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Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pinellia Tuber (the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae]) (PT) is a crude drug used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo medicine. PT is subjected to additional processing before use in TCM because of its toxic, while the processing has not been used in Kampo medicine. The aim of this study is to clarify the reason why the differences about the processing of PT between TCM and Kampo medicine have been appeared. We investigated successive literatures published in China and in Japan from the Han dynasty to the modern age. The descriptions about the processing of PT in China had appeared since the Later Han dynasty as washing, and after that, various processing methods have been recorded, such as boiling, steaming, making cakes, and fermenting to prepare PT malt (PTM) with various drug additives. The objective of the processing for PT was not only to remove its toxicity but to change drug properties, and several kinds of processed PT had been developed to treat different types of "phlegm" in the Ming dynasty. The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia recommends the use of processed PT to avoid the toxicity, and registers unprocessed PT as well as three kinds of processed PT except for PTM which had been deleted in 2015 edition. These processing methods for PT have been established in the Qing dynasty. The oldest description in Japan was appeared in 1363, and the processing methods had been influenced by the literatures in the Song dynasty. After that, the processed PT in Japan had mainly been PTM until the 18th century. In 1738, Shuan Kagawa wrote that PT should not be processed because its pharmacological effects disappeared and the toxicity of PT disappeared by preparing its decoction without processing. Then, the processing of PT has been unpopular, and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia has registered PT since 1939 without any processing. Compared to TCM, Japanese Kampo medicine has tended to avoid ideologism based on traditional knowledge and to adopt positivism. This policy has reflected the differences in the processing of PT between Kampo medicine and TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Charlemagne's, King of Franks, court library. The penultimate section of the Emperor's testamentary "breviarium," with which the "Life" concludes records that: 'he decreed that the books of which he had assembled a great collection in his library' (magnam in bibliotheca sua copiam congregavit) were to be available for purchase at the appropriate price by anyone who wanted them, and the proceeds distributed to the poor. Most of those luxury books were, almost certainly, created to be given away to specially favoured recipients, like gold rings and jewelled belts.

While the history and practices of collecting have received considerable attention over the past few decades, the notion of erasure - of the deleting, removal or destruction of material, whether deliberate or otherwise - has remained largely in the shadows. We challenge this neglect by placing erasure centre stage and treating it as a productive phenomenon in its own right. Indeed, we suggest that it forms a significant precondition for the very possibility of memory and collections. This article draws upon a recent turn to consider questions of forgetting, ignorance and ending to lay out the grounds for analysing the various roles played by erasure in making and unmaking our world. Inspired by Paul Connerton's discussion of different types of forgetting, we present five distinct forms of erasure that we regard as principally important: (i) repressive erasure, (ii) protective erasure, (iii) operative erasure, (iv) amending erasure and (v) calamitous and neglectful erasure. In each case, we discuss the characteristic logic of the erasure at hand and provide examples of the historical and media-specific forms in which it has been enacted. Our aim in doing so is to provide future researchers with some of the analytical tools and perspectives necessary to engage in further erasure studies. For if we are interested in making sense of the shifting and complex world we inhabit, then the interdisciplinary study of the compelling yet elusive phenomenon of erasure is an excellent place to start. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number and location of tornadoes in the greater Chicago area is a topic of frequent interest among the media, public, and local government agencies served by the National Weather Service (NWS) Chicago Forecast Office. While accounts of tornadoes over the last several decades are generally clear, tornadoes occurring prior to 1950—especially those considered to be weak—are often more difficult to discern owing to limited corresponding detailed reports. As part of an effort to review and update all tornadoes known to have occurred within the modern-day boundaries of Chicago, NWS Chicago staff reviewed the 22 May 1855 tornado, which is regarded as the first to impact the city of Chicago. Multiple sources reported that the tornado occurred near the town of Jefferson, which eventually became the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Chicago. However, after reviewing multiple historical records, newspaper articles, property maps, and genealogical information, the actual location of the tornado was determined to have been in present-day Des Plaines. Confusion over the name "Jefferson" likely led to the misunderstanding that, until now, has been perpetuated through numerous reports and media accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prominent roles played by John Wesley and George Whitefield in the eighteenth-century British book trade has been widely observed by scholars. Scholars, however, have hardly glimpsed how the various works authored by Wesley and Whitefield were discussed and critiqued in the era's leading literary periodicals, the Monthly Review and the Critical Review. As self-appointed -- and publicly recognised -- arbiters of literary taste, the Monthly and the Critical wielded tremendous influence in the marketplace of books and ideas, informing not only what and how readers read, but shaping public perception of the various issues discussed in the print media of the day. These issues included the two Methodist leaders and the movement they founded, which created its share of controversy throughout the eighteenth century. Although both the Monthly and the Critical routinely registered their antipathy to the Methodist movement in their reviews, their opinions about the revival and its leaders proved more nuanced than most anti- Methodist writers, who usually castigated Wesley and Whitefield in unequivocal terms. The reviewers' objective -- to offer ostensibly unbiased reviews of newly published books based on objective standards -- meant that they did not permit authors, whether pro- or anti-Methodist, to rail without reason or make assertions without backing. The reviewers thus found themselves navigating between their own anti-Methodist sentiment and their critical principles. This process resulted in a relatively balanced strain of anti-Methodist discourse while exposing how politicised the entire project of popular review criticism became when grappling with a complex and controversial topic like Methodism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article examines the rhetorical implications of archiving technical documents by studying the erasure of Black women's mental health narratives in Virginia's Central State Mental Hospital in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This article seeks to examine how historical mental health documents characterize (or fail to characterize) Black women and their mental health. About the case: We examine Black women's mental health experiences through absences in the annual reports from Central State Hospital in Virginia (formerly Central State Lunatic Asylum for Colored Insane). Situating the case: There is a dearth of work related to the unique experiences that Black women face when dealing with mental health challenges coupled with or compounded by a legacy of misogynoir. Methods/approach: We offer an inventive approach for reading rhetorical absences and provide guiding questions for employing the critical archival inquiry methodology. Results/discussion: In taking on this endeavor to learn more about how Black women's mental health was represented in historical archives, we learned a great deal, not from the text on the page of the documents but from the text that was missing from those documents. Conclusions: Technical communication scholars, especially those with an interest in inclusion and justice, must adjust their methodological orientation and their approaches to historical and archival research to include an exploration of what is missing from the archives. Technical and professional communicators have a unique skill set that is ideal for reading through absences and erasures in both contemporary and historical documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Events and Sightings department article covers the Edward Feigenbaum Personal Papers Collection made available by the Stanford University Library, the UNIVAC 120 exhibit now on permanent display at the Museum of Science at the Tokyo University of Science, and recent events surrounding the Kyoto Computer Gakuin 50th anniversary celebration. This issue also includes an obituary of Douglas C. Engelbart, best known for his work on pioneering work in human-computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to make visible the connections libraries have to carceral systems and how library workers replicate carceral behavior through care. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses interdisciplinary research methods in the fields of library science, criminology, feminist studies, Black studies and abolition to examine the role of libraries as locations of carceral care. Findings: Libraries, through their history and funding as well as their roles within society as educators and social service providers, have the components necessary to act out carceral care; libraries by extension can and do participate in forms of carceral care. Originality/value: There has been much work on carceral care in the fields of social work and education, but to date, there has been little to no scholarship on how libraries work within the landscape of carceral care. This article builds upon the work of others to help understand how it applies to libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the development a delegate sports federation in France for athletes with physical disabilities during the mid-1900s, and it mentions the French Framework Act Favoring the Disabled, as well as physical rehabilitation, competitive sports, and the creation of the Fédération Sportive des Handicapés Physiques de France in 1963. Founder Philippe Berthe's Amicale Sportive des Mutilés de France club is assessed, along with disability management.

The article focuses on the Eliasaf Robinson Collection on Tel Aviv, Israel that is available at the Stanford University Libraries website located at http://collections.stanfod.edu/telaviv. It states that the rich collection of books, magazines, and other historical materials were acquired by the university in 2005. It notes that the collection is from the Tel Aviv native and the most prominent antiquarian bookseller Eliasaf Robinson, who assembled the materials for forty years. It also discusses the history of Tel Aviv, which is documented in the collection. Moreover, it mentions that different digitalization equipments were used for each material such as the I2S DigiBook for the manuscripts and printed ephemera, while photographs are captured in 400 pixels per inch.

The study of memory cultures often foregrounds the recovery of denied historical truths, with the recognition that social and cultural norms not only shape canonical versions of the past, but continue to be complicit in legitimised forms of forgetting and erasure. This article investigates the intersections between personal archives and other forms of cultural expression in acts of collective memoralization and forgetting. Using the personal archives of Josephine Diebitsch-Peary, the research introduces the concept of coloniality to studying Arctic memory cultures by examining the role of gender in the context of Arctic exploration. The article concludes that an understanding of the coloniality of knowledge and its connections to epistemic violence is crucial to the study of memory and historical legacy in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microblogging platforms such as Twitter have been increasingly used nowadays to share information between users. They are also convenient means for propagating content related to history. Hence, from the research viewpoint they can offer opportunities to analyze the way in which users refer to the past, and how as well when such references appear and what purposes they serve. Such study could allow to quantify the interest degree and the mechanisms behind content dissemination. We report the results of a large scale exploratory analysis of history-oriented posts in microblogs based on a 28-month-long snapshot of Twitter data. The results can increase our understanding of the characteristics of history-focused content sharing in Twitter. They can also be used for guiding the design of content recommendation systems as well as time-aware search applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Games and other forms of play are used in today's libraries to attract underserved patrons, to introduce patrons to other library resources and services, and to facilitate engagement between library patrons. While many perceive gaming as a new library service, gaming services have been part of librarianship since the nineteenth century through chess clubs. During the Great Depression, libraries supported patrons with puzzle contests and developed circulating toy and game collections. Academic libraries built game collections for research and classroom needs, while school libraries collected and facilitated educational games to aid teachers. Video games have been used in libraries to help patrons learn to use technology and to bring groups of patrons together to enjoy shared experiences. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the different ways in which libraries have used games, toys, and puzzles over the last 150 years through both collections and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alison Bartlett has been researching the ways in which post 1970s feminism can be remembered as a material movement, investigating the role of objects, museums, archives, and sites of feminist events. Her most recent book on this topic is Things That Liberate: an Australian Feminist Wunderkammer, edited with Margaret Henderson. She is an Associate Professor in English and Literary Studies at The University of Western Australia, and has published widely on Australian feminist protest, Australian literature, maternal cultures and feminist pedagogy. Her forthcoming book is Flirting in the Era of #MeToo: Negotiating Intimacy, with Kyra Clarke and Rob Cover. This article proposes the idea of feminist heritage sites as a way of remembering feminist intellectual and activist legacies in situ. Sites of feminist activism offer global positioning with longitude and latitude, somewhere to drop a Google Maps pin, and also offer tangible locations of intangible heritage that arguably shape civic life and citizenship. The article canvasses literature from interrelated disciplinary areas to propose two case studies as sites of feminist memory: a feminist tour from 1980s Perth in Western Australia where the author lives, and the Glasgow women's heritage walks in Scotland. The idea of walking proves to be significant as a way of moving through sites and producing knowledge, and is investigated as a feminist methodology and epistemology embodying a critical process of thinking through the recent feminist past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science museums have a long tradition in resorting to reproductions, both to preserve original artifacts and to make exhibitions attractive by presenting the material culture of science and technology. The art of making copies of precious objects, sometimes for fakery or forgery, is as old as collecting, but since the 19th century it has become both commonplace and profitable. In this article, the authors reconstruct the life and works of a 20th century model maker, Roberto Guatelli, whose reproductions of technological artifacts of the past, particularly calculators, can be found in several museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: William Stewart Halsted developed a novel residency training program at Johns Hopkins Hospital that, with some modifications, became the model for surgical and medical residency training in North America. While performing anesthesia research early in his career, Halsted became addicted to cocaine and morphine. This paper dissects how his innovative multi-tier residency program helped him hide his addiction while simultaneously providing outstanding patient care and academic training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of legends and rituals centered on oni (demons) as a mode of place-making in early modern Japan. Focusing on evidence from Shinano (present-day Nagano prefecture), it begins with medieval oni narratives centered on Mount Togakushi and then turns toward Edo period adaptations that ushered in a host of new sites. I argue that this type of engagement with popular narratives played a vital role in place-making strategies by fostering new modes of ritual, economy, and identity as well as connections with the rest of the country. My analysis focuses on a twofold process by which these developments took place: first, the creation of local legends inspired from well-known oni tales; and second, the implementation of Buddhist rituals that promoted the legends while simultaneously placating the malignant spirits they resurrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 1917, Alma Hiller became the first woman to publish in the Journal of Urology (JU). Her contribution was followed by articles from Carol Beeler and Isabel Mary Wason. This study explores their careers and contributions. Methods: We reviewed JU articles from 1917 to 1925 and identified Hiller, Beeler, and Wason as the first three women authors. Using public records, we obtained information of their educations and careers. Results: Hiller demonstrated resilience in obtaining training and ultimately contributed to innovation in clinical chemistry. Beeler worked on research on metabolic physiology. Wason influenced both lab work and national policy. Conclusions: For female scientists entering the workforce in the late 1800s/early 1900s, reception was contingent upon the acceptance of male colleagues. Despite these barriers, Hiller, Beeler, and Wason contributed to novel discoveries. Their most influential contributions remain their historic presence as early female researchers and the first female authors in JU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors use two historical case studies (UK and Costa Rica) to explore the antecedents and legitimisation of sustainable development in hospitality and tourism, demonstrating the value of historical analysis through careful consideration of motivations, context and development type under different circumstances. Design/methodology/approach: Using government and private archival materials, oral history testimonies, industry reports and secondary literature, the authors deploy careful historical analysis of developing and developed country approaches to two cases of hospitality and tourism development and how this impacts on notions of sustainability. Findings: Issues surrounding sustainability in hospitality and tourism are longstanding and impacted by their situated context. In considering "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches, this study finds that the private-sector is critical in legitimising tourism and hospitality development through addressing sustainability aims. Research limitations/implications: Issues faced in developing hospitality and tourism markets should not be taken in isolation, and, by drawing upon historical cases, scholars can better-understand how developed tourism markets shape the sustainability of developing contexts. Practical implications: This study demonstrates how sustainability can be legitimised over time and in different contexts, in both government-led and business-led approaches, providing lessons for understanding the mechanisms by which to address these issues in future. Originality/value: Historical analyses in hospitality and tourism remain relatively few. This study illustrates the theoretical and practical value of historical analysis of the pathway to legitimacy for sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author briefly reviews OCLC's history form 1967 to 1998, then focuses on the accomplishments and activities of the OCLC cooperative from 1998 to 2008. Particular attention is given to OCLC's strategy of weaving libraries into the World Wide Web and the transformation of WorldCat from a bibliographic database into a globally networked information resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happened to peoples who felt colonized in post-colonial states? After the Second World War, the formal international order of the United Nations and Cold War political alignments recognized national self-determination as a right, but only saw claims of self-determination within European empires. However, there are hidden stories of anti-colonial claims within post-colonial states, claims that operated through informal networks because they were invisible to international institutions. These networks produced a layer of international relations that took on the issue of minority nationalisms. Through the travelogues and visa difficulties of nationalist claimants from Nagaland in Northeast India and Namibia in Southern Africa, this article makes visible this layer of politics. It considers the peoples for whom 1960s global decolonization did not mean national liberation, the unofficial individuals who spoke for them that were empowered by the UN's inability to do so, and the symbiotic relationship between these two sets of actors. By showing the mutual, yet unequal dependence of nationalists and their advocates, this article argues that certain nationalist claimants achieved forms of pre-independence recognition from advocacy, but that this support came with strings–strings that constrained nationalist claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actress and singer Nina Sibirtzeva (1899, Russia–1957, Buenos Aires) developed her inconspicuous career in the popular Jewish theater in Russia and Eastern Europe and moved to Buenos Aires in 1938, where she adapted her repertoire and from where she toured other cities in the Americas, always performing on circuits that were removed from mainstream entertainment. What can we make of her obscure journey? This article attempts to understand Sibirtzeva's artistic choices and, through them, some structural but unexplored aspects of the globalization of popular music in the twentieth century. Based on evidence rescued from the almost destroyed archives of the IWO (Idisher Visnshaftlejer Institut or Yiddish Research Institute) in Buenos Aires, the article focuses on the meaning of the words popular and populism in music; the engagement of popular artists with musical technologies, markets, migration, and politics; and the conceptual and historiographical question of how to deal with biographies that do not match the cultural mainstream, operating instead at the intersection of different cultural streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses two questions. First, when and to what extent did capital markets integrate north and south of the Alps? Second, how mobile was capital? Analysing a unique new dataset on pre-modern urban annuities, we find that northern markets were consistently better integrated than Italian markets. Long-term integration was driven by initially peripheral places in the Netherlands and Upper Germany integrating with the rest of the Holy Roman Empire where the distance and volume of inter-urban investments grew primarily in the sixteenth century. The institutions of the Empire contributed to stronger market integration north of the Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pellagra, a nutrition-deficiency disease, which is caused by dermatological and gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric manifestations. It is noted that pellagra is the syndrome of a severe deficiency of the water-soluble vitamin niacin and its symptoms include dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia. Topics include the history of the disease, diagnosis of Pellagra in South Africa among Zulu rebel prisoners in 1906 and the link between maize and pellagra.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 10 million people worldwide according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Epidemiological and genetic studies show a preponderance of idiopathic cases and a subset linked to genetic polymorphisms of a familial nature. Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda recognized and treated the illness that Western Medicine terms PD millennia ago, and descriptions of Parkinson’s symptomatology by Europeans date back 2000 years to the ancient Greek physician Galen. However, the Western nosological classification now referred to in English as “Parkinson’s disease” and the description of symptoms that define it, are accredited to British physician James Parkinson, who in 1817 authored The Shaking Palsy. Later in the nineteenth century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot re-labeled paralysis agitans “Parkinson’s disease” and over a century of scientific research ensued. This review discusses European, North American, and Asian contributions to the understanding and treatment of PD from ancient times through the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bureau of Economics in the Federal Trade Commission has a three-part role in the Agency and the strength of its functions changed over time depending on the preferences and ideology of the FTC's leaders, developments in the field of economics, and the tenor of the times. The over-riding current role is to provide well considered, unbiased economic advice regarding antitrust and consumer protection law enforcement cases to the legal staff and the Commission. The second role, which long ago was primary, is to provide reports on investigations of various industries to the public and public officials. This role was more recently called research or "policy R&D". A third role is to advocate for competition and markets both domestically and internationally. As a practical matter, the provision of economic advice to the FTC and to the legal staff has required that the economists wear "two hats," helping the legal staff investigate cases and provide evidence to support law enforcement cases while also providing advice to the legal bureaus and to the Commission on which cases to pursue (thus providing "a second set of eyes" to evaluate cases). There is sometimes a tension in those functions because building a case is not the same as evaluating a case. Economists and the Bureau of Economics have provided such services to the FTC for over 100 years proving that a sub-organization can survive while playing roles that sometimes conflict. Such a life is not, however, always easy or fun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the origin and implementation of school nursing in New York City, using traditional historical methods with a social history framework. The intent of this research was to produce a comprehensive historical analysis of school nursing at the turn of the 20th century in order to provide a historical framework to promote the work of school nurses today. Understanding the core fundamental concepts of school nursing from its origins and the significance of the emergence of community support for the role of the school nurse at the turn of the 20th century can inform current policy to back school nursing and school health today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative Justice (RJ) has become an increasingly popular alternative to more traditional punishment methods in the last two decades within the Criminal Justice system in England and Wales; often in respect of youth justice and minor crimes which have a clearly defined victim. However, this article will explore the use of restorative justice in cases of financial fraud. Such cases can be particularly complex when identifying culpability within an organisation, and also victims, who may not be aware that they are victims. Corporate and public apologies are not unheard of, particularly with the increasing use of social media platforms, but they have not been widely discussed in relation to RJ. As there is a recognition that RJ entails more than a simple apology, innovative ways of administering RJ will be considered. Alongside discussion of the complexities of using RJ for large-scale financial fraud, the paper will draw on various cases of fraud and the resultant public apology from the early 18th century onward. Several forms of what we now term RJ will be illustrated from before the modernday resurgence of this type of justice. In most (though not all) of the several examples discussed, there is a clear separation of RJ practices from the formal criminal justice system operating at the time, and this may prove to be a useful guide to the future use of RJ as an adjunct to more legalistic criminal justice processes. Finally, it will be considered whether such apologies could be useful as a restorative intersection with the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, Higaturu Station is a place marked by multiple intersections of violence. Originally established as an Australian colonial headquarters, in 1943 it was the site of execution of 21 local Orokaiva men convicted – by the Australian administration – of treason during the Second World War. Eight years after the executions, the nearby Mount Lamington volcano erupted, killing thousands and devastating Higaturu. Today the place remains uninhabited but laden with memory and meaning, a site of ambivalent moral reckonings both with the colonial past and with the postcolonial present. These moral reckonings, in turn, intersect with peoples’ experiences of, and hope for, ‘development’. In Oro Province, history is becoming a resource – not unlike gold, or the oil palm plantations that extend across the landscape – which might attract outsiders, and with them forms of wealth and possibilities for realising the good life. Accordingly, Higaturu landowners work to attract outsiders to the site of the eruption and the hangings. At the same time, however, they worry that the outsiders they attract – including anthropologists – will exploit and profit from their history in the ways that so many outsiders have profited from the Province's other resources. Commercial considerations inform these hopes and worries, but the mobilisation of history-as-resource also speaks to other concerns, including about the relationships of insiders and outsiders across time, and the proper attributions of guilt, responsibility, and entitlement within colonial and postcolonial landscapes of remembrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present position paper provides an account of the life of Martha Entwistle, the earliest recorded convict nurse who worked within the Castle Hill Asylum. In our review of primary historical sources, Australia's first convict mental health nurse was found to be a resilient woman who endured several traumatic life experiences. Her nursing within Australia's first mental health asylum was highly valued by the superintendent of the service. She nursed in a harsh colonial environment, short of adequate resources, during an era of fast‐paced industrial and technological a change. Martha Entwistle's experiences provide a historical account of the role of the early convict mental health nurse. Her life story enables modern‐day nurses to reflect on the advances made in mental health nursing and contexts of care for nurses today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propaganda from the BBC directed at Italy during the Second World War played a dual role. The 'Radio Londra' programmes, on the one hand a propaganda tool of the British government and on the other moral support to many Italians, are part of the cultural heritage of the war. This article explores what topics and types of programme were broadcast during the period of the Allied occupation of Italy (1943-1945) in order to engage the support of different social categories, including ordinary men and women, soldiers, factory workers, former Fascists, and intellectuals. The first part analyses some of the programmes in order to determine their propaganda strategies, while the second part focuses on the letters sent by listeners in Italy to the BBC broadcaster Colonel Stevens. It will be seen how both the use of cultural stereotypes and the attention to the detail of daily life for Italian civilians contributed to the success of the programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative Justice (RJ) has become an increasingly popular alternative to more traditional punishment methods in the last two decades within the Criminal Justice system in England and Wales; often in respect of youth justice and minor crimes which have a clearly defined victim. However, this article will explore the use of restorative justice in cases of financial fraud. Such cases can be particularly complex when identifying culpability within an organisation, and also victims, who may not be aware that they are victims. Corporate and public apologies are not unheard of, particularly with the increasing use of social media platforms, but they have not been widely discussed in relation to RJ. As there is a recognition that RJ entails more than a simple apology, innovative ways of administering RJ will be considered. Alongside discussion of the complexities of using RJ for large-scale financial fraud, the paper will draw on various cases of fraud and the resultant public apology from the early 18th century onward. Several forms of what we now term RJ will be illustrated from before the modern-day resurgence of this type of justice. In most (though not all) of the several examples discussed, there is a clear separation of RJ practices from the formal criminal justice system operating at the time, and this may prove to be a useful guide to the future use of RJ as an adjunct to more legalistic criminal justice processes. Finally, it will be considered whether such apologies could be useful as a restorative intersection with the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Don Wright recollects his fieldwork experience during ten months in Senegambia in 1974-75, collecting oral data to reconstruct the precolonial history of niumi, a small state at the mouth of the Gambia river. He writes of the impossibility of preparing for what he experienced as a long- (and blond-) haired tubab (white person) living and traveling across rural areas of Senegambia, asking villagers naive questions about their distant past. Cunning informants, especially jali (griots), could be the bane of his research efforts; warm and welcoming Gambians provided practical, material, and emotional support. As do others, Wright regards the effort, undertaken in his late 20s, as personally, as well as professionally, formative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of the experience as a teacher and historian, and especially of the doctoral thesis, defended in the year 2017, through the Graduate Program in Education and Contemporaneity at the State University of Bahia, construction of a 3D modeling solution for the São João da Bahia Theater, considered as a pole and reflection of the praxis of the Savior of the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries. The conception was developed from the problem of the inexistence of a modeling in the socio-constructivist perspective for the São João da Bahia Theater. In this way, the research aimed at possibilities for the subject, understood here as intellectual in the Gramscian perspective, to be a historian of oneself (subject subject), to build new knowledge (metacognition) through meaningful learning, mediated by the practice of visitation and interaction with the museum proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay presents the early days of human cytogenetics, from the late 1950s until the mid 1970s, as a historical series of images. I propose a chronology moving from photographs of bodies to chromosome sets, to be joined by ultrasound images, which provided a return to bodies, by then focused on the unborn. Images carried ontological significance and, as I will argue, are principal characters in the history of human cytogenetics. Inspired by the historiography of heredity and genetics, studies on visual cultures, the conceptualization of circulation, and the sociology of pregnancy, I suggest that cytogenetics, through its focus on pregnancy, pregnant women, and their offspring, found strategic living materials that stabilized human chromosome studies as a biomedical, post-eugenics practice. The historicity of each path displays a wide circulation of objects, tools, and methods that condensed on images that shared in the centuries-old visual expertise that medicine and botany had manufactured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a history of the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennekamp v. Florida and the question of freedom of the press. He discusses the role of the "Miami Herald" and its editor John D. Pennekamp in the publication of editorials and editorial cartoons criticizing the Florida court system, the charges of contempt of court, and the hearings before the Florida Supreme Court and then the U.S. Supreme Court.

This article, which emphasizes the importance of transnational history, tracks the influence of E. Stanley Jones, a missionary to India in the early twentieth century, on evangelicals in the United States. It contends that global encounters pushed Jones to hold integrated ashrams, conduct evangelistic crusades, and participate in the Congress on Racial Equality. During his time abroad, he discovered that racial segregation at home hurt the causes of missions and democracy abroad. Using this Cold War logic, Jones in turn provoked American evangelicals to consider more fully questions of racial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the mid-twentieth century, Chg Ldn was a powerhouse of Chinese newspaper publishing in Southeast Asia. A number of the major Chinese newspapers published there during that period are available in the Chinese Library of the National University of Singapore. The contents of these publications -- editorials, commercial advertisements, personal advertisements, serialized novels -- will be of interest to scholar's of Sinophone studies and of modem Vietnamese history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital revolution gives new meaning to the concept of ‘shelf life’. It offers the promise of infusing surviving accounts of the ever-fragile female past with both a material and an electronic robustness. Among the many dusty volumes that have benefited dramatically from digital capabilities, few are more emblematic of the power of contemporary technology to advance feminist historical recovery than the six volumes of Mary Hays’s Female Biography: or memoirs of illustrious and celebrated women, of all ages and countries: alphabetically arranged (1803). Female Biography was an anomaly when first published and controversial ever since, imitated but unacknowledged, left to molder on library shelves and in the pages of histories of prosopography. It was the first attempt at a comprehensive biographical history of women in English by a named woman author since Christine de Pizan's City of Ladies (1405) and the first compendium of women by either male or female compilers since Thomas Heywood's Generall Historie of Women (1624, 1657) to include rebellious and impious figures as well as learned ones. It was also the first Enlightenment prosopography of women and a compelling response to the great forgetting of women in traditional histories. While Hays's enterprise was a quintessentially ‘Enlightenment project’, the Female Biography Project to produce the Chawton House Library Edition was very much of the digital age. In this article we examine how Mary Hays put together Female Biography at the cusp of the nineteenth century and what happened in the twenty-first century when some two hundred scholars were assembled to grapple with the scope and scholarship of this work. We also explain the process of constructing a digital archive of Female Biography, and how this enabled a wonderful feat of feminist collaboration across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the career of U.S. satirist and lecturer Artemus Ward and his program on the Mormons. They mention Ward's visit to Utah and interactions with Mormons, there, his subsequent lecture series in the U.S. and Great Britain on the Mormons, and how the lectures influenced the opinion of Mormons.

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In 1964, Congress passed the Water Resources Research Act (WRRA) and created state research institutes to pursue practical research for the nation's growing water problems. The Idaho Water Resources Research Institute (IWRRI), initiated as part of WRRA, implemented its research program with multidisciplinary specialists across Idaho. Collaborating with public and private partners, IWRRI advanced research that reflected distinct political, economic, and environmental needs at a time when the state required more rigorous water planning. Case studies presented here include research on understanding and valuing wild and scenic rivers, tracing and mitigating water pollution from industrial mining, and improving efficiency and promoting maximization in irrigation among rural landscapes. Scientists developed new methods and advised on ways to improve water quality. Tracing IWRRI's research demonstrates how concerns about wilderness, pollution, and efficiency developed within a research regime determined to improve water resources management. Each element reflected historical forces and social values, something only occasionally acknowledged by the researchers but nonetheless central to their efforts. In this way, IWRRI shines analytical light on state water use and the policy and scientific methods used to comprehend, mitigate, and manage water resources. The history of institutes like IWRRI provide a neglected, but useful, avenue to explore the powerful ways contemporary legal, political, and economic concerns shaped scientific research agendas, reminding us of the larger social context in which scientific research occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many art practitioners across cultures and over generations, I work in my room. A room serves the function of essential studio space, a space where I can paint, write, read, chant, meditate or do nothing. The notion of “a room of one’s own” brought forth by the writer Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) in the 1920s is a c­ommon goal among many practitioners in the arts, women in particular. This continues to the present day. In this article, I aim to illustr­ate how my practice is akin to that of women in the West, Paris in particular, at the turn of the twentieth century in the longing for one's private space. The article explores the notion of private space in other, less obvious ways. I also discuss how women in a remote part of China in their own rooms, through the exclusive practice ofnüshu, a set of near-extinct and “secret” writing script, echoed the significance of having their own platform, a creative space in which they could excel. I demonstrate how, through appropriating some characters from the Chinese language with a “female” ideograph andnüshuscript, my drawing acts as a strategy, suggesting that the “edge” of culture could speak. In addition, it attempts to “practice that difference” advocated by the philosopher Luce Irigaray (b. 1930). Working and exhibiting in various spaces, I realize that a room for executing and displaying is a transitional tool. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]