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Professional societies (ProSs) are instrumental in shaping science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) cultural norms. Existing legacy structures designed to serve majority groups and constructed in service of dominant norms and values present a clear obstacle to attracting, retaining, and serving minoritized STEM professionals, such as women, particularly women with additional intersecting marginalized statuses (Solebello et al., 2016). In this perspective article, we in the Amplifying the Alliance to Catalyze Change for Equity in STEM Success project, known as ACCESS+, explain our development of an adapted diversity, equity, and inclusion assessment tool. ACCESS+ is an NSF ADVANCE Partnership that is adapting a pre-existing tool known as the Diversity and Inclusion Progression Framework, which was developed in the United Kingdom jointly by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Science Council (2021). As with the original version, the purpose of the U.S. adaptation--the Equity Environmental Scanning Tool, or EEST--is to provide STEM ProSs with a way to benchmark their diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts, discern areas of organizational strength, and identify foci for organizational remediation. In this piece, we share background information for EEST refinement, including content adaptations and structural changes.

For many years the co-operative education program at Madison Park Technical Vocational High School in Boston has fallen short of supporters' hopes for it. The number of students it placed in paid jobs with local employers was often below that of co-op programs at other career vocational technical education (CVTE) schools and mostly focused on three or four of Madison Park's 20 industry disciplines. Much of the reason for the disappointing performance has been attributed to struggles the school has endured during the last decade, by now a well-worn story. In 2016 Madison Park was designated a Level 4 school by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), earning an "underperforming" label. Accordingly, school officials created a turnaround plan that they began implementing in June of that year. The co-operative education program, in which students receive hands-on training while being paid, is showing positive signs. The number of students working co-op jobs, though still well behind other regional voc-tech schools, has grown. But can Madison Park notch a win beyond its own walls? More specifically, can it play a larger role in creating educational and economic opportunity in Boston by supplying needed skilled labor for Boston-based businesses? State officials forecast thousands of job opportunities during the next eight years for workers who have the skills and education to do the job. Will the school created to train those workers fulfill its promise? This is the second of two papers by Pioneer Institute about the recovery effort at Madison Park. The first report, published in September of this year, examined the turnaround plan and reported on its progress as judged by the 10-year review of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. This paper looks at the school's co-operative education program because of its important place within the curriculum and the potential it holds. The paper draws on interviews with school officials, state employment data and other CVTE educators and advocates. [For the first report, "Madison Park Technical Vocational High School Turnaround Update. White Paper No. 215," see ED607841.]

Holistic student learning has been a hallmark of U.S. higher education since the early 20th Century when the American Council on Education (ACE) published the "Student Personnel Point of View" (SPPV) in 1937, reaffirming time and again that learning happens both inside and outside of the classroom. To consider students' holistic development, various scholars and organizations have developed learning taxonomies and learning outcome frameworks. The Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (CAS) provides tools and resources to guide the development of holistic learning and development outcomes that employers and higher education professionals wish to see in college graduates. CAS consists of a consortium of experts from various areas of higher education engaged in developing standards for professional practice as well as resources for self-assessment for functional areas of student support in higher education. Based in holistic learning and incorporating 47 functional areas involved in student learning and development, the CAS Standards serve as a validated, reliable resource in this data-driven, accountability-focused higher education environment. CAS Standards align with multiple other learning frameworks, are endorsed by higher education organizations and associations, and have multiple uses in research, evaluation, and assessment of student engagement, learning, and development. This paper explores how the CAS learning domains and dimensions can be used to identify and achieve various division-level or functional unit goals, to advance self-assessment, and to inform institutional effectiveness.

This article develops and tests an identity-based account of malfeasance in consumer markets. It is hypothesized that multi-brand organizational structures help predatory firms short-circuit reputational discipline by rendering their underlying identities opaque to consumer audiences. The analysis utilizes comprehensive administrative data on all for-profit U.S. colleges, an industry characterized by widespread fraud and poor (though variable) educational outcomes. Consistent with the hypothesis that brand differentiation facilitates malfeasance by reducing ex ante reputational risks, colleges which are part of multi-brand companies invest less in instruction, have worse student outcomes, and are more likely to face legal and regulatory sanctions (relative to single-brand firms). Maintaining multiple outward-facing brand identities also mitigates reputational penalties in the wake of law enforcement actions, as measured by news coverage of the legal action, and by subsequent enrollment growth. The results suggest that identity multiplicity plays a key role in allowing firms to persist in furnishing sub-standard products, even amid frequent scandals and media scrutiny. Predatory practices are facilitated not only from the inherent informational asymmetries in a given product, but also from firms' efforts to make themselves less legible to audiences. The analysis contributes to research on higher education, organizational theory, and the sociology of markets. [Additional funding for this research was provided by the University of California.]

Effective education at the tertiary level is one of the key conditions for the development of modern economies; it also has a substantial impact on social development. Nowadays, higher education institutions all over the world are facing numerous challenges, some of them global (e.g. funding), others local (e.g. demographic trends). Universities are seeking new ways of dealing with the challenges; however, they often resort to methods that seem to do more harm than good by moving the emphasis from long-term objectives to short-term ones. In marketing literature, a new concept of Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) is proposed as an alternative approach to traditional and outdated marketing theories applied to the higher education sector. Its foundational premise of value co-creation seems to be of particular relevance here as it assumes that various groups of actors jointly create the academic experience. This paper focuses on the higher education sector in Poland and investigates the attitudes of Polish students towards value co-creation and their consequences for the academic experience. The study leads to the identification of value co-creation styles among students reflected by five segments: Maximalists, Minimalists, the Scrupulous, the Networking-Oriented and the Intellectuals and presents their detailed characteristics.

Recent research suggests that the use of student search services is an effective part of a college's student marketing and recruitment strategy. What is not clear, however, is whether participating in a search service is an effective part of a student's college search strategy. To address this question, we exploit a recent change in the choice architecture that structures students' decision to participate in ACT's Educational Opportunity Service (EOS) in order to make a causal inference about the benefit to the student of opting into a search service. We hypothesized that students who had opted into EOS unintentionally sent scores to more colleges than students who opted out. Indeed, we found that unintentional opt-in was associated with an 8% increase in the odds of sending scores to any colleges, and for students who sent scores, unintentional EOS opt-in was associated with a 1.1 increase in the number of colleges to which scores were sent. Results of this study support the hypothesis that EOS opt-in may indeed be an effective part of a student's college search strategy.

Recent changes to the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) require a state's child care market price survey to: (1) be statistically valid and reliable and (2) reflect variations in the cost of child care services by geographic area, type of provider, and age of child. States may use an alternative methodology for setting payment rates--such as a cost estimation model--to take into account the cost of meeting quality requirements. This brief provides an overview on how states can adapt to meet these new requirements and also align price surveys to better support efforts to improve the access that children have to high-quality early learning programs.

This white paper was prepared at the request of the Advisory Committee to the Athletic Study Center as a result of their concern over poor graduation rates in football as released by the NCAA in 2012. The paper received extensive review by the members of that committee as well as several other knowledgeable faculty and senior administrators before it was forwarded to the University Athletics Board in late May, 2013. It is based on a larger project being conducted with the Regional Oral History Office at the Bancroft Library. The purpose of the research is to explore the history of the management of Intercollegiate Athletics at UC Berkeley from the 1960s to the present. The project began in 2009 and will include, when completed, approximately 70 oral history interviews of individuals who played key roles in the management of intercollegiate athletics over that period of time--Chancellors, Athletic Directors, senior administrators, Faculty Athletic Representatives, other key faculty members, directors of the Recreational Sports Program, alumni/donors, administrators in the Athletic Study Center and others. The interviews were conducted by John Cummins, Associate Chancellor-Chief of Staff, Emeritus who worked under Chancellors Heyman, Tien, Berdahl and Birgeneau from 1984-2008. Intercollegiate Athletics reported to him from 2004-2006. A publication of the results is underway and will be co-authored by Cummins and Kirsten Hextrum, a PhD student in the Graduate School of Education, a member and two-time national champion of Cal Women's Crew from 2003-2007, and a tutor/adviser in the Athletic Study Center since 2009. This paper addresses administrative and management issues that typically concern those responsible for the conduct of a Division I-A intercollegiate athletics program. It assumes that such a program will continue for many years to come and that it provides important benefits for the Cal community. Its focus is principally with the market driven, multi-billion dollar phenomenon of the big-time sports of Men's football and basketball, their development over time and their intersection with the academic world. The Olympic or non-revenue sports at UC Berkeley more closely resemble the amateur intercollegiate ideal with high graduation rates and successful programs. Even these sports programs, however, are gradually being pulled into the more highly commercialized model. Appended are: (1) Federal Graduation Rates for the Entering Cohorts 1999-2005; (2) Timeline of the History of Intercollegiate Athletics; and (3) Executive Summary.

A student assignment designed for a business French course is described. The assignment, a student research paper, is intended to promote both active learning and integration of skills. It is short and completed early in the course. Students are assigned topics and must research, organize, and summarize in French. It is expected that each student will produce multiple drafts, with teacher supervision; only the final draft is graded. The paper is allotted 20 percent of the course grade. A copy of each paper is distributed to all students so they may use them as personal resources. Potential topics and topic areas include possible careers and job opportunities, the general importance of French language to business, job search methods and job interviews, further educational opportunities, and original topics based on business-related events or processes. Other related activities that can be used in the classroom include proficiency-oriented exercises, use of authentic French documents, and role-playing. Students are encouraged to invite visitors they have met during their research. Contacts with French firms may also result in internship opportunities. The research paper assignment handout, which includes notes on 13 potential topics, is appended. Contains 75 references and 14 notes. (MSE)

Europe faces an increase in the age of its natural population and a reduction in available labour force. The retirement of a highly qualified workforce, alongside a rise in demand for medium- and high-skilled workers, will likely result in labour shortages in several sectors and countries. The movement of qualified, third-country immigrants into the European Union is needed for economic recovery. Guidance services are to the fore in the reception of third-country immigrants; they provide fundamental career information and career management skills (CMS), empowering individuals to acquire autonomy in managing their career in a new country. This Cedefop study analyses guidance strategies to support labour market integration of immigrants. Its findings suggest the need for greater engagement by employers, trade unions and immigrant communities, as well assurance of appropriate practitioner training and improved marketing and communication strategies. The following are appended: (1) List of definitions; and (2) List of abbreviations. A bibliography is also included.

During the 2009-10 academic year international students generated more than $18.8 billion in net income into the US economy. California alone had nearly 100,000 international students with an economic impact of nearly $3.0 billion. In this paper, we outline a strategy for the San Francisco/Bay Area to double the number of international students enrolled in local colleges and universities in ten years or less, generating a total direct economic impact of an additional $1 billion a year into the regional economy. The US retains a huge market advantage for attracting foreign students. Within the US, the San Francisco/Bay Area is particularly attractive and could prevail as an extraordinary global talent magnet, if only policymakers and higher education leaders better understood this and formulated strategies to tap the global demand for higher education. Ultimately, all globalism is local. We propose that the San Francisco/Bay Area, a region with a group of stellar universities and colleges, should reimagine itself as a Global Higher Education Hub to meet national and regional economic needs, as well as the thirst of a growing world population for high-quality tertiary education. Other parts of the world have already developed their version of the higher education hub idea. The major difference in our proposed Californian version is that foreign competitors seek to attract foreign universities to help build enrollment and program capacity at home, and are funded almost solely by significant government subsidies. Our model builds capacity, but is focused on attracting the world's talent and generating additional income to existing public and private colleges and universities. Doubling international enrollment from 30,000 to 60,000 students in ten years or less will require expanding regional enrollment capacity as part of a strategy to ensure access to native students, and as part of a scheme to attract a new generation of faculty and researchers to the Bay Area and California. International students would need to pay higher then the full cost of their education, helping to subsidize domestic students and college and university programs. The result would be a San Francisco/Bay Area Global Higher Education Hub--a self-reinforcing knowledge ecosystem that is internationally attractive, socially beneficial, and economically viable. We offer a path for analyzing the feasibility of this Global Higher Education Hub, including the steps necessary to engage the private sector and local government to help create enrollment capacity and academic programs, a discussion of a financial model, possible marketing strategies, and for developing shared facilities and services. This initiative will require most Bay Area colleges and universities, including UC Berkeley and Stanford University, to collaborate. By providing a leadership role, Berkeley and Stanford would help brand the hub idea internationally, provide leadership in shaping direct and indirect economic returns of the SF/Bay area higher education hub, while also gaining from the increased international attractiveness of the region and the use of shared facilities. It is about the money. But it is also about establishing closer ties with the regional universities and colleges, business interests and local governments, enhancing the quality and reputation of our universities and colleges, building enrollment capacity for native students, integrating international perspectives into the activities and learning of students and faculty, and broadening the opportunity for international collaborations. It is about solidifying the Bay Area as a global talent magnet, one that is even more culturally diverse, even more innovative, and that continues to attract talent from throughout the world. We conclude the paper by suggesting that a regionally based knowledge hub would also be a viable strategy for a select group of other urban areas of the US. Appended are: (1) Examples of Higher Education Hubs; and (2) The Elements of a Hub Cost and Benefits Model. (Contains 7 tables, 5 figures and 37 endnotes.)

In this paper Peter Moss, a Professor of Early Childhood Provision at the University of London, challenges the hegemony of the market model in early childhood education and care. He shows how the market model embodies the values of neoliberalism and, drawing on the work of the Brazilian social theorist Roberto Unger, discusses "democratic experimentalism" as an alternative. The paper's aim is not to prove that one is superior or that these are the only two models available; rather, it is to show that alternatives to the market model exist, and that the questions raised by ECEC (early childhood education and care) are therefore ethical and political rather than merely technical. A bibliography is included. (Contains 17 footnotes.)

Using data obtained from interviews and program websites at Washington community and technical colleges, the authors of this study examine the structure of community college career-technical programs in allied health, business and marketing, computer and information studies, and mechanics and repair. A framework for structure with four dimensions--program alignment, program prescription, information quality, and active program advising and support--is used to evaluate the practices of relatively high- and low-performing colleges within each field of study. The authors reviewed the websites of all programs at high- and low-performing colleges in each of these fields of study and conducted case studies on individual programs from these fields, interviewing faculty, administrators, and counselors to learn more about the dimensions of structure in the programs. The allied health, computer and information science, and mechanics and repair programs were all found to be highly structured; the business and marketing programs were found to have a moderate level of structure. Overall, given that all of the programs were at least moderately structured, there was limited evidence of a connection between program structure and program performance. Appended are: (1) Site Selection Methodology; and (2) Coding Guidelines for Program Websites. (Contains 3 figures, 11 tables and 8 footnotes.)

Have you updated your Web site today? Is it possible that answering "yes" to this simple question is the key to the success of your marketing and recruiting efforts? In the current recruitment arena, the ability to update and maintain this one high-value asset (your Web site) might be the key to the potency of your institutional marketing effort. While e-mail, print, and other methods of interacting with students and parents remain vitally important, there's no question that college Web sites have taken center stage in the effort to convey key messages and engage prospective students. This paper discusses how colleges can use a content management system to keep their Web sites fresh, relevant, and engaging to students, while also promoting ownership and participation from multiple campus users.

Immigration pressures are increasing in most OECD countries. This paper investigates the consequences of immigration for natives' labour market outcomes, as well as issues linked to immigrants' integration in the host country labour market. Changes in the share of immigrants in the labour force may have a distributive impact on natives' wages, and a temporary impact on unemployment. However, labour market integration of immigrants (as well as integration of second-generation immigrants -- both in terms of educational attainments and of labour market outcomes) remains the main challenge facing host economies. In both cases, product and labour market policies have a significant role to play in easing the economy's adjustment to immigration. (Contains 53 footnotes, 8 figures, 2 boxes and 1 table.)

Gaps in early learning are starkly apparent among differing children even before they enter kindergarten. So, a rising number of states are trying to narrow initial achievement disparities by expanding access to quality preschool. At the same time, recent findings show that preschool is not a lasting inoculation: its benefits fade if children move from preschool to dreary elementary schools. So, efforts to advance quality preschooling, especially for children from poor and blue-collar families, will be more effective when the quality of public schools climbs in parallel fashion. Two states--New Jersey and Texas--offer laboratories for understanding how preschool and K-12 finance reforms can be interwoven over time and implemented in concert to raise quality at both levels. This study yields three sets of lessons for California and other states: (1) Advancing simple and equitable finance mechanisms; (2) Unifying mixed-markets of preschool providers; and (3) Widening access while improving quality. Overall, this study details how two large states are simplifying funding streams, progressively expanding access, and improving classroom quality. In New Jersey these efforts stem from a specific mandate by the state courts to equalize opportunity, and the preschool sector is a key part. In Texas pro-equity groups have succeeded in widening support for preschool expansion, and these policy efforts are becoming one element in long-running efforts to more adequately fund the schools. (Contains 3 tables, 4 figures, 1 box, and 79 endnotes.)

This paper presents the framework used in implementing "Marketing on the Web," an interdisciplinary course that integrates marketing and technology strategies, with an approach that is grounded in cognitive psychology and in constructionist theory. Though applied at the undergraduate level, the framework may be adapted to primary through graduate levels. The course is co-taught by two faculty: one from computer information systems (CIS) and one from marketing. Experimenting, creating, revising, discussing, publishing, and reflecting on works of their own, students are able to understand theory through action and experience the business value of technology through its application. Following discussion of the conceptual foundation, the instructional strategy is outlined, based on the five instructional principles suggested by Marzano and Reid et al. These include: Motivation: The Engagement Phase; Acquiring and Integrating Knowledge: The Exploration Phase; Extending and Refining Knowledge: The Transformation Phase; Using Knowledge Meaningfully: The Presentation Phase; and Productive Habits of Mind: The Reflection Phase. Contains 32 references. (AEF)

In spring 1998, the Arizona Department of Commerce's Office of Workforce Development Policy commissioned a statewide opinion poll to assess public attitudes toward the state's plan for economic development, as it is being implemented through the Governor's Strategic Partnership for Economic Development (GSPED). More than 2,000 Arizonans participated in the poll, including 600 parents, 600 businesses, 500 teachers, and 500 school administrators. "Brand name" recognition of GSPED was low. Levels of awareness of GSPED among the groups surveyed were as follows: school administrators, 23%; businesses, 14%; teachers, 13%; and parents, 7%. Although respondents who were aware of GSPED were significantly more likely to support it, 43% of "aware" businesses and 33% of "unaware" businesses indicated that GSPED smacks of government interference. It was concluded that the state should recruit increased private sector involvement in continuing efforts to link economic and work force development. Survey data were also analyzed by location (1,566 urban and 624 rural residents). Residency alone was not statistically significant; however, residency of specific constituent groups mattered. For example, rural parents expressed support for issues more frequently than urban parents, and urban educators took a stand, whereas rural educators more frequently responded "not sure." (MN)

This paper describes the initial analyses needed to help institutions of higher education plan majors in nursing and allied health as institutions look for new markets based on demographic and employment factors. Twelve variables were identified and weighted to describe an ideal recruitment market. Using a three-phase process, potential U.S. markets were identified and five were selected as having the highest potential for return. Twenty markets were identified based on inquiry, applicant, and matriculant data from 1993 through 1995 in combination with data on metropolitan areas with populations between 50,000 and 100,000. The next phase identified markets with a strong interest in allied health programs and a projected increase in high school graduates. The third phase included an identification of potential competition within each state on a program-by-program basis and an analysis student recruitment costs in each potential new market. The final analysis applied psychographic generalities to the still remaining markets. These facts included: the relative non-mobility of first-time college students; the role of socioeconomic background on student mobility; and regional differences in mobility. The final result identified five potential new markets: Lehigh Valley (Pennsylvania), Scranton (Pennsylvania), Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), Mercer County (New Jersey), and Baltimore (Maryland). (JLS)

"Creative business services" have grown rapidly in Great Britain and are important in terms of their impact on the economy, including their contribution to international trade. They have helped and been boosted by such business changes as privatization, spread of information technology (IT), and contracting out of services. The sectors of management consultancy, advertising, and market research are subject to considerable structural change and a blurring of boundaries between them. This generates pressure toward multi-skilling. The sectors contain major employers of highly skilled knowledge workers, and they address skills gaps by on-the-job training. Such training tends to be highly company-specific for consultancy, less so for advertising and market research. Consultancy and advertising firms attach relatively low importance to external accreditation of qualifications, but market research firms attach a higher importance. Growth in and professional take over of IT skills blurs boundaries between creative business services and IT. The Internet has a profound effect on the sectors, especially advertising. Market researchers increasingly use the Internet for fieldwork. The Internet revolution affects consultancy with an increasing market for specialist advice on how companies can use the Internet to transform their businesses. (Appendixes include lists of organizations and individuals contacted and 49 references.) (YLB)

In 1997-1999, the Department of Agriculture, Resource, and Managerial Economics of Cornell University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences conducted an entrepreneurship education and outreach program that was based on the Premier FastTrac Curriculum, which is a model delivery tool for entrepreneurship education. In 1997-1998, the program was actively promoted throughout New York. Of the approximately three dozen community entities that originally expressed interest in becoming licensed for FastTrac training, five obtained licenses and one conducted a pilot training course but never became organized enough to apply for a license. Together, the sites produced 58 program graduates in 1997-1998 (335 graduates had been projected). The program was evaluated in July 1998, and prospective candidates who had not actively pursued becoming affiliated with FastTrac training sites were interviewed by phone in December 1998. Data from the evaluation and the interviews, and a review of other studies and literature were used to develop a proposal for meeting the challenges uncovered during the evaluation and development of an effective small business education to serve New York's diverse communities. Appended is a case study of why the attempt to develop of an entrepreneurship program in Tompkins County, New York, failed. (MN)

This case study focused on a small liberal arts college (Lake Erie College, Ohio) over one year during which four milestone events appeared to be pivotal in increasing the willingness of the school to use institutional research for decision-making in areas of program modification and development. At the beginning of the year, the college was faced with enrollment declines in the Master's in Business Administration (MBA) program and the undergraduate business programs. These were followed by the four milestones: (1) development of a marketing research plan to determine possible cooperative arrangements with local employers; (2) a survey of MBA and undergraduate students concerning what they liked and disliked about the college; (3) focused interviews with 20 companies and the resulting report which presented action recommendations; and (4) a concurrent development of a proposal for an accelerated degree completion program for part-time adults. Analysis supports the value of institutional research to institutional decision making. Specific lessons from the case study are drawn including the value of a team-based approach to institutional research, the value of institutional research to institutional advancement efforts, and the value of faculty engagement in market research. (DB)

The effect that winning a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 national championship in football or men's basketball may have upon the quantity and quality of undergraduate admissions applications received by institutions was examined. Between 1979 and 1992, 11 institutions won the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament with two winning twice. In the same years, 13 different universities won or shared the national title in football. For each of these institutions and each of the championships, admissions data for the 5 years before and after the championship were analyzed. The preliminary findings suggest that the most apparent measure of athletic success, a championship season, was one factor among several in the college choice process for undergraduates. It was found that in certain circumstances notable increases occurred in applications received in the years following the championship season. No evidence was found that the quality of applicants increased following championship years. Championship seasons in the most popular sports were routinely accompanied by significant, positive attention for the sponsoring institution but this attention did not increase the quality of the applicant pool. Appendices detail the findings for football and basketball. (Contains 71 references.)(JLS)

This study investigated the institutional characteristics considered by 774 Australian first-year students attending the University of South Australia in their choice of this university. A self-administered survey instrument asked respondents to rate their attitudes on a Likert scale regarding their reasons for selecting this university. Results indicated that students ranked career preparation, academic program, distance from home, academic reputation, the quality of the school's research program, and library resources as strongly affecting their choice. The role of parents was not rated highly, although students used them as a source of information. The primary source of information that they used to find out about the university was the South Australian Tertiary Admissions Center guide. (Contains 29 references.) (Author/CK)

This paper provides an overview of the development of markets in Australian higher education, with implications drawn for teaching, research, and management. It notes that while many institutions' market activities appear to be developing spontaneously, these changes are also common responses to the policy/cultural environment in which higher education institutions now find themselves. The paper's first part presents a theoretical description of the different markets in higher education and some of their characteristics. The argument draws on Hirsch's concept of education as a positional good. Using this framework, the second section summarizes the development of markets during the last decade in Australian higher education and analyzes the effects of those government policies which constitute part of the conditions underlying market development. Areas covered include the emergence of tuition fees and other user charges, overseas marketing, postgraduate education, and commercial research and consultancy. The third section discusses possible future directions. Contains 40 references. (Author/GLR)