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This research was prepared to obtain an analysis and compare the financial performance of two large issuing companies in the pulp and paper industry, namely PT. Tjiwi Kimia Tbk. and PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk. by using the 2022 and 2023 financial reports as a data source. The method used is financial ratio analysis which includes liquidity, solvency, and profitability ratios. Based on the results of an in-depth study, it can be stated that PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk. has better performance in terms of liquidity with a current ratio of 2.65 in 2023, compared to PT. Tjiwi Kimia which has a current ratio of 1.24. However, in terms of solvency, PT. Tjiwi Kimia has a lower debt-to-equity ratio (DER), namely 0.51 times compared to PT Indah Kiat of 0.69 times, indicating that PT Tjiwi Kimia's financial risk is relatively smaller. In terms of profitability, both companies are seen to have proven positive performance. PT Indah Kiat's net profit margin in 2023 will be 11% with an ROE of 14.6%, while PT Tjiwi Kimia posted a net profit margin of 8.7% with an ROE of 13.6%. However, both PT Indah Kiat and PT Tjiwi Kimia still need to improve operational efficiency and manage financial risks prudently, especially regarding debt management.

Scientific papers at this time are something that must be mastered by a student. Scientific articles produced by someone contribute new knowledge to the world of Education. This study aims to analyze the obstacles experienced by students when writing scientific articles. The research was conducted on biology education students at the Open University who are in their final semester and take scientific work courses as one of the graduation requirements. There were at least 13 students who were the research samples taken purposively. To obtain data, the researcher provided a questionnaire and conducted interviews with a sample of students. The data were then analyzed descriptively and resulted in the discovery that the main barriers of biology education students in writing scientific papers are lack of student experience in writing scientific papers especially in the components of scientific papers. They found it difficult when creating an introduction (54%), method (46%), and presenting results and discussions (54%). The recommendation from this study is the need to develop learning strategies in scientific work courses that can train students to get used to developing ideas and process these ideas into original articles and free from plagiarism.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan motivasi belajar peserta didik kelas VII.2 dalam pembelajaran pendidikan pancasila melalui penggunaan media Quizizz Paper Mode di-SMPN 33 Palembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) yang dilakukan selama tiga siklus dengan subjek penelitian seluruh peserta didik kelas VII.2 SMPN 33 Palembang dengan 32 orang peserta didik yang terdiri atas 19 Laki-laki dan 13 Perempuan pada materi Bab VI yaitu Bekerja Sama dan Begotong Royong di mana dalam tiga siklus yang dilaksankan ketiganya melakukan tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Penelitian ini di observasi oleh tiga observer yang hasilnya di analisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif persentase. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media Quizizz Paper Mode dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik kelas VII.2 SMPN 33 Palembang hal tersebut dapat dilihat pada kegiatan pra siklus dengan motivasi belajar peserta didik sebesar 47% meningkat pada siklus 1 menjadi 67%, siklus 2 77% dan siklus 3 86% yang berarti media pembelajaran Quizizz Paper Mode dapat meningkakan motivasi belajar peserta didik.

Purpose – This study aims to reveal bibliometric data related to the study of Islamic education. Design/methods/approach – This study uses a bibliometric analysis method to examine publishing trends and emerging themes surrounding the study of Islamic education. The study is limited to the types of documents, articles, proceedings, reviews, and book chapters. This study uses the Scopus database, and the data was collected on July 1, 2021. The targeted data was retrieved by applying the search keywords: “Islamic Education” OR “Madrasah” OR “Islamic School.” Findings – The results of this study reveal that there has been an increase in the study of Islamic Education in Scopus-indexed journals over the last five years, with most of them written by Indonesian scientists. However, most articles published in the two journals are not specific to the study of Islamic education or religious studies. Research implications/limitations – This study is limited to Islamic education research in the Scopus database. This study only looks at bibliometric data analysis. Further studies based on the systematic literature review method can investigate the findings. Islamic education researchers can use the results of this study to develop future research topics. Practical implications – This study sheds light on the evolution of Islamic education research. The results of this study have implications for a more focused direction of Islamic education research through information science tools.

Excluding government bonds and possibility of Islamic contracts indevising different financial instruments has made Muslim scholarsthink of designing Islamic financial instruments; in such a way, whichdifferent Islamic financial instruments were developed in a shortterm.The present study explains one of these instruments, designedon the basis of Estesna'a contracts. Through this instrument, thoseministries, municipalities or government and private companieswhich want to launch or run a major project and have not enoughfinancial credit, order the project to the contractor, according to theEstesna'a contract and then, guarantee the payment of project costs toa contractor in a definite timing. In this way, the employer givesnegotiable papers of Esteesna'a to the contractor instead of any otherpayment, regarding the improvement of the project. In due date,contractor acquires the ownership of negotiable papers of Estesna'a orhe/ she can sell them in a secondary market before due date.Negotiable papers of Estesna'a, considered as profit-making financialinstruments with definite output rate, are expected to be encouragedby non-risky and common people. They are also known asappropriate instruments for financial and monetary policies besidesencouraging investment. As well as, it is a suitable complementary forthe capital market of Iran which suffers a shortage of differentfinancial instruments.

Using Islamic project finance is the solution to fill the gap between infrastructure demand and available finance. This study aims to investigate if it is appropriate to use Islamic finance to fund the infrastructure project, as one specific sector that is facing major challenges in long-term financing, and it intends to select the most appropriate instrument that is inconsistent with Non-Muslim countries’ law and culture. The methodology and approach that will be used is a qualitative method which is used to study the Islamic financial tools, compare them with other financial instruments, and discuss the potential implementation of Islamic project finance structure to fund the infrastructure project in Italian environment. The study concentrates on exploring the Italian laws that are resembled to Shariah principle in order to make it more acceptable for the Italian culture. The study concludes that using Islamic finance can be used to finance infrastructure projects by using existing laws and regulations. This study is also expected to benefit the Italian government and investors in making their financial decision, and it will be a new experience for Europe countries.

This study is a critical review of locus's paper (١٩٩٠) on internationalcapital mobility. The key question that he addresses is:" Why doescapital not flow from rich to poor countries?" The author deals withthe subject by critically reviewing Lucas's work, and his choice ofmodel and analytical objective, and tries to investigate crudely thenecessary issues which were either neglected or did not receive dueattention, such as: reverse human capital, inconsistent rules andregulations, and high investment risks in poor countries.Finally, in addition to the concluded remarks, primary suggestionsare made with respect to reduction of political risk, development andapplication of proper rules to prevent money laundering and financialcorruption…

Uncovering the Israeli-Republican-Evangelical Networks behind the “Obsession” DVD Something strange showed up inside the Sunday newspapers of millions of Americans last September. Thematerial included alongside comics, coupons, and advertisement for local stores is a controversial DVD called “Obsession: Radical Islam’sWar against theWest.” Some 28 million copies of it were distributed for free in this fashion. In some ways, this campaign’s scale and ideological venom were unprecedented: many newspapers stated that they had never previously distributed freeDVDs as inserts, certainly nothing with such a charged content. The copies were distributed not randomly across the country, but only in the “swing states” (viz., Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Colorado, etc.) that were seen as toss-ups in the November presidential elections between McCain and Obama. Obviously, someone was trying to influence theAmerican electorate by playing on fearmongering and hate-mongering themes. But who?Who was behind thismassive, multi-million dollar campaign? Answering that question proved harder than one might think, as the groups behind this DVD have worked hard to hide their tracks. The connections, which were partially concealed in the DVD and the distribution campaign, took one from groups in Israel to pro-Israel lobby organizations in the ...

We commit many sins unknowingly on a daily basis .One of them is the heresy of sacred rotten leaves. In modern times, the Quran, Hadith, Fiqah books, and other such magazines and newspapers are being published in abundance in which the Quranic verses, Hadith, prophetic and holy names are written. It is becoming difficult for us to protect and take care of them. Sacred sheets are lying on the ground here, and their garbage is piled up, and in some places, holy sheets have been taken out of sewers. Holy names should not be written in such magazines and newspapers. Only their translation should be written instead of Quranic verses and hadith, which later appear in garbage and sewers. Still, if the Quran hadith or holy books become rotten, there is a danger of trampling underfoot and spreading to other parts of the earth and not readable and profitable. So the best way to protect them is to bury the Quranic verses hadith and other sacred rotten pages in the dust. But burial has become an excuse for everyone. Now it is the responsibility of the government to set up an institution whose duty is to put boxes everywhere and then bury the leaves in the dust away from the city. It is the responsibility of the people to put it in the box designated by the government and to avoid throwing it away.

Zakah is one of the five pillars of Islam. Compared to the other pillars, Zakah intersects with most the human dimensions: spiritual, individual, social, economic, and is quantifiable. Zakah also fulfills all of the aspect of the Maqa>s}id al-Shari>‘ah that preserves public interests (maslahah). This paper argues that the lack of full observance of the objectives of the obligation in performing Zakah, which is intended to increase the welfare/wellbeing of the society, makes Islamic Economics as a discipline completely ineffective and inefficient in performing its essential characteristics in fulfilling the Maqa>s}id al-Shari>‘ah. The expected outcome of this study is Zakah Index that will represents the monitoring of Zakah payment in Islamic or Muslim populated country, hence providing academics, students, society, and policy maker in Islamic or Muslim populated country an alternative measurement of economic progress, instead of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The method used in the conceptualization of the Index and its derivatives are content analysis and conventional literature. Finally, Zakah Index is intended to be as an Islamic Economics tool to measure not only the welfare/wellbeing of Islamic Society, but also its religious (spiritual). On the last part of the paper, the Zakah Index Model then is applied to the East Java province. Zakah adalah salah satu rukun Islam. Dibandingkan dengan pilar yang lain, zakah bersinggungan dengan hampir seluruh dimensi manusia: spiritual, individual, sosial, ekonomi dan ia dapat diukur. Selain itu, zakah juga memenuhi seluruh aspek Maqa>s}id al-Shari>‘ah yang bertujuan melindungi kepentingan umum (maslahah). Paper ini didasarkan pandangan bahwa minimnya pengawasan kewajiban pembayaran zakah, yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, menjadikan Ilmu Ekonomi Islam sebagai disiplin tidak efektif dan efisien dalam menjalankan karakteristik utamanya untuk memenuhi tujuan Shariah. Luaran dari studi ini adalah Indeks Zakah yang akan merepresentasi pengawasan pembayaran Zakah di Negara Islam atau masyarakat mayoritas muslim, yang dengan demikian menyediakan alternatif pengukuran kemajuan ekonomi bagi pemerintah, akademisi, dan masyarakat daripada menggunakan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB). Metode penyusunan konsep indeks ini dengan berbagai derivasinya adalah content analysis dan metode induktif yang meliputi literatur Islam dan konvensional. Akhirnya, Indeks Zakah ini dimaksudkan menjadi “tool” Ilmu Ekonomi Islam untuk mengukur tidak hanya kesejahteraan masyarakat muslim, namun juga aspek religiusitasnya. Pada bagian akhir paper ini, model Indeks Zakah ini dipalikasikan di Provinsi Jawa Timur.

In this research paper, we have studied the role of Agriculture Development Banks especially in terms of loan sanctioning to farmers in asian countries with reference to Madhesh Province of Nepal. Also we study the condition of remmittance in this area for economic development of our country. This paper is showing in what way nepalese farmers are being affected with contingent liabilities and how as a borrower their numbers are increasing day by day.

The paper looks at the increasing nature of cybercrime activities, particularly yahoo-yahoo in Nigeria. The paper adopted descriptive and evaluative methods of research to gather and analyze relevant data. The paper identifies some cases of this crime in society to validate its position. The findings show that the influence of peer groups, parental and societal support, unemployment, and many others account for the growing nature of crime in society. While the paper posits that the criminal gain from Yahoo activities is temporal, it draws attention to the concept of life after death and accountability as enumerated in Qur’an chapter 102 as a deterrence to the people’s inordinate quest for wealth at all costs. The paper recommends a more robust orientation of people by both religious leaders and appropriate government agencies on the need to have the human mind and no devilish nature. The government and the well-to-do people in society are also encouraged to join hands to address the problem of unemployment.

This paper investigates how interfaith dialogue discourse is now developing significantly with the role of social media and youth. Based on online research and virtual ethnography, this paper argues that creatively utilizing social media with involving youth as media-savvy is the main factor in significantly increasing the acceptance of interfaith dialogue discourse. In-depth content analysis with a focus on interfaith dialogue through YouTube podcasts reveals several strategies applied by the creator. This paper highlights several strategies, namely using hashtag and maximizing thumbnail, propagating podcasts with clickbait titles, consistenly uploading content, and connecting with other platforms. In addition, youth involvement also plays an important role in achieving significant interfaith dialogue such as by engaging them with humor and comedy, eye-catching appearance and millennial style, and visual persuasion. Finally, great acceptability achieved by interfaith podcasts on youtube has proven the existence of religious inclusivity in Indonesia.

M. Quraish Shihab (Shihab) is one of the great exegetes in the Indonesian archipelago. He is well known for applying Qawā‘id al-Tafsīr in interpreting the Quran. These rules are popular among many exegetes to support their interpretations aligned with the teachings and goals of the Quran. Furthermore, to ensure the interpretations do not deviate from the valid message of the Quran. This paper adopts an analytical approach in Tafsir Al-Mishbah to describe the Syntax, Morphology, and Rhetoric of selected Quranic verses. It shows that Qawā'id al-Tafsīr is an essential tool in Quranic exegesis. Mastering these rules can help interpret certain verses that have similar meanings. This paper also proves that Shihab had adopted Qawā‘id al-Tafsīr that earlier exegetes used.

The economy is the backbone of the success of any country. A failure in its domain is equivalent to failure in other aspects. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, which has been considered a land of vast economic potential, is still struggling to actualize this prospect due to some imperfections. Monopoly hugely contributes to market imperfection, and its effects can be constraints on economic growth. The issue had arisen since the advent of Islam, whereby it was used as a strategy to maximize profit. The Islamic system believes in the co-existence of an economic public sector along with the private sector. Though Islam frowns at any market imperfection that can lead to paroxysms of increasing prices for both suppliers and consumers, it also pinpoints regulatory measures. The study, therefore, adopted a qualitative method, which was used to review related and relevant literature on the concept of monopoly, and interviews were also conducted to gather information on the practice and effect of monopoly. The paper revealed that among the regulatory measures used to control this market imperfection was Ḥisbah. The study exposed that killing the sense of competitiveness in the market is the most atrocious effect of monopoly on the Nigerian economy. The paper also found that the Nigerian economy can regain its breath and fame if these measures can be applied to control the juggernauts' engineering in the market either by halting the competitive market, hoarding, or proportioning scarcity. The study recommended that the government should play its role as an overall investigating force over the prices dictated by the public and private sectors.

The needs of humanity, which is the goal of the Shari'a, never end. Maqasid Syari'ah, an approach to Islamic studies, is a benchmark in answering society's problems. Maqasid Syariah is required to continuously transform following developments in conditions and times to realize humanity's problems. This paper discusses the transformation of maqasid al-shari'ah in implementing law for humanity by revealing the following problems: (1) How is the transformation of maqasid al-shari'ah from traditionalism to contemporary? and (2) What are the opportunities for developing the concept of maqasid al-shariah in implementing law for humanity? The research method used in this paper is library research, which is a source of data and information through classic and contemporary books and several journals. Maqasid al-Syari'ah is the goal of the Shari'ah ordained by Allah SWT, namely, to realize the benefit of humans in this world and the hereafter. The benefit goal is included in maslahah daruriyyah, namely hifz al-din, hifz al-nafs, hifz al-aql, hifz al-nasl and hifz al-mal. In subsequent developments, contemporary ulama expanded the area of maqasid al-shari'ah not only to individual reach but also to reach social, environmental, and state areas. Likewise, the maqasid al-shari'ah paradigm has developed from a paradigm of protection and development to a paradigm of development and human rights. The opportunity for maqasid al-shari'ah transformation in implementing the law for humanity is to realize the development of maslahah daruriyyah in several sectors of human life, such as the environment, society, and the state. So that the daruriyah maslahah has been added, namely hifz al-bi'ah, hifz al-ummah and hifz al-daulah.

Religiosity experiences moderation through encounters with sublime local cultures inherent in the Kei community in Maluku, Indonesia. This makes it worthy of research, especially regarding the integration of custom and religion. Kei culture was formed by the collective memory of their ancestors from Bali, Java, Banten, and other tribes in the archipelago. Conflicting gaps may arise due to paradoxes in cultural and religious life. This paper highlights the paradoxes and gaps between religious egalitarianism and traditional authority structures. It reports on interviews conducted with religious and traditional leaders, social and religious practitioners, and observations made during customary and religious activities in the Kei Islands. Data shows that religious followers' attitudes towards culture have a different quality. However, inclusion through traditional ceremonies is still maintained but the caste layer in custom has internal religious affairs. Likewise, in terms of national life, they have self-meaning as an open society. This paper concludes that accepting customary law can potentially create distortions and exacerbate the problem of changing diversity in life. If customs are managed well, they may stay within and outside the Kei community. Further research is necessary to explore how to rejuvenate the connection between traditional law and religion each time.

Zakat is a third pillar of Islam and has been considered as the mainstay of Islamic economics. It comes at the center of the five pillars of Islam, which some scholars interpret as providing balance between ibadat (worship) and muamalat (day to day human transactions). Historically it provides solutions to economic problems of the Muslims society. However, its application is reduced to individual levels with limited impact in many parts of the world. In the recent times, there is revival of the institution of zakat. Thus, the paper examines the contemporary developments on zakat particularly its potential and applications in Muslim countries and communities. The methodology adopted is content analysis with critical review of the literature. Secondary data were sourced from reports covering 2014 to 2020. The data was specifically analyzed based on the trends and potentials of zakat in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the Russian Federation. The paper finds that, zakat in many Muslim jurisdictions has the potential of alleviating poverty and drastically reducing income inequality based on international standards. The implication of the study is that Muslim countries and communities should revive zakat and apply it in their mainstream economic system to solve their socio-economic problems.

This study performs a bibliometric analysis of the literature on ethics in Islamic banking and finance (IBF) in the Scopus database. A total of 366 scholarly articles pertaining to the subject of ethics in IBF are analyzed using VOSviewer, Wordstats, Harzing’s Publish or Perish and Microsoft Excel. The development of the literature on ethics in IBF is outlined in this study, along with a list of the most significant authors, as well as relevant nations, groups, and journal sources. Moreover, the study identifies six major clusters namely, corporate image and customer loyalty of IBF, ethical decision making in IBF, Islamic work ethics, IBF standards and supervisory, ethical products and services of IBF, and maqasid al-shariah and IBF. The findings show an increasing number of citations and documents related to ethics in IBF whereby, the journal of "International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management" makes a substantial contribution to the field of ethics in IBF, both in terms of number of articles published and citation counts. The study offers the opportunity for future research to focus on these topics. Acknowledgment This paper is part of the research funded by the Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia under Geran Inisiatif Penyelidikan (EP-2023-016) entitled "The Policy Framework of Ethical Banking for Malaysian Financial Institutions". We would also like to express our gratitude to the participants and discussants of The 9th International Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance Conference (9th IIMEFC), held on 25th October 2023, who provided valuable insights that significantly contributed to the improvement of the paper.

This paper delves into the concept of consciousness as explored through the Qur'an, presenting a comprehensive philosophical inquiry into Islamic perspectives on the mind, self-awareness, and the nature of human understanding. Employing a hermeneutic approach to interpret Qur'anic verses, the study highlights the unique contributions of Islamic thought to the global discourse on consciousness. By juxtaposing Qur'anic teachings with contemporary philosophical and scientific theories of consciousness, this inquiry sheds light on the interplay between divine wisdom and human intellect in understanding the essence of consciousness. The research adopts a multidisciplinary methodology, integrating insights from Islamic theology, philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science to explore the Qur'anic conceptualization of consciousness. The analysis reveals that the Qur'an offers profound insights into the nature of consciousness, emphasizing its multifaceted dimensions, including self-awareness, perception, intentionality, and the soul's journey. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implications of the Qur'anic perspective on consciousness for ethical behavior, personal identity, and the pursuit of knowledge. It argues that the Qur'an advocates for a holistic understanding of consciousness that encompasses both physical and spiritual dimensions, encouraging a harmonious balance between material and transcendental aspects of human existence. The study concludes that exploring consciousness through the Qur'an enriches the philosophical inquiry into the nature of the mind and provides valuable ethical and spiritual insights. This interdisciplinary exploration contributes to bridging the gap between religious wisdom and contemporary scientific understanding, offering a nuanced perspective on one of human existence's most profound and complex phenomena.

Islam proves to be a complete code of living. That is why it guides humanity in every possible field of this World. Same is the case for the financial sphere of man’s life. Paper currency, which was not an option in the past, now emerged as the most used exchange material in the market. And being Muslims, we must look upon the legal rulings while getting into market. In this regard, this research is conducted to collect the views of Muslim scholars and jurists about currency note, it’s status and limitations and prohibitions being attached to it. There come four most important thoughts and views about status of notes and this paper discusses them in detail along with different branching issues. All the opinions about currency have been given by a group of splendid scholars so every opinion has some strong base and impact. Also, scholars have provided rationale to make their opinions strong. Considering this, each of them is included in the discussion and the research concludes that currency notes are most acceptably the same permanent medium of currency as was gold and silver used in the past. Thus, all the rulings attached to that mode of currency are now applicable to this medium of currency too.

Introduction: The ongoing conflict in Palestine has severely impacted its healthcare system, with hospitals and medical personnel frequently targeted by Israeli forces. This paper examines the unjustifiable targeting of healthcare in Palestine, highlighting violations of human rights and international law. Objective: The study investigates the extent of these attacks, analyzes their legal implications, and proposes recommendations for protecting healthcare in conflict zones. Research problems: It addresses the legal issues of systematic and deliberate targeting of healthcare in Palestine, which constitutes a grave violation of human rights and international law, and seeks to shed light on the magnitude and consequences of this problem. Method: Using a multidimensional approach, this paper analyzes the legal and contextual issues surrounding the targeting of healthcare in Palestine. The analysis employs human rights theory to assess the impact of these attacks on fundamental rights. Results: Findings reveal a systematic pattern of attacks on healthcare facilities and personnel, leading to numerous casualties, infrastructure damage, and disruption of essential medical services. These attacks violate international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Conclusion: targeting of healthcare in Palestine is a serious violation of human rights and international law, calling for immediate action to protect healthcare and hold perpetrators accountable. Recommendations include strengthening international monitoring mechanisms, pursuing legal accountability through international courts, and increasing international pressure on Israel to respect its obligations under international law. Legal professionals must act decisively to address this crisis, aiming for a future where peace, justice, and the right to life and health are respected for all.

The refutation of Orientalist thoughts has been a subject of critical importance within scholarly discourse, particularly in the context of defending the integrity of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and addressing the false acusations and allegations put forth by Orientalists. Notable work and efforts in this regard have been done by scholars from different Muslim countries, including Egypt, Syria, Sudan, Algeria, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian scholars have made significant contributions at the individual level to this endeavor. Through numerous means, such as authoring and publishing books, producing research articles, delivering lectures, engaging in debates, and establishing specialized institutions, Saudi Arabian scholars have actively participated in the critique and rebuttal of Orientalist narratives. Central to the investigation is an in-depth analysis of the scholarly initiatives undertaken by Saudi Arabian academics in the defense of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) against Orientalist perspectives. The paper meticulously examines the diverse mechanisms employed by Saudi scholars to interrogate and refute Orientalist contentions, providing a nuanced understanding of their intellectual interventions. Furthermore, this research paper furnishes an exhaustive catalog of books authored by Saudi scholars and research articles penned by them, offering a comprehensive overview of their scholarly output. By meticulously documenting these scholarly contributions, this paper aims to enrich the academic discourse surrounding the critique of Orientalist thought and the defense of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) within the Saudi Arabian intellectual landscape.

Sikhism is actually a Revolutionary movement to break down the caste system of Hinduism. All human beings are equal in the sight of the god. There is no caste discrimination in humanity. Gurbani; The Book of Guru Granth Sahib is a sacred text that compiles principles given by Sikh Gurus. The monotheistic Sikh faith is uncompromising; believed in one god, faith in a single, all-powerful, and Absolute, all-encompassing, immortal. Sikhism supports interfaith harmony due to the inherent benefits of collaboration being humanity and subordinate to almighty. All faiths are respected by Sikhs. According to gurbani; only actions, not beliefs, determine how wonderful you are. The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of purity of soul in Gurbani, and historical background and importance of Spiritual Gurus. Further this research will explore the Rules & the Ritual for Sikhs to follow as an obligation. In the last part of the research paper the Pilgrimage in Sikhism will describe briefly. The qualitative methodology has been adopted. The research was carried out in descriptive & an analytical manner. Keywords; Sikhism, Spiritual Gurus, Guru Granth, Pilgrimage

The acknowledgment of juristic disagreement (ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf) as an independent field of Islamic law by Western historians of Fiqh and Uṣūl is over a century and a half old. Yet, there is still much ambiguity and confusion about this legal subarea, its history, its theories and methods, and its place in the emergence and development of Islamic law. This paper provides a critical reading of modern Western studies of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf. It analyzes the ways in which Western scholars have conceived of this sub-science and visits key unresolved issues with a focus on the conceptual and methodological undertaking of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf. Through its critical reading of modern Western studies of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf, this paper mends two gaps in the examined scholarship: the conceptual confusion of the concepts of ‘ikhtilāf’ and ‘khilāf’ on the one hand, and the confusion of the genres of “ikhtilāf fiqhī” (juristic disagreement) and “jadal fiqhī” (juristic dialectics) on the other. The methodology employed in this study comprises a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, which bridges the realms of pre-modern and modern sources. It hinges on a meticulous analysis of both Muslim and Western studies of Islamic law, deliberately interweaving these two dimensions to provide a more holistic and nuanced perspective on the questions undertaken within this research. After close examination, it is observed that key distinctions made with regard to the science of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf, such as between the concepts of ‘khilāf’ and ‘ikhtilāf’, are a modern invention that has no lexical precedent. According to this study, distinction is to be made between Fiqh-based, practical disagreements and Uṣūl-based, theoretical disagreements. This study contributes the first source reading of Western scholarship on the science of juristic disagreement. In addition, classifying ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf in terms of practical (Fiqh-based) and theoretical (Uṣūl-based) studies is an original reading.

Objectives: The study aims to determine whether all uses of Marijuana are considered haram (prohibited) or if there are any exceptions. Methodology: It employed a qualitative methodology and rigorously examined relevant materials from a jurisprudential perspective, including textual and contextual aspects. Data for this study were sourced from various materials, including books, journal articles, reports, conference papers, and websites. Findings: The research highlights the differences between hemp and Cannabis sativa, both types of marijuana plants, distinguished by their varying levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Hemp contains less than 0.3% THC, while Marijuana can have THC levels up to 28%. Marijuana is primarily used for recreational purposes, whereas hemp has numerous industrial applications such as textiles, rope, paint, clothing, shoes, paper, bioplastics, insulation, lotions, and more. Ultimately, the ruling on marijuana use varies between forbidden (haram) and permissible (halal), depending on the intent behind its use. This is consistent with the Islamic legal principle that the determining factors influence the law. Originality: The study's findings will assist policymakers in effectively managing hemp, creating job opportunities, and significantly increasing tax revenue while implementing measures to prevent and control its use. The scientific value of this research lies in analyzing marijuana consumption from the perspective of the Sharia, which aligns with the higher objectives of Islamic law: preserving the mind and wealth.

Objectives: This paper compares the perspectives of sixteen Quranic exegetes with those of Islamic polemicists specialised in Christian studies, particularly in their treatment of the Christian concept of the Trinity. Methodology: The paper employs an inductive approach to uncover the views of various Quranic interpreters and Islamic polemicists regarding the Trinity. Besides, it utilises a comparative method to discuss and contrast their opinions on the subject matter. Findings: Comparing the polemicists’ views with those of the exegetes reveals the precision and consistency of the former in conveying the Christian understanding of the Trinity. In contrast, the exegetes' interpretations vary, with some describing it as three hypostases, others as three gods, and occasionally an exegete may mention both interpretations. There is also a distinction in addressing the third entity of the Trinity. While the polemicists identify it as the Holy Spirit, some exegetes alternatively mention Mary, and others refer to both views. Originality: The paper underscores the importance of cautiously conveying Christian beliefs about the Trinity based on certain exegetes, highlighting the specialisation of polemicists in religious studies.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the digitalization of Islamic knowledge with respect to advantages and limitations with particular reference to the computerization of religious texts and education. Moving from manuscripts to the e-formats has reinvented the way Muslims and Muslim scholars use, preserve and practice, sacred texts including the Qur’an, the Hadith and Fiqh / Islamic law, governance. However, while this was an encouraging trend that made Islamic scholarship more approachable and protect the youth, it also poses some ethical issues. The introduction of Islamic education for a fee such as Islamic Studies and the use of subscription-based platforms has brought the question of whether religious information is still sacred or if it can be put willing in a monetary exchange system. This paper concentrates on the issues of censorship highlighting the desire of the audience to develop such content while there are concerns of its moderation. Moreover, the emergence of new digital channels brings up important concerns regarding safety and confidentiality. The paper explores the danger of breaching privacy and the abuse of personal data pointing to the necessity and effectiveness of a policy against such issues. The role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) towards improving efficiency of translations or automated validation of Hadiths is also discussed. There is no doubt that all these innovations can contribute immensely to the development of knowledge and research in the area of Islam. However, there is a need to use them in just or right manner to avoid trustworthiness, correctness and purity of Islam. At the end of the day, being exposed to globalization influences should not incite alteration in the fundamentals and values of Islamic principles and practices. The longstanding concerns with regard to ethical issues and the use of technology do not mean that the digitization of Islamic knowledge cannot protect the vast intellectual and spiritual heritage of Islam for the coming generations, making it genuine and relevant in a fast developing digital society.

The purpose of this study is to identify issues surrounding the application of 4C-based learning. In addition, this study looks at how lecturers address issues that arise with their pupils. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive. Purposive sampling procedures were used in the selection of the 20 students and 2 lecturers participated in this study. Data were gathered by open-ended surveys, interviews, and observations. Data analysis involves gathering, condensing, presenting, and deriving conclusions using interactive models. Researchers found that lecturers tried to engage 4C based learning during their class. The necessary abilities, which include the capacity for critical and creative thought as well as collaboration and communication, must be tailored to the trends of the twenty-first century. Students' abilities to argue critically with others and to articulate their thoughts rationally serve as examples of this. Besides, students are able to exhibit their capacity for productive work, recognize the diversity within the team, show adaptability and a readiness to consider other people's viewpoints, assume joint accountability for group projects, and recognize the significance of each team member's contribution to a diverse group. They consider some applications such as Canva, Mind Master, Kahoot, and QR Code for their creativity supports. As well as, writing papers assignment is able to build students’ critical thinking skills. Students who possess critical thinking abilities may identify issues, come up with solutions, and gather and arrange data. Students’' ability to create topic papers and research papers serves as evidence of this.

The debate of ijtihād - its meanings, theorization and application, is one of the most noticeable debates in the modern Muslim intellectual space. In the contested backdrop of ‘closure of the gates of ijtihād’, the process of reproduction of ShÉrÊah‘ knowledge, civilizational renewal and forming a critical engagement with the socio-intellectual context of contemporary times through ijtihÉd gained coinage among different strata of Muslim scholarship, developing intra-Muslim conversations between traditionalists, modernists and progressives. In this debate, maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah as a concept, theory and philosophy has been repeatedly invoked by all three points of views, explaining it from their distinct positions. In this context, this paper attempts to offer an analysis of the pre-modern dialogue between ijtihād and maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, revisions of the traditionally more predominant method of extension of law, qiyās, in context of Shāfi’īte four-source theory and employment of relatively more utilitarian tool, maṣlahah. Hence, the paper investigates the concepts of munāsabah and taḥqiq al-manāṭ vis-à-vis maqasid al-Shari’ah, employed by two most prominent advocates of maqāṣid thought in pre-modern scholarship, al-Ghazali (d. 1111 C.E) and al-Shatibi (d. 1388 C.E). Finally, the study attempts to locate the common ground between traditional theory of ijtihād and maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, to explain the possibility of maqāṣid based ijtihād model.

The paper deals with Kamila Shamsie’s novel Home Fire to explore the profound social and psychological aspects and identity conflicts Muslim immigrants face in the West, especially in Britain. The importance of this paper is to express the conflict that the Muslim expatriate experiences in his relationship with the West and explore the reasons that affect their tolerance and coexistence. The paper’s problem manifests in exploring significant facets of human interactions, including tolerance, the increasing migrations from Islamic nations to non-Muslim countries, and the challenges arising from identity, religion, and race, which expose migrants to significant perils. The Method uses a social theoretical framework that intersects with the psychological approach. It investigates how both the original and new environments affect character development and individuals' psychological, developmental, and cognitive dimensions in the Muslim Diaspora. It aims to understand the reasons behind involvement in terrorist organizations and also examines the citizenship rights of Muslim Diaspora members. Finally, the paper concludes by presenting the most prominent results, which collectively illustrate that the aggressive style of fiction has influenced the presence of paranoia in literary criticism, leading to an exaggeration of the crimes of others and justification of the self. This is not conducive to objective and neutral analysis, so adopting a more moderate and neutral approach is recommended to allow for open discussion and acceptance of differing viewpoints. This approach should address questions of identity and national belonging.

This article examines the development of the practices and beliefs of religion in Islamic countries, starting from the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties up to the present day. It highlights the continued influence of Sharia-based administration and the difficulties faced by secular and liberals using qualitative research methodology. The study commences with an examination of early Islamic clans, such as the Umayyads and the Abbasids. The Umayyads were renowned for their immense power and their efforts to consolidate Islamic administration. Abbasids were a family that made notable contributions to science and culture while also exerting power over religion. The research aims to explore how these historical periods established fundamental principles and behaviours that still have an impact on contemporary Islamic political traditions. Progressing in a sequence of events, the paper examines the contemporary political situations of nations such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey under Erdogan, and Pakistan. It emphasizes their commitment to religious legislation and their differing levels of adoption of modern progressive ideas. The paper explores the socio-political processes that define modern Islamic communities, including traditionalism, hostility towards opposition, and a tendency towards autocratic administration. The paper suggests promoting a healthy religious perspective, including campaigning for acceptance, encouraging debate within spiritual platforms, and combining contemporary learning with traditional beliefs. These strategies seek to find a balance between traditional Islamic values and the requirements of modern global issues, promoting a peaceful coexistence of religious beliefs and societal advancement.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ideology of Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdūdī, a prominent Islamic scholar and thinker of the 20th century. Focusing on Mawdūdī's religious, social, economic, and political ideas, the paper examines his contributions to Islamic thought and their relevance in contemporary perspectives. With a special focus, the paper explores Mawdūdī's interpretations of Islam, his vision for society and governance, and his critiques of modern ideologies. Additionally, the paper examines the controversies surrounding Mawdūdī's thought and offers insights gained from comparative analysis with other Islamic thinkers. By exploring Mawdūdī's intellectual legacy, this paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of Islamic thought and its implications for contemporary Muslim societies. It seems that over the coming years the comprehension and influence of his thoughts will grow within the field of contemporary Islamic social sciences and he will be recognized as one of the most influential thinkers in contemporary world of Islam.

During Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s regime, around 250,000 shops were closed, 31,000 traders were imprisoned, and many clerics and civilians were killed. Additionally, 70% of the newspapers in Iran were shut down. However, in 1979, the Iranian revolution took place, led by Imam Ayatullah Khomeini. This revolution was a turning point for Iran as it aimed to restore the glory of Islamic civilization in Iran. The Iranians believe that Islamic civilization is the best civilization and can bring justice. This paper aims to discuss the efforts made by Iranian Shiites in restoring the glory of Islamic Civilization from various perspectives such as religious, cultural, educational, and psychological. The research method used for this paper is qualitative, involving library research with data collection techniques through literature study and content analysis of research journals related to Iranian Shia civilization. After the Iranian revolution, Iranian Shiites reconstructed religious thought and cultural engineering. They also implemented the Imamiyah education system as the primary driving force. Moreover, the Iranian Shiite community can achieve their lofty ideals with good psychological aspects.

In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework of behavioral Islamic finance, we redefine intention as an action or condition that precedes behavior. This paper examines theories, expert opinions, and several research results from scientific papers and articles as well as books from several scientific disciplines other than financial management, then makes reasoning and sequence. This paper proposes redefining intentions as actions or states that precede behavior, other than intentions in the heart. Also, some definitions and propositions of relationships between constructs are expected to be helpful for future scholarship and studies on behavioral Islamic finance and other behavioral finance studies.

In changing the view of Muslims on gender, it is necessary to have a broad scientific insight and taken from clear sources, this aims to ensure that the understanding obtained corresponds to what is expected, namely the existence of gender equality. Based on the focus and formulation of the problem, the purpose of this paper is to know the education of gender equality in the perspective of the Quran.The research scope is more focused on education, the research method used by the author is a qualitative research method, using the approach libreria researches (library research). The object of study in this paper is literatures such as books and journals that have a correlation with the discussion in this paper, namely gender equality education in the perspective of the Qur'an. In the modern era such as today, it should be that as a human being both men and women can be broader in thinking and not conflating and limiting each other, because basically the Qur'an views men and women as equal based on their abilities and duties each, and none Discernment in God's sight, except for his fear. In the Islamic world, education is very important for the individual, this can be seen from the many verses of the Qur'an and the hadith of Pendidikan Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an the prophet that encourage Muslims to seek knowledge and develop the skills of both men and women.

Nurcholish Madjid and Abdurrahman Wahid are regarded as two of Indonesia's most influential Muslim intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century. Adapting the concept of Barton (1997), both Madjid and Wahid are not only prominent public intellectuals but also can be considered intellectual ulama, scholars who combine the best of classical scholarship and intellectual leadership with modern secular and Islamic learning and participated alongside other public intellectuals in Indonesia's civil society forums. In addition, Greg Barton labels these personalities and characteristics of thought as Neo-Modernists or Neo-Modernist thinkers. This paper examines the interpretation of Madjid, who studied in a more Western academic culture, and Wahid, who studied in a Middle-Eastern country, on civil society as the manifestation of both Neo-Modernism's thought, followed by a discussion on the similarities and differences between the two ideas. Through an exploratory and comparative analysis, this study reveals that the Neo-Modernism interpretation of civil society articulated by both can be seen in their progressive thought towards Islam and society, Madjid with his idea of 'secularization' and further changed into 'de-sacralization'; while Wahid with his thinking on the indigenization of Islam (pribumisasi Islam). Their thoughts introduce an open, inclusive, progressive understanding of the relationship between Islam and civil society, asserting social pluralism and modernity and stressing the need for tolerance and understanding. Moreover, this paper also argues that both interpretations of Islam and civil society have been constructive for Indonesia in promoting democratic reforms, strengthening the importance of the Pancasila (the five pillars) foundation and state constitution, not religious sectarianism (theocracy), thus refuting the notion that Islam is incompatible with democracy and pluralism and assisting Indonesian society in the productive synthesis of Islamic ideas and modern concepts such as democracy, liberalism, and secularism.

This paper examines the state policies through the judiciary and health institutions in curbing underage marriage. Furthermore, the article sheds light on the extent to which these efforts are realized in the legal practices of the Religious Courts. Data were gathered by analyzing the decisions of the Religious Courts and supplemented with interviews. This paper argues that the state, through the judiciary, has enacted strict mechanisms via the Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for handling marriage dispensation cases. Other efforts have been undertaken by the Ministry of Health by requesting the Supreme Court to instruct all judiciary bodies under its jurisdiction to collaborate with health services or relevant institutions to combat underage marriage. To the author's investigation, there are 14 Religious Courts that have collaborated with the Ministry of Health. Judges in these courts consider recommendation letters as one of the considerations. The judges also exhibit a non-permissive attitude by rejecting applications for marriage dispensation without supplementary documents such as recommendation letters from the health services. This study indicates that state institutions, through the judiciary and healthcare sectors, are making progressive efforts to reduce the prevalence of underage marriage. [Abstrak: Paper ini mengkaji kebijakan negara melalui lembaga kehakiman dan kesehatan dalam menekan pernikahan di bawah umur. Selain itu, artikel ini juga melihat sejauhmana upaya tersebut terrealisasikan dalam praktik hukum di Pengadilan Agama. Data dikumpulkan dengan menelaah putusan-putusan Pengadilan Agama dan dilengkapi dengan wawancara. Paper ini menegaskan bahwa negara melalui lembaga kehakiman mengeluarkan ketentuan mekanisme yang ketat melalui Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 tentang Pedoman menangani kasus dispensasi nikah. Upaya lain dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan dengan cara meminta Mahkamah Agung memberikan intruksi kepada seluruh lembaga kehakiman yang berada dibawahnya untuk melakukan kerjasama dengan dinas kesehatan atau lembaga terkait guna menekan pernikahan di bawah umur. Sejauh penelusuran penulis, ada 14 Pengadilan Agama yang berkolaborasi dengan Kementerian Kesehatan. Hakim-hakim di pengadilan tersebut menjadikan surat rekomendasi sebagai salah satu pertimbangan. Hakim juga menunjukkan sikap yang tidak permisif berupa penolakan permohonan dispensasi nikah tanpa dokumen pelengkap seperti surat rekomendasi dari dinas kesehatan. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa lembaga negara melalui kehakiman dan kesehatan melakukan upaya progressif untuk menekan tingkat pernikahan di bawah umur.]

This paper attempted to examine the concentration and the degree of market power in the Indonesian Islamic Bank Industry during the pre and post-Bank Syariah Indonesia mega-merger. However, using the Strategic Tripod concept, this paper explored the response of the competitor pursuant to the merger. This paper used two main secondary data sources, which were 2 quarterly financial reports before the merger and 1 quarterly financial report after the merger of 34 Islamic bank data, and applied the Herfindhal-Hircsmann Index and Concentration Ratio of the top 5 Islamic banks. This paper discovered that the concentration ratio was at a moderate level. Moreover, based on the CR5 calculation result, Islamic banks have an oligopoly market structure. As for the response to the mega-merger, this paper divides 34 islamic banks into 3 clusters which are full-fledged Islamic banks (Bank Umum Syariah), Private Owned Islamic Subsidiary (Unit Usaha Syariah), Province Owned Islamic Subsidiary (Unit Usaha Syariah Bank BPD). Based on the strategic tripod, the strategy of the Islamic full-fledged bank orchestrates resources to win the competition. The privately owned Islamic Subsidiaries are taking advantage of their resource sharing with their parents. Meanwhile, the Province Islamic subsidiary's strategy relies on the regulations determined by the bank shareholders, who, in this case, are the government province.

The awareness of investors that only invest in green instruments has been increasing recently. Green sukuk was an investment that followed the Sharia principle and promoted environmental preservation. This study aims to analyze green sukuk in previous studies as an alternative financing for green infrastructure development in Indonesia. This study used a bibliometric method by taking secondary data from meta-data papers from Scopus and SCI. Forty papers from Scopus and 29 from SCI during 2016-2023 were taken as samples. Data were analyzed with Vosviewer and Biblioshiny. The results of this study show that the energy was closely related to the topic of green sukuk. Energy was mostly used in the abstract and titles of papers. Moreover, the abstract and the title showed that the word sustainable was used frequently, implying that the energy power plant could become an underlying asset for green sukuk due to its sustainable revenue. However, the government should take action to create regulations that could support the green project as an underlying asset of Green Sukuk.

This paper aims to analyze the interconnectedness between Bond and Sukuk markets in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. This study utilized the TVP-VAR extended joint connectedness method. The observed period was from January 2020 to October 2023, encompassing significant global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, and the Israeli-Palestinian war. The results show the interconnectedness of bond and sukuk markets in both regions by 73% (based on TCI). The Bond and Sukuk instruments in MENA act as transmitters, while Bond and Sukuk in GCC act as receivers. The study suggests that the Sukuk in GCC and MENA may serve as an attractive option for diversified assets compared to Bonds. Additionally, the paper highlights structural changes and market dynamics during the crisis period that affected financial stability in both regions. The anticipated contribution of this study is to enriching the global economic in term of financial literature and offering policy insight to manage risks and improve financial system resilience in GCC and MENA countries.

This paper examines Khaled Abou El Fadl’s thoughts that focus on applying humanistic Sharia. Khaled considers the spread of Sharia with a humanistic pattern important because of the problem of not realizing the ideals of Islamic teachings that uphold justice, welfare, and other universal values at the level of reality for Muslims who experience backwardness and alienation. According to Khaled, this happened due to a misunderstanding in understanding the Sharia, resulting in a wrong practice. The misunderstanding that gave rise to this wrong practice has global implications, assuming that Islam is a non-humanistic religion. By using the analytical description method, this paper reformulates the humanistic Sharia proposed by Khaled from several of his works and rearranges it based on the theory of the leveling norms.

Researchers have widely reviewed the study of neuroscience, but the historicity of this science is not widely known. The rapid development of modern neuroscience cannot be separated from the contributions of Muslim scientists in the Middle Ages. This paper aims to explain the history of neuroscience in the Islamic intellectual tradition and its development to influence Western civilization. For this reason, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method with library research. The study results show that Muslim scientists such as Abu Zaid Al-Balkh, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali Az-Zahrawi, and Al-Razi's contribution to modern neuroscience is impressive and cannot be forgotten. As an example of research on the brain's anatomy and its disorders discussed by Vesalius and Golgi, they refer a lot to books by Ibn Sina, Al-Balkhi, and Al-Zahrawi. Rene Descartes, who discovered the theory of brain physiology, has long been discussed by Al-Razi. Even the introduction of the relationship between brain and brain function was only known in the 17th century and has long been discussed by Al-Ghazali. An original and imaginative thought regarding one of the human body’s organs, Muslims are unaware of the extensive research done on neuroscience by traditional Muslim scholars, who were able to bring Islamic culture to its pinnacle in Andalusia and Cordoba. Therefore, it is appropriate to bring the findings back into the study material with full seriousness in the form and fresh face if Muslims want to advance.

The current research is crucial in order to foster inclusive Islamic education for children with Down syndrome as well as address their psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate diverse Islamic education methods suitable for children with Down syndrome while emphasizing the importance of educators employing Islamic teaching strategies. This research employed a qualitative approach and the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to evaluate the intersection of Islamic learning methods and Down Syndrome. The published papers discussed in this study were obtained using the Publish or Perish 8 software. The papers must be published within the five-year timeframe between 2018 and 2023 with the keywords "Islamic Learning Methods" and "Down Syndrome." The search of papers resulted in the discovery of 222 articles discussing Islamic methods, and only 16 were specific to Down Syndrome, with only four of them addressing the application of Islamic teaching methods for individuals with Down Syndrome. The findings of this study highlighted teaching strategies such as On-Task Conduct, Imitation, Discriminative Usage of Objects, and Word Recognition. The study identifies three main learning strategies for students with Down syndrome: the Talaqqi wa Musyafahah, Quran therapy, and Islamic Full Communication methods. This study concluded the necessity for further research on modified educational approaches that effectively support the learning and well-being of children with Down syndrome within the context of Islamic education.

FPI is one among several Islamist Groups in Indonesia. Seeing through its fierce actions, people tend to judge FPI as radicals. Some political elites even classify it as terrorist. Despite the fact that it violates many rules, FPI claims to be a religious and pious one. The government disbanded FPI at the end of 2020 because of its numerous violent actions. However, it continues to get support from many Islamic communities. For some conservative Muslims, FPI actions are a sample of how Islamic teaching should be applied in daily life. Using qualitative research and narrative analysis, this paper explored the narrative of Sacred Text, especially the Quran and Hadith presented by FPI, on how it is managed, interpreted, and spread to the public. This paper also explored the possible errors FPI made in narrating sacred text. The results show FPI’s determination to interpret and narrate sacred text as a way to achieve a goal, without considering the views of other religious scholars and books that can better guide narrating and interpreting the Sacred Text.

Zakah as a compulsory worship obligation of Muslims has been practiced for several decades in an institutionalized form in Sri Lanka. Although the institutionalized mechanism contributes to some improvements in socioeconomic conditions, recent research highlighted that the impact of such a model is yet below the expected level. The institutional zakah practice in Sri Lanka has remained essentially informal lacking any state recognition or zakah specific regulation. This paper examined the contemporary challenges and root causes of the zakah institutions’ underperformance in Sri Lanka. This paper took a qualitative methodology and collected primary and secondary data through official documents, interviews, and published literature. The empirical findings of the paper reveal a threefold challenge that contributes to the inefficient institutional zakah performance, namely low collection, ineffective disbursement, and external hurdles. The paper suggests that the prolonged dominant informal and individualist zakah culture of Sri Lankan Muslims fails to actualize the designated goals of zakah and this in turn has contributed to the contemporary challenges. The paper highlights the need for developing an alternative jurisprudential methodology that has the potential to offer sensible remedies to the contemporary identified challenges. The paper suggests that zakah institutions must thoroughly re-evaluate existing zakah applications to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their zakah management systems. It is also suggested that it would be helpful to establish a National Zakah Consultative Body that can advise the government on adopting effective regulations or guidance relevant to zakah management for the Sri Lankan Muslim minority.

Da'wah is a duty for all Muslims; the Glorious Qur'an provides the basic principles of Da'wah methodologies to be applied by the Muslims Da'i (preacher) in the Da'wah field. This paper, therefore, attempts to provide the much-lacking information on the activities of Muslims in terms of Da'wah and in one hand the responses of the non-Muslims in Akwanga and Nassarawa Eggon Local Government Areas towards Islamic Da'wah. The paper looks into the activities of Muslim Organisations in the areas in carrying out Da'wah, Da'wah movement and also the responses of the non-Muslims towards Muslims Da'wah activities in the area. It was discovered that there is negative thought toward Muslims and the Da'wah message from the non-Muslims. This is crucial because necessary actions could then be taken or solution is sought to ensure the smooth progress of Da'wah activities in Akwanga and Nassarawa Eggon. This paper is adopted qualitative techniques to elicit primary data from the participants. And the researcher purposively selected ten (10) participants and were interviewed based on the issue investigated.

This paper explores the influence of the Aristotelian theory of science and the philosophical tradition of writing prolegomena upon a classical legal theory text. Through investigation of commentaries and glosses on preliminary topics in the introduction of Mukhta~ar al-Muntahā, an Islamic legal theory textbook, we will see how the conception and presentation of Islamic disciplines was influenced by the theory of science. The Aristotelian theory of science propounded that each scientific discipline comprises three elements: subject matter, principles, and problems. Meanwhile the philosophical tradition advocated for writing a proper prolegomenon, which included introducing a work with several preliminary topics, elucidating its subject matter and defining its purpose. The paper shows how these two influences, the Aristotelian theory of science and the tradition of writing prolegomenon, intersected in the commentaries and glosses on the initial section of a handbook of Islamic legal theory, the Mukhta~aral-Muntahā of Ibn al-Hājib (d. 646/1249), a prominent linguist and Maliki jurist. This text was subject to numerous commentaries and glosses. This paper will focus on those written around the fourteenth century, authored by notable figures such as Qādī Baydāwī (d. 691/1291-92), Diyāʾ al-Dīn al-Tusī (d. 706/1306-7), Qutb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (d. 710/1311), Jamāl al-Dīn al-Hillī (d. 726/1325), Badr al-Dīn al-Tustarī (d. 732/1332), Rukn al-Dīn al-Astarābādī (d. 715/1315), Shams al-Dīn al-Isfahānī (d. 749/1349), ʿAdud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d. 756/1355), Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390) and al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413). The analysis herein will focus on their discussion of two preliminary sentences, which reveal a tension between the notions of mabādiʾ as principles and mabādiʾ as beginnings, the former in relation to the theory of science and the latter in relation to the tradition of writing proper introductions. The paper demonstrates that Islamic legal theory was conceptualized and presented in accordance with the philosophical theory of science, as reflected in the commentaries on Ibn al-Hājib’s Mukhta~ar, and that it stimulated a new conception of mabādiʾ that encompasses both its literal and terminological meanings. Ultimately, the debates on this topic gave rise to an argument justifying knowing the aspect of unity of a science and a critique of the theory of science at that time, challenging the idea that the genuine elements of a science are three, asserting instead that they are one.

This paper will discuss the relationship between water and the propagation of Islam in the community as a form of realization of Islamic philanthropic funds because BMH utilizes philanthropic funds as a water source procurement program. The object of observation in this paper is the Baitul Maal Hidayatullah Amil Zakat Institution, representative of East Java Province, which carries out a drilled well program for the community. A literature review was carried out on knowledge books and scientific articles explaining beliefs and water in Islam. Results of the discussion: Water is a source of human life and is included in the primary needs of Islam. BMH is one of the institutions that consists of a water supply program to become a process of preaching to the community through the drilled well program. Assistance with drilled wells to the community, mosques, and Islamic boarding schools has become a door to da'wah in the area because by helping with water supplies, it can bring the BMH Institution closer to the community so that the community is willing to open itself up to learn more about BMH and the Islamic religion.