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Researchers and film professionals have studied the impact of cinema on society for decades. However, less attention is paid to the changes and trends in the perception of lifestyle reflected in the cinema. This article studies the main themes and trends of non-advertising marketing content in films. Because movies are public and popular media, they can influence a person's values, lifestyles, and attitudes toward certain aspects of life. The relevance and importance of the study of consumer culture are because it forms such cultural phenomena as tastes, desires, values, norms of behavior, and interests. The article's research object was the works of Western cinema of recent years, the largest share of which was produced in the United States of America. The work analyzes cinematographic works and highlights the main themes and trends that have a transformative impact on the way of life and society's perception of the environment: health awareness, addictions (especially to tobacco products, alcohol and drugs), environmental awareness and sustainability, privacy and relationships (due to the representation of men and women at different stages of the life cycle and the perception of sex by young people), as well as the geek subculture. The study results showed that the themes mentioned above, reflected in the films, can influence life values, lifestyle and people's attitudes to perception, possession and use of certain products. Health and environmental awareness are essential not only at the individual level but also at the societal level. According to the results of the content analysis of the films, it was recorded that nowadays, the frequency of the appearance of cigarettes and similar products has significantly decreased, especially in films with limited access for children. The geek subculture has gained much popularity and recognition in recent years. In addition, the paper has practical value for any researcher who wishes to gain a deeper understanding of non-advertising marketing content that manifests its influence through popular films about society and consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically studies the interaction between an informed borrower and an uninformed lender facing possible default of a loan application. The lender is motivated to invest cognitive resources before making a lending decision. If the regulatory fine is weak, it is impossible for a bad-debt borrower to fully disclose his situation in the application. In this case, when the likelihood of a bad debt is low, the borrower always claims that nothing in the application is wrong. Otherwise, the borrower randomizes between full disclosure and information suppression. The transaction cost of the lender's pre-lending cognition increases with the default probability, as the default probability is small and decreases thereafter. Evidence from a peer-to-peer lending platform with 816,274 observations between 2012 and 2015 in the United States is largely consistent with our model implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing students often prioritize learning clinical skills rather than research skills, possibly inhibiting their growth as scholars. Supporting nursing students' learning of information literacy skills has been shown to impact nurses' involvement with research after graduation. This suggests a need for developing innovative information literacy teaching strategies that can enable nursing students to better understand the process of research and how to apply research to practice. Case Presentation: This article describes the implementation of the embedded librarian project at the course level at the University of Memphis. A librarian was integrated into the Advanced Nursing Research course, a semester-long course for graduate nursing students, for the fall 2020 semester. This case shares the embedded librarian project's implementation and evaluation strategies. Conclusions: The embedded librarian project aided students' acquisition of information literacy skills at the University of Memphis. Students reported that the embedded librarian project helped them complete assignments for their research course. Using an embedded librarian service within the graduate nursing curricula model may enhance scholarship among future nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acts of targeted violence — including active shooter incidents — are typically over within 15 minutes, often before the first law enforcement personnel can respond to the scene. More than a third of active shooter incidents in the USA, for example, last less than five minutes. While this stark fact is often used, with unimpeachable validity, as the cornerstone of employee security awareness training and the need for each employee to make a quick decision on whether to run, hide or fight, it also underscores the importance of another critical priority: prevention. This paper focuses on several of the most effective strategies and tactics — increasingly used across the USA, but applicable all over the world — in preventing an act of targeted violence or active shooter event. It starts with a brief discussion of the common roadblocks to prevention within enterprises today as well as the warning signs that can reveal an individual's path toward an act of violence. Next, it defines targeted violence and summarises patterns that research has helped uncover with respect to attackers' backgrounds, motives and target selection. This paper also outlines the crucial role played by protective intelligence and threat assessment protocols and provides several case studies to illustrate key concepts in real-world applications. Finally, this discussion points to several emerging trends in the USA and Europe, among other regions — such as radicalisation within the workforce — that are likely to continue to mature in 2016 and the years ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid escalation of cybercrimes in modern society, few viable cybersecurity and cybercrime prevention programs exist. Consequently, this research considers cybersecurity as a key element for mitigating the potential risk and incidents of cybercrime. The study aims to understand the role of individuals' cybersecurity knowledge and awareness in shaping their cybersecurity intention and behavior in the United States. The results reveal that information and communications technology variables, education, income, and gender are contributing predictors of a level of cybersecurity knowledge. The effects of information and communications technology variables varied across gender for both correct and uncertain responses. The findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding of both technical and human/individual factors for cybersecurity knowledge and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This paper presents updated prevalence estimates of awareness, ever‐use, and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) from 14 International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) countries that have varying regulations governing NVP sales and marketing. Design, Setting, Participants and Measurements: A cross‐sectional analysis of adult (≥ 18 years) current smokers and ex‐smokers from 14 countries participating in the ITC Project. Data from the most recent survey questionnaire for each country were included, which spanned the period 2013–17. Countries were categorized into four groups based on regulations governing NVP sales and marketing (allowable or not), and level of enforcement (strict or weak where NVPs are not permitted to be sold): (1) most restrictive policies (MRPs), not legal to be sold or marketed with strict enforcement: Australia, Brazil, Uruguay; (2) restrictive policies (RPs), not approved for sale or marketing with weak enforcement: Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand; (3) less restrictive policies (LRPs), legal to be sold and marketed with regulations: England, the Netherlands, Republic of Korea, United States; and (4) no regulatory policies (NRPs), Bangladesh, China, Zambia. Countries were also grouped by World Bank Income Classifications. Country‐specific weighted logistic regression models estimated adjusted NVP prevalence estimates for: awareness, ever/current use, and frequency of use (daily versus non‐daily). Findings NVP awareness and use were lowest in NRP countries. Generally, ever‐ and current use of NVPs were lower in MRP countries (ever‐use = 7.1–48.9%; current use = 0.3–3.5%) relative to LRP countries (ever‐use = 38.9–66.6%; current use = 5.5–17.2%) and RP countries (ever‐use = 10.0–62.4%; current use = 1.4–15.5%). NVP use was highest among high‐income countries, followed by upper–middle‐income countries, and then by lower–middle‐income countries. Conclusions: With a few exceptions, awareness and use of nicotine vaping products varied by the strength of national regulations governing nicotine vaping product sales/marketing, and by country income. In countries with no regulatory policies, use rates were very low, suggesting that there was little availability, marketing and/or interest in nicotine vaping products in these countries where smoking populations are predominantly poorer. The higher awareness and use of nicotine vaping products in high income countries with moderately (e.g. Canada, New Zealand) and less (e.g. England, United States) restrictive policies, is likely due to the greater availability and affordability of nicotine vaping products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective --Failure to prearrange one's funeral may lead to financial hardship on one's family members. Despite the importance of a funeral plan, little is known regarding the awareness level among Muslims regarding the Islamic Preneed Funeral Plan (IPFP). Because of the dearth of academic research on the awareness among Muslims regarding IPFP, this paper aims to assess the awareness level of Muslims regarding IPFP and to develop an awareness model that frames factors affecting IPFP awareness level. Methodology/Technique -- To achieve this, a questionnaire was used to collect the data and PLS-SEM was used to analyse the data. Results show that the level of awareness regarding IPFP is low and is similar to the result found in the USA Findings -- The results further show that marketing communication efforts and social influence are significant factors affecting awareness of IPFP. These results have practical implications for IPFP providers and should help them better market their products and mitigate the potential for financial hardship funeral costs may have on families. Novelty -- The scarcity of land for burial plots, soaring funeral costs and an increasingly aging population rate necessitates funeral prearrangements by subscribing to a pre-need funeral plan. This prearrangement is an advanced financial provision that covers funeral and burial expenses by enabling subscribers to make funeral arrangements while they are still alive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate doomism is an increasing concern for climate change communication. In the United States, this opinion regarding anthropogenic climate change is now more prevalent than climate skepticism, and is the primary reason cited for opposition to climate action. Doomism is the belief that catastrophic warming of the planet is now inevitable, and that effective mitigation is impossible. The behaviors resulting from this view are comparable to the result of climate skepticism: doomism produces paralyzing eco-anxiety and subsequently inaction. Prior work has hypothesized that the rise in climate doomism and eco-anxiety is linked to climate change risk communication. This study investigates the possibility that the metaphoric language used to communicate the severity and urgency of climate change could inadvertently promote doomism. We employ a survey model to test the influence of metaphoric language on perception of urgency, feasibility, and individual agency in relation to the climate crisis. American English-speaking participants (N = 1,542) read a paragraph describing climate change either as a "cliff edge" or "minefield," with human agency manipulated to be present or absent. Responses were considered to be doomist if they reported a high sense of urgency, paired with a low sense of feasibility and/or agency; this indicates they have a high awareness of the risks associated with the climate crisis, but a low belief that it will be addressed, and/or that their actions can produce meaningful change. Use of either metaphor improved perceived feasibility without a reduction in urgency, indicating that metaphor is an effective climate communication strategy for conveying risk without promoting doomism. However, metaphoric presentation is only effective when paired with human agency, suggesting that agency is a necessary component for successful metaphoric climate communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Like "second hand smoke," the harmful repercussions of racial harassment may extend well beyond the target to impact others at work. This study seeks to examine the "second hand smoke effect", or ambient racial harassment, which involves exposure to racial harassment aimed at others. The paper examines race differences in awareness of racial harassment and explored work and health-related outcomes associated with exposure to racial harassment. It also examines organizational tolerance for harassment as a moderator of these relationships. Design/methodology/approach – A diverse sample of 245 employees from three data sources were surveyed. One data source involved White and Black employees in the same organization; the others worked in a variety of organizations across the USA. Findings – Whites were less likely than Blacks to be aware of racial harassment, even when employed in the same workplace. However, awareness of racial harassment predicted negative job attitudes and psychological strain for both Whites and Blacks. These relationships were amplified by perceptions of organizational tolerance for racial harassment. Research limitations/implications – The study documents ramifications of ambient racial harassment and illuminates a racial divide in awareness of harassment at work that may exacerbate racial conflict and prevent needed organizational change. Originality/value – The paper extends the construct of ambient racial harassment by measuring a range of overt and subtle forms that vary in type and intensity, and by examining the role of organizational tolerance for racial harassment as a moderator of the relationship between ambient racial harassment and work and health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistleblower laws are becoming important governance tools in both the public and private sectors. To examine the effectiveness of whistleblower laws and their awareness, this study creates a unique internet-based measure of awareness about whistleblower laws and provisions, focusing on the United States. Placing the analysis within the larger corruption literature, our results show that greater whistleblower awareness results in more observed corruption and this holds across specifications. Internet awareness of whistleblower laws appears to be more effective at exposing corruption than the quantity and quality of whistleblower laws themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the level of awareness of prostate cancer (PCa) among the general public and PCa patients in Europe and North America. A survey was undertaken across four European countries (UK, Germany, Italy and Spain), and across the United States and Canada in late 2007. In total, 1008 men with PCa and their partners (the ‘prostate sample’), and 911 men without PCa and their partners (the ‘well sample’) participated in the survey, all aged 50 years. Interviews were conducted through telephone, pen and paper, and online. Many people surveyed (53%) thought that breast cancer is more common than PCa. Moreover, 1 in 10 people from the well sample (10%) thought that PCa affects both men and women. When the prostate sample was asked about their perceived level of risk of PCa before diagnosis, 50% believed that they/their husband or partner were previously at low or very low risk, before they were diagnosed. Awareness of the major risk factors for PCa (age and family history) was generally good, but respondents were less clear about the role of other potential factors, such as smoking and drinking alcohol. This international survey, thought to be largest of its type, shows that although patient and public awareness of PCa is generally satisfactory, there is still a considerable lack of clarity about PCa risk factors, and a danger for people to underestimate their own/their partner's perceived risk for PCa. Programmes to responsibly educate and inform men and their partners about risk factors, prevalence and screening tools for PCa are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to attempt to highlight the imminent corrosion of the public domain brought about by the pervasive lack of recognition within the public at large regarding what the public domain is, what it stands for, and what it is meant to accomplish. Design/methodology/approach - Utilizing the diverse theories of proponents of the public domain, this analysis proposes a re-conceptualization of the public domain which acknowledges its significance to the creative process itself, and subsequently stresses the importance of public awareness and participation to its continuing survival. Findings - While remarking on the efficacy of a number of digitization ventures in the promotion of the public domain, it is concluded that mere awareness of the plight of the public domain is not enough. What the public domain desperately needs to subsist is the presence of an active citizenry that is dedicated to preserving its interests. Moreover, the public library is emphasized as the ideal vehicle with which to elucidate the public and secure their involvement in a campaign to safeguard an endangered public domain. Originality/value - This paper expounds on the necessity of bringing the public and the public domain together so that both are empowered to dispel the restrictions that have arisen from an excessive copyright protectionist regime and so that both are enabled to defend themselves from any further encroachments on their ability to progress and mature. within their own cultural bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies governing the sale of raw milk-making the sales of raw milk more permissive-are gaining traction on the legislative agendas of dozens of states. This paper examines one contributor to this movement on the policy agenda: the role of competitive framing. By combining theoretical approaches from policy studies and political psychology theories of competitive framing, we offer evidence supporting the recent relative success of raw milk activists in several state legislatures. Using an Internet survey-based experiment with a sample size of 1,630 respondents from seven Midwestern states, we show that a frame emphasizing consumer choice and food freedom is more effective than the frame that dominates among the policy establishment, that emphasizing public health risks. This is true in both one-sided and competitive framing contexts. We further show that those previously aware of this issue were less influenced by the public health frame than those naïve to the issue. Our results suggest that the pro-raw milk movement may be making strides on the state policy agenda because their frames are more resonant among the public. We also highlight the advantages gained from considering psychological and policy processes simultaneously to understand policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines coverage of America's death penalty in "mainstream" and "radical" newspapers in the 1970s. That decade was a crucial period for capital punishment, and newspapers during that time helped set the trajectory of the public's awareness and understanding for the remainder of the twentieth century. While scholars have recognized the role played by newspaper framing of capital punishment, most have limited their consideration to the mainstream press. We broaden the consideration to the radical press and note similarities in the treatment of the moral status of the death penalty across newspapers of different types. We find that the radical press was more likely to portray it as an instrument of racial and class oppression. In addition, long before mainstream papers attended to questions about the reliability of the death penalty system, radical papers were calling attention to the number of innocent people who were erroneously sentenced to death. Like dissenting opinions in judicial decisions, the radical press highlighted issues not emphasized in mainstream papers and foresaw concerns that would become important in the death penalty debate a decade or two later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in U.S. drinking water has recently garnered significant attention from the media, federal government, and public health professionals. While concerns for PFAS exposure continue to mount, the general public's awareness and knowledge of the contaminant has remained unknown. This exploratory study sought to fill this data gap by administering a nationwide survey in which the awareness of PFAS and community contamination, awareness of PFAS containing products and intentions to change product use, and awareness and concern about PFAS in drinking water were assessed. The results indicated that almost half the respondents had never heard of PFAS and do not know what it is (45.1%). Additionally, 31.6% responded that they had heard of PFAS but do not know what it is. A large portion of respondents (97.4%) also responded that they did not believe their drinking water had been impacted by PFAS. Demographic association did not influence knowledge of PFAS or levels of concern with PFAS in drinking water. The strongest predictor of PFAS awareness was awareness due to known community exposure. The respondents aware of community exposure were more likely to have knowledge of PFAS sources, change their use of items with potential PFAS contamination, and answer that their drinking water sources were also contaminated with PFAS. Based on the received responses, PFAS information and health risks need to be better communicated to the public to help increase awareness. These efforts should also be coordinated between government agencies, utilities, the research community, and other responsible entities to bolster their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provision of cochlear implants (CIs) for those within the criteria for implantation remains lower in the United States than in some other developed nations. When adults and children are grouped together, the rate of utilization/provision remains low at around 6%. For children, the provision rate is about 50% of those who could benefit from an implant, compared with figures of about 90% for the Flanders part of Belgium, the United Kingdom and other European countries. The probable reasons for this underprovision include: low awareness of the benefits of CIs among the population; low awareness among health-care professionals; the lack of specific referral pathways; some political issues relating to the Deaf Community; and financial issues related to health provision. Such financial issues result in situations which either fail to provide for access to implants or provide too low a level of the necessary funding, especially for low-income individuals covered by public health-care programs such as Medicaid. These issues might be mitigated by adoption and publication of standards for best clinical practices for CI provision, availability of current cost-effectiveness data, and the existence of an organization dedicated to cochlear implantation. Such an organization, the American Cochlear Implant Alliance (ACI Alliance), was recently organized and is described in the paper by Niparko et al. in this Supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Maurer et al. (2012) Who knew? Awareness of being recommended for influenza vaccination among US adults. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 284-290. Background Starting with the 2010-2011 influenza season, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends annual influenza vaccination to all people aged 6 months and older unless contraindicated. Objectives To measure perceived influenza vaccination recommendation status among US adults ( n = 2122) and its association with socio-demographic characteristics and recommendation status during the 2009-2010 pandemic influenza season. Methods We analyze nationally representative data from longitudinal Internet surveys of US adults conducted in November-December 2009 and September-October 2010. Results During the 2010-2011 vaccination season, 46·2 percent (95%-CI: 43·3-49·1%) of US adults correctly reported to be covered by a government recommendation for influenza vaccination. Awareness of being covered by a government influenza vaccination recommendation was statistically significantly higher among non-working adults and adults who had been recommended for seasonal vaccination or both seasonal and H1N1 vaccination during the 2009-2010 pandemic influenza vaccination season. Conclusion Our results highlight that a majority of US adults do not know that they are recommended for annual influenza vaccination by the government. The fraction of adults who are unaware of their recommendation status is especially large among newly recommended healthy young adults. The universal vaccination recommendations will only be successful if they reach both patients and physicians and lead to changing vaccination practices. The universal nature of the new recommendation simplifies vaccination-related outreach and compliance with government vaccination guidelines considerably, as it does not require any identification of specific recommendation groups based on complex personal or health risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stop signs are the primary form of traffic control in the United States. However, they have a tendency to be much less effective than other forms of traffic control like traffic lights. This is due to their smaller size, lack of lighting, and the fact that they may become visually obscured from the road. In this paper, we offer a solution to this problem in the form of a mobile application implemented in the Android platform: Stop Watcher. It is designed to alert a driver when they are approaching a stop sign using a voice notification system (VNS). A field test was performed in a snowy environment. The test results demonstrate that the application can detect all of the stop signs correctly, even when some of them were obstructed by the snow, which in turn greatly improves the user awareness of stop signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the awareness towards ethnic foods made with traditional spices among US and Thai consumers. Design/methodology/approach - Data on the awareness and use of ethnic cuisines and spices were collected from 100 consumers in a Midwestern university town in the USA and 100 consumers in Bangkok, Thailand. Consumers were also asked to identify ethnic spice blends by tasting spice blends in rice and they ranked the perceived health benefits of 15 ethnic cuisines. Findings - The results showed that more Thai consumers (94 percent) shop at ethnic grocery stores than US consumers (55 percent). Also, Thai consumers are more likely to consume ethnic foods from nearby countries, but US consumers have tried a greater variety of ethnic foods. Neither group generally was able to identify a cuisine based only on the spice flavors, although Thai consumers were slightly better at doing so. Asian cuisines were perceived to have the greatest health benefits to both American and Thai consumers. Originality/value - The consumption of ethnic foods is on the rise around the world as consumers seek new food experiences and diversity in their diets. Manufacturers are using these traditional spices to convey an "ethnic" and "healthy" profile to their foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present paper aims to: (i) describe how the Mental Health Commission in New Zealand works and has contributed to the substantial enhancement of mental health resources and services; (ii) determine whether mental health reform policies will ever be implemented properly without an independent monitor with official influence at the highest levels of government; and (iii) demonstrate how variants on this model work in other Western countries and how it can be adapted to the Federated system in Australia.Conclusions: It is recommended that the Australian National Mental Health Plan 2003-2008 should be complemented by a long-standing national mental health commission (or similarly constituted body), which is also able to report independently from and to the government, with direct access to the Prime Minister, Premiers and Australian Health Ministers. Its aims would be to monitor service effectiveness and identify gaps in service provision, training and performance of the work force, management and government. It would be informed by consumer, carer and provider experience, and by reviews of evidence-based research regarding health needs and cost-effective services. It should accurately cost such service gaps, and advise government on a strategy for implementing them. It could also promote and advise formally on enhancing community awareness, decreasing stigma and discrimination and improving workforce recruitment and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 40 percent and 67 percent of the U. S. population breathes air that is unhealthful. The single largest source of air pollution is tail pipe emissions, accounting for 40 percent of all air pollution. This paper reports on the impact oil a five-year program to reduce carbon monoxide in Denver, Colorado. Awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and intentions were affected positively by the program, but there was limited evidence of behavior change. Mandatory components (woodburning bans and use of oxygenated fuels in cars) produced significant reductions in carbon monoxide, while the voluntary component (reduced driving) produced only marginal change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that currently infects nearly 80 million people in the United States (U.S.) and can lead to cancer. HPV vaccination provides safe, effective, and lasting protection against HPV infections. Nevertheless, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, HPV and HPV vaccine awareness, and knowledge of HPV-associated cancers among U.S. adults. Using responses from 3504 U.S. adults (aged 18 years and older) from the Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 2 (January–May 2018), we performed descriptive analysis to assess the level of awareness of HPV and HPV vaccines and knowledge of HPV-associated cancer. Multivariable regression analysis (including race, gender, age, level of education, marital status, number of children younger than 18) was conducted with weighted analysis. About 62% of respondents had heard of HPV and HPV vaccine. Asians had a lower level of awareness than non-Hispanic Whites of HPV (36.4% vs. 66.1%) and HPV vaccine (48.7% vs. 67.1%). Multivariable analysis showed that race/ethnicity was associated with outcomes, with Asians being less likely to have heard about HPV (aOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07–0.38) and non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35–0.91) and Hispanics (aOR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36–0.80) being less likely to have heard of the HPV vaccine than non-Hispanic Whites. In addition, gender, age, marital status, and education were associated with awareness of HPV and the HPV vaccine; in particular, individuals who were female, younger (18–45), married, and more highly educated were more likely to have heard of HPV and HPV vaccine. Results highlight disparities in HPV and HPV vaccine awareness among racial/ethnic minority populations. Future interventions and legislation should target racial/ethnic minority populations to foster improvements in HPV vaccine uptake and reduce disparities in HPV-associated cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the extent to which psychiatrists are familiar with, and utilize, the USPHS guidelines for treating tobacco use and dependence (i.e., the 5A's), deliver cessation treatment, and the barriers they perceive to doing so. An original, national survey of 141 psychiatrists revealed that most Ask patients if they smoke (81.6%). Fewer Advise them to stop (78.7%) and Assess their willingness to quit (73.6%). A minority Assist with a quit plan (15.9%) and Arrange for follow-up (26.4%). Just 11.9% have used the USPHS guidelines in clinical practice; 37% have never heard of them. Even among those who say they have used the USPHS guidelines, implementation of the 5A's is quite low. Time-related factors were the most common barriers to cessation delivery (51.4%). Patient factors (30%) and financial/resource factors (25%) were less common. There is a strong need for increased implementation of clinical guidelines for evidence-based tobacco treatments among psychiatrists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipalities across the United States have varied available resources to manage urban forests, resulting in substantial differences in urban forestry services and outcomes. This article reviews 32 survey-based studies that characterize U.S. municipal urban forest management program dimensions, including program components; needs and barriers; knowledge of and attitudes toward urban forests; and plans and priorities for future management. Such information is critical for agencies that support local urban forest management efforts but has not previously been systematically gathered and condensed. Based on the limited national, regional, and state-level data published in peer-reviewed journals, we find that the number of municipal urban forestry programs appears to be increasing, many communities have at least one tree ordinance, and larger communities are more likely to have an official program. However, evidence suggests that few municipalities have an urban forest inventory or management plan, and most require additional financial, political, public, or educational support. More research on urban forestry program status, needed support, and local knowledge is needed as knowledge gaps remain regarding the influence of metropolitan areas and resident demographics on the presence and extent of municipal urban forestry programs. Additionally, few studies have investigated future municipal urban forestry-related intentions and priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The paper seeks to draw attention to the fact that libraries need to be on alert about security in the workplace. Management needs to be sure that safety and security policies and procedures are in place for all types of libraries and staff is trained in how to deal with the various issues that may arise. Design/methodology/approach - The paper takes the form of a literature review and provides suggestions that may be used to train staff. Findings - There is awareness that situations happen in libraries but how well staff are trained in dealing with these situations is questionable. Originality/value - The paper stresses the value of being aware of the safety and security issues that need to be part of ongoing training for all staff, no matter what type of library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunning livestock (rendering them unconscious) is a necessary component of initiating humane slaughter, thus it is important to provide support to individuals performing this job. The objective of this study was to identify worker perspectives, training methods, and resources available to workers performing stunning. An online survey was distributed to industry association listservs or direct emails of slaughter plants in the United States of America. An additional survey was administered at an industry conference to increase participation. Twenty respondents completed the slaughter survey. Respondents were commonly trained using an in-person, in-house trainer. Respondents indicated feeling confident in performing stunning after training (18, 90%) and that "stunning animals has become easier the more times they did it" (17, 85%). Only 2 (10%) respondents said there were aware of programs to promote mental health, but most (17, 85%) felt "supported by peers in their workplace." This preliminary survey identified interest in more training and limited awareness of supportive resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evidence of the health and environmental harms of red meat is growing, yet little is known about which harms may be most impactful to include in meat reduction messages. This study examined which harms consumers are most aware of and which most discourage them from wanting to eat red meat.Design: Within-subjects randomised experiment. Participants responded to questions about their awareness of, and perceived discouragement in response to, eight health and eight environmental harms of red meat presented in random order. Discouragement was assessed on a 1-to-5 Likert-type scale.Setting: Online survey.Participants: 544 US parents.Results: A minority of participants reported awareness that red meat contributes to health harms (ranging from 8 % awareness for prostate cancer to 28 % for heart disease) or environmental harms (ranging from 13 % for water shortages and deforestation to 22 % for climate change). Among specific harms, heart disease elicited the most discouragement (mean = 2·82 out of 5), followed by early death (mean = 2·79) and plants and animals going extinct (mean = 2·75), though most harms elicited similar discouragement (range of means, 2·60-2·82). In multivariable analyses, participants who were younger, identified as Black, identified as politically liberal, had higher general perceptions that red meat is bad for health and had higher usual red meat consumption reported being more discouraged from wanting to eat red meat in response to health and environmental harms (all P < 0·05).Conclusions: Messages about a variety of health and environmental harms of red meat could inform consumers and motivate reductions in red meat consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' awareness of societal inequality has been linked to higher civic engagement. This study expands prior research by testing whether awareness of inequality differentially motivates prosocial and political forms of civic engagement, whether adults' modeling of civic agency moderates links between awareness of inequality and civic engagement, and whether associations differ by race/ethnicity. Longitudinal data came from 3208 youth (Mage = 14.1, Range = 7–20, 56.1% female, 39.7% White, 38.4% Latinx, 12.3% Black, and 6.9% Asian). Across racial/ethnic groups, awareness of societal inequality predicted increased political behaviors and beliefs 2 years later. Adults' modeling of civic agency predicted certain forms of civic engagement but did not moderate links. The findings advance theory and research on the motivating role of awareness of inequality for political beliefs and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on three secondary education teachers who earned licensure through a graduate-level urban teacher preparation program and then accepted positions at diverse, urban schools in the western U.S. The primary research question asks: How do three urban secondary teachers implement the pedagogical tool of expressing and cultivating critical awareness in their classrooms? This research responds to the calls for further inquiry into the experiences of "diversity-prepared" teachers once they become teachers of record. It provides an up-close look at what equity-oriented teaching looks look like concretely in middle and high school classrooms, along with its tensions and possibilities, and addresses the potential influences of a social-justice focused teacher education program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage verification tests by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) provided the experience base for the Public Outreach and Education for Carbon Storage Projects, a best practices manual, published in December 2009. This paper summarizes these outreach best practices; discusses their application in Aquistore, a greenfield CO2 storage project under way in western Canada; and reviews the implications for applying the best practices to new projects during the Development Phase of the DOE’s RCSP Program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Space exploration is a multifaceted endeavor and will be a “grand challenge” of the 21st century. It has already become an element of the political agenda of a growing number of countries worldwide. However, the public is largely unaware of space exploration activities and in particular does not perceive any personal benefit. In order to achieve highly ambitious space exploration goals to explore robotically and with humans the inner solar system, space agencies must improve and expand their efforts to inform and raise the awareness of the public about what they are doing, and why. Therefore adopting new techniques aiming at informing and engaging the public using participatory ways, new communication techniques to reach, in particular, the younger generation will be a prerequisite for a sustainable long-term exploration program: as they will enable it and carry most of the associated financial burden. This paper presents an environmental analysis of space exploration in the United States and Europe and investigates the current branding stature of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). We discuss how improved market research and new branding methods can increase public space awareness and improve the image of NASA and ESA. We propose a new participatory approach to engage the public as major stakeholder (along governments, the industrial space sector and the science community) that may provide sufficient resources for and sustainability of a long-term space exploration program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We propose a context-dependent approach to the study of political information. Combining a content analysis of broadcast news with a national survey measuring public awareness of various events, issues, and individuals in the news, we show that properties of national media systems influence both the supply of news and citizens' awareness of events in the news. Public service-oriented media systems deliver hard news more frequently than market-based systems. It follows that for citizens living under public service regimes, the opportunity costs of exposure to hard news are significantly lowered. Lowered costs allow less interested citizens to acquire political knowledge. Our analyses demonstrate that the knowledge gap between the more and less interested is widest in the US and smallest in Scandinavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, have had an enormous social and economical impact on society in the United State and around the world for many years. With the goal of preventing, diverting, or weakening the destructive forces of tropical cyclones, the preparedness of the public plays a major role in the magnitude of inflicted damage due to these storms. Acknowledging the captivating power of social networking and Web 2.0 over society, we present a prototype system which integrates meteorological data along with user generated content with the aim of improving public response by increasing their situational awareness due to such natural threats. The proposed system aggregates storm track and wind analysis data from the existing H*Wind system along with videos taken from YouTube and presents it to the user in Google Earth. A content-based concept detection mechanism is used to evaluate the relevance of the extracted YouTube videos to the storm of interest. The proposed system demonstrates the potential public benefit resulting from the integration of the areas of multimedia content analysis, Web 2.0, and meteorology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate an experimental course investigating the effect of Feldenkrais Awareness Through Movement (ATM) on students' self-image and its transference to concept related dance phrases, motif based improvisations, outside training and performance, and their daily lives. As a dancer and teacher, I wanted to understand more clearly how participants perceive Awareness Through Movement and how it affects their self-image. I wondered how this kind of work might be transferable. Would participants be able to integrate changes in movement, sensation, feeling and thought experienced during Awareness Through Movement lessons into concept related movement phrases, motif based improvisations, their outside training and performance, their way of learning, their daily lives? Participants practiced ATM lessons, concept related dance phrases and motif based improvisations. Data include entrance and exit questionnaires, journals, written summaries of the students' experience, field notes taken by the researcher, and videotapes of the sessions. Participants reported: an enhanced self-image; greater internal authority; transfer of experiences from ATM lessons to dance classes, other forms of movement training, and daily life; and recognition of the pedagogic model used within ATM and its potential effectiveness in dance training. A cross check of the various data sources corroborates these participant reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on audience fragmentation typically takes one of two approaches: The micro-level analysis of individuals' selective exposure to partisan news, or the macro-level analysis of audience overlap. To bridge the gap between these levels of analysis, we introduce the concept of attention centrality as a set of macro-to-micro measures that characterize how individual news media selection is situated within networks of public attention. Relying on an online panel survey conducted in the United States (N = 1,493), we examine the relationship between three indicators of respondents' attention centrality (closeness, betweenness, and reach) and the partisan valence of their news selections. The study finds different patterns of results for the three indicators of attention centrality, indicating that partisan news media are not uniformly isolated to the periphery of public attention. Results are discussed in light of conversations about selective exposure and audience overlap in the United States and around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have assessed providers' intent of prescribing PrEP in the future. We analyzed cross-sectional web-based surveys to estimate trends from 2016 to 2020 in PrEP awareness and prescribing behaviors in the United States among primary care providers. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate prevalence of PrEP awareness, prescribing behaviors, and likelihood of prescribing PrEP in the next 12 months. The adjusted prevalence for PrEP awareness was significantly higher in 2019 (93.7%, 95% CI 91.9%, 95.2%) compared to 2018 (88.1%, 95% CI 85.5%, 90.3%). The adjusted prevalence for prescribing PrEP was significantly higher in 2019 (16.4%, 95% CI 13.6%, 19.6%) and 2020 (15.6%, 95% CI 13.0%, 18.7%) compared to 2018 (12.2%, 95% CI 10.0%, 14.7%). Practicing in the West and regularly screening for HIV were associated with higher PrEP awareness and provision. Studies should examine factors associated with PrEP provision for groups with increased risk for HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the first direct test of the mutual awareness hypothesis by estimating the implied relationship between the entry likelihoods of individual potential entrants and the total number of potential entrants. The most difficult obstacle in empirically implementing such a test is the general lack of systematic information on the number of potential entrants relevant to different markets. Fortunately, this obstacle is surmountable in the case of the banking industry, where state branching restrictions often have the effect of defining by law who the potential entrants are. In Pennsylvania, for example, banks are limited in their expansion activity to the county in which they are headquartered and the counties contiguous to that county. This allows a systematic count of the number of potential entrants relevant to each of the state's 53 local banking markets.[2] Because of this and because Pennsylvania banking markets have been defined according to economic criteria (rather than the more common criterion of political boundaries), the test is based on the observed entry behavior of Pennsylvania banks.[3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occupational health beliefs and experiences of flight attendants in five United States airlines were analysed in a three-year interview and field study. The development of career longevity in the flight attendant occupation, once seen as short-term 'women's work', has given rise to increasing occupational health problems. The health concerns of flight attendants have correspondingly heightened their consciousness of collective occupational interests as self-care practices alone have proved insufficient to combat environmental health hazards. The case of flight attendants illustrates the problems workers face in legitimising health concerns in a female-identified occupation, yet suggests the changes in consciousness that occur when women no longer view their work as temporary but as a long-term career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the 1968 Convention staged by the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA). Its theme, Total Awareness-Total Commitment, proved to be more than just a catchword or slogan; it typified an atmosphere which made this year's Convention truly unique for its 9,041 participants. Most people who attend conventions know little of the preparations, decisions, frustrations, and grueling extra hours required to organize an APGA Convention. The 1968 Convention in Detroit, Michigan, had all of the elements of a regular APGA Convention and more. National and local circumstances, resulting from the tragic assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., U.S. clergyman and leader in the civil rights movement, caused the Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit to impose on the city a day-by-day 5 p.m. curfew, which placed the whole notion of public assembly in daily jeopardy. Because of the curfew, all evening general and theme sessions were cancelled. Still, a record number of content meetings and ancillary meetings were held during the daytime hours.

This article focuses on the history of actions taken by various countries, organizations, and scientists from around the world. The most crucial part is to understand the beginning of the process called 'climate crisis' and the statements from world's biggest polluters and power leaders. One the one hand, countries like the United States and China are the ones who are the most responsible for the current situation that the world is in. On the other, it is necessary to look more closely at the EU's statements about climate change and the reason for the slow climate diplomacy followed by legal actions that never had any sanctions. Nevertheless, the importance of European Union and its role in the process of creating a place for discussion can't be denied. It is said by many climate researchers that the lack of punishment for countries who were not fulfilling obligations to key documents such as the Paris Agreement from 2015 is one of the biggest reasons for the overall failure of the joint actions to stop climate destruction. The main problem was, and still is, based around how to combine industrial growth with ecologically-friendly methods. There should be no higher value than the state of the world's health but clearly for some, money is the bigger virtue. By reading this article, the author encourages the reader to change their perspective on how to earn, spend, and invest money so that the environment can thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the knowledge, perceptions, and awareness of contraceptives among college students in Vietnam and the United States (US). Methods: The cross-sectional data were collected using a self-administered survey from January to March of 2019 in Vietnam and the US. There were 546 Vietnamese participants and 538 US participants. Nearly 70% of the participants were female. The average age was 20.37. The measures used included the knowledge, awareness and perceptions of contraceptive health. Results: US participants reported higher levels of knowledge, awareness and positive perceptions than those in Vietnam. The US and Vietnamese college students expressed different perspectives regarding the most effective and the most widely used contraceptive methods (e.g., condom vs IUD). Additionally, the results suggest that having a positive perception on contraceptive use can potentially mediate the relationship between knowledge and awareness. Conclusion: Social and cultural factors play a large role in shaping one's attitude and awareness of contraceptives. Interpersonal relationships between students and their friends and families play a large role in both the amount and accuracy of the information they are given. The gap between knowing about contraceptives and using them, could be attributed to the sensitive nature of the topic. Public campaigns on other modern contraceptive choices and promotion on mass media may be a good solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural-ecological frameworks posit that there are harmful effects of social stratification on developmental outcomes. In particular, awareness of aspects of social stratification in society and interpersonal experiences of discrimination, more generally and within specific contexts, may differentially influence outcomes across life stages; yet, few studies have examined the distal effects during adolescence on early adult developmental outcomes. The current study fills this gap by examining distal mechanisms linking adolescents' (Time 1: ages 13–15) awareness of and perceived general and school discrimination to young adults' (Time 3: ages 23–25) socioeconomic attainment (i.e., educational attainment, occupational prestige, earned income) through adolescents' (Time 2: ages 16–18) academic adjustment (i.e., grades and educational expectations). The study also examined variation by adaptive culture (i.e., English and Spanish language use behavior, familism values) and youth gender. Data are from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (N = 755 Mexican-origin adolescents and their foreign-born parents; 51.5% male adolescents; Time 1 M age = 14.20 years). The results revealed that adolescent's awareness of societal discrimination (Time 1) related to adolescents' higher grades (Time 2), which, in turn, related to higher educational attainment and occupational prestige in early adulthood (Time 3). For young women, but not men, sources of perceived discrimination within the school context during adolescence related to lower educational attainment. Additional variation by adaptive culture and gender was also found. Implications discussed are related to positive development among Mexican-origin youth in immigrant families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce Christo-normativity in United States of America schools, most schools tend to only educate teachers about what religious practices are allowed by law. The question we ask is whether a focus on structural policies, like law, works. We apply Bourdieu's theory of habitus, capital, and field to discuss the findings from 27 interviews we completed with teachers/administrators. We found that participants tended to fit into five categories related to their awareness of whether they promoted Christo-normativity. Those who were relatively aware were either Apologists or Non-celebrators and those who were less aware were Non-apologists, Promoters, or Deniers. We argue that while structural policies to reduce Christo-normativity in public schools may be effective for Apologists and Non-celebrators, such a policy may be ineffective or resisted among Non-apologists, Promoters or Deniers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is estimated that around 70% of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients (T2DM) have Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Awareness and education are amongst the major shortcomings of the public health response to the increasing threat of NAFLD. Characterizing the specific NAFLD-related information needs of particular high-risk metabolic communities, for instance, T2DM patients, might aid in the development of evidence-based health promotion strategies, ultimately promoting NAFLD-awareness, treatment adherence and therapeutic success rates.Methods: Semi-structured interviews with T2DM patients were conducted to gain insight into their awareness of NAFLD, including its relationship with insulin resistance and T2DM.Results: Awareness of NAFLD as a disease entity, as well as its progression to end-stage liver disease or its relationship with other metabolic conditions, including insulin resistance and T2DM was low. Surveillance behaviours were also suboptimal and perceptions on the self-management knowledge and praxis regarding lifestyle intervention components of T2DM treatment seemed detached from those of NAFLD.Conclusions: Our findings could inform the integration of NAFLD-related content in T2DM health promotion strategies. Rising awareness on NAFLD progression and its relationship with T2DM using culturally and community-relevant constructs might facilitate the development of primary and secondary prevention programmes to promote the adherence to lifestyle interventions by influencing NAFLD threat perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evidence for the health harms of e-cigarettes is growing, yet little is known about which harms may be most impactful in health messaging. Our study sought to identify which harms tobacco product users were aware of and which most discouraged them from wanting to vape.Methods: Participants were a convenience sample of 1,872 U.S. adult e-cigarette-only users, cigarette-only smokers, and dual users recruited in August 2018. In an online survey, participants evaluated 40 e-cigarette harms from seven categories: chemical exposures, device explosions, addiction, cardiovascular harm, respiratory harm, e-liquid toxicity, and other harms. Outcomes were awareness of the harms ("check all that apply") and the extent to which the harms discouraged vaping (5-point scale; (1) "not at all" to (5) "very much").Results: Awareness of most e-cigarette harms was modest, being highest for harms in the device explosions category of harms (44%) and lowest for the e-liquid toxicity category (16%). The harms with the highest mean discouragement from wanting to vape were the respiratory harm (M = 3.82) and exposure to chemicals (M = 3.68) categories. Harms in the addiction category were the least discouraging (M = 2.83) compared with other harms (all p < .001). Findings were similar for e-cigarette-only users, cigarette-only smokers, and dual users.Conclusions: Addiction was the least motivating e-cigarette harm, a notable finding given that the current FDA e-cigarette health warning communicates only about nicotine addiction. The next generation of e-cigarette health warnings and communication campaigns should highlight other harms, especially respiratory harms and the chemical exposures that may lead to health consequences.Implications: E-cigarette health harms related to respiratory effects, chemical exposures, and other health areas most discouraged vaping among tobacco users. In contrast, health harms about addiction least discouraged use. Several countries have begun implementing e-cigarette health warnings, including the United States, and many others are considering adopting similar policies. To increase impact, future warnings and other health communication efforts should communicate about health harms beyond addiction, such as the effects of e-cigarette use on respiratory health. Such efforts should communicate that e-cigarette use is risky and may pose less overall risk to human health than smoking, according to current evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, teacher educators are required to prepare teachers for students in mainstream classrooms who are more culturally and linguistically diverse than ever before. Yet, calls for teacher educators to model enactments of curriculum and instruction concerning diversity expected of prospective teachers in U.S. K-12 classrooms have resulted in few efforts that attempt to understand and to document the personal predispositions, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of culturally and linguistically diverse teacher educators. This study examines the learning of five vernacular-speaking Afro-Caribbean "teachers turned educators" (TTEs) about their multilingual and multicultural awareness after they migrated across cultures from their home countries to the United States. Findings indicated that the TTEs demonstrated learning about their awareness by modifying their intonation, message content, facial expressions, deciding to speak or to be silent, and identifying previously overlooked concerns about language in their home countries. Reflexivity was critical to learning about their multilingual awareness and specific sources for navigating cultural incongruence were useful for learning about their multicultural awareness. The TTEs developed "transnational linguistic fluidity" in their demonstration of awareness through learning, raising questions about the inadvertent assumption that immigrant, multilingual, and Black educators naturally reflect an awareness of language and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines audience relationships to fact-checking sites in the United States. Focus is placed on predictors of audience awareness of, attitudes toward, and visits to such sites within a stage model framework drawn from the persuasive message literature. Analysis of survey data from a U.S. sample shows that liberals and liberal/mainstream news consumers are more aware of, positive toward, and likely to report using fact-checking sites. Conservatives are less positive and conservative news consumers see such sites as less useful to them. Findings indicate that while specific combinations of predictors of awareness, attitudes, and behavior vary, fact-checking sites have a particular appeal to liberals and liberal/mainstream news consumers. Results point to U.S. fact-checking sites being absorbed into wider ideological discourses and patterns of ideological news consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To empirically evaluate a cognitive affective model of physical activity. This bidirectional, cyclical model hypotheses that executive control processes directly influence habitual engagement in exercise and also directly subserve the exercise-induced affective response to acute exercise associated with future physical activity. Methods: The present study employed a one-week prospective, multi-site design. Participant recruitment and data collection occurred at two separate University sites (one in the United States and the other in Canada). Participants completed a bout of treadmill exercise, with affect and arousal assessed before, during and after the bout of exercise. Subjective and objective measures of executive function were assessed during this visit. Following this laboratory visit, seven days of accelerometry were employed to measure habitual engagement in physical activity. Results: Within our inactive, young adult sample, we observed some evidence of 1) aspects of executive function were associated with more light-intensity physical activity in the future (1-week later) (r = 0.36, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.66, P = 0.07), 2) aspects of executive function were associated with post-exercise affect (r = -0.39, 95% CI = -0.67 to -0.03, P = 0.03) and forecasted affect (r = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.72, P = 0.01), and 3) aspects of acute exercise arousal and affect were associated with current mild-intensity physical activity behavior (r = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.68, P = 0.03). Conclusion: We demonstrate partial support of a cognitive-affective model of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents some findings from an exploratory study dealing with the relationship between certain personality characteristics and the adoption of farm practices. Data were obtained in 1957 by personal interviews with a sample of 23 farm operators residing in a central Iowa rural community. According to the author, a personality characteristic which one might expect to be positively related to adoption is knowledge of new farm practices. A farmer does not adopt a new practice until he (1) receives information about the existence of the new practice and (2) gains knowledge about specific details, such as how much to use and where to obtain needed materials. An awareness knowledge index was developed to measure knowledge of the existence of some very new farm practices. An adoption knowledge index was constructed to measure knowledge of the specific details about practices in the adoption scale. Of the seven personality variables that were studied as they related to adoption, only rigidity, change orientation, innovative proneness and adoption self-ratings were found to be significantly related.

The article focuses on the role of U.S. newspapers in creating awareness among U.S. people regarding public health and medical care. It cites various medical incidents that were published in several newspapers including "Enquirer," "Ledger," and "Chronicle." It mentions that newspapers reports about various meetings on topics including perpetual eclampsia, chronic intestinal nephritis and hydrated mole.