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Research on Artificial Intelligence, especially in the field of machine learning, has exploded in the twenty-first century. AI research in universities has long been funded by a combination of government and corporate sources. The funding of AI research in the contemporary university includes technology companies as both funders and generators of research areas. This paper looks at the links between technology companies and AI research in three areas: first, the ways in which technology companies influence both the content and practices of AI research in universities; second, how university research policies enable conditions that blur traditional boundaries between corporate and academic AI research; and third, how an ethos of 'open science', that is increasingly corporatised, moves ideas about AI from universities to companies. We conclude that technology companies influence AI research within established feedback loops in the transformed relationships between economy, society, research, and the contemporary university.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is widely acknowledged as a digital technological revolution building on the convergence of Robotics, the Internet of Things, and the Internet of Services. What is less often acknowledged is that it is also a revolution in the social practice of work. Literacy is a core social technology of work and it is changing as rapidly and radically as the digital technologies that are reshaping work, workers and working. This article is concerned with this new generation of workplace literacy practices as they shape, and are shaped by, the Fourth Industrial Revolution -- what we call Literacy 4.0. We explore two related fields of inquiry. The first is research related to the impact of technology on work practice, work organization, and employment in a period sometimes called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The second is research about literacy, specifically workplace literacy. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to take account of each of these fields of inquiry if we are to better understand how the next generation of workplace literacy practices is emerging and helping to constitute the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This paper brings Barad's agential realism into relation with educational ethnographic work, and longstanding concerns with matters of inequality. We extend previous work that foregrounds time and space in particular places, and that resists approaches to inequality that generalise about 'best practices' for schools in communities facing challenging circumstances. An Axminster Jacquard carpet loom--located in a particular place, the City of Geelong--becomes a specific point of entry to a discussion of agential realism, ethnography and inequality. This carpet loom was once a key machine in a thriving Geelong carpet factory employing families intergenerationally; it is now a demonstration machine in the Geelong National Wool Museum, operated by skilled carpet weavers (now employed as demonstrators) formerly employed at the (now closed) factory. We read questions of deindustrialisation and schooling "through" the carpet loom as apparatus, working with the questions that it materialises about educational research, ethnography and inequalities.

This paper presents evidence on the macroeconomic adjustment of a resource‐rich country to a resource boom using the effects of Chinese industrialization on Australia from 1988 to 2016. An SVAR model is specified, incorporating a proxy for Chinese resource demand and commodity prices to identify the effects of commodity supply and demand shocks on the Australian macroeconomy. We develop a multivariate historical decomposition to show how resource sector shocks lead the economy to deviate from a long‐run projection. The paper identifies four phases of the transmission of the resource boom before its conclusion in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia is one of the largest nations in the globe in terms of land area and is home to numerous animals alongside unique and unusual climates and immense forests and oceans. Despite having a very tiny population, the nation is an extremely valuable ecological territory. Unfortunately, due to several changes in land use, habitat loss and deterioration—particularly in light of the recent severe bush fires exacerbated by climate change—the environmental issues in Australia have got the attention of many academics. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the association between Australia's energy use, CO 2 emission, trade liberalization, industrialization and economic growth from 1990 to 2018. An autoregressive distributed lag and a vector error correction model (VECM) are employed to take care of possible endogeneity and the long-run association. Our results demonstrated that economic growth and energy use have positive and statistically significant effects on emissions of CO 2 , but trade liberalization has a significantly adverse influence on emissions of CO 2 both in the long and short term. Granger test in VECM uncovered single-direction Granger interrelationships among trade liberalization and industrialization, as well as among industrialization and carbon dioxide. When attempting to implement effective energy policies, Australian policymakers should first take into account the prominent role played by energy usage and trade liberalization in promoting economic development and impeding environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative industries are recognised as a key driver of economic growth in both developed and developing nations. In addition to recognising the importance of creative industries, the Australian government has recently renewed a focus on the vast northern tropical area of this island nation as key to future economic and population growth, via the release of a white paper focussed on development options for the north. However, the white paper contains virtually no references to creative industries. In addition, Australia’s most recent national cultural policy, Creative Australia, has after only a few years slipped into obscurity and despite major resources being invested towards its development. Drawing on the almost 100 years of policy documentation relevant to Northern Australia, this paper highlights the limited attention paid to arts, culture and creative industries, and considers this relative policy vacuum in the context of global developments in creative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CSIRO has extensive experience and track record in turning powders into products. Through the CSIRO Lab 22 and associations, the teams in CSIRO are tailoring metal powders to processes, repurposing waste for additive manufacturing (AM) processes and generating unique materials, products and processes for Australia. The laboratory also houses Australia's own metal printer from Aurora Labs that can operate in both direct laser melting (DLM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) modes. This paper discusses capability and case study examples, with some scientific detail, as we work to mainstream and industrialise AM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common knowledge that the Australian wine industry has enjoyed remarkable success over the past three decades in terms of production and export growth, innovation and reputation for consistent quality. The centralisation of resources and infrastructure, as well as the nationally-oriented funding and R&D agendas, are usually cited as providing the foundation for this success. Yet in more recent years it is this same nationally-focused centralisation that is increasingly at odds with a rapidly changing international wine landscape and therefore, the organisational and innovation requirements of the firms that must respond to these changes. This paper explores these issues within the theoretical context of what it has termed domain inertia—an industry-level dislocation between organisation and firm imperatives. Arguing that neither traditional organisational nor innovation-based change theories deal with the complexities of industry-level inertia, the paper attempts to move beyond orthodox theoretical parameters. In so doing, it adopts a somewhat unique theory that places organisational and innovation inertia within a widening domain of discordant industry-level imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing global competition for manufacturers, interest has grown among researchers and practitioners in the role of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) in assisting firms to maintain their competitive edge. To contribute to the debate, this paper presents three case studies, one each from Australia, Britain and Canada, of companies investing in one type of AMT, computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines. The findings reported in this paper draw on the experiences of companies in developed economies but which are geographically dispersed and have different histories of industrialisation. Nevertheless when it comes to implementing AMT, there are far more similarities than differences in their experiences. The message is that for successful implementation of AMT, companies need to ensure that a broad, market driven perspective is taken to these investments, that attention is given to integration across systems and that people issues require as much attention as those directly relating to the actual technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to earthworks design and construction for residential, industrial and commercial developments in the eastern states of Australia, mostly for Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. This approach has been implemented successfully over a range of projects and development types, for various ground conditions, over a period of 15 years. The approach has benefited from the Authors' experience with claims and disputes arising from earthworks. It is acknowledged that there are many possible approaches to earthworks projects, and the intention of the paper is to raise awareness of the importance of a unified approach to earthworks design, construction, testing and documentation, auditing and certification consistent with AS3798-2007. The paper argues that whilst the 'earthworks specification' is a major component of the earthworks approach, it is only part of the approach. Far too often a few notes on a civil drawing represent the entire thinking regarding the earthworks component of a project/development. Often drawings and specifications are prepared with little evidence that the works have been designed for particular end use. Included in this paper is an example earthworks specification, and discussion of various clauses in these, in light of usual practice and the Authors' experience with earthworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the changing nature of airports, and particularly the juxtaposition of general commercial land uses alongside aviation functions, is captured in the concept of the 'airport city'. In Australia, commercialisation has impacted nearly all privatised capital city and general aviation airports. Essendon Airport's contested transformation from a run-down general aviation facility into an emergent business and retail hub in Melbourne's north-western suburbs serves as an instructive case study of the evolution of the airport city as a new suburban typology. Drawing in part on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders involved in the redevelopment process, this paper examines the conflicting forces that have driven commercialisation since the late 1990s, the spatial outcomes and the wider planning issues arising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like much of the industrialised world, Australia's population is ageing, the implications of which are twofold: increasing demand for publicly funded services and a decline in the supply of prime working-age people. In grappling with the challenges of a diminishing workforce, the Australian Government is currently relying on its migration programs to provide both the much-needed labour and skills for the resource boom and also to stimulate the economy through population growth. However, there may be another, not yet fully considered solution to the upcoming demographic problem. This paper investigates how the grandchildren of the baby boomers, termed here the Thank God You're Here generation (Gen TGYH), might impact on Australia's predicted workforce shortage. This generation of workers will enter the labour force as the last of the baby boomers reach retirement age, and will not only be bigger in size than preceding generations (Y, X and Baby Boomers), but also potentially be better educated than the retiring generation. This paper will also canvas the opportunities for both Gen TGYH and employers as well as the challenges for policymakers and governments in maximising the opportunity provided by this generation in the Australian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource-infrastructure-environment (RIE) index was proposed as an alternative measure of progress which was then employed to: (1) compare the aggregate (single summary) index findings between Australia (mid-industrialised nation), Mexico (emerging economy), and the US (highly industrialised nation); and (2) compare the RIE index against the gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI) and genuine savings (GS) measure. This paper builds on the previous work by assessing the seven themes and 21 dimensions which comprise the RIE index for the three aforementioned nations, as well as the associated policy implications. The results identified Australia's strength in the human resource and infrastructure themes. For Mexico, strong contributions came from the natural and generated resource themes as well as the physical environment theme, while the US performed strongly in the infrastructure themes. The comparative results of the US and Mexico illustrated that it is possible to achieve high levels of progress without an excessive reliance on high levels of production and income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the concept of putting history “under the power of the public”. It discusses the role played by former employees in researching and publishing the histories of two former large industrial history/heritage sites in Perth, Western Australia. The projects originated not in academia but from past employees who sought the help of labour historians to record the histories. Former employees provided much of the research material and assisted as sources of information, interviewers and interviewees, site guides and critics of work put forward for publication. While academic authors were responsible for interpreting their own research, past employees had a voice in the ways in which the sites’ stories were presented to the public, and the veracity of that information. The article explores the subversive potential of subaltern histories such as these, as well as some principles for putting history under the power of the public. It concludes by examining the strengths and weaknesses of this method, including the extent to which the pressures of academia discourage historians from engaging with “popular” projects requiring “a different voice”. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Complementing the scarce economic literature about local impacts of energy extraction booms, this paper empirically investigates economic outcomes related to the new coal seam gas ( CSG) industry located across southern Queensland. This Australian state has seen an unprecedented inflow of investments into the extraction of this previously unexploited unconventional natural gas over the last decade. We analyse census data to study income and employment effects associated with the CSG boom, exploiting the quasi-experimental conditions provided by CSG extraction areas (treatment regions) and regions without this development (control regions). Findings show that treatment regions have higher income growth than control areas during 2001-2011 for families residing locally and for individuals present on census night. Employment in the mining sector also shows higher growth as has non-mining employment in some areas. We include comparisons between CSG areas with no major mining history (the Surat basin) and CSG areas where mining was important before the CSG boom (the Bowen basin), to better understand boom effects in areas with different initial mining industry importance in their economies. Local job multipliers are also analysed for Surat basin CSG areas, where positive impacts (job spillovers) are restricted to construction and professional services jobs, while agricultural jobs have decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth. This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1972 to 2021. The results indicated that there is a cointegration among economic growth, FDI, trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage, which was traced through the autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL). The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage, economic growth, FDI, urbanization, and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993, 1996, 1982, 2008, and 1994, respectively. The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run (0.814) and short-run (0.809). Moreover, the results also show that FDI (0.028) and trade openness (0.043) have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run. However, urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run (=0.965). Then, the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness, with energy usage significantly causing trade openness. The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources. These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-firm actors have emerged in economic geography as significant in shaping regional industrial cultures and new industry pathways, though how knowledge and practice is shared with firm actors remains unclear. The case of enthusiasts or hobbyists is especially interesting when there are industry counterparts given the blurred lines between work and hobby. There has been limited discussion of such interactions, and how they might contribute to regional development or an industrial culture of problem solving. This paper explores this gap through a case study of beekeepers in Western Australia. It analyses the interview results from hobbyist and commercial operators to understand how practice is shared, the construction of group meaning and identity and how place-based problem solving occurs through a regional culture of exchange and mutual benefit. The findings point to the importance of informal non-firm actors in the development of regional industry culture of practice and entrepreneurship, and that supporting collaborations between enthusiasts and local business may produce broad industry and societal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian economy went from being amongst the most promising areas of "new settlement," to producing one of the most "mediocre" rich-country performances, only to later enjoy a "miraculous" revival. This is the second part of a two-part article that presents an account of this Australian trajectory that is critical of mainstream traditions. Drawing on key insights of Marx's critique of political economy, this article argues that Australia's role in the production of surplus-value on global scale has specifically determined its pattern of long-term economic and political development. Since its creation by British capital, the Australian economy became not only a source of cheap raw materials but also of ground-rent for appropriation by competing social subjects. Part I examined the colonial period. This second part analyses the Commonwealth period. It is argued that the process of inwards-oriented industrialisation, in place until the mid-1980s, was the state-mediated economic form through which capital invested in manufacturing managed to appropriate the largest share of the Australian ground-rent. It also argues that during the neo-liberal era that followed that process, manufacturing capital was increasingly displaced by industrial capital invested in mining and public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper seeks to explore creative practice in an Australian country town, and in so doing, to unsettle market-orientated interpretations of creativity that privilege the urban. Instead of focusing on creative practice as a means to develop industries, we focus on how creativity is a means to establish a cooperative gallery space that helps to sustain a sense of self in an otherwise antithetical social and cultural context. The example we discuss is The Spiral Gallery, a women''s co-operative arts space established in the 1990s in the small (but somewhat iconic) country town of Bega – in a place where avenues for feminist arts were otherwise absent. We demonstrate the Spiral Gallery does more than showcase creativity in the Bega Valley. In addition, the gallery has become a means to ‘becoming’ and ‘belonging’, to cultivate subjects through various practices including sculpture, performance and photography; which in turn enrich cultural life. In this way creativity in rural life comes to be understood as social, performative, visceral and political. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The idea of property is a fundamental and foundational component of modern industrialised economies and yet, as a growing body of work shows, property is far from settled as a concept, or as a set series of relationships--whether between institutions, humans, places, and/or other species. Property systems are part of emergent, complex socioecological systems, reflecting and manifesting social and political phenomena, and asserting particular forms of citizen/self as acceptable, preferable and dominant. Predominant Western understandings of property rely on, enable, and anticipate increases in property value over time, reflecting particular conceptualisations and experiences of time shaped by Judeo-Christian teleological narratives in which time moves towards a perfect state that ironically remains perpetually imminent. This essay is concerned with tracing the ontological baggage of predominant understandings of property and time and exploring the terrain of their Others, as well as exploring the shifts in relationships between these in a decolonising and postmodern Australian context. This paper will reveal some of the diversity of what and how societies think about property and time, to suggest we may be starting--albeit stutteringly--to acknowledge and engage with multiple and complex iterations of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier comparative work on income distribution has tended to suggest that Australia is characterised by less income inequality than other industrialised economies. Concerns about the quality of the Australian data used in such comparisons have led to the need for more detailed assessment of the situation. The Luxembourg Income Study has been a focus for this work by bringing together microdata sets for a range of countries and reorganising them to conform to standardised concepts and definitions. This paper builds on earlier work undertaken as part of the Luxembourg Income Study by including Australia in an international comparative analysis of income distribution and redistribution. The Australian data are those from the 1981-82 Income and Housing Survey, with income tax imputed onto the data file. Results are presented for the gross and net income distributions between both families and individuals in seven countries. A common set of equivalence scales is also used to adjust for differing family needs. The results indicate that, using several summary measures of inequality, the distribution of income in Australia is less equal than in four of the other six countries studied. Earlier research which placed Australia high on the international league table of income equality is thus not confirmed by the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most comparative studies of Australia and Argentina argue that the economic effects of concentrated landholding impede development, and that Australia's greater development is thus attributable to landholders' political defeat at labor's hands. In contrast, this paper argues first that Australian largeholders were primarily destroyed by their creditors, not labor; and second that Argentina and Australian landholders behaved like productive capitalists, not rentiers. Landholders' political behavior, not their economic behavior, affected the later development of agriculture and industry, for large landholders did make productivity-enhancing investments. But in Australia, landholders' political weakness allowed investment markets to be distorted in favor of industry, accelerating industrial development. The Australian and Argentine experiences suggest that a balance of market-led and market-distorting policies are needed to resolve the current Third World debt crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares two industrial development approaches in Australia as of 1977, namely the approach of the Industries Assistance Commission (IAC) and the approach of the Jackson Committee. Jackson Committee's emphasis on procedural strategy as the means of progress on industry policy; Characteristics of formulation of advice on assistance for the development of industry.

This paper is a pioneering endeavour to investigate the determinants of environmental degradation in Australia through a comprehensive framework of EKC and STIRPAT. Specifically, the impacts of multiple factors of socio-economic development including economic growth, trade openness, industrialization, energy consumption on CO 2 emissions are analysed. Furthermore, the influences of financial development through different dimensions (financial efficiency, access and depth) in two subsectors (financial markets and institutions) and other proxies of financial development are focused over the period 1980–2014. Empirical results show short as well as long-run differences in the association among the variables. Short-term bidirectional causality prevails between economic growth, energy consumption, industrialization, and stock market development with carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. However, there is no significant evidence found on EKC. This is due to the long-run positive impact of financial development, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions. Interestingly, the industrialization process is found to does not affect CO2 emissions. Empirical findings provide insight into why the quality of the Australian environment is truncated with frequent and widespread bushfires and suggest policymakers to have selective and strict environmental-friendly strategies to fulfil a sustainable development goal. • Study analysis determinants of environmental degradation in Australia. • Economic growth, trade openness and energy consumption contribute to CO 2 emissions. • Industrialization process has no statistically significant impact on CO 2 emissions. • Financial efficiency, financial access and financial depth affect the CO 2 emissions. • Financial markets and institutions play a vital role in increasing CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a fundamental threat to biodiversity. Climate mitigation in general, and Negative-Emission Technologies (NETs) in particular, have the potential to benefit biodiversity by reducing climate impacts. Domestic laws could help to ensure that NETs have benefits for biodiversity adaptation to climate change (e.g. reducing land clearing and habitat loss and facilitating habitat restoration, corridors for species' migration, and broader ecological resilience). Domestic laws will also need to govern trade-offs between NETs and biodiversity adaptation (e.g. increased competition for land and landscape-scale fragmentation by new industrial developments and linear infrastructure). We argue that domestic laws should be used to maximize the benefits of NETs while minimizing trade-offs for biodiversity. These laws should ensure that trade-offs are, at the very least, explicit and transparent, both in terms of their implications for current biodiversity and in the context of an acceleration of climate-driven biodiversity decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conjecture that a 'secondary services boom' is primarily responsible for the widespread nature of the gains in employment during Australia's recent 'China boom'. An economy-wide model provides numerical theory for constructing hypotheses, which are tested econometrically. Predictions that include a services expansion and de-industrialisation are tested against pre-boom data and out-of-sample simulations through the boom. The secondary services boom appears clearly in both income and employment, though the effects on manufacturing are ambiguous, with stronger-than-hypothesised observed performance, suggesting that changes in industrial structure and the composition of assistance have favoured surviving manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of bauxite mine at Gove, Northern Territory, focusing on its economic and political implications from 1955 to 1975. It demonstrates how the federal and state governments were concerned to make industrial development in Australia as a condition of access to huge ore deposits. It suggests that resources nationalism predated the policies of Australian Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and Minerals and Energy Minister Rex Connor from 1972 to 1975.

A brief assessment of progress against key gender equality benchmarks sets the context for this review of women, work and industrial relations in 2013. Given the persistent and growing gender pay gap, we focus in particular on recent equal pay legislative and industrial developments. We also draw attention to some underused industrial provisions that might progress pay equity and note the recent unravelling of important 2012 policy initiatives. We then review developments and debate around key gender equality infrastructure that shapes the day-to-day experiences of almost 5 million Australian female employees. This infrastructure includes working time regulation, paid parental leave, protection of pregnant workers, child care services and the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012. Despite some progress, particularly around equal pay, we conclude that Australia’s policy and regulatory framework for gender equality remains patchy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Growing populations, farming into virgin lands and industrialisation over the last two centuries have led to relentless destruction of native biota on land and sea and there is growing awareness that this process of extinction of species could be accelerated by human-induced climate change. Farming virgin lands poses the risk of destroying unique native species while agriculture and conservation appear to be two diametrically opposed endeavours. This approach is undergoing serious rethinking by scientists, farmers, policy makers and other interested groups who argue for cooperation in finding a solution. Two recent books underline this change in thinking. Linking Australia's Landscapes (Fitzsimons, Pulsford, & Wescott, 2013b) and Nature and Farming (Norton & Reid, 2013) demonstrate how careful management of farms and conservation areas could be mutually beneficial. For this to be fully realised, there is need for greater cooperation between farmers and conservationists so that knowledge is shared and common goals and vision identified. Social workers and other social scientists also have an important role to play as conservation and sustaining biodiversity is a concern for all humanity as we deal with the consequences of climate change, industrial pollution, species extinction and diminishing protected conservation reserves due to human encroachment. These two publications are, therefore, very timely and useful resources for agricultural and environmental sciences students, academics, policy makers and researchers as well as farmers and general readers in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]