evident with young magmatism in the Neogene and Quaternary times and a large volcanic cover on the surface. Boundaries of volcanic eruption centers and buried large intrusions are surrounded with the maxspots of the horizontal gradients of magnetic anomalies. Analytic signal (AS) map pointing-out exact locations of causative bodies is also presented in this study. Circular region in the combined map of AS and maxspots apparently indicates a possible caldera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a cue from the hagioscope in Western medieval church architecture, this essay examines aspects of privileged, private viewing in the Byzantine rock-cut churches of Cappadocia. In two well-known examples, the Tokalı Kilise in the Göreme Valley and the Karabas¸ Kilise in the Soğanlı Valley, the maintenance of a privileged sightline affected the overall design of the church complex. In both, the design depended on the position of the cell of a revered hermit, who was provided with visual access into the nave and sanctuary. In both, moreover, understanding the significance of the privileged view helps to unravel the complicated internal chronology of the church complexes, as well as explain some unusual planning decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cappadocia is one of the most important natural, historical and cultural heritages of Turkey. The region is seriously threatened by different instability problems, and several locations were accordingly closed to visit, mainly because of rockfalls. The aim of current study is to investigate the rockfall hazard potential near the Tatlarin Underground City. For this purpose, an extensive engineering geological investigation was performed and complemented with a set of rockfall simulations performed by means of the 3D numerical model HY-STONE. The investigation included: (1) mapping of the lithological units (tuffs and overlying basalts, talus deposits) and of unstable blocks along the cliff; (2) rock mass geomechanics and kinematic analysis of block stability; and (3) laboratory testing of tuff and basalt. These allowed to show that the instabilities are mainly controlled by different durability of tuffs and basalts. The weakness of tuffs facilitates a progressive undercutting of the basalt layer, the opening of subvertical joints and the consequent movement of large basaltic blocks. Two future potential rockfall scenarios have been produced by 3D rockfall modelling for hazard zonation and for suggesting risk management strategies. Model parameters were calibrated by back-analysis of both historical events and field tests. Different sets of parameters have been calibrated for different release volumes to consider different degrees of interaction with slope material of different size. The effect of roughness of the topography was investigated in terms of trajectories and lateral dispersion of blocks and its consequences on hazard zonation and risk management actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Individual palaeoenvironmental records represent a combination of regional-scale (e.g. climatic) and site-specific local factors. Here we compare multiple climate proxies from two nearby maar lake records, assuming that common signals are due to regional-scale forcing. A new core sequence from Nar Lake in Turkey is dated by varves and U-Th to the last 13.8 ka. Markedly dry periods during the Lateglacial stadial, at 4.3-3.7 and at 3.2-2.6 ka BP, are associated with peaks in Mg/dolomite, positive δ18O, elevated diatom-inferred electrical conductivity, an absence of laminated sediments and low Quercus/chenopod ratios. Wet phases occurred during the early-mid Holocene and 1.5-0.6 ka BP, characterized by negative δ18O, calcite precipitation, high Ca/Sr ratios, a high percentage of planktonic diatoms, laminated sediments and high Quercus/chenopod ratios. Comparison with the record from nearby Eski Acıgöl shows good overall correspondence for many proxies, especially for δ18O. Differences are related to basin infilling and lake ontogeny at Eski Acıgöl, which consequently fails to register climatic changes during the last 2 ka, and to increased flux of lithogenic elements into Nar Lake during the last 2.6 ka, not primarily climatic in origin. In attempting to separate a regional signal from site-specific 'noise', two lakes may therefore be better than one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the geo-political landscape of central Anatolia after the collapse of the Hittite Empire. In particular, almost no archaeological evidence for stone monumental art dating to the post-Hittite period north of the Taurus mountains has survived. Now, the stele of Tavşantepe sheds new light on the history of southern Cappadocia during the so-called ‘dark age’ and offers us a unique insight into the artistic production of this region at the beginning of the first millennium BC. Moreover, its location along one of the most important routes connecting southern Cappadocia with central Anatolia, the Altunhisar valley, helps us reconstruct the socio-religious developments in this area in the period predating the emergence of the Neo-Hittite Kingdom of Tuwana in the eighth century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]