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Emission trading scheme (ETS) is popular to abate anthropogenic emissions throughout the world. Previous researchers focused on evaluating ETS policy effect, but ETS design is usually neglected because ETS is already mostly sophisticated worldwide. This is not the case in China, as the Chinese nationwide ETS (CNETS) came into effect in July 2021. Implemented for a brief period, the CNETS lacks implementation details and thus may not achieve mitigation targets cost-effectively. In this paper, we attempt to narrow the research gap by comprehensively designing the CNETS. Our research framework is based on a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The CGE model results show that the appropriate CNETS should include the coverage of the electricity generation and manufacturing sectors, higher carbon price (175 C N Y / t C O 2 ), quota allocation based on the carbon intensity in the previous year, higher quota decline factor (2%) and time-decreasing free quota ratio. Although we have only designed the Chinese ETS in this paper, the research framework may become a paradigm of designing appropriate ETS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power is the basic industry of a modern country. The rapid development of the power industry has promoted economic development and social progress. With the establishment of the carbon neutrality target of carbon peak, China's power industry is also facing new situations and new challenges. This paper innovatively introduces the concept of allometric growth in biology, and uses the data of provincial electricity consumption and economic development from 1972 to 2017, to study the allometric growth relationship between electricity consumption and economics in China at multiple scales. Combined with the spatial autocorrelation analysis method, the temporal and spatial characteristics of allometric growth between electricity consumption and economic development were researched based on the analysis of spatial correlation of GDP electricity consumption intensity. The results show that: (1) The provincial GDP electricity consumption intensity shows an aggregate distribution, and the local aggregate pattern changed significantly from 1972 to 2017. (2) The High-High Cluster gradually disappeared, and the Low-Low Cluster moved southward, appearing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. (3) The differential growth coefficient of electricity consumption and economic development increased initially and decreased from 1972 to 2017. (4) GDP would increase by 7.4%, 20.1%, and 15.6% in the simulation of electricity consumption, increasing 10% at the three stages of China's economic development. (5) The allometric growth coefficients of electricity consumption and economic development are very different in the three economic belts, eight economic zones, and provinces with different characteristics at the different stages of economic development. Formulating differentiated regulation policies for regional economic development and electricity consumption will be conducive to the coordinated development of electric power production and the national economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bearing in mind European Green Deal assumptions regarding a significant reduction of green house emissions, electricity generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is more and more important nowadays. Besides this, accurate and reliable electricity generation forecasts from RES are needed for capacity planning, scheduling, managing inertia and frequency response during contingency events. The recent three years have proved that Machine Learning (ML) models are a promising solution for forecasting electricity generation from RES. In this review, the 8-step methodology was used to find and analyze 262 relevant research articles from the Scopus database. Statistic analysis based on eight criteria (ML method used, renewable energy source involved, affiliation location, hybrid model proposed, short term prediction, author name, number of citations, and journal title) was shown. The results indicate that (1) Extreme Learning Machine and ensemble methods were the most popular methods used for electricity generation forecasting from RES in the last three years (2020–2022), (2) most of the research was carried out for wind systems, (3) the hybrid models accounted for about a third of the analyzed works, (4) most of the articles concerned short-term models, (5) the most researchers came from China, (6) and the journal which published the most papers in the analyzed field was Energies. Moreover, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the analyzed ML forecasting models were identified and presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the secrets for China's economic growth miracle is continuous investment in infrastructure, and the role of power infrastructure is irreplaceable. However, previous studies mostly focused on generation-side indicators rather than grid-side indicators, ignoring the importance of the mega-grid established in China. As a result, this paper is committed to exploring the economic growth pulling effect of power grids with different voltage levels in the nonlinear framework. On the premise of determining the robustness of estimation parameters by instrumental variable method, the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used to capture panel heterogeneity. To be exact, the regional economic growth driven by extra-high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) power grids presents a regime transition accompanied by the growth of regional power generation and electricity consumption per capita. This means that the mega-grid is more conducive to the economic growth of energy bases and load centers. To further build and improve the state-leveled mega-grid into a nationwide basic platform for trans-regional renewable energy transmission and distribution is a key measure to enhance China's sustainable economic growth under the constraints of carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A renewable portfolio standard is implemented to promote the development of renewable energy at a minimum cost through tradable green certificate market mechanism. Formulating a scientific and feasible renewable energy quota allocation scheme helps RPS function smoothly and optimize resource allocation. This paper proposed a bi-level programming model combined with entropy weight method to allocate renewable portfolio standard quotas with provincial heterogeneity and stakeholders' behavior, and an optimized quota allocation scheme among China's 30 provinces in 2020 was obtained. By comparing with the government's issued scheme, the following were the results under the optimized scheme: (1) Quotas in most provinces have increased, and the responsibility for renewable electricity generation is shared with the provinces with developed economy and well-constructed transmission facilities, where electricity producers can meet the quotas by purchasing tradable green certificate. (2) Quota allocation has positive effects on energy, economy, and environment. Specifically, the non-hydro renewable electricity generation increased by 43.8%, the non-hydro renewable electricity producers' profit increased by 18.4%, and the environmental pollution cost reduced by 27.9%. (3) Quota allocation equity measured by the environmental Gini coefficient increased by 14.3%. Based on these findings, some policy implications related to quota allocation and renewable portfolio standard's institutional arrangement have been put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a crucial issue in socioeconomic metabolism and requires multicategory and high‐resolution data, and data on the physical composition of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) are fundamental in MSW research. Extensive financial resources have been invested in the research on field investigations of PCMSW; however, it is time‐consuming and sometimes not truly representative of the studied case. In this work, two bottom‐up and two top‐down approaches were applied for analyzing the PCMSW, namely, field investigation (FI), BP neural network (BPNN), material flow analysis (MFA), and inversion algorithm based on electricity generation of waste incinerator (IAEI). Wuhan City, China, was chosen as the studied case for analyzing and comparing the PCMSW results. The PCMSW values obtained by applying those four methods showed acceptable differences, and the standard deviations of organic fraction, ash and stone, paper, plastic and rubber, textile, wood, metal, glass, and others were 3.94%, 2.77%, 6.57%, 2.22%, 2.49%, 1.36%, 0.53%, 1.19%, and 0.28%, respectively. Use of the MFA, BPNN, and IAEI methods could reduce time and labor spent on manual sampling, sorting, and weighing of MSW, compared to the FI method. BPNN algorithm advances in providing PCMSW data in history and by trajectory throughout the year, whereas IAEI contributes PCMSW data with much higher temporal resolution. Data quality and applicability of different methods were discussed, considering the availability of time, labor, and reference data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The all-China-made proton exchange membrane fuel cell units were created and one fuel cell stack was assembled, with all domestic material such like Chinese proton exchange membrane, Chinese catalyst, Chinese carbon paper and Chinese graphite plate, on the basis of heat shaping CCM technology and modularized fuel cell stack assembly technology. The fuel cell unit was tested and optimized. The electricity generating test and other related experiments were conducted. It’s showed that the fuel cell unit’s performance was stable and its power density could reach 550 mW/cm2; the fuel cell stack’s operating power had reached 200 mW/cm2 with voltage uniformly distributed. The stack was stable and showed no obvious decrease in performance after 1800 h continuous operation. Discharged water analysis showed the all-China-made fuel cell stack’s materials had good chemical stability. This new type of fuel cell stack is much cheaper in production cost, compared to the same level import fuel cell stack. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Electricity generation is the largest sector with decarbonization potential for China and the world. Based on the new emission factors, this paper aims to identify the structural and technological determinants of provincial carbon intensity in the electricity generation sector (CIE) using the multiplicative LMDI-II method. Results demonstrate that (1) China's overall CIE decreases by 7.3% in 2001–2015, and the research period can be divided into four stages according to CIE changes (i.e., rapid growth, rapid decline, slow growth, and transition). The CIE in the 12th FYP estimated in this paper, 24.9% lower than that using the emission factors from IPCC, is closer to China's actual situation. (2) There exists huge heterogeneity in the determinants of provincial CIE changes in four stages. CIE growth in the Northwest and Northeast is caused by the coal-dominated energy structure. CIE growth in the Southwest is attributed to the electricity structure effect, while that of the Coast region is caused by the geographic distribution effect. The electricity efficiency effect is attributed to the CIE growth for these regions and the Southwest should also place focus on the electricity trade effect. The impact of electricity trade-related factors depends on the region being a net exporter or importer of electricity. (3) To achieve carbon intensity reduction targets, 30 provinces are categorized into four types based on various combinations of structural and technological determinants. The findings provide insights into capturing future emission-mitigating focus as well as defining the emission-mitigating responsibilities between electricity exporters and importers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide transformation of electricity production goes hand in hand with increasing use of wind energy. The German 'Energiewende' project is no exception and relies heavily on the construction and use of an ever-increasing number of wind turbines. While the operation of wind turbines does not lead to the emission of pollutants (in contrast to, e.g. coal, oil or gas), the production processes of the construction materials do. Since the raw materials' production primarily takes place outside Germany, radioactivity and doses related to these processes occur at remote places in the world. This effect might be called an 'export of doses'. In the present paper, we perform a life cycle analysis of wind turbines, investigating the mining and production of the construction materials. We focus on rare-earth elements needed for the generator magnets and assess the associated releases of radioactive materials during mining and processing, primarily in China. Estimates of dose to the public in selected Chinese cities are calculated. Different electricity generation techniques are compared by the use of the quantity (collective) dose per GW per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the goal of “Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutralization”, the integrated development between various industries and renewable energy (photovoltaic, wind power) is of great significance in China. This paper summarizes the relevant policies, integration schemes and typical cases of the integrated development between renewable energy and other industries. First, the development status of wind and solar generation in China is introduced. Second, we summarize the relevant policies issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration and other departments to promote the integrated development in photovoltaic and wind power generation in China. Third, eight kinds of photovoltaic three-dimensional development models are described, including “photovoltaic + agriculture, industry, environmental protection, transportation, architecture, communication, hydrogen and ecology”. Fourth, eight kinds of wind power three-dimensional development models are summarized, including “Offshore wind power + marine ranch, marine energy, marine tourism, marine oil and gas, hydrogen, communication, Energy Island” and “Onshore wind power + courtyard”. In the future, the promotion and application of the above integrated development projects will be accelerated. This overview aims to provide reference for the design in photovoltaic and wind energy systems and help potential investors to make decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China reaffirms its commitments to limit the climate change risk and improve air quality, a combination of new policy and technology opportunities is presenting itself. A national emission trading scheme (ETS) begun in 2017 and is showing great promise, creating decentralized incentives for cost effective pollution mitigation. At the same time, sustained energy sector innovation is driving the costs of renewable electric power generation below those of fossil fuel substitutes. Early economic evidence of ETS measured pollution reductions, but has not addressed important economy-wide net benefits. This paper focuses on technology and energy cost savings and is the first to account for three multiplier effects—shifting consumption patterns, job growth, and the benefits of induced productivity growth—that would result from accelerated renewable electricity deployment in China. Results from a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium model for 2017 to 2030 show that expanding renewable deployment can interact with the ETS to slash GHG emissions, as well as energy costs, stimulating significant long-term economic growth. These results suggest that China should accelerate its clean energy transition, not only for the air-quality and climate benefits, but to fulfill the energy sector's potential to promote innovation, employment, and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper provides analysis of the availability of grain straw resources for centralised industrial usages and suitable areas in China at the prefectural level. China has abundant straw resources for both decentralised and centralised usages. Decentralised usages are inefficient and cannot absorb enough straw. However, centralised usages have technological and economic problems, such as product cost and resource supply, and therefore, a system analysis of the economic available resources and suitable areas are needed. Three main grain crops – rice, wheat, and corn – and three typical centralised usages – paper making, direct combustion power generation, and bioethanol – are investigated in this study. An optimal model is established on the basis of straw resource characteristics and techno-economic characteristics of the usages and used to calculate the distribution of suitable prefectures and the largest supply of resources for each usage. The study focuses on prefectures in 13 provinces with relatively abundant grain straw resources. The suitable areas for paper making are in North China, for direct combustion power generation are in North and Northeast China, for bioethanol are in Northeast China. The largest economic available resources for paper making, direct combustion power generation, and bioethanol are 47.5, 221.4, and 164.4 million tons, respectively. The operation cost and the ratio of straw actually collected from production are selected for conducting a sensitivity analysis. The impacts of other factors, including the geographical environment, local product demand, existing industry, change in total straw production, technical progress and straw from other crops, are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

China is actively taking measures to guide the household energy‐saving consumption pattern because the total household indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions have rapidly multiplied from 2002 to 2017 with an annual growth rate of 5.95%, and 5.56%, respectively. This paper calculates indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions by four energy sources (raw coal, crude oil, natural gas, and electricity), analyzes the energy structure, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis in urban and rural areas in China from 2002 to 2017. The results reveal that the indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions of urban households was 3.84 and 3.80 times, respectively, that of rural households in 2017 with most contributions from the 'Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery', 'Foods and Tobacco', and 'OTHERS' sectors. The energy consumption structure has changed. The percentage of coal consumption falls from 66.87% to 57.62%. Electricity consumption, ranked second, increased substantially from 10.77% to 22.90%. The key sectors of the energy mix have been found to help energy conservation. The high indirect energy consumption sectors with higher indirect energy intensity are the key sectors, especially the 'Processing of Petroleum, Coking and Processing of Nuclear Fuel' and 'Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power'. The consumption structure effect is more obvious in urban areas than in rural areas. In the process of urbanization, its effect has little impact on urban indirect energy consumption. It implies that the focus is on optimizing consumption structure rather than reducing consumption scale. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how actors across spatial levels shape the directions of transition. We examine two Chinese provinces, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu, with contrasting directionalities of solar photovoltaic (PV) development. The former developed PV as part of the large-scale centralized power system, and the latter focused on PV development as a core element of an alternative distributed form of power generation. We argue that three aspects have been key for understanding the divergent patterns: the specific portfolio of enacted institutional work; the type of interactions between niche and regime actors; and the selective leveraging of national institutional conditions by provincial actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the limited available envelope area, height-constrained buildings integrated with photovoltaics require that more attention be given to the effective use of roofs. Thus, it is crucial to study the energy savings potential of previously neglected semitransparent photovoltaic (STPV) skylights. In this paper, the net energy consumption (NEC) of a room with STPV skylights and energy superiority compared to a reference window were investigated. The energy savings potential was then calculated for five representative cases located in different climate zones and daylight zones, according to the mandatory codes to be implemented in April 2022. Through a global sensitivity analysis, the extent to which each component of the NEC affects the energy savings potential was evaluated. The results indicate that STPV skylights exhibit promising energy savings potential in China. In temperate zones with excellent daylight conditions, an energy savings potential of 0.21 to 2.55 can be achieved, while the maximum energy savings rate (ESR) for the other four cases ranges from 0.52 to 1.1. The effect of electricity power generation (EPG) on the energy savings potential is most pronounced, except for that of STPV skylights on sloped roofs in hot summer and cold winter zones with poor daylight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model is constructed to simulate six scenarios for forecasting national electricity demand in China. The results show that in 2020 the total electricity demand will reach 6407.9~7491.0 billion KWh, and will be 6779.9~10,313.5 billion KWh in 2030. Moreover, under the assumption of power production just meeting the social demand and considering the changes in the scale and technical structure of power industry, this paper simulates two scenarios to estimate carbon emissions and carbon intensity till 2030, with 2012 as the baseline year. The results indicate that the emissions intervals are 4074.16~4692.52 million tCO2 in 2020 and 3948.43~5812.28 million tCO2 in 2030, respectively. Carbon intensity is 0.63~0.64 kg CO2/KWh in 2020 and 0.56~0.58 kg CO2/KWh in 2030. In order to accelerate carbon reduction, the future work should focus on making a more stringent criterion on the intensity of industrial power consumption and expanding the proportion of power generation using clean energy, large capacity, and high efficiency units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments actively encourage renewable energy use to deal with climate change and achieve carbon emission reduction targets. It is crucial to find out the driving factors that affect the utilization of renewable energy. Therefore, based on China's 2010–2016 input–output table, this paper uses the input–output model and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to analyze the driving factors of renewable energy changes in the production end, household end, and the aggregate economy. The results show that the changes in the consumption structure (F) is the most crucial factor for renewable energy use, followed by technology progress (T) and final demand per capita (V). Sector SEHW (supply of electric power, heat power, and water) and MCRP (manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products) are the two vital sectors to achieve China's energy transition of the production level. However, as for households, the proportion of renewable energy has been declining. Hence, the government should promote renewable energy use and achieve the green transition in production and household levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid economic growth has tremendously accelerated its energy use, calling for a more sustainable supply of scarce and nonrenewable energy. Using a firm‐level dataset of 30 major Chinese electricity utilities from 2010 to 2014, this paper applies a stochastic frontier analysis to determine the utilities' technical efficiency, incorporating their operational environments related to a recent policy reform to encourage sustainable development. Our main findings are (a) state ownership, consumer density, and a chief executive officer with a science and engineering background are factors that can improve technical efficiency; (b) asset‐related subsidy increases efficiency whereas income‐related subsidy lowers efficiency; and (c) the five largest regional electricity generation firms exhibit above‐average efficiency levels. These results provide evidence that supports the recent Chinese policy reform. The findings also suggest that electricity generation efficiency, which is essential to sustainable economic development, can be improved through performance‐based regulation and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric power industry is related to the national livelihood, and regional economic development is closely related to the pillar industry. At present, China's economy continues to develop steadily, and the promotion of domestic industrialization has also increased the demand for electricity. In recent years, the state power industry has made great progress, in order to further adapt to the needs of domestic and foreign market competition, the State Grid has also carried out a systematic reform of its own management system. In the reform process, strengthening the construction of performance appraisal system is a very important change. According to statistics, as of June 2020, the number of employees of State Grid has reached more than 900,000. As the most basic business unit of the state grid, the team is the cell of the state grid. It is the basis for the completion of various production management work and plays an important role in the safe production and stable output of electric power enterprises. Based on the relevant indicators of the work of the team, this paper analyzes the performance of the team through the production cost performance model, and provides suggestions for the optimization of the team for power grid enterprises [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces a robust methodology for evaluating complex electricity system efficiency, making several contributions. It systematically decomposes the electric power system into various processes, including power generation, transmission, distribution, and power consumption, with parallel sub-processes for production and domestic power consumption. Employing data envelopment analysis (DEA), the paper develops a network directional slacks-based (DSB) model to evaluate the whole system and the internal processes. The model is theoretically proven to be feasible, providing efficiency scores and identifying inefficiencies in the system and its processes. A noteworthy addition is the introduction of the DSB green Luenberger productivity index and its decomposition, offering an analysis of productivity changes in electricity systems. Empirical analysis covering 30 Chinese provinces from 2013 to 2019 uncovers the performance variations among provinces and processes, pointing out inefficiencies and changes in technology and efficiency over time. The empirical findings aim to support efforts in enhancing the overall efficiency of China's interprovincial power system. • We decompose the complex electric power system into four processes with dependence. • We build a network directional slacks-based (DSB) model for the complex power system. • We give a DSB green Luenberger productivity index (DPI) for our network model. • The efficiency score and DPI of the system are decomposed into those of processes. • We apply the model and indexes to electric power systems in Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Small hydropower station, when producing power energy to power system through the distribution network, may lead to the change of the detected current in relay protection and the protection coverage. In this paper, IEEE7 based network is formed in the platform of PSCAD/EMTDC to analyze the effects of distribution network in current protection when a small hydropower station is linked in. The running of relay protection in Section I and II is simulated to obtain the difference of current variation of network with or without small hydropower station. Also the key parameters are calculated to point out the maximum generation capacity of the small hydropower station in case of reliable and sensitive current protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydropower plays a key role in electricity system owing to its renewability and largest share of clean electricity generation that promotes sustainable development of national economy. Developing a proper forecasting model for the quarterly hydropower generation is crucial for associated energy sectors, which could assist policymakers in adjusting corresponding schemes for facing with sustained demands. For this purpose, this paper presents a fractional nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (abbreviated as FANGBM(1,1)) coupled seasonal factor and Particular Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, namely PSO algorithm-based FASNGBM(1,1) model. In the proposed method, the moving average method that eliminates the seasonal fluctuations is introduced into FANGBM(1,1), then in which the structure parameters of FASNGBM(1,1) are determined by PSO. Based on hydropower generation of China from the first quarter of 2011 to the final quarter of 2018 (2011Q1-2018Q4), the numerical results show that the proposed model has a better performance than that of other benchmark models. Eventually, the quarterly hydropower generation of China from 2019 to 2020 are forecasted by the proposed model, according to results, the hydropower generation of China will reach 11287.14 × 108 Kwh in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electricity consumption is often the hotspot of life cycle assessment (LCA) of products, industrial activities, or services. The objective of this paper is to provide a consistent, scientific, region-specific electricity-supply-based inventory of electricity generation technology for national and regional power grids. Marginal electricity generation technology is pivotal in assessing impacts related to additional consumption of electricity. China covers a large geographical area with regional supply grids; these are arguably equally or less integrated. Meanwhile, it is also a country with internal imbalances in regional energy supply and demand. Therefore, we suggest an approach to achieve a geographical subdivision of the Chinese electricity grid, corresponding to the interprovincial regional power grids, namely the North, the Northeast, the East, the Central, the Northwest, and the Southwest China Grids, and the China Southern Power Grid. The approach combines information from the Chinese national plans on for capacity changes in both production and distribution grids, and knowledge of resource availability. The results show that nationally, marginal technology is coal-fired electricity generation, which is the same scenario in the North and Northwest China Grid. In the Northeast, East, and Central China Grid, nuclear power gradually replaces coal-fired electricity and becomes the marginal technology. In the Southwest China Grid and the China Southern Power Grid, the marginal electricity is hydropower towards 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of globalization, trade between countries has become more and more frequent; as a kind of commonly used heavy lifting equipment, the influence of the quayside crane on environment during the production stage has attracted wide attention. In this paper, the world's largest quayside crane manufacturer was selected as the study object. The environmental load of five workshops (NC pre-treatment workshop, assembling workshop, sand milling workshop, painting workshop and steel structure workshop) involved in the quayside crane (QC) production stage was studied by using the ReCiPe model; the normalized values of the 14 overall pollutants in each workshop were 1248.64, 576.75, 214.27, 85.26 and 76.69, respectively. The results showed that the sand milling workshop was the biggest electricity consumer of all processes. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the environmental pollution load was the most sensitive to the electricity consumption; the scenario analysis indicated that with the proportion of China's renewable resources in the process of electricity generation becoming larger and larger, in comparison with that of in 2015, up to 2050, the quantity of PM 2.5 generated during the production process of QC will drop from 832 to 408 kg (high-speed development)/342 kg (low-speed development), and it is expected that the China's haze problem could be effectively curbed in the future. Finally, the research results of this article also pointed out the direction for the future technical innovation of the QC industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typical textbook production theory for a single production unit, assuming substitution possibilities both ex ante and ex post between all factors of production, may not be so well suited for understanding structural change within industries characterised by embodied technical change and a significant presence of capital equipment that represents sunk cost. In the literature an industry function is often based on just aggregating micro-level data to the industry level, or scaling up an average production function, using at times quite sophisticated econometric techniques to estimate a parametric production function. However, entry and exit of plants, and embodied technological change at the micro or plant level drive the dynamics. The requirement of plant level data has severely restricted the use of the approach. However, the paper shows that such production function concepts can be applied to coal-fired electricity generation aggregated to the Chinese province level and still get valuable structural information for policy analysis. Development in total variable factor productivity (TVFP) and bias of technical change are estimated and illuminated using figures for isoquant maps, capacity regions in input coefficient space and average- and marginal cost functions for the provinces in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Periodicity fluctuation of power production is an important factor for the power system design and the development of power market. On the basis of difference equation with constant coefficient, this paper presents a mathematical model with generate electricity as subject investigated, in which periodicity fluctuation of power production in China is studied in a quantitative manner. Using GM(1.1). dynamic periodicity fluctuation is demonstrated further, and the periodicity fluctuating characteristics of power production of China is qualitatively analyzed. The research of this paper provides a significant advice to the development of Chinese power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's China, the reverse distribution of electricity resources and electricity demand makes large-scale and long-distance transmission of electricity inevitable, resulting in the problem of electricity allocation optimization. To address this problem in the region covered by the China Southern Grid (CSG), the paper establishes an optimized model for electricity generation and interprovincial trading strategies in southern China. Based on data from 2015, this paper simultaneously optimizes electricity generation and interprovincial trading strategies in each of the five provinces. The result shows that interprovincial trading in the CSG-served area can yield significant energy, economic, environmental and interconnection benefits. It can reduce the power supply cost and environmental pressure in Guangdong province, help make Yunnan province a hydropower base in China and a thermal power base in southern China, facilitate the completion of the "West-to-East Power Transmission" project, and partly resolve the issues raised in each province's 13th Five-Year Plan as well as the problem of optimizing electricity allocation in the region covered by the CSG. • We propose an annual total optimized model for electricity generation and interprovincial trading in Southern China. • The model optimizes the electricity trading and transmission routes across regions. • The model considers the generation cost and penalty cost of emitting CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x. • Corresponding policies and proposals are put forward for power grid and five regions in South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of large scale power grid interconnections and power markets, research on available transfer capability (ATC) has attracted great attention. The challenges for accurate assessment of ATC originate from the numerous uncertainties in electricity generation, transmission, distribution and utilization sectors. Power system uncertainties can be mainly described as two types: randomness and fuzziness. However, the traditional transmission reliability margin (TRM) approach only considers randomness. Based on credibility theory, this paper firstly built models of generators, transmission lines and loads according to their features of both randomness and fuzziness. Then a random fuzzy simulation is applied, along with a novel method proposed for ATC assessment, in which both randomness and fuzziness are considered. The bootstrap method and multi-core parallel computing technique are introduced to enhance the processing speed. By implementing simulation for the IEEE-30-bus system and a real-life system located in Northwest China, the viability of the models and the proposed method is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government has made significant effort to promote biomass based electricity generation in recent years. Yet, little is known about consumers’ preferences for biomass electricity and associated environmental impacts. This paper uses discrete choice experiments (DCE) to investigate Chinese consumers’ preference for electricity generated from various biomass sources. Based on 548 responses, the paper finds that Chinese households are willing to pay a premium of around 27 Yuan per month or 0.20 Yuan per kilowatt hour (kWh) to replace coal-fired electricity. Among the various biomass sources, electricity generated from agricultural and forestry biomass is most preferred, followed by biogas electricity and waste-to-energy. It is also found that respondents have a significant willingness to pay for reducing haze. Consumers’ household structure and environmental awareness also affect their preference for biomass electricity. These results have significant implications for the prioritization, design and communication of biomass promoting schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan is an island in East Asia that strongly depends on imported fossil fuels. To reduce emissions and pollutants, there is interest in wind and solar energy. The current solar energy systems convert solar energy into electricity with high capital cost because of their low efficiency and high operational costs. This paper presents the position of renewable energy methods in Taiwan and the benefits of its expansion. This research suggests that the use of Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors and wind turbines can provide appropriate solutions for electricity production due to the benefits of the long duration of insolation of solar collectors and the energy density of wind turbines. However, there are several challenges and problems that must be solved (land conditions and geographical positions are not appropriate for PV/T installation and wind energy system, respectively). Finally, a series of suggestions is presented to solve the economic problems associated with wind and solar energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When evaluating climate policy, previous researchers tend to exaggerate positive employment benefits at aggregate level. Nevertheless, distributional employment at sectoral level is usually neglected, and consequently policy implementation may be impeded by the sectors with severe employment loss. Hence, distributional employment impacts of climate policy should be comprehensively studied. To achieve this target, in this paper, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is employed to simulate the Chinese nationwide Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). The CGE model results show that the ETS decreased total labor employment by approximately 3% in 2021, and then this negative impact will diminish to zero in 2024; the ETS will positively affect total labor employment in 2025–2030. The ETS increases labor employment in the electricity sectors and also agriculture, water, heat, and gas production sectors, as these sectors are complementary to the electricity sectors or do not have intensive use of electricity. In contrast, the ETS decreases labor employment in the sectors with intensive use of electricity, including the coal and petrol production, manufacturing, mining, construction, transport, and service sectors. Overall, a climate policy, which covers electricity generation only and is time-invariant, tends to have time-decreasing employment impacts. Because this policy increases labor employment in electricity generation from nonrenewable energy, it cannot help achieve low-carbon transition. [Display omitted] • This paper focuses on employment impacts of climate policy at sectoral level rather than aggregate level. • Emission Trading Scheme decreases employment in short term but increases employment in medium or long term. • Emission Trading Scheme increases employment in sectors complementary to electricity sectors. • Emission Trading Scheme decreases employment in sectors with intensive use of electricity. • A time-invariant climate policy, targeted at electricity sectors only, cannot help achieve low-carbon transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses a huge threat to human welfare. Hence, developing a low-carbon economy has become a prevailing and inevitable trend. Decarbonization of power generation, especially converting the current power mix into a low-carbon structure, will be a critical option for CO2 emission mitigation. In this paper, an integrated power generation expansion (PGE) planning model towards low-carbon economy is proposed, which properly integrates and formulates the impacts of various low-carbon factors on PGE models. In order to adapt to the characteristics of PGE models based on low-carbon scenario, a compromised modeling approach is presented, which reasonably decreases complexities of the model, while properly keeping the significant elements and maintaining moderate precision degree. In order to illustrate the proposed model and approach, a numerical case is studied based on the background of China's power sector, making decisions on the optimal PGE plans and revealing the prospects and potentials for CO2 emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When talking about energy conservation, "Rebound Effect" (RE) is always concerned, which defined as the increasing energy consumption relative to the counterfactual predicted by technological progress because of efficiency induced decrease in the real price of energy services. In this paper, we try to find a way to figure out the RE through calculating the substitution relations accord with the definition. Based on the trans-log cost function and considering the asymmetric impact on energy-cost share equation, the paper applies Allen-Uzawa substitution elasticity to establish the price-oriented analysis diagram of fossil-energy consumption RE. Using time series data, applying the joint method of the dynamic OLS (DOLS) and the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR), the RE in China's electricity generation sector is estimated. The results showed that the RE is 11.6% in China's electricity generation sector if allowing for asymmetric price effects, which indicates that China's power generation sector generally displays a feature of energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the maturity of advanced technologies and the urgent requirement of maintaining a healthy environment with reasonable price, generating electricity from alternative resources in China will become the main trend in the near future. However, how to prioritize a suitable strategic planning of energy sources among stakeholders has not been comprehensively discussed in previous literatures and is becoming more important and complex. Accordingly, the paper employs a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model, which incorporates the benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) concept, to help in prioritizing energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's wind power installed capacity is the largest in the world, but the utilization of wind power equipment is not very good, far behind USA. In this paper, the development of China's wind power is reviewed, and the present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China's wind power industry. The characteristics of China's wind farm are summered. With the insatiability and intermittence, wind power is not welcome to China's electric grid, and large-scale wind power construction does not match with the existing power grid, therefore, wind power curtailment is serious and the level of wind power utilization is very low. To solve the wind power curtailment rationing problem, in this paper, combined with the characteristics of China's wind farm operation, the wind power utilization level evaluation index system has been built, reflecting the wind resource characteristics, wind power equipment type, wind power output, wind power curtailment, grid technology, operation management and so on. Taking Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province as an example, wind power utilization level is evaluated comprehensively, combined the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM). The results show that the establishment of wind power utilization level comprehensive evaluation index system is helpful to find the main factors which effect the level of wind power utilization and improve the wind power field operation, which can provide reference for the planning and design of wind farm, and the results have certain value on theoretical significance and engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Technical-economic evaluation was conducted for various PV tracking systems. • Analysis was performed on six different latitude regions in China. • Several tracking systems have better economic viability than fixed-tilt systems. • Introduction of carbon trading increases investment viability of tracking systems. Renewable energy generation plays a crucial role in mitigating global climate change and achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. Photovoltaic (PV) power is an important component of renewable energy generation. With China's commitment to meet its dual carbon targets on time, the application of PV tracking systems, which significantly increase the amount of PV power generated, has become a trend for the future. However, the suitability of PV tracking systems varies significantly between regions. This paper aims to assess and compare the technical and economic performance of PV systems using different PV tracking systems in six different latitude regions in China under the consideration of carbon trading. By utilizing the PVsyst software, the monthly/yearly unit electricity generation of different tracking systems in each region is calculated. Furthermore, the technical and economic performance of these systems is assessed by computing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and discounted payback period (DPP) with and without carbon benefits, taking into account sensitivity analyses. The results indicate that the dual-axis tracking (DAT) system achieves the highest electricity generation, providing a gain of 17.94 %–31.52 % compared to the fixed-tilt (FT) system. The horizontal axis tracking North-South (HATNS) system and the tilted-axis tracking (TAT) system are probably the most economically viable systems in areas with high radiation levels, with NPV values 2.02 %–25.55 % and 6.44 %–19.45 % higher, respectively, compared to the FT system. The introduction of carbon benefits significantly increases the economic viability of all tracking systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forecasting-test framework for long-term power system planning. • Coal-fired generators can be completely withdrawn from the power system by 2060. • China's power capacity mix will transition to wind and solar generators dominated. • Biomass and gas-fired generators will take on the role of reserved generators. • The timing of achieving China's zero-coal power system may be advanced or delayed. Facing the challenges of climate deterioration, environmental pollution, and energy shortages, China has put forward the goals of "carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality", and the electricity sector will be the key area and the main direction of carbon emissions reduction. To prospect China's power system and explore the potential for establishing China's zero-coal power system in the future, this paper proposes a forecasting-test framework for long-term power system planning. We predict, evaluate, and analyze China's power system from 2025 to 2060 using the proposed forecasting-test framework. During this process, the power capacity mix and the electricity generation mix of China's power system will gradually transition from coal-fired generators dominated to wind and solar generators dominated. Moreover, the roles of different generators and energy storages are illustrated through the seasonal comparison and sensitivity analysis of the installed capacity of generators. The results indicate that coal-fired generators can be completely withdrawn from the power system, confirming the feasibility and possibility of achieving China's zero-coal power system by 2060. Although the timing may be advanced or delayed in different scenarios, achieving China's zero-coal power system will require exercising nationwide planning and making joint efforts of various sectors from now on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable electricity quota standard (RES) policy plays an important role in achieving sustainable and green development targets. Thus, it is essential to measure the sustainability of the electric power sectors in the context of RES. In terms of the energy and environmental efficiency (EEE) measurements, few studies divided energy inputs into renewable and non-renewable energy or explored the restricted problem of minimizing resource summation. To fill these gaps, we propose an improved fix-sum energy input data envelopment analysis (FSIDEA) model based on the adjustment strategy of weighted sum minimization of renewable energy inputs. The assurance region (AR) restriction and renewable energy input sum constraint (IC) are, respectively, imposed on the FSIDEA model to achieve the common equilibrium effective frontier (EEF). Finally, this study assesses the EEE of the electric power sectors in China's 30 main regions based on the common EEF. The result reveals that Beijing and Shanghai can be selected as benchmarks after efficiency comparison. In addition, our proposed model can compressively rank all decision-making units (DMUs) compared with traditional efficiency models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the technologies for the recovery of energy from waste, in particular residual municipal solid waste (rMSW), combustion is the most widely used thermo-chemical treatment process associated with thermal and electric power production by a steam cycle, named, shortly, Waste to Energy (WtE). Today, more than 500 WtE plants in the EU, about 400 in China and 76 in the USA are in operation, based on efficient technologies and advanced air pollution control systems. Energy recovery can be accomplished also by means of gasification; however, the presence of impurities together with the atmospheric pressure, at which syngas is normally produced, impose the feeding of syngas to a conventional steam cycle, leading to generally lower performances than WtE. The energy recovered by WtE offsets traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels and related emissions, providing savings in term of climate change. However, the savings obtainable by replacing electricity and/or heat will diminish as the energy systems will hopefully become increasingly renewable. Over this medium–long-term horizon, one possibility is to capture the CO2 from WtE flue gases and to store/use it. From the life cycle assessment perspective, it has been calculated that the introduction of CO2 capture and storage in WtE, despite energy penalties, is able to reduce the impact on climate change. The alternative approach, proposed to contain the emissions of greenhouse gases in the thermal treatment of waste, is using the carbon contained in it to produce commonly used chemical compounds (waste to chemicals). The benefits, in terms of reductions of greenhouse gases, are expected from the possibility of obtaining chemicals that can replace their analogue normally produced from fossil sources. To date, only one WtC demonstration plant is operating by being fed by rMSW-derived waste, and some similar initiatives are planned, but still adequate assurances in terms of robust knowledge of the involved complex processes, above all, if applied to highly inhomogeneous feed streams such as those obtained from rMSW, are not available. Once the several initiatives come to completion, it will enable waste management professionals to assess performance and to begin to consider such a facility in their planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of a gas-fired CCHP can effectively solve seasonal shortages of electricity and gas. To realize providing investment decision for gas-fired CCHP in Beijing, first, the paper analyses the status of gas-fired CCHP systems in Beijing; second, the technology structure and economic benefits of gas-fired CCHP systems are analyzed; third, a technical economic evaluation framework of a gas-fired CCHP is built, which analyses the cascade utilization and energy saving effects of a heat and power energy system in a gas-fired CCHP system. Analysis of the gas-fired CCHP system economy and the factors that influence the economic performance is also performed, as well as a sensitivity analysis. In addition, the paper also analyses an energy efficiency sharing model of a cooling, heating and power system that considers the grid enterprises’ economic efficiency. Finally, an empirical analysis of a trigeneration project control center in the Beijing Gas Group is carried out. Research results show that gas-fired CCHP system is good to both customers and beneficial, fuel price and electricity price will influence revenue of Gas-fired CCHP system greatly, a reasonable energy efficiency sharing ratio will help to the recovery of investment in Gas-fired CCHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal-fired thermal power plants, which represent the largest proportion of China's electric power system, are very sluggish in responding to power system load demands. Thus, a reasonable and feasible scheme for the medium-term optimal commitment of thermal units (MOCTU) can ensure that the generation process runs smoothly and minimizes the start-up and shut-down times of thermal units. In this paper, based on the real-world and practical demands of power dispatch centers in China, a flexible mathematical model for MOCTU that uses equal utilization hours for the installed capacity of all thermal power plants as the optimization goal and that considers the award hours for MOCTU is developed. MOCTU is a unit commitment (UC) problem with characteristics of large-scale, high dimensions and nonlinearity. For optimization, an improved progressive optimality algorithm (IPOA) offering the advantages of POA is adopted to overcome the drawback of POA of easily falling into the local optima. In the optimization process, strategies of system operating capacity equalization and single station operating peak combination are introduced to move the target solution from the boundary constraints along the target isopleths into the feasible solution's interior to guarantee the global optima. The results of a case study consisting of nine thermal power plants with 27 units show that the presented algorithm can obtain an optimal solution and is competent in solving the MOCTU with high efficiency and accuracy as well as that the developed simulation model can be applied to practical engineering needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are significant uncertainties pertaining to the future of coal power generation across the globe and especially for China. Being one of the largest coal consumers and CO2 emitters, China aims at addressing its national energy security while ensuring to achieve sustainable operations. In following its commitments to the Paris Agreement and in pursuit of near-zero emissions from power plants, China has actively moved towards high efficiency, low emission (HELE) coal-fired power plants. However, HELE technology alone cannot completely cut carbon emissions, and will require a mature CO2 emissions reduction technology such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to significantly reduce the CO2 emissions within short to medium term. This paper conducts a preliminary evaluation for investment in HELE coal-fired power plant with CCS (HELE-CCS) in China, under the context of the Shenzhen emissions trading scheme. We carry out this preliminary analysis through mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) framework, and by using publicly available power generation and carbon pricing data. Based on hypothetical scenarios, a HELE coal-fired power plant is found to contribute 55 % profit by selling the electricity. However, a substantial CO2 emissions cost is incurred due to the installation of CCS, leading to a high caution on investment. A more detailed analysis is warranted using real power plant data to confirm real business feasibility of HELE-CCS, including an expansive set of scenarios that also assess relevant appropriate government incentives and subsidies as well as variant financial models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important means of demand-side response, the reasonable formulation of the electricity price mechanism will have an important impact on the balance between the supply and demand of electric power. With the introduction of Chinese intelligence apparatus and the rapid development of smart grids, real-time electricity pricing, as the frontier electricity pricing mechanism in the smart grid, will have great significance on the promotion of energy conservation and the improvement of the total social surplus. From the perspective of system dynamics, this paper studies different real-time electricity pricing mechanisms based on load structure, cost structure and bidding and analyses the situation of user satisfaction and the total social surplus under different pricing mechanisms. Finally, through the comparative analysis of examples under different real-time pricing scenarios, this paper aims to explore and design the future dynamic real-time electricity pricing mechanism in China, predicts the dynamic real-time pricing level and provides a reference for real-time electricity price promotion in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, energy development and utilisation are facing two problems in China: the energy crisis and the effects of global warming. An important means to solve the above problems effectively is to increase the intensity of the development and utilisation of photovoltaic system, which directly transforms the inexhaustible solar energy into the powerful green electrical energy. However, some problems plague the development of the photovoltaic industry. Due to these problems, the photovoltaic industry is seriously hindered in its efforts to develop sustainable. Therefore, accurately understanding the developing situation of the photovoltaic industry and analysing and solving the problems that occur during the development process of the photovoltaic industry in China are important topics of current research. This paper presents research results regarding these topics. First, this paper considers the present situation of the photovoltaic industry in China from three aspects: the power market, power generation industry policy and power generation technology level. Second, a discussion of the existing problems of the above three aspects is presented; in addition, based on the developing trends of renewable energy in China, development orientation of the photovoltaic industry are identified for years to come. Finally, strategies are proposed to promote the rapid development of the distributed photovoltaic industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to long-term, coal-based electricity generation, China’s power industry has produced not only heavy burdens on provincial coal supplies but has also caused serious environmental deterioration. This paper discusses the current status and future development trend of China’s power generation. By using the Johansen co-integration test and the error correction model (ECM), the paper shows the existence of a synchronous increase between China’s economy and its electricity production. Then, a GM(1,1) model is applied to predict China’s economic production in 2015. By using that prediction, the ECM to estimate the related electricity generation. Next, based on the 2015 power generation prediction, this paper discusses the development trend of China’s future power structure, especially in regard to renewable energy, and also provides an overview of the potential reserves and current development status of China’s renewable power generation as well as the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP), with suggestions for the future development of renewable energy. Last, a centralized combined dispatching policy, including trans-provincial and trans-regional power transmissions, is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To mitigate global climate change and achieve CO 2 emissions reduction goals, China proposed to shift to dual control of total CO 2 emissions (CE) and CO 2 emissions intensity (CEI) as early as possible. Accurately assessing provincial sectoral CE and CEI and developing reasonable regulatory strategies is a prerequisite for achieving the goal of dual control. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis from different perspectives of the supply chain. Therefore, this paper evaluates the CE and CEI in provincial sectors of China in 2017 from production-based and consumption-based perspectives according to multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. Then, we analyze the supply chain of transmission sector by betweenness-based method as a supplementary perspective. The results show that: (1) The CE and CEI from different perspectives are different and can complement each other. (2) Production and distribution of electric power and heat power in Inner Mongolia (P5D24), construction in Jiangsu (P10D27), distribution of electric power and heat power in Beijing (P1D24) are the critical sectors for dual control of CE and CEI from production, consumption, betweenness-based perspectives, respectively. (3) Construction in Jiangsu (P10D27) and Shanxi (P4D27) have the highest embodied CE and CEI in China respectively. Energy and raw material sectors from upstream supply chain contribute large CE to construction sectors. This research suggests that paying attention to critical sectors from different perspectives of the supply chain and taking different measures to decrease CO 2 emissions. Taking both CE and CEI into consideration and allocating CO 2 emissions reduction pressures reasonably among provincial sectors. At the same time, taking care of relevant upstream sectors of the supply chain to help a single sector achieve CO 2 emissions reduction goals and promote China's transition to dual control of CE and CEI. [Display omitted] • Identify the critical provincial sectors from both CO 2 emissions and intensity. • Use betweenness-based results as complementary strategies. • The energy and raw material sectors contribute large CO 2 emissions to construction. • Explore dual control of CO 2 emissions and intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]