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The present paper deals with the semantic features of three Hungarian neologisms (becéloz, betámad, bevállal), and analyzes their semantic structures with the help of the Conceptual Integration Theory (Blending Theory). The words analyzed are verbs that have been used with the prefix be in recent years, although they are wellestablished with other prefix(es). As be is one of the oldest Hungarian prefixes, it has likely gained new function(s) in these cases. To substantiate this claim, data was gathered from two questionnaires (in 2010 and in 2014), and informants' answers concerning meaning and style were analyzed. These data can help the survey in other fields too: firstly, they can help model the processes of understanding (or misunderstanding) of these neologisms, secondly, they can help model the semantic structures of the verbs within the framework of Blending Theory. Thirdly, these data can help indicate language use at a given point in time, from a synchronic viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of echo-pairs in Hungarian. Echo-pairs are formed by duplicating a base with an altered initial consonant and have diminutive, playful, or intimate connotations (e.g., cica [t͡sit͡sɒ] "cat" → cica-mica [t͡sit͡sɒ-mit͡sɒ] "cat. dim "). Echo-pairs are commonly seen as an example of extra-grammatical morphology in the literature. Our goal in looking at this phenomenon is to gain a better understanding of the morphological mechanisms underlying extra-grammatical phenomena and shed new light on the distinction between plain and extra-grammatical morphology. We analyze data from (a) a collection of echo-pairs extracted from a large corpus of online texts and (b) a large-scale online nonce-word experiment with close to 1,500 participants. Our results reveal two key phonological patterns in the data and some additional systematic variation across words and experimental stimuli. We compare two different models of morphology, the Minimal Generalization Learner and the Generalized Context Model, in terms of their ability to capture this variation. We find that echo-pair formation is best captured by lexicon-oriented models such as the Generalized Context Model, but only when they rely on a structured similarity metric that encodes broader generalizations about the data. Our results do not support a clear-cut distinction between extra-grammatical and plain morphological processes, and we suggest that some of the peculiar characteristics of extra-grammatical phenomena such as echo-pair formation may simply follow from their special function and the limited set of contexts in which they appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how income poverty is affected by changes to the scale of tax-benefit policies and which are the most cost-effective policies in reducing poverty or limiting its increase in seven diverse EU countries. We do that by measuring the implications of increasing/reducing the scale of each policy instrument, using microsimulation methods while holding constant the policy design and national context. We consider commonly applied policy instruments with a direct effect on household income: child benefits, social assistance, income tax lower thresholds and a benchmark case of rescaling the whole tax-benefit system. We find that the assessment of the most cost-effective instrument may depend on the measure of poverty used and the direction and scale of the change. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the options that reduce poverty most cost-effectively in most countries are increasing child benefits and social assistance, while reducing the former is a particularly poverty-increasing way of making budgetary cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we outline an important statement on the spatial location of phenomena, also called the first law of geography with opportunities of analysis following from the statement. We do not wish to take a stand in the debate but locate our homeland through the examination of the immigrants' regional position. In the f irst part of our paper we tried to model the s imilarity in the general a rea of the immigrants to Hungary and to classify them. We showed that there is a positive trend in spatial autocorrelation, so they are beginning to emerge in sub-regional groups with the same number of immigrants. In the second part the quantification of spatial autocorrelation and spatial display has been analyzed through one of the most commonly used method, Luc Anselin's Moran Local I. This allowed us to clearly distinguish the differences between migrant groups, their geographical location, as well as the core processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An Agreement of Cooperation was concluded in 2008 on the setting up of an Energy Security Centre amongst the Hungarian Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Transport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Office for Research and Technology and the Prime Minister''s Office. This paper summarizes the findings for the setting up of the Centre and creating the necessary conditions required for its operation. The main idea is that qualitatively new conditions to facilitate effective problem solving to meet the demands of mankind for energy are needed. The key part of this work is the creation of the structures of a global problem solving network. It will function as a network of energy security knowledge centres (KC). A number of KC with different specialisation will be built on these structures, resulting in a global network with new synergies, which will in return foster the development of new capabilities and the emergence of new way of thinking. The paper discusses the results related to the application of a global approach to energy security and points out the necessity of regarding energy security and environmental protection as integral parts of the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the paper, based on three case-studies, an overview is provided on the application of air pollution transmission modellings based on the Hungarian Standards. Besides mathematical models, some computational experiments and the 2D-visualizations of the results by maps are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimization model for biogas power plant feedstock mixture with respect to feedstock and transportation costs using a differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is presented. A mathematical model and an optimization problem are presented. The proposed model introduces an optimal mixture of different feedstock combinations in a biogas power plant and informs about the maximal transportation distance for each feedstock before being unprofitable. In the case study, the proposed model is applied to five most commonly used feedstock in biogas power plants in Croatia and Hungary. The research is performed for a situation when the biogas power plant is not owned by the farm owner but by a third party. An optimization procedure is performed for each scenario with a cost of methane production that does not exceed 0.75 EUR/m3 in 1 MWe biogas power plant. The results show the needed yearly amounts and the maximum transportation distance of each feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, and thus resistance to this antibiotic is a major cause of treatment failure. Here, we present the results of a retrospective observational study of clarithromycin resistance (Cla-res) in 4744 H. pylori-infected patients from Central Hungary. We use immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization on fixed gastric tissue samples to determine H. pylori infection and to infer Cla-res status, respectively. We correlate this information with macrolide dispensing data for the same patients (available through a prescription database) and develop a mathematical model of the population dynamics of Cla-res H. pylori infections. Cla-res is found in 5.5% of macrolide-naive patients (primary Cla-res), with no significant sex difference. The model predicts that this primary Cla-res originates from transmission of resistant bacteria in 98.7% of cases, and derives from spontaneous mutations in the other 1.3%. We find an age-dependent preponderance of female patients among secondary (macrolide-exposed) clarithromycin-resistant infections, predominantly associated with prior use of macrolides for non-eradication purposes. Our results shed light into the sources of primary resistant cases, and indicate that the growth rate of Cla-res prevalence would likely decrease if macrolides were no longer used for purposes other than H. pylori eradication. Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, Kocsmár et al. study clarithromycin resistance and previous macrolide consumption in 4,744 H. pylori-infected patients, shedding light into the sources of primary resistant cases and the role played by prior consumption of macrolides for non-eradication purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phenomenological (termohydraulic-neutronic) model is presented in this paper. It allows the description of the temperature fluctuation field propagation in a PWR. In the model it is considered some different kinds of noise sources, but the related to temperature fluctuation has been considered as the dominant one. Possibilities for parameter estimation application of the model are discussed in details. One expression for temperature reactivity coefficient estimation --parameter related to the safe work of the reactor-- has been obtained and commented. The reported results from the model, has been compared with noise measurements performed in 1986-1987 at the second unit of Paks nuclear power plant in Hungary. The good agreements of results validated the developed model. The described method can lye applied to on-line monitoring of this parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to alleviate child poverty, contemporary European welfare states have shifted their focus increasingly towards child-centred investment strategies. However, studies examining the generosity of welfare states to families with children focus mainly on cash benefit packages, or on government expenditure, while not taking into account the actual out-of-pocket costs families have to make to fulfil their needs. This article aims at contributing to existing studies by: (1) empirically assessing the needs and costs of children across welfare states by making use of cross-nationally comparable reference budgets, while taking into account publicly provided or subsidised services; (2) simulating the cash benefits and taxes that affect households with children through the tax–benefit system, by making use of the new Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT) in EUROMOD; and (3) combining both types of information in order to compare the essential out-of-pocket costs for children between 6 and 18 years old with the simulated cash benefit packages. We propose a new indicator that can be used to assess welfare state generosity to families with children: the child cost compensation indicator. The use of the indicator is empirically illustrated by comparing six European welfare states: Belgium, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain. The article shows that, even though with important cross-national variation, cash transfers generally amount to less than 60 percent of the cost of children. Although in five out of six countries support for families is higher at the lower end of the income distribution, for households living on a low gross wage, the income of a family with children is less adequate compared to a similar childless family and is in many cases insufficient to participate adequately in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and how do social movements form to mobilize action across national boundaries? In the context of the 2015 movement to support Syrian refugees, we develop an integrative model of transnational social movement formation shaped by pre‐existing world‐views (social dominance orientation and right‐wing authoritarianism) and social media exposure to iconic events, resulting in an emergent group consciousness ("we are", "we believe", "we feel"). Group consciousness is, in turn, the proximal predictor of solidarity with refugees. Participants were from six countries: Hungary (N = 267), Romania (N = 163), Germany (N = 190), the United Kingdom (N = 159), the United States (N = 244) and Australia (N = 344). Multi‐group structural equation models confirmed that group consciousness, shaped by individual differences and exposure to events through social media, was the proximal predictor of solidarity. The subjective meaning of group consciousness varied across samples, reflecting national differences. Results support the importance of considering individual and national differences, and group processes in understanding emergent social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several empirical models aimed at describing human mobility have been proposed in the past. Most of them are based on an unjustified analogy, with a focus on gravity and physical vector or scalar fields. Recently, however, statistical physicists introduced a new category of models that are theoretically motivated by a few simple and reasonable socioeconomic assumptions. The Radiation Model (Simini et al. 2012) and the Radiation Model with Selection (Simini-Maritan-Néda 2013) are such successful approaches. Here, we introduce a new version of the radiation model, the Travel Cost Optimized Radiation Model, and test its applicability for describing the commuting patterns in Hungary. We compare critically the performance of this model with the results of the previous radiation type models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The skill of the land surface model HTESSEL is assessed to reproduce evaporation in response to land surface characteristics and atmospheric forcing, both being spatially variable. Evaporation estimates for the 2005 growing season are inferred from satellite observations of the Western part of Hungary and compared to model outcomes. Atmospheric forcings are obtained from a hindcast run with the Regional Climate Model RACMO2. Although HTESSEL slightly underpredicts the seasonal evaporative fraction as compared to satellite estimates, the mean, 10th and 90th percentile of this variable are of the same magnitude as the satellite observations. The initial water as stored in the soil and snow layer does not have a significant effect on the statistical properties of the evaporative fraction. However, the spatial distribution of the initial soil and snow water significantly affects the spatial distribution of the calculated evaporative fraction and the models ability to reproduce evaporation correctly in low precipitation areas in the considered region. HTESSEL performs weaker in dryer areas. In Western Hungary these areas are situated in the Danube valley, which is partly covered by irrigated cropland and which also may be affected by shallow groundwater. Incorporating (lateral) groundwater flow and irrigation, processes that are not included now, may improve HTESSELs ability to predict evaporation correctly. Evaluation of the model skills using other test areas and larger evaluation periods is needed to confirm the results. Based on earlier sensitivity analysis, the effect of a number of modifications to HTESSEL has been assessed. A more physically based reduction function for dry soils has been introduced, the soil depth is made variable and the effect of swallow groundwater included. However, the combined modification does not lead to a significantly improved performance of HTESSEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a diagnostic study regarding the effects of the lateral boundary conditions to the operations of the REMO 5.0 regional climate model (RCM) in Carpathian Basin, Hungary. Researchers have cited the simulation of the REMO 5.0 RCM from 1961 up to 2000. They conducted an assessment on the impact of the lateral boundary conditions in relation to the REMO model's operations. The re-evaluation of the RCM simulation is also noted.