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In this paper it is analyzed in terms of kinematics and mechanical, stress occurring in protective pap er all the way. It will be analyzed forces and tensions that arise in paper strip in th e stretch area, stretching determining race. It fol lows determination of a continuous tension in the paper strip to optimize the operatio n

This paper studies the Web-fed typed paper-feeding mechanism to improve the design quality and shorten the development cycle. The structure of the roll paper feed mechanism is innovative design, which can change paper on reel automatically, and cut off paper easily. Application of virtual prototype technology is used to finish design of the Web-fed typed paper—feeding mechanism through the kinematics analysis with the help from the theoretical design data. The new design method for printing press is given with virtual prototyping technology, the assembly model of this paper-feeding mechanism for virtual prototyping is given and the related motion of the mechanism is simulated through Pro/E software. This method can make design process simply and design cycle short, finally result to bringing much convenience to printing machinery.

The H2O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) has mapped 100 square degrees of the Galactic plane for water masers and thermal molecular line emission using the 22-m Mopra telescope. We describe the automated spectral-line fitting pipelines used to determine the properties of emission detected in HOPS datacubes, and use these to derive the physical and kinematic properties of gas in the survey. A combination of the angular resolution, sensitivity, velocity resolution and high critical density of lines targeted make the HOPS data cubes ideally suited to finding precursor clouds to the most massive and dense stellar clusters in the Galaxy. We compile a list of the most massive HOPS ammonia regions and investigate whether any may be young massive cluster progenitor gas clouds. HOPS is also ideally suited to trace the flows of dense gas in the Galactic Centre. We find the kinematic structure of gas within the inner 500pc of the Galaxy is consistent with recent predictions for the dynamical evolution of gas flows in the centre of the Milky Way. We confirm a recent finding that the dense gas in the inner 100pc has an oscillatory kinematic structure with characteristic length scale of ~20pc, and also identify similar oscillatory kinematic structure in the gas at radii larger than 100pc. Finally, we make all of the above fits and the remaining HOPS data cubes across the 100 square degrees of the survey available to the community., 53 pages, 34 figures, 4 tables. Submitted MNRAS. Paper with full resolution images can be downloaded here: http://www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk/~snl/hops_p3.pdf

The paper transfer mechanism is an important component of the offset presses, which weightily affects the paper transfer, handover and the print quality of the offset presses. The paper analyzed motor process of the eccentric swing paper transfer mechanism with J2108; introduced the motion law of cam follower lever with the driving paper transfer mechanism by complex vector Analytical method; Draw the angular displacement and time diagram, the angular velocity and time diagram and the Angular acceleration and time diagram with follower lever.

A kind of paper-separation mechanism of packing machine for medicine was introduced in this paper. A new parametric equation of cam profile is designed on the basis of the kinematics rules of suction nozzle. Model building of cams are accomplished by using software SolidWorks.

The authors wish to thank Arjowiggins Creative Papers for letting us choose their Conqueror CX22 120g/m2 paper, and especially J.-M. Baumlin, from the Research and Development Center, who took interest in our research and provided us meaningful information.; International audience; Over the past few decades folding paper has extended beyond the origami deployable applications to reach the engineering field. Nevertheless, mechanical information about paper behavior is still lacking, especially during folding/unfolding.This article proposes an approach to characterize the paper fold behavior in order to extract the material data that will be needed for the simulation of folding and to go a step further the single kinematics of origami mechanisms. The model developed herein from simple experiments for the fold behavior relies on a macroscopic local hinge with a non-linear torsional spring.Though validated with only straight folds, the model is still applicable in the case of curved folds thanks to the locality principle of the mechanical behavior. The influence of both the folding angle and the fold length are extracted automatically from a set of experimental values exhibiting a deterministic behavior and a variability due to the folding process.The goal is also to propose a methodology that may extend the simple case of the paper crease, or even the case of thin material sheets, and may be adapted to other identification problems.

We describe and present preliminary results from an independent bending-angle algorithm implementation for the calculation of radiowave bending angles propagated from a Global Positioning System (GPS) to a Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellite. The algorithm utilizes raw atmospheric excess phases and satellite kinematics to determine Doppler frequency shifts of the GPS signals from which bending-angle profiles are derived. The intent is twofold: (a) perform a series of sensitivity studies to investigate the effect of Doppler frequency shift and satellite velocity variations on bending-angle profiles; and (b) examine and compare our results against the bending-angle profiles provided by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate (COSMIC) Data Analysis and Archive Centre (CDAAC). In this paper, we employ the same GPS observations as by CDAAC to analyze various occultation events in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Our principal finding is that radiowave bending angles exhibit an inversely proportional behaviour to orbital velocity variations while they change proportionally to the variations of Doppler frequency shift. Our studies also reveal that bending angles are more sensitive to orbital velocity than to Doppler frequency shift variations and show “wave-like” structures in the upper part of the atmosphere, unlike COSMIC-derived profiles. We discuss the differences between our derived bending-angle profiles and the COSMIC-derived profiles, emphasizing the advantages of our algorithm implementation.

Knee arthroplasty implants are designed with features that provide varying articular constraint over the range of flexion such that the pattern of knee motion may also vary. Because the motions of total knee implants have a direct influence on patient function and device longevity, it is important to understand how knee implants based on a variety of design philosophies perform in vivo. Fifty-nine knees in patients with 5 designs of implants were studied with fluoroscopic imaging during gait and stair-climbing activities. Many knees showed significantly different kinematics between the gait and stair activities, as well as differences from knees having other implant designs. The measured motions were consistent with the intrinsic constraint provided by the implant components and the variation in constraint over the flexion range.

A tracking control methodology via time-varying state feedback based on the backstepping technique is proposed for both a kinematic and simplified dynamic model of a two-degrees-of-freedom mobile robot. We first address the local tracking problem where initial tracking errors are sufficiently small. Then, under additional conditions on the desired velocities, we treat the global tracking problem where initial tracking errors are arbitrary. Simulation results are provided to validate and analyse our theoretical results.

Existing approaches to sensor-based motion planning tend to deal solely with kinematic and geometric issues, and ignore the system dynamics. This work attempts to incorporate body dynamics into the paradigm of sensor-based motion planning. We consider the case of a point-mass mobile robot operating in a planar environment with unknown stationary obstacles of arbitrary shapes. Given the constraints on the robot's dynamics, sensing and control means, conditions are formulated for generating collision-free trajectories with guaranteed convergence. The approach calls for continuous computation, and is fast enough for real-time implementation. Based on its velocity and sensing data, the robot continuously plans its motion based on canonical solutions, each of which presents a time-optimal path within the robot's sensing range. For a special case of a sudden potential collision, an option of a safe emergency stopping path is always maintained. Simulated examples demonstrate the algorithm's performance. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

A summation analysis of more than 70 individual kinematic studies involving normal knees and 33 different designs of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was done with the objective of analyzing implant design variables that affect knee kinematics. Eight hundred eleven knees (733 subjects) were analyzed either during the stance phase of gait or a deep knee bend maneuver while under fluoroscopic surveillance. Fluoroscopic videotapes then were downloaded onto a workstation computer and anteroposterior (AP) femorotibial translational patterns were determined using an automated three-dimensional model fitting technique. The highest magnitude of translation was found in the normal and ACL-retaining TKA groups. Paradoxical anterior femoral translation during deep flexion was most commonly observed in PCL-retaining TKA. Substantial variability in kinematic patterns was observed in all groups. The least variability during gait was observed in mobile-bearing TKA designs, whereas posterior-stabilized TKA designs (fixed or mobile-bearing) showed the least variability during a deep knee bend. A medial pivot kinematic pattern was observed in only 55% of knees during deep knee flexion. Kinematic patterns of fixed versus mobile-bearing designs were similar with the exception of mobile-bearing TKA during gait in which femorotibial contact remained relatively stationary with minimal AP femorotibial translation.

The implicit formulation of rotor dynamics for helicopter flight simulation has been derived and and presented. The generalized vector kinematics regarding the relative motion between coordinates were expressed as a unified matrix operation and applied to get the inertial velocities and accelerations at arbitaty rotor blade span position. Based on these results the rotor aeromechanic equations for flapping dynamics, lead-lag dynamics and torque dynamics were formulated as an implicit form. Spatial integration methods of rotor dynamic equations along blade span and the expanded applicability of the present implicit formulations for arbitrary hings geometry and hinge sequences have been investigated. Time integration methods for present DAE(Differential Algebraic Equation) to calculate dynamic response calculation are recommenaded as future works.

Pop-up paper mechanisms use techniques very similar to the well-studied paper folding techniques of origami. However, popups differ in both the manner of construction and the target uses, warranting further study. This paper outlines the use of planar and spherical kinematics to model commonly used pop-up paper mechanisms. A survey of common joint types is given, including folds, interlocking slots, bends, pivots, sliders and rotating sliders. Also included is an overview of common onepiece and layered mechanisms, including single-slit, double-slit, V-fold, tent, tube strap and arch mechanisms. Each mechanism or joint is described using a kinematic or compliant mechanism representation. In addition, it is shown that more complex mechanisms may be created by combining simple mechanisms in various ways. The principles presented are applied to the creation of new pop-up joints and mechanisms. The new mechanisms employ both spherical and spatial kinematic chains. Various other applications are also mentioned which could benefit from the use of pop-up mechanism principles. Possible applications include deployable structures, packaging and instruments for minimally invasive surgery.Copyright © 2007 by ASME

Living organisms provide a vast resource to derive new and innovative designs. As aquatic and aerial organisms have adapted to movement through water and air over millions of years by the evolutionary process of natural selection, these organisms have been subjected to a severe cost–benefit analysis. Having survived this natural experimentation, a number of varied and effective solutions for propulsive systems has been attained. Animals swim and fly by employing combinations of paddling, flapping, jetting, and vortex control. Furthermore, animals use materials that are compliant and self-adjusting. Emulations of these systems can provide innovative, bioinspired propulsive mechanisms that perform better than conventional human-designed systems. Acceleration, speed, efficiency, maneuverability, and stealth in manufactured systems can potentially be improved by copying nature. The fusion of biology and engineering through biomimetics and bioinspiration presents a means to future technological improvement in marine and aerial systems. What appears in this issue of Bioinspiration & Biomimetics: Learning from nature are selected papers from the Mini-Symposium on Biomimetics & Bio-Inspired Propulsion held in Boulder, CO, USA, on 26 June 2006. The symposium was held during the 15th US National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics on 25–30 June 2006 and was planned with the primary objective of bringing together a multidisciplinary group of researchers involved in all different aspects of biological propulsion. Fourteen groups presented in three separate sessions in the morning and afternoon. Most participants were from US institutions, while a few groups from Canada and Europe also attended. In this special issue, you will find a series of papers that covers various aspects of biopropulsion. The breadth of these manuscripts—ranging from flow visualization/characterization, and computational/theoretical fluid dynamics, to biological aspects of swimming and flying—demonstrates the significance of and interest in biopropulsion. These topics are often covered in different journals and conferences aimed at particular disciplines. Holistic discussion of this subject, where various perspectives and tradeoffs are investigated, is rarely considered. This special issue tries to bring these disparate disciplines together to address key topics and potential future thrusts. The articles in this issue are grouped into three categories: flying, swimming, and more general theory. The first paper in the flying category by R J Bomphrey `Insects in flight: direct visualization and flow measurements' considers smoke flow visualization and digital particle image velocimetry in the investigation of kinematic parameters such as wingbeat frequency and amplitude and wing design in insects. Experimental investigation of bat flight is reported by X Tian et al in `Direct measurements of the kinematics and dynamics of bat flight' where the wake structure during the entire wing beat cycle was constructed. The manuscript by J D Eldredge `Numerical simulations of undulatory swimming at a moderate Reynolds number' employs a dynamically coupled flow simulation around a simple three-linkage system. The next two papers by G V Lauder et al and R Mittal et al present results from a coordinated experimental–computational study of pectoral fin swimming in a sunfish, where the focus of these papers is on detailed quantitative experimental measurements of flow and kinematics in freely swimming fish and high-fidelity three-dimensional numerical simulations of pectoral fin swimming that provide a comprehensive view of the flow field and force production. Changes in the three-dimensional geometry of a wing-like, aquatic propulsor and their hydrodynamic performance are investigated by F E Fish et al in `Passive cambering and flexible propulsors: cetacean flukes'. The first paper on wake estimation methods is `Measurement of propulsive power and evaluation of propulsive performance from the wake of a self-propelled vehicle' by P S Krueger. This paper considers the propulsive performance and proposes a method for measuring mechanical power and how to evaluate propulsive performance arising from it. Finally, the article by K Mohseni `A formulation for calculating the translational velocity of a vortex ring or pair' examines the calculation of the velocity of a vortex ring or pair, generated by any actuator, from the characteristics of the actuator itself, including the rate of energy, impulse, and circulation generation. Although this symposium does not provide all the answers in addressing bioinspired propulsion, it does serve as a starting point to provide direction for future research. As the need for higher levels of performance for propulsive systems increases, inspiration from animal systems can offer new avenues for the development of innovative technologies.

The fundamental precept of structural analysis is that descriptions of geometry lead to interpretations of kinematics and the dynamics of geological systems. Controls of the formation of structures at all scales depend on the starting material heterogeneity, and the anisotropy and time dependence mechanical response of the materials. Processes that control mechanical response at the small scale (~1cm) may be quite different to those at the regional scale (>1km), the flow fields and structures that develop can be similar and therefore can be interpreted in similar ways. This approach is second nature in structural geology but is also easily applicable to analysis of regional geophysical datasets such as aeromagnetic and gravity data. Structural geophysics is a discipline defined by Jessell and Valenta, (1996), where structural methodology and interpretation could be applied to regional geophysical datasets to unravel 3D architecture and overprinting relationships. Geophysical datasets are increasingly used in conjunction with structural analysis, and as a stand-alone tool, to resolve regional crustal architecture and geological evolutions, particularly in remote regions and areas of limited outcrop, or where there is some ambiguity in how structure can be determined in the third dimension. Importantly, aeromagnetic data is also effective interpret regional kinematics of major shear zones and high strain zones at different scales. Applying structural kinematic analysis to regional geophysical datasets informs a broad range of disciplines including, but not limited to structural analysis, plate reconstruction, tectonic analysis, and prediction of mineral systems in exploration. In the context of resource exploration 3D and kinematic analysis allows you to predict Earth structuring that controls mineralisation, but more importantly allows prediction of favourable sites of dilation and fluid flow. In this presentation will highlight many of the principles of 3D geometry and kinematic analysis and illustrate how they improve our understanding of geological architecture and dynamic processes of the Earth.

In this paper, the problem of combined vision/force servo control for robot manipulator is addressed. Three different robot vision control strategies: position-based, image-based, and hybrid control are combined with an impedance-based force controller and a comparison of these three combined vision/force control methods is investigated for the first time, in the context of generic robot kinematic-based sensory-task-space control structure. Furthermore, the issue of contact surface parameters estimation is also investigated. Simulation results have demonstrated that all the above vision/force control strategies are comparable in terms of both the dynamic response and accuracy of positioning and force control.

1. The analogy in the behavior of a rock mass and a granular medium is commonly used to build physical models of equivalent materials. The analogy can be extended to mathematical models as well. 2. An actual discontinuous velocity field can be described in terms of both an average smooth field (1.3) and kinematic tensors (1.12). The tensor ɛ represents macrodeformations and rotations. The other tensors appear as additional kinematic variables (microdeformations and rotations). The tensor ɛΠ describes deformation of the cement; ɛt, ɛτ describe deformation of particles; ɛR describes the relative slippage of particles. In a comparison with one-dimensional construct (1.1) the actual velocity field\(\bar V\)(x1, x2) corresponds to the function F(x); the field\(\bar v\)(x1, x2) to f(x); the tensor ɛ to the derivative f'(x); and the remaining tensors to the “local derivative” g'(x). 3. Deformations and rotations at the microlevel are connected with macrodeformations and rotations by compatibility conditions (1.14), (1.20), (1.21).

The last sentence should read: “Certainly it appears quite likely that a phenomenological theory of the type considered, in which the stress in an element of the turbulent fluid (large compared with the eddy dimensions) is supposed to depend only on the kinematic variables in that element or on the velocity-gradient history of that element, will not be entirely adequate as a complete description of the flow properties of the turbulent fluid, since eddies can diffuse from one point of the fluid to another.”