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The plastination technique produces non-toxic human tissues, ensuring their safe handling in educational settings. This investigation aimed to understand if visually impaired students profit from the use of plastinated anatomical specimens in learning the anatomy of the nervous system. For this purpose, their learning performance was compared to sighted and blindfolded students recruited from three primary schools in Fortaleza city, in the state of Ceará. Initially, a questionnaire was applied before carrying out the pedagogical practice, followed by an anatomy lecture with practical components with the use of plastinated anatomical specimens and synthetic anatomical models of the nervous system. After these steps, the students answered the questionnaire previously applied. Our results showed that the tactile perception of the visually impaired participants was significantly more developed compared to sighted (p < 0.001) and the blindfolded (p < 0.0001) students. The average of correct answers in the reapplied questionnaire was higher in the groups that used plastinated specimens (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of plastinated specimens has proven to be an effective tool in promoting a better understanding of anatomical structures, mainly for students with or without visual impairments, making it a valuable asset in anatomy teaching.

Health education is one of the knowledge areas in which augmented reality (AR) technology is widespread, and it has been considered as a facilitator of the learning process. In literature, there are still few studies detailing the role of mobile AR in neuroanatomy. Specifically, for the spinal cord, the teaching-learning process may be hindered due to its abstract nature and the absence of three-dimensional models. In this sense, we implemented a mobile application with AR technology named "NitLabEduca" for studying the spinal cord with an interactive exploration of 3D rotating models in the macroscopic scale, theoretical content of its specificities, animations, and simulations regarding its physiology. To investigate "NitLabEduca's" effects, eighty individuals with and without previous neuroanatomy knowledge were selected and grouped into control and experimental groups. Divided, they performed learning tasks through a questionnaire. We used the System Usability Scale (SUS) to evaluate the usability level of the mobile application and a complimentary survey to verify the adherence level to the use of mobile applications in higher education. As a result, we observed that participants of both groups who started the task with the application and finished with text had more correct results in the test (p < 0.001). SUS results were promising in terms of usability and learning factor. We concluded that studying the spinal cord through "NitLabEduca" seems to favor learning when used as a complement to the printed material.

Learning the physiology of the cardiovascular system can be difficult for students, but the use of active teaching methodologies can help and enhance learning. To facilitate the understanding of how the cardiovascular system works, we built a functional model for Veterinary Medicine students attending a cardiovascular physiology lecture and evaluated their self-reported perceptions of how well they learned. We used simple materials to construct the cardiovascular model, such as bottles of transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET), transparent tubing, rubber balloons, and rubber pears taken from aneroid manometers. Twenty-four veterinary students attended a traditional cardiovascular physiology lecture before being introduced to the functional model. Each student then filled out a structured questionnaire that assessed their learning perception. The data was analyzed by chi-squared (X[superscript 2]) test. We observed that most students considered the use of the model to be a more efficient and satisfactory learning method (p < 0.05). The functional model proved to be a useful tool for learning cardiovascular system physiology. Through the model, the students were able to visualise the way that important structures function, an outcome that is often not possible in classes involving animal vivisections. Moreover, the model facilitates the teaching of the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system.

The digestive system is a fundamental topic in biological science teaching. Despite its importance, the level of students' knowledge on the topic appears to differ from recommended levels at several educational grades. Their knowledge also seems to be resistant to change; therefore, this discrepancy may be viewed as an epistemological obstacle to teaching scientifically updated concepts related to the digestive system. Didactic-pedagogical resources are important tools for overcoming such difficulties. The present study was intended to analyse the use of a practical activity as a possible didactic resource to help (re)construct concepts regarding human digestive physiology and to amplify the conceptual profile of undergraduate students. Data collection was performed using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to assess students' knowledge of the digestive system before and after participating in the practical activity. Qualitative data analysis revealed that previous knowledge was partially aligned with that described in the literature, suggesting a possible epistemological obstacle to teaching and learning scientific concepts. Participation in the activity not only contributed to better understanding of general aspects of the digestive system but also appeared to help overcome possible epistemological obstacles, including the role of the intestine.

Background: A growing body of literature has demonstrated the importance of discourse assessment in patients who suffered from brain injury, both in the left and right hemispheres, as discourse represents a key component of functional communication. However, little is known about the relationship between gray matter density and macrolinguistic processing. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate this relationship in a group of participants with middle-low to low socioeconomic status. Method: Twenty adults with unilateral left hemisphere (n = 10) or right hemisphere (n = 10) chronic ischemic stroke and 10 matched (age, education, and socioeconomic status) healthy controls produced three oral narratives based on sequential scenes. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was conducted using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Compared to healthy controls, the left hemisphere group showed cohesion impairments, whereas the right hemisphere group showed impairments in coherence and in producing macropropositions. Cohesion positively correlated with gray matter density in the right primary sensory area (PSA)/precentral gyrus and the pars opercularis. Coherence, narrativity, and index of lexical informativeness were positively associated with the left PSA/insula and the superior temporal gyrus. Macropropositions were mostly related to the left PSA/insula and superior temporal gyrus, left cingulate, and right primary motor area/ insula. Discussion: Overall, the present results suggest that both hemispheres are implicated in macrolinguistic processes in narrative discourse. Further studies including larger samples and with various socioeconomic status should be conducted.

In Brazil, a federal law ensures that all students with disabilities are entitled to enrollment in higher education institutions. Higher courses in human anatomy stand out for their complexity in both theoretical and practical contents. Therefore, adaptation is required to accommodate students with special educational needs. This study aimed to describe the experience of a Support Teacher in the development of inclusive pedagogical practices for the discipline of Human Anatomy offered in the physiotherapy course for a student with low vision and blindness. The challenges and learning difficulties faced by a visually impaired student are reported. Qualitative analysis was performed by interviewing a student with low vision and blindness and a Support Teacher. The audio recordings were transcribed, categorized, and analyzed using content analysis. The Support Teacher created schematics and drawings of anatomical structures, reviewed theoretical and practical contents, developed adaptations of the examinations, and applied palpatory anatomy to facilitate the student's learning process. The findings illustrate that the student faced the greatest difficulty in dealing with the emotional aspects, due to the inability to visualize the anatomical details in human cadavers. Thus, the presence of a Support Teacher was fundamental to ensure that the student could learn the content and overcome this limitation. In conclusion, personalized adaptation, commitment, and collaborative work between the Support Teacher and students with low vision and blindness improve their learning conditions.

This paper reports data, part of a cross-sectional study about the use of pupil's drawings as a means of probing the development of 195 Brazilian pre-school children (4 to 6 year-olds) and 681 primary school pupils 1st Grade through 4th Grade (7 to 10 years of age) conceptions of the human brain. The aims of the present study is to analyze how the conception of the brain develops, how they represent their brains, and whether it is based on historical models or current scientific knowledge, in their interaction with school and society at large. The methodology involved the presentation of a contour of the head and neck drawn on the blackboard in the classroom, and children were asked to draw what they think they have inside their heads. After the drawings were collected some pupils were interviewed to explain their drawings. Classification of the collected drawings were interpreted on the perspective of historical models of the brain and scored following a 6 level rating scale depicting degrees of neuroanatomical resemblance. Gender and age were taken into consideration. The results show that younger pupils are adepts of mental ideas in their representations of the brain, i.e. what the brain does, but progressively as they get older, start to develop a more morphological representation of the brain. Knowledge obstacles for learning about the nervous system and elementary neuroscience implications are discussed. (Contains 4 tables and 6 figures.)

The use of human material in anatomy education depends upon the generosity of body donors. However, little is known regarding the demographics of body donors in Brazil, where voluntary body donation is a relatively rare phenomenon. Hence, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the demographic profile of applicants to the Body Donation Program (BDP) at the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre in Brazil, as well as to assess whether the observed characteristics of body donors are unique to that sample, or if they merely reflect the characteristics of the regional population. Information derived from the specific forms filled out by donors between January 2008 and June 2016 at the time of registration were collected. Data from 416 forms were analyzed. Based on this study, the typical applicant in Brazil is typically a white female (67.4%), over 60 years of age (60.3%), unmarried or single (70.6%), affiliated with a religious group (89.1%), of middle class background (40.4%), who has completed high school and/or holds a university degree (93.8%). The motivation of donors was, in most cases, an altruistic gesture, represented by the desire to help society and science. Elucidating these demographic characteristics of potential donors may help identify the target public to which information regarding body donation campaigns could be directed.

The Federal University of São Paulo, Baixada Santista Campus was founded in 2006 with five degree-granting programs in physical education, physiotherapy, nutrition, psychology, and occupational therapy. The guiding principle behind the programs' educational mission was centered on the development of health care professionals capable of working in interdisciplinary teams with an emphasis on holistic patient care. This pedagogical structure required peer-mentoring programs in order to integrate different areas of knowledge and to improve learning strategies among new generations of students. The authors' objective in the present report is to discuss the strategies and activities of the peer-mentoring program in histophysiology and gross anatomy in an interdisciplinary and interprofessional curriculum. Evaluations by students, mentors and professors are presented, along with a statistical analysis of variance comparing student performance in the module assessments according to their participation in the peer-mentoring activities. The results demonstrated that students who participated in peer-mentoring activities enjoyed a higher rate of academic success than those who did not participate. In addition, student and mentor evaluations of the peer mentoring program were highly positive. The program enabled mentors to gain a deeper knowledge of the subjects addressed in the learning modules, as well as to develop intrinsic teaching skills during their time as mentors. In short, the authors believe that the peer-mentoring program has been validated for its effectiveness in raising student academic performance.

To address a common problem of teaching the sliding filament theory (that is, students have difficulty in visualizing how the component proteins of the sarcomere differ, how they organize themselves into a single working unit, and how they function in relation to each other), we have devised a simple model, with inexpensive materials, to be built by students in the fourth year of an undergraduate biology course. This model can be quickly built by the students themselves and is functional enough to allow visualization of the filaments and their properties. The model uses cheap, simple materials, mostly party and craft supplies, to simulate the component proteins of the sarcomere, and the proposed materials can be readily replaced by more available ones.

The use of dissection to study human anatomy is the foundation for educational excellence among future health professionals, as it offers an ideal opportunity to learn the body's morphology in three dimensions while also providing students with a more humanistic education. The shortage of bodies for dissection, combined with the Brazilian population's lack of knowledge concerning the possibility of voluntarily donating their own bodies, led to the creation of the Body Donation Programs for Education and Research in Anatomy at the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). The program is based on three pillars: Informing the general public about the program, donor registration, and donation itself. Since the creation of the donor program in 2008, there has been an increase in both the number of donations made during donor's lifetime and the number of bodies received by the university. There has also been a shift in relation to the origin of these bodies, as before the creation of the program most bodies were unclaimed cadavers, while today most of the bodies are sourced from voluntary donations. The initial results regarding the public's acceptance of the possibility of making body donations have been encouraging, as shown by the annual growth in donor registrations. Consequently, the quality and quantity of the material available for educational purposes have greatly improved. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)

Multidisciplinary cooperation in health care requires a solid knowledge in the basic sciences for a common ground of communication. In speech pathology, these fundamentals improve the accuracy of descriptive diagnoses and support the development of new therapeutic techniques and strategies. The aim of this study is to briefly discuss the benefits of hands-on education on laryngeal anatomy and voice physiology in Brazilian graduate programs in speech pathology, as well as to describe a simple prototype that can be used as a useful educational tool for this purpose. The laryngeal anatomic support device was designed to provide a vertical frame to hold human or mammalian larynges with no preservation treatment, with the goal of allowing good visualization of the vocal folds during artificial phonation. The device was designed to provide the user the ability to manipulate the soft and cartilaginous structures of the larynx with near-natural biomechanical properties. The description of the project is detailed to allow the reproduction of this simple and inexpensive device. It may be used as an experimental feature in a variety of settings, from high-school programs to experimental research methods, and may suit a wide array of different educational models.

The objective of this exploratory study is to characterize by means of drawings if the developmental patterns in the graphic representation of organ and organ systems progresses related to age of participants. Secondly, whether there is an integration of sex organs into the internal body image. The drawings representing the inside of the body in the conception of 396 Brazilian children of both sexes aged 5 to 11 year-olds and 237 adolescents boys and girls of ages 12 to 14 year-olds were classified according to a guide for qualitative scoring criteria. The relationship between age and drawings was found consistent with developmental patterns. The integration of sex organs into the drawings representing body images, were equally evident with pre-adolescents of both sexes and are discussed both on the perspective of psychoanalytical theory and mental models. (Contains 4 tables and 10 figures.)

Investigates young peoples' knowledge and the culture influence using a cross-sectional approach. Involves n=586 pupils from 11 different countries and analyzes resultant drawings using a seven point scale where the criterion was anatomical accuracy. (Contains 24 references.) (Author/YDS)

Describes the implementation and evaluation of a constructivist course for science teachers in which teachers are inducted into "critical constructivism" through their own action-research projects. Illustrates the induction process and professional development of one biology teacher of 13- to 15-year olds in Brazil. Contains 23 references. (Author/WRM)

A self-help group approach was used to enhance medical students' cooperative skills within an elective course. The task profile envisaged included team building, cooperative information search and problem-solving skills, and providing and receiving constructive feedback. Findings suggest that training for productive cooperative learning is useful in a realistic setting for medical studies. (Author/PVD)

Drymaeus nigroflavus is a newly described species found in the region of Itapebi, Bahia, Brazil, near the Jequitinhonha River. This species is characterized by its whitish shell adorned with dark, spiral bands that are uniform and spaced apart. Its genital system exhibits a very short penis and bursa copulatrix, as well as a spermoviduct with a wide, coiled uterus and a very narrow prostate, among other anatomical idiosyncrasies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dorsal color pattern, together with the morphology of the copulatory apparatus, provide important taxonomic characteristics for the identification of land planarians. In genera such as Paraba, in which most species have a morphologically similar copulatory apparatus and a dorsum with several stripes that vary according to color, width, and arrangement, the existence of pseudocryptic species can lead to a misidentification and underestimation of their diversity. In this work we describe three new species of Paraba which, due to the color pattern, have been mistaken for already described species of the genus. Specimens were collected in different forest formations of the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from each other and from other congeners through the color pattern of the dorsal surface of the body combined with some features of the copulatory apparatus, like the anatomy of the prostatic vesicle and the male atrium. Additionally, we propose an emendation to the diagnosis of Paraba based on characters observed in the three new species and some characteristics occurring in other species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caiuajara dobruskii is a tapejarine pterosaur from a unique pterosaur bonebed in southern Brazil, where hundreds of bones referred to this species have been described. Despite its abundance, specimens were found disarticulated and/or disassociated, hindering ontogenetic interpretations from anatomy. Osteohistology is a proper approach to obtain information on ontogeny as well as other palaeobiological information. Here, we analyse 28 thin sections of distinct appendicular bones, from 18 different specimens belonging to Caiuajara dobruskii. All samples display a fibrolamellar microstructure, which suggests that Caiuajara dobruskii had high metabolic rates throughout its life history. We propose five different histology-based ontogenetic stages: Early juvenile; Late juvenile; Juvenile-to-subadult transition; Subadult; and Adult. When compared with other pterosaur ontogenetic series, Caiuajara had a higher bone deposition ratio than other pterosaurs such as Pterodaustro and Rhamphorhynchus, even when compared with the youngest individuals of those taxa. The fact that this bonebed shows a large accumulation of juvenile specimens in this bonebed, whereby adults are rare and senile are absent, suggest that C. dobruskii might have developed similar to some behaviours present in extant birds, as a breeding point and/or creching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood anatomy of Gymnanthes klotzschiana was studied, to assess whether there are variations in the secondary xylem under different geopedological conditions. The species is dominant in subtropical alluvial forests and can be established in different ecological conditions, especially regarding soil water regime. Wood samples were collected in the plain of the Iguaçu River, in Paraná, Brazil, encompassing three geopedological conditions: gleysol, fluvisol and psamment, characterized by varying degrees of water saturation, ranging from very poorly drained to heavily drained. Considerable intraspecific variations were found in the xylem in response to geopedological conditions. Most of the variation occurs in attributes related to the biomechanical and hydraulic functions (e.g. fibers and vessels), with cells smaller in gleysol, larger in fluvisol and intermediate in psamment. For some variables, the xylem has similar responses in conditions of water deficit and permanent water saturation, indicating a probable influence of physiological drought. The phenotypic plasticity of the species explains its high adaptability to the selective and variable conditions of riparian environments. The study contributes to understanding the species' ecological responses, highlighting its relevance as a keystone species in the dynamic and fragile ecosystems of the floodplains, fundamental for the maintenance of many ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jugular foramen (JF) is located between the temporal and occipital bones. The JF is a primary pathway for venous outflow from the skull and passage of nerves. Variations are common in this region and may have clinical and surgical implications. To analyze the sexual dimorphism and JF morphology in skulls from Northeastern Brazil. 128 human skulls from the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, 64 male and 64 female, were selected and the JFs analyzed for bone septation and the presence of a dome. Data analysis considered P<0.05 as significant. On at least one side, complete septation was observed in 26 skulls (20.3%), incomplete septation in 93 skulls (72.6%) and 61 skulls (47.6%) did not present septation. In 114 skulls (89%), 47.6% female and 41.4% male, have a unilateral presence of the dome and 71 (55.4%) have it bilaterally. Posterolateral compartment diameters and JF area had higher values on the right side in the total sample and separated by sex (P<0.05). Most morphometric variables of the anteromedial compartment were higher in male than in female (P<0.05), fact that was not observed in the posterolateral compartment (P>0.05). This study showed a higher prevalence of complete septation in males compared to females. Morphometric analysis presented a peculiar morphology of the JF in this study. These results suggests that the surgical approach to diseases that affect the JF may be peculiar to the studied population, confirming the importance of morphological analysis of the skull base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New specimens and the reassessment of many silesaurids have recently shed light on the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs and their close relatives. Yet, the group is relatively poorly represented in South America, an area that likely played an important role in dinosaurian origins. Since the discovery of Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Norian Caturrita Formation, only the fragmentary Gamatavus antiquus and Amanasaurus nesbitti have been reported from the Triassic of south Brazil. Here we describe disarticulated silesaurid remains from Waldsanga, one of the most important tetrapod-bearing localities of the Santa Maria Formation, which represent the second Carnian occurrence of the group in Brazil. The postcranial elements exhibit a combination of dinosauromorph symplesiomorphies and silesaurid diagnostic traits, showing that a conservative anatomy is pervasive among early dinosauromorphs. We also conducted a set of exploratory analyses to infer the phylogenetic relations of the new occurrence and the robustness of some of the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses in face of the increasing diversity of Silesauridae. This revealed a rather uncertain evolutionary scenario not only for Silesauridae, but for early dinosauromorphs in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleurodema diplolister is a species of leptodactylid common throughout the Northeast of Brazil, also occurring in the Center-West and Southeast regions of Brazil. The larvae of this species have an oval body, rounded snout and ventrally located oral disc, in addition, they are exotrophic with benthic habits of lentic environments. The present study describes the internal oral anatomy, chondrocranium, and hyobranchial apparatus of P. diplolister larvae collected in the state of Piauí, Brazil, adding information about the taxonomy and systematics of the group. The tadpoles were collected in April 2021 in temporary ponds. Five stage 36 tadpoles were prepared and analyzed for the description of the internal oral anatomy and another five stage 36 tadpoles for the description of the chondrocranium. The internal oral anatomy and the chondrocranium of the tadpole of P. diplolister were, in general, similar to the previously described tadpoles of the genus. However, we found fundamental differences in terms of formats, quantity, and absence/presence of some structures, which are important for the taxonomy and systematics of Pleurodema. Thus, the larval traits described here demonstrate great importance as taxonomic predictors and for phylogenetic reconstructions, being an additional source of information for the genus Pleurodema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian grapevine leaf rust (AGLR), caused by Neophysopella tropicalis, is a problem for viticulture, especially in latitudes lower than 25° S, which include the most significant production regions in Brazil. Climate change has raised new concerns in agriculture as temperature can affect the resistance of plants to pathogens. With the aim of understanding how air temperature rise affects the AGLR pathosystem, measurements of leaf gas exchange and epidemiological and histopathological analyses were carried out on control and inoculated leaves of Vitis labrusca 'Niagara Rosada' grown at 25°C and 30°C. The lesion density and rust severity were higher at 25°C than 30°C, and the ratio between adaxial surface necrosis and the abaxial surface area occupied by pustules was >1 only at 30°C, presenting a necrosis not associated to the pathogen lesion. In fact, leaf necrosis was identified on control plants kept at 30°C and associated with gerontoplasts, representing accelerated leaf senescence. The AGLR pathogen reduced gas exchange and photosystem II activities at 25°C, with no difference between control and inoculated plants at 30°C. Our results indicate that AGLR is sensitive to increasing air temperature. However, the accelerated leaf senescence caused by the combination of N. tropicalis infection and temperature on Niagara Rosada can lead to high leaf damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support the identification of species and control illegal charcoal production, this study aimed to anatomically characterize the carbonized wood of species native to the Araucaria forest areas, including Nectandra megapotamica, Ocotea indecora, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Ocotea puberula, Balfourodendron riedelianum, Chrysophyllum marginatum and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium. The samples were collected in the Planalto Catarinense region (high plains of the state of Santa Catarina). Three disks were removed from three trees of each species, selected randomly. All discs were sectioned to obtain samples close to the different parts of the trunk (near bark, intermediate and near pith). These sample were then carbonized for 392 minutes in a muffle furnace using a ramp regime with a maximum temperature of 450 °C. Following carbonization, there was no significant degradation of the anatomical structure and cell arrangement, enabling the characterization and identification of species through comparison with wood description references. The position of samples in the trunk did not influence the anatomical characteristics, facilitating species identification. Wood from the Lauraceae family exhibited greater vessel diameter and lower vessel frequency compared to samples from the Rutaceae and Sapotaceae families. Discrimination of Chrysophyllum marginatum from the other evaluated species was possible based on vessel grouping, ray width and ray frequency. The results obtained contribute to a charcoal database of Atlantic Forest species, providing valuable information for practical applications in forestry supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orchid genus Brachystele Schltr. (Orchidoideae, Cranichideae, Spiranthinae) comprises 20 species distributed from Mexico to Argentina, with 10 species found in Brazil. Anatomical studies of Orchidoideae Lindl. have been scarce, and the anatomy and histochemistry of Brachystele are still largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a characterization of the vegetative organs of B. guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. using standard anatomical and histochemical microtechniques. In this study, we provide the first information about the anatomy and histochemistry of Brachystele. The studied species was observed to display anatomical characters commonly found in the vegetative organs of representatives of the Cranichideae tribe (e.g., uniseriate epidermis; homogeneous mesophyll with 6–11 layers; rhizomes with rings of fibers; vascular bundles in the form of "^" or "v"; fleshy roots with uniseriate velamen, simple trichomes, and spiranthosomes). Others can be interpreted as adaptive strategies conditioned by the environment and their terrestrial life form (e.g., cuticle thickness; amphistomatic leaves; roots with reduced velamen compared to the cortex (18–20 layers); and raphides). In this study, cataphylls, and the presence of spiranthosomes in leaves, including stomatal guard cells, as well as alkaloids in these structures, are anatomically described for the first time in Orchidaceae. The presence of hyphae and pelotons in the stem of B. guayanensis is described for the first time in Cranichideae. Histochemical tests confirmed the presence of lignin, proteins, and alkaloids, the lipidic nature of the cuticle, starch grains stored in spiranthosomes, and the composition of the raphides. Alkaloids were observed in abundance, particularly in the roots, suggesting a potential role in defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as potential medicinal activities, as seen in phylogenetically related groups to Brachystele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was identifed anatomically and describe wood species marketed as charcoal in the region of Papanduva, SC, southern Brazil, to provide technical information to help in identification of species from the Atlantic Forest biome. Packages of 3 to 10 kg of charcoal were purchased, a pre-selection from more similar pieces was performed, macro and microscopic images were obtained for posterior anatomical description and material identification. Mislabeling was found in some charcoal packages, including genus, from both angiosperm and gymnosperm groups. Samples were found in decreasing frequency order, from the genera Eucalyptus/Corymbia, Ocotea/Nectandra, Acacia, Pinus, Araucaria, Alchornea, Casearia, Cedrela, Eugenia, Hieronyma, Ilex, Schinus and Zanthoxyllum. In gymnosperms, it was possible to verify growth rings distinct, with differences in cell wall thickness of tracheid and resin canals in pinus. In angiosperms, diffuse porosity was more frequent, with highlight to semiring porous in genus Cedrela. The presence of tyloses was predominant in genus Eucalyptus/Corymbia; septate fibers were characteristics for genus Ocotea/Nectandra. Simple perforate plate and alternate intervessel pits were predominant, with exception of genus Ilex with scalariform perforation plate and opposite intervessel pits. Secretory canals were observed in genus Zanthoxyllum. The predominance of eucalyptus from planted forests was observed, but the presence of araucaria, which is on the list of endangered species, indicated the importance of better supervision and training for awareness of producers and local traders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiniquodontidae is a family of nonmammaliaform probainognathian cynodonts with occurrences in the Middle to Late Triassic of Africa and South America (Brazil and Argentina). The history of the family is marked by changes in composition and revisions due to the poor preservation of the first discovered specimens. Currently, Chiniquodontidae includes two genera and six species. Here, we apply the computed tomography (CT-scan) method to describe and revise the morphology of one of the best-preserved chiniquodontid specimens (MCP 1600 PV, holotype of 'Probelesodon' kitchingi Sá-Teixeira, 1982) from Brazil, which allowed the visualization of sutures and the segmentation of each bone. The CT-scan data also revealed some previously undescribed traits due to the presence of matrix covering structures of the skull. In addition, the morphological comparisons revealed differences of MCP 1600 PV in relation to the other chiniquodontids, and eight discrete cranial features not related to ontogeny indicate that 'Probelesodon' kitchingi might not be included within Chiniquodon theotonicus Huene, 1936. Therefore, we consider the species valid but propose the new combination Chiniquodon kitchingi. Moreover, the results obtained highlighted the necessity of a reassessment of the family, as well as the description of new specimens, morphometric analyses, and use of CT-scan, when feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is the largest of the Neotropical vermilinguans. This animal is the second mammal most frequently run over on the roads of Cerrado biome, Brazil. Therefore, it is pivotal to know the anatomy of this species to contribute to the clinical care of these animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the anatomical structures in the abdominal region of the giant anteater using computed tomography (CT). For this, the tomographic analysis was performed in sequential order in the craniocaudal direction in five giant anteaters. Moreover, four giant anteater corpses were used for anatomical studies, where two corpses were sectioned in cross sections of approximately 3 cm each, and two animals were dissected to identify the abdominal organs. The association between CT and anatomical study allowed the visualization of anatomical structures found in the abdominal cavity, such as the topographic anatomy facilitates the identification of organs on CT images. The findings of this study demonstrated that CT is a good technique to provide detailed information about the anatomical structures in the abdominal cavity and that this study can be used as CT and anatomical reference for veterinarians who care for wild animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new miniature tetra species of the Neotropical characid genus Priocharax Weitzman and Vari, 1987 are described, raising the known species diversity to seven. Both species occur in the Rio Juruá system, Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, Acre State, Brazil. Priocharax toledopizae sp. nov. occurs in streams flowing to the lower Rio Moa, a tributary of Rio Juruá, and is distinguished from congeners by a combination of presence of claustrum and infraorbitals 1 and 2, absence of infraorbital 3, and presence of five branched pelvic-fin rays. Priocharax marupiara sp. nov. is known from Igarapé Canela Fina, tributary of Rio Juruá, and is diagnosed by a combination of fewer maxillary teeth (21–27 vs. 27–58 in remaining species), fewer branched anal-fin rays (18–23 vs. 22–27 in two species) and colour pattern. Both species differ from each other in the general body shape: Priocharax toledopizae is more robust with deep body and Priocharax marupiara more elongate. DNA barcode data support the specific distinctness of the two new species and that of the other five species in the genus. We describe a remarkable sexual dimorphism of the pelvic girdle of Priocharax toledopizae in which the pelvic musculature is enlarged forming a pedicel for the fin in mature males. Most localities where these species were found suffer from significant degradation mainly due to litter accumulation and suppression of the riparian forest, raising concerns about their conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study on cadavers, although considered fundamental in the teaching of human anatomy, is limited in several universities, mainly due to the acquisition and manipulation of cadaveric material. Throughout history, several artificial anatomical models have been used to complement the real anatomical pieces. The present study offers a new alternative: the making of three-dimensional models from Computed Tomography (3D-CT) patient image acquisition. CT images from the USP University Hospital database were used. Patients underwent examinations for reasons other than the present study and were anonymized to maintain confidentiality. The CT slices obtained in thin cross-sections (approximately 1.0 mm thick) were converted into three-dimensional images by a technique named Volume Rendering for visualization of soft tissue and bone. The reconstructions were then converted to an STL (Standard Triangle Language) model and printed through two printers (LONGER LK4 Pro® and Sethi S3®), using PLA and ABS filaments. The 3D impressions of the thigh and leg muscles obtained better visual quality, being able to readily identify the local musculature. The images of the face, heart, and head bones, although easily identifiable, although seemed to present lower quality aesthetic results. This pilot study may be one of the first to perform 3D impressions of images from CT to visualize the musculature in Brazil and may become an additional tool for teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the mandibular foramen (MF) is an irregular opening in the internal surface of the mandibular ramus. The inferior alveolar nerve and vessels penetrate this foramen and extend through the mandibular canal to the mentual foramen. Variations in MF position are responsible for errors in anesthetic blocks of the inferior alveolar nerve and other surgical interventions on the mandibular ramus. Objectives: to analyze morphometrically the MF of both edentulous and dentate mandibles in Northeastern Brazil. Methodology: the sample consisted of 172 adult human mandibles (106 partially dentate and 66 edentulous) of undetermined age and gender from Northeastern Brazil. Linear measurements were performed bilaterally of the MF to the anterior and posterior margin of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular incisure, the mandibular angle and the mandibular condyle. Laterality and dentition were considered in the analysis. Results: difference was observed between dentate and edentulous mandibles in the distance MF-A (p=0.004), MF-D (p<0.001) and D-E (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in the distance MF-B (p=0.642) and FM-C (p=0.116) between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles. Regarding the comparison between the right and left sides, both in partially dentate and edentulous groups, no differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: the morphometric analysis of the MF presented some differences between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles, but not between antimers. These differences may be related to greater bone wear and other factors. Caution must be exercised regarding bone deterioration in mandibles, especially considering that the dentition is a determining factor for the location of the MF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the hypoglossal nerve, XII cranial nerve, is a motor nerve for the muscles of the tongue that arises from the medulla and crosses the hypoglossal nerve canal in the occipital bone. This canal may present variations that induce changes in the path of the nerve and vascular structures related to it. This understanding is essential for choosing the best surgical techniques to avoid injuries to the components that transit through the canal. Objectives: to analyze the morphology of the hypoglossal nerve canal in skulls from a population in northeastern Brazil. Method: fifty dry adult human skulls (25 male and 25 female) belonging to 2 anatomy laboratories in northeastern Brazil were analyzed. The morphological analysis was performed according to the classification by Kumar et al.9 regarding the presence of septa and spores. The morphometric analysis was performed with a digital caliper with a precision of 0.01mm. Student's t test was applied to assess sexual dimorphism using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 21.0. Results: twenty-three skulls were classified as type l (no changes in the canal), of which 10 are female and 13 male (46% of the sample). No type 2a and 2b skulls were found. The most prevalent variations were type 3, with 11 skulls 3a (22%) and 5 3b (10%). Five skulls corresponded to type 4 (10%) and another 5 to type 5 (a combination of spore and septum), which is a variation discovered and adapted to the classification used in this study. In the morphometric analysis, there was no difference between the analyzed parameters, except for extracranial width, in males (p=0.003). Conclusion: a peculiar anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve canal was observed in this population from northeastern Brazil. It is essential to recognize these variations to guide professionals in their surgical interventions, avoiding injuries to the hypoglossal nerve and associated structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the right coronary artery (RCA) normally emerges from the right aortic sinus, travels through the coronary sulcus and curves towards the crux cordis of the heart, where it usually branches into the posterior interventricular artery (PIA), that irrigates the posterior part of the interventricular septum and the apex of the heart and determines the coronary arterial dominance. Purpose: to analyze the coronary arterial dominance and RCA and PIA morphometry in hearts of Northeast Brazil. Methods: 50 human hearts from the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Ceará were analyzed. The hearts were categorized according to coronary arterial dominance. The diameters of the beginning and end of the RCA were measured. PIA was divided in three parts and its diameters in the beginning and middle were measured, such as its full length. The results were statistically analyzed by Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), significance p<0.05. Results: the mean diameters of RCA were 3.80±0.71 mm in the beginning and 3.12±0.49 mm in the end, just before it branches into PIA. The diameter of the RCA is bigger in its origin than in its end (p<0.001). The mean length of the PIA was found to be 54.52±5.18 mm. The mean diameters of the PIA were 2.46±0.69 mm in the origin, 2.27±0.66 mm in the first third, 2.06±0.59 mm in the second third, and 1.84±0.56 mm in the last third. The diameters of PIA were bigger in the first and in the second thirds compared to the third one (p=0.007 and p<0.001, respectively). In addition, 95.7% of the analyzed hearts were right dominants. Conclusion: there is a major right dominance with largest diameter in the initial slice of RCA and PIA compared to the final segment. This knowledge contributes to the management of coronary diseases in these vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: occipital condyles are anatomical structures that integrate the craniovertebral junction, a region predisposed to a series of traumatic, degenerative and neoplastic diseases. Understanding the morphometry and morphology of this structure is essential for a safe and effective surgical treatment of lesions in this region. Material and Methods: the present study has analyzed 128 dry adult human skulls. Genders were classified based on morphological features. A digital caliper was used to measure the following morphometric variables of the occipital condyles: length and width of the occipital condyles (OCL and OCW), anterior and posterior intercondylar distances (AID and PID) between the anterior and posterior tips of the occipital condyles, and the distance from the basion to the opisthions (BOD). Student's t-test was applied to evaluate statistical difference between sexes on each side, using GraphPad Prism® for Windows version 6.0. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: six types of condyles were identified in the population studied. Type 1 was predominant in the specimens. The right and left OCL measurements were higher in males, while OCW was higher in males only on the right side. Regarding the AID and PID and BOD measurements, there was no significant difference between genders. Conclusion: the anatomical findings in this study can be useful and serve as a reference database to guide professionals, especially from northeastern Brazil, who will deal with approaches in this region, facilitating and reducing the chances of unforeseen events during surgical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: introduction: The mentual foramen gives passage to the mentual nerves and vessels, while the accessory mentual foramen is an anatomical variation, giving passage to the accessory mentual nerve. Injuries to these nerves are frequent complications in surgical practice. Objectives: the aim of this study is to morphologically analyze the mentual and accessory mentual foramen in a population in Northeast Brazil. Methodology: the sample consisted of 91 mandibles from northeast Brazil. The mentual foramen was categorized into seven subtypes according to its topographical position. Linear measurements were performed in different points of the mandible, taking as reference the mentual and accessory mentual foramen. Laterality and dentition were taken into account. Results: The position of the mentual foramen below the second premolar was the most frequent. Eleven mandibles (12.1%) had accessory mentual foramen. Differences were found in the distances from the mentual foramen to the lower margin of the dentate (0.031) and edentulous mandibles (p = 0.009) and from the mentual foramen to the posterior margin of the ramus of the mandibles (p = 0.0014). Comparing the dentate and edentulous mandibles, there was a difference in the distance from the mentual foramen to the alveolar crest, on both sides (p=0.0001). Conclusion: the data obtained may be relevant for more effective surgical planning, especially in individuals from northeastern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New specimens and the reassessment of many silesaurids have recently shed light on the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs and their close relatives. Yet, the group is relatively poorly represented in South America, an area that likely played an important role in dinosaurian origins. Since the discovery of Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Norian Caturrita Formation, only the fragmentary Gamatavus antiquus and Amanasaurus nesbitti have been reported from the Triassic of south Brazil. Here we describe disarticulated silesaurid remains from Waldsanga, one of the most important tetrapod-bearing localities of the Santa Maria Formation, which represent the second Carnian occurrence of the group in Brazil. The postcranial elements exhibit a combination of dinosauromorph symplesiomorphies and silesaurid diagnostic traits, showing that a conservative anatomy is pervasive among early dinosauromorphs. We also conducted a set of exploratory analyses to infer the phylogenetic relations of the new occurrence and the robustness of some of the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses in face of the increasing diversity of Silesauridae. This revealed a rather uncertain evolutionary scenario not only for Silesauridae, but for early dinosauromorphs in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the poorly known and critically endangered ghost knifefish Tembeassu is described from the upper Paraná and Araguari rivers, Brazil, using external anatomy and X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT scan). Tembeassu titanicus sp. nov. is distinguished from its sole congener, T. marauna, by a unique set of morphometric and meristic characters, in addition to the absence of a tooth patch at the anterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity and the external corner of the mouth slightly passing the vertical through the posterior margin of the posterior nare. To test the monophyly of Tembeassu and reassess its phylogenetic position, a total-evidence approach was performed through a Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-parsimony analysis (MP). Our results indicate that Tembeassu is monophyletic and the sister taxon of a clade formed by Apteronotus s.s., Megadontognathus, and Parapteronotus (BI); or as part of a large polytomy at the base of Apteronotidae (MP). Species of Tembeassu co-occur in the Paraná River basin, and the absence of the patch of accessory teeth in T. titanicus sp. nov. may indicate that this species accesses a different food resource, and also putatively occupies a different habitat than T. marauna. Comments on the evolution of the mandibular lobe in Gymnotiformes, dentition pattern in Tembeassu, and apteronotid diversity in the Paraná River are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchoviella cayennensis (Puyo, 1945) is a relatively small‐sized, coastal and estuarine western Atlantic species of anchovy distributed from Suriname to southeastern Brazil. The species is morphologically similar to Anchoviella perfasciata (Poey, 1860) from the Central and western North Atlantic, and it has been suggested in the literature that both are actually synonyms. The recently described Anchoviella sanfranciscana (Barbosa et al., 2017) was reported as endemic to the estuary of the São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil. Most characters proposed as diagnostic for A. sanfranciscana in the description are, however, similar to the ones reported for A. cayennensis and A. perfasciata. To determine the complex taxonomic scenario involving the three species, 24 morphometric and 13 meristic characters of 171 specimens tentatively identified as A. perfasciata (including the holotype) and A. cayennensis from the Central and South Atlantic in addition to the holotype and 19 paratypes of A. sanfranciscana (total: 191 specimens) were analysed. The PCAs of morphometric characters indicate the existence of two groups, which are recognized as A. perfasciata and A. cayennensis, with A. sanfranciscana proposed as a junior synonym of the later. Further evidence from gill arch dentition also indicates that A. perfasciata and A. cayennensis are distinct valid species. A redescription of A. cayennensis is presented, with a neotype proposed for the species. Confirmation of the identity of specimens attributed to A. cayennensis indicates that its southern limit of distribution is in the Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. An updated taxonomic key for the estuarine and coastal Atlantic species of Anchoviella is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint between the mandibular condyles, the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. TMJ has been described as a "bicondylar" joint, a term that in current literature is used in multiple and dissimilar contexts. We present a scoping review of the term "bicondylar" as a descriptive term for TMJ in the scientific literature of the last 5 years. After selection according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected for further analysis. The countries with the most publications were Brazil, India and Turkey with 3 articles each. Seven articles (29.17 %) were published by Spanish-speaking authors, six of these written in Spanish. Regarding the use of the term "bicondylar", 50 % of the articles referred to this term but did not explain it; 25 % cited this term to refer to the location in the left and right mandibular condyles; and 25 % the articles use the term and explain it according to the morphology of the articular surfaces. Discrepancies were also detected regarding as to how to consider TMJ: 54.17 % considered that TMJ is a single joint between a single bone (the jaw) and two bones of the cranium, while 45.83 % considered that TMJ are actually two different TMJs that work at the same time. We suggest discussing the appropriate use of the term "bicondylar" to avoid confusion and to be able to adapt and satisfy the needs of both anatomists and clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify and measure the distance from the dental apices to the mandibular (MC) and mandibular incisive (MIC) canals, the diameter of the MC and the distances of the mental foramen (MF)., Methods: In this retrospective study, cone-beam computed tomography scans of 144 adult patients (males and females) from a dental school in South Brazil were evaluated. Cross-sections were selected on the MC and the MIC paths, perpendicular to the mandibular base, and measurements were taken from the dental apices to the mandibular cortices. The measurement and location of the mandibular and mental foramen on both sides were compared. Paired t-tests compared sides, while Student's t-tests compared sexes (P < 0.05)., Results: The distance from the dental apices to the upper wall of the MC was closest in the third molar and farthest in the central incisor region. In both sexes and sides, the path of the MC is in most cases lingually in the molar regions and moves to the buccal region from the second premolar. The MF emerges in the regions between the premolars or near the second premolar., Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of evaluating specific individual characteristics of a given population.

The International Student Assessment Program showed that Brazilian students have significant reading, mathematics, and science deficits. Neuroscience has the nervous system as its object of study, and recent discoveries can impact the cognitive capacity of the population. The project "Neuroscience Pills for a Better Brain: Teaching Neuroanatomy and Learning/Memory in Divinópolis-MG" was developed to disseminate neurosciences to the community. The action proposed was developed by students in the health area of the Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste, in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The objective of the article was to report the experience of the project from 2016 to 2020. Schoolchildren, pre-university preparatory courses, university students, teachers, and the general population participated in theoretical and practical meetings, and they could discuss brain anatomy and function, focusing on memory and learning mechanisms. The impact of sleep quality, food, physical activity, stress reduction, and other topics was discussed in about seventy extension actions in schools, public squares, and academic events. Interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality guided the approach to the themes chosen in the actions. The dialogue with the community positively impacted academics and possibly promoted social transformation by empowering the population regarding healthy choices about the brain. The awareness of the social role of the educated citizen in the face the challenges of education in the country motivated the action and allowed the return of the public university to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon is under threat due to an unprecedented attack on environmental legislation. The municipality of Manicoré, Brazil, is an example of how the weakening of laws affect the conservation of biodiversity in the region. Manicoré is characterized as a scientifically understudied area, with high biodiversity potential and is likely to contain many species not yet described. Recently, 801 species of angiosperms were listed for this municipality, and during the collection expeditions it was possible to verify the effects of the weakening of environmental policies and laws. In this work, we show how a set of local actions can affect the balance of power and economic exploitation in a region in the Amazon. The examples we highlight here help to understand the entire current context of conservation in the Amazon, as we dissect the details of the political dynamics that weaken the biodiversity protection network and accelerate the exploitation of natural resources in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the current study were to analyze a kick from 10 m in a futsal context and the parameters of muscular strength using an isokinetic dynamometer in a laboratory environment, performed with the dominant (DL) and nondominant lower limbs (NDL). Seventeen professional elite players participated. Kicking performance was evaluated from the second penalty mark. Next, athletes completed a strength evaluation with an isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60°⋅s-1, 180°⋅s-1, and 300°⋅s-1. Significant differences were observed for hip (15.64 ± 3.44; 13.97 ± 2.62), ankle (63.19 ± 8.90; 52.55 ± 8.72), foot (82.31 ± 7.93; 68.41 ± 7.85), and ball (99.74 ± 8.45; 88.31 ± 7.93) speeds (km⋅h-1), and average power at 180°-s-1 (325.59 ± 40.47; 315.79 ± 39.49 W), but not for accuracy (1.33 ± 0.57; 1.66 ± 0.77 m) between the DL and NDL, respectively. Few moderate correlations were observed in the DL (r = .54-64) or NDL (r = .53-.55) between the kinematic variables of kick and muscular strength parameters (P < .05). We conclude that highly trained players present asymmetries in kicking motion; however, the imbalance in muscular strength is very small. We recommend that specific court tests be conducted to reliably characterize kicking performance in futsal. Success in kicking seems to be too variable and complex to be totally predicted only by joints, foot and ball speed, and lower limb muscular strength parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants in seasonally dry forests, such as the Caatinga in Brazil, possess adaptive characteristics to endure prolonged periods of drought and intense sunlight. However, few studies have delved into understanding, as proposed here, the convergence of these traits based on morphoanatomical features. Therefore, based on a systematic review, we investigated the morphoanatomical traits of Caatinga plant's leaves in terms of their occurrence and frequency among species, as well as their combinations. This review encompasses data from 69 species distributed across 24 botanical families, with 13 species exclusive to the Caatinga. Through this review, we present the most common morphoanatomical leaf traits of Caatinga plants, discussing their functional significance in dry forests. Traits such as uniseriate epidermis, tector trichomes, amphistomatia, dorsiventral mesophyll and crystals were the most prevalent. Additionally, traits not typically described as advantageous for semi-arid regions, such as stomata at the same level and/or above common epidermal cells, were identified. Our review unveils the significant sharing of morphoanatomical leaf characteristics among Caatinga plants, with the observation of three clusters associated with these traits, composed of subshrub, shrub, arboreal and/or herbaceous species. The shared traits underscore the evolutionary association between traits and the environment. Finally, this comprehensive overview of these traits allows us to understand the dynamics of Caatinga plants and serves as a foundation for future analyses of the varying vulnerability of plants within each cluster to climate change. • Multiple morphoanatomical traits structure adaptations to light and water stress for Caatinga plants. • Uniseriate epidermis, tector trichomes, amphistomatia, dorsiventral mesophyll and crystals were the most frequent foliar traits among species. • Three clusters were reported with combinations of traits that reflect contrasting strategies of woody and herbaceous species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first Brazilian Veterinary Medicine course in 1910, many curricular changes have taken place. The pedagogical project have been centered on the student as a subject of learning and supported by the professors as a critical mediator of this process and the pandemic of COVID-19 accelerated this change. Many professors have taught video lessons to ensure continuity of teaching, research and extension, even at a distance. This paper, therefore, aims at reporting the development of animal anatomy didactic contents applied on online platforms in Portuguese language. To this, eight researches were developed addressing the teaching-learning of Morphological Sciences contents to be incorporated into distance education platforms that focused canine and feline anatomy, the study of neuroanatomy in the ovine, bovine, equine and primate species and the surgical anatomy of the locomotor apparatus of the equine specie. Thus, virtual teaching-learning platform can help, as a complementary tool to face-to-face classes, in obtaining the skills, abilities and attitudes required for the training of veterinary students in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the superficial veins of the lower limbs, usually used as an autograft for arterial bypass surgery, can be affected by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and complications such as thrombosis, ulcers and thromboembolism. In addition to full knowledge of the anatomy, it is essential to consider anatomical variations and their clinical and surgical implications. Case Report: this paper presents the atypical pattern of superficial veins in the right lower limb during the dissection of the intact formaldehyde-preserved cadaver of an adult man from Brazil. The great saphenous vein (GSV) extension does not course in a single trunk, but as an anastomotic network connected with the small saphenous vein (SSV). The elongated aspect of anterior cutaneous femoral vein (ACFV) which runs in the interfascial compartment from the knee to the right femoral triangle. Review: a literature review on aspects related to the unusual path of superficial venous drainage of the lower limbs was carried out using the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms: "Saphenous Vein" AND "embryology", "Saphenous Vein" AND "Anatomic Variation". Conclusion: these morphological findings must be taken into account by clinicians because of the possible physiopathological implications of anatomical remodeling, flow by-passing and structural modifications related to variation of these veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the foramen venosum (FV) is located in the larger wing of the sphenoid bone and allows the passage of emissary veins that help to balance the intra and extracranial pressure. Knowledge of its morphology and associated structures has an important surgical value. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the morphology of FV and its relation to adjacent foramina in Northeast Brazil. This study was conducted using a total of 117 human adult skulls of Federal University of Paraíba were classified by gender, FV type and laterality, being evaluated the diameter of FV, foramen ovale (FO) and foramen spinosum (FS), as well as the distance of FO and FS to FV (DFVFO and DFVFS). Values of p≤0.05 were considered significant. Out of the 117 analyzed skulls, 52 (44.4%) skulls (65 sides, 29 on the right and 36 on the left) presented FV, being 63.46% females and 36.53% males. 33.3% of FV were unilateral and 11.1% were bilateral. The FV were mostly oval (50.7%) and round (49.3%) types. Mean diameter of FV was 3.56±0.7mm, FO 7.88±1.16mm, FS 4.01±0.39mm, DFVFO 8.18±1.09mm and DFVFS was 14.54±1.68mm. Only FO (p=0.009) and FS (p=0.001) had significant differences between genres, and DFVFO had among sides (p=0.021). FV has a high prevalence in Northeast Brazil, predominantly in women on the left side with oval and round types. Its relation with other foramina showed differences among genres and sides. This shows the relevance of the FV study to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]