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The role of δ-Fe in hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of 17-4 PH steel is studied in this work. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy result indicates that δ-Fe is a hydrogen trapping site. Accordingly, δ-Fe can reduce the hydrogen concentration of surrounding martensite and prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) and imped the brittle fracture along lath boundaries and PAGBs, which can be beneficial to the HE resistance improvement. However, a cleavage fracture of δ-Fe can occur under the synergetic action of hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen enhancement of the strain-induced generation of vacancies (HESIV). These findings indicate a new path to improving HE resistance of high strength martensitic steels. • SKPFM result shows that hydrogen tends to segregate in delta ferrite. • Delta ferrite acting as a hydrogen trapping site decreases the tendency of brittle fracture. • Hydrogen segregation in delta ferrite leads to a strain localization and a subsequent transgranular cleavage fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A nanotwinned 304 steel with a favorable combination of strength and ductility has been made in this work through the dynamic plastic deformation (DPD) treatment followed by a proper heat treatment. The DPD, DPD-annealed and coarse grain (CG) 304 samples were tensile tested with slow strain rate under electrochemical hydrogen charging condition. Compared with CG sample, DPD-annealed sample with a mixed structure of nanotwins (41% volume fraction), recrystallization grain (RXG, 32% volume fraction) and dislocation structures (27% volume fraction) possesses a high HE resistance. Hydrogen causes a 12.5% reduction in yield strength and 5.4% reduction in tensile strength of DPD-annealed sample because hydrogen enhances dislocations/twin boundaries (TBs) interactions and the subsequent dislocation mobility during the TB-mediated slip transfer. Hydrogen charging also causes a 41% reduction in strain induced martensite of DPD-annealed sample. Strain localization is supposed to be mitigated by the bundle form of TBs and the micro-sized RXGs, accounting for the high HE resistance of DPD-annealed alloy. Our findings suggest a new strategy to design high strength alloys with low HE susceptibility. Highlights • The nanotwinned austenitic steel shows a high hydrogen embrittlement resistance. • H-charging suppresses the martensite transformation of DPD-annealed alloy. • Slip localization at twin boundary (TB) is mitigated by the bundle form of TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the precise role of reversed austenite (RA) in hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of steel is still not fully understood. This work presents new observations and interpretation of fracture surface features immediately beneath the fracture surface for S41500 martensitic stainless steels (MSS) with aim to reveal the role of RA in HE resistance. The MSS were tensile tested with slow strain rate under electrochemical hydrogen charging condition. Steel containing more RA was found to have less hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. Focused ion beam (FIB) was used to prepare sample for TEM observation of fracture path after HE fracture. It clearly shows that RA near the fracture surface has transformed to the newly formed martensite (NFM) and cracking occurs along both the tempered martensite/NFM boundaries and the lath boundaries. Three dimension atom probe (3DAP) confirms that RA is the H trapping site. Thus the beneficial role of RA is that it can act as a stable hydrogen trapping site which can increase the HE resistance by reducing hydrogen content at lath and grain boundaries. But its beneficial effect should not be overestimated since cracking along tempered martensite/NFM boundaries can occur after martensitic transformation as a result of hydrogen redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-carbon, high-strength steels are widely used in the field of hydrogen energy because of their good mechanical properties, and they can be readily tailored by heat treatment processes such as the normalizing–tempering (N&T) and quenching–tempering (Q&T) methods. The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of a medium-carbon, high-strength steel was investigated utilizing microstructural characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A study was also conducted on the steel's hydrogen transport behavior as affected by the N&T and Q&T treatments. The steel contained more hydrogen traps, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, lath boundaries, and carbide interfaces, after the Q&T process, which was associated with a lower HE sensitivity when comparing the two treatments. In comparison, the N&T process produced larger-size and lesser-density carbides distributed along the grain boundaries, and this resulted in a relatively higher HE susceptibility, as revealed by the slow-strain-rate tensile (SSRT) tests of the hydrogen-charged steels and by the fractographic study of the fracture surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of hydrogen content on the deformation and fracture behavior of 27Cr−4Mo−2Ni super ferritic stainless steel (SFSS) was investigated in this study. It was shown that the plasticity and yield strength of SFSS were very susceptible to hydrogen content. The introduction of hydrogen led to a significant decrease in elongation and a concurrent increase in yield strength. Nevertheless, a critical threshold was identified in the elongation reduction, after which the elongation remained approximately constant even with more hydrogen introduced, while the yield strength exhibited a monotonic increase with increasing hydrogen content within the experimental range, attributed to the pinning effect of the hydrogen Cottrell atmosphere on dislocations. Furthermore, the hydrogen-charged SFSS shows an apparent drop in flow stress after upper yielding and a reduced work hardening rate during the subsequent plastic deformation. The more hydrogen is charged, the more the flow stress drops, and the lower the work hardening rate becomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of a commercial QP980 steel is studied in this work. The HE susceptibility results indicate that QP980 suffers from a severe HE, and the fracture mode transforms from ductile dimpling to brittle quasi-cleavage under the attack of hydrogen. The EBSD results show that strain-induced martensite transformation can rarely occur at a strain close to the HE fracture strain, which is mainly attributed to the high mechanical stability of austenite. The TKD-KAM analysis results indicate that hydrogen-induced strain localization in martensite can be mitigated by the hydrogen-trapping effect of surrounding austenite, while it is most pronounced in martensite adjacent to ferrite. Correspondingly, HE cracking is considered to initiate in martensite adjacent to ferrite under the synergistic action of HELP and HEDE mechanisms, and then cracks can propagate through ferrite or along phase interfaces. Our findings suggest that to further improve the HE resistance of QP steel with stable austenite, it is necessary to consider introducing effective hydrogen-trapping sites (such as carbides, film austenite) into martensite, which is deemed to be beneficial for increasing the resistance against hydrogen-induced cracking initiation in martensite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior has been extensively studied in bulk materials, little is known about H-related deformation and the fracture of nanograined materials. In this study, H segregation and HE mechanisms of nanograined Fe with different grain sizes are unveiled, following the employment of classical molecular dynamics simulations. The H segregation ratio increased, but the local H concentration at the grain boundaries (GBs) decreased with decreases in the grain size at a given bulk H concentration. The results demonstrate that H atoms increased the yield stress of nanograined models irrespective of the grain size. Furthermore, it is revealed that brittle fractures were inhibited, and the resistance to HE increased as the grain size decreased, due to the fact that the small-grain models had a lower local H concentration at the GBs and an enhanced GB-mediated intergranular deformation. These results are a clear indication of the utility of grain refinement to resist H-induced brittle failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of vanadium addition (0.14 wt pct) on microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility were investigated in 1300 MPa strength level bolt steel, and hydrogen trapping and diffusion were analyzed by hydrogen permeation and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The results showed that the addition of 0.14 wt pct V in the bolt steel can significantly improve the HE resistance. The vanadium addition can form a large number of V precipitates. Compared with the V-free bolt steel with the same strength, the vanadium addition steel possessed more significant precipitation strengthening and lower dislocation density, which was the main reason to reduce the HE susceptibility. In addition, the vanadium precipitates can provide a lot of hydrogen traps and refine the grains, resulting in the uniform distribution of hydrogen and the reduction of hydrogen accumulated at local grain boundaries, which was helpful to inhibit the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen embrittlement is one of the largest obstacles against the commercialisation of ultra-high strength quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels with ultimate tensile strength over 1500 MPa, including the hot stamped steel parts that have undergone a Q&P treatment. In this work, the influence of partitioning temperature on hydrogen embrittlement of ultra-high strength Q&P steels is studied by pre-charged tensile tests with both dog-bone and notched samples. It is found that hydrogen embrittlement resistance is enhanced by the higher partitioning temperature. Then, the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism is analysed in terms of hydrogen, retained austenite, and martensite matrix. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) shows that the hydrogen trapping properties are similar in the Q&P steels, which cannot explain the enhancement of hydrogen embrittlement resistance. On the contrary, it is found that the relatively low retained austenite stability after the higher temperature partitioning ensures more sufficient TRIP effect before hydrogen-induced fracture. Additionally, dislocation recovery and solute carbon depletion at the higher partitioning temperature can reduce the flow stress of the martensite matrix, improving its intrinsic toughness and reducing its hydrogen sensitivity, both of which result in the higher hydrogen embrittlement resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 16Cr5NiMo supermartensitic stainless steel was subjected to different tempering treatments and analyzed by means of permeation tests and slow strain rate tests to investigate the effect of different amounts of retained austenite on its hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. The 16Cr5NiMo steel class is characterized by a very low carbon content. It is the new variant of 13Cr4Ni. These steels are used in many applications, for example, compressors for sour environments, offshore piping, naval propellers, aircraft components and subsea applications. The typical microstructure is a soft-tempered martensite very close to a body-centered cubic, with a retained austenite fraction and limited δ ferrite phase. Supermartensitic stainless steels have high mechanical properties, together with good weldability and corrosion resistance. The amount of retained austenite is useful to increase low temperature toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance. Experimental techniques allowed us to evaluate diffusion coefficients and the mechanical behaviour of metals in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the feasibility of laser surface melting (LSM) of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel to minimize hydrogen embrittlement (HE) was investigated. LSM of AISI 430 steel was successfully achieved by a 2.3-kW high power diode laser (HPDL) with scanning speeds of 60 mm/s and 80 mm/s (the samples are designated as V60 and V80, respectively) at a power of 2 kW. To investigate the HE effect on the AISI 430 steel without and with LSM, hydrogen was introduced into specimens by cathodic charging in 0.1 M NaOH solution under galvanostatic conditions at a current density of 30 mA/cm2 and 25 °C. Detail microstructural analysis was performed and the correlation of microstructure with HE was evaluated. By electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, the austenite contents for the laser-surface melted specimens V60 and V80 are found to be 0.6 and 1.9 wt%, respectively. The amount of retained austenite in LSM specimens was reduced with lower laser scanning speed. The surface microhardness of the laser-surface melted AISI 430 steel (~280 HV0.2) is found to be increased by 56% as compared with that of the substrate (~180 HV0.2) because of the presence of martensite. The degree of embrittlement caused by hydrogen for the charged and non-charged AISI 430 steel was obtained using slow-strain-rate tensile (SSRT) test in air at a strain rate of 3 × 10−5 s−1. After hydrogen pre-charging, the ductility of as-received AISI 430 steel was reduced from 0.44 to 0.25 while the laser-surface melted AISI 430 steel showed similar tensile properties as the as-received one. After LSM, the value of HE susceptibility Iδ decreases from 43.2% to 38.9% and 38.2% for V60 and V80, respectively, due to the presence of martensite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]