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The lineage of Rodrigo Díaz has recently been a subject of debate. This paper strives for a better understanding with several points in this regard: that he was not a member of the upper aristocracy by birth; that he is not portrayed as a lowly infanzón in the Cantar de Mio Cid, but rather as a powerful nobleman not belonging to the highest rank; that neither Rodrigo nor Jimena can be ascribed to the Flaínez family, meaning theirs was not an endogamic marriage; that she, being of royal blood, was buried at San Juan de la Peña rather than at Cardeña; that a confusion led to the poet naming one of the Cid's daughters Elvira, with further insights on the usage of Sol as a cognomento also being provided; and that the hypothesis of a granddaughter called Maria marrying an alleged Count Bernat III of Besalú, should most definitely be dismissed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contrasts The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald with The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner, examining the burden of the past. The two novels explore how past experiences and events influence individuals and societies in distinct ways. By evaluating the critical responses, historical and cultural contexts, and literary techniques employed by the authors, this paper delivers a deeper understanding of how literature can reflect and remark upon the complexities of human experience and history. It demonstrates this through an analysis of the critical responses, historical and cultural contexts, and literary techniques employed by the authors, observing that while both novels deal with the burden of the past, they do so in different ways reflecting the historical and cultural contexts in which they were written. Fitzgerald's novel critiques the American fixation with the past and the perils of nostalgia, whereas Faulkner's novel reflects on the decline of the Southern aristocracy and the legacy of slavery and bigotry in the Southern United States. Literary devices, such as symbolism, imagery, characterization, and stream-of-consciousness narration emphasize the psychological effects of the weight of the past on both individuals and societies. This comparative analysis highlights the capacity of the literature to reflect and commentate on the complexities of human experience and history, exploring the significance of understanding the historical and cultural contexts in which it is produced and consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rent as a category has been analyzed within economics for over 250 years. Though much has changed since the days of David Ricardo, and Johann von Thűnen, most contemporary theorists consider themselves to be aligned with these early thinkers. More significantly, there is a pervasive belief that the power relationships explicated in the late 1700s and early 1800s hold for urban rent today. This has had two consequences. First, as urban economists continue to justify their work within a much older tradition, the move from production cost theories towards marginalist approaches has occurred largely without comment. Second, the existing urban power structures, with their particular causes and evolutionary histories, have been under-evaluated. The result is landlords seen as either exclusively functional, or as landed aristocrats, neither view producing instrumentally useful analysis for the urban market today. The first portion of this paper outlines the evolution of urban rent approaches, calling attention to the theoretic shifts which have occurred in the meaning of the market. This establishes the need for the latter half of the work, which outlines the basis for an institutionally grounded approach to urban rent. Such a theory is necessary if there is any hope of illuminating the distributional impacts of rental housing allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Europe saw an increase in newly known plants, the seed list format was employed to make specimens legible across an informal network for botanical exchange. This article explores the medium specifications of the format and a rich repository of these lists, compiled by the English aristocrat Mary Somerset (bap. 1630–1715), who dedicated much of her time to maintaining the flows of information that seed lists mediated. This will show the work required to make exchanges meaningful and useful, the credibility and authority this could grant to a woman like Somerset, and, significantly, the importance of maintenance in transforming mobile units of information scattered across the world into something we call knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates influences upon the development of library classification systems in nineteenth-century Britain. Two case studies – Edward Edwards's 'scheme of classification for a town library' of 1859 and the Bibliotheca Lindesiana of the earls of Crawford who made a number of significant contributions to the development of library classification over a fifty-year period – are deployed to explore how classification schemes reflected the habituses of their creators and how they were shaped by their socio-economic, epistemological and geographical contexts. The paper also investigates the discourse of classification, examining authors' claims for the legitimacy, widespread applicability and superiority of their schemes, while revealing how these claims were compromised or modified by practical considerations. The case studies suggest that a modernizing narrative of a transition in the second half of the nineteenth century from an aristocratic, largely rural and amateur paradigm of knowledge formation to a bourgeois, urban and professional model requires significant modification: a more nuanced approach is required, which recognizes the permeability of geographic and social boundaries and the continued relevance of aristocratic libraries as key sites of knowledge formation until the end of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper outlines the efforts at establishing observatories in India for modern astronomical observations made by aristocrats over the last century or so prior to Indian independence in 1947. The focus of this paper is therefore on three institutions only, the Royal Observatory at Lucknow, Trevandrum Observatory, and Nizamiah Observatory in Hyderabad. This demonstrates that the concept of 'patronage' was alive and well in nineteenth century India, just as it was in Britain, Europe and North America. These observatories primarily were established either to encourage educated Indians to gain a realistic knowledge of Western astronomy, or so that India itself could contribute to that body of research knowledge. One of these institutions, Nizamiah Observatory was India's sole observatory involved in the ambitious international Astrographic Catalogue and Carte du Ciel and Project. It is telling that quite early in its history this Observatory ended up with a university, while this fate later befell Trevandrum Observatory. It is notable that none of the observatories discussed in this paper has survived in its original form through to the present day as a forefront astronomical research facility. Moreover, relatively early in its history Trevandrum Observatory abandoned astronomy and shifted its focus to geomagnetism. Unlike the observatories discussed in the first paper in this series, none of the observatories reviewed in this paper was set up primarily to further Britain's colonial ambitions. All were local Indian initiatives, yet each received support, in one way or another, from British astronomers or observatories--so the colonial link was still there, but only as an underlying element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonialist-created administration in North Borneo is a reality that has altered the native people's mindset and way of life while also providing them with much-needed exposure to the value of education. This paper attempts to explain the changes that occurred to and within the Brunei Malay community in the advent of modern education from 1881 to 1963 and how continued opportunities and exposure by colonialists have finally persuaded their minds to accept Western-style formal education. The objective of this writing is to analyse their educational involvement in colonial education through three time periods, namely the administration of the British North Borneo Company (BNBC), the Japanese Occupation, and the British Colonial Administration. This study used the methodology of historical studies by conducting analysis on primary sources such as C.O. 874/235, C.O. 874/242, NBCA 73 Native Chief's Advisory Council Meetings, the British North Borneo Administration Report, the British North Borneo Annual Report, and interviews with five informants among the Brunei Malay community who were involved in colonial education. The study also found that the transition of Brunei's Malay society to modern education occurred slowly compared to other ethnic groups. This happened because the colonists were selective in their efforts to provide early education opportunities to the locals, making education accessible only to aristocrats who had influence and were interested in serving the colonists. As a result, the Brunei Malay community has had trouble competing with other more educated ethnic groups, especially in maintaining their influence, role, and position after the independence of Sabah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Carolingian conquest of the Lombard Kingdom in 774, the Duchy of Benevento became an independent principality. Duke Arechis (758–787) proclaimed himself princeps gentis Langobardorum, thus opposing the political authority of the new King of the Lombards, Charlemagne. During the second half of the 8th century, Arechis refounded Salerno as the second capital city of Lombard Southern Italy by building a palace which stood as a marker of his political authority within the urban landscape. When the competition between two factions of the Beneventan aristocracy led to a civil war (839–849), Salerno became first a gathering place for members of the faction opposing Prince Radelchis and then the capital city of a new Lombard principality. By considering both written and archaeological sources, this paper focuses on the social and political aspects that led to the urban development of Salerno and challenged the role of Benevento during the 8th and 9th centuries. Some final considerations contextualise the rise of Capua as a third capital city in Lombard Southern Italy during the 9th and 10th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a spatial analysis of The Great Gatsby (1925). This novel presents the power game among various white classes in American society in the context of the Roaring Twenties, with obvious spatial characteristics. The geographical distribution between East Egg, West Egg, and the Valley of Ashes presents the high-and-low-class distinction of different classes in social space. The upper classes practice class oppression and exploitation through space, while the lower classes also use space to resist oppression and climb the class ladder. This paper draws on French philosopher Henri Lefebvre's spatial ideas, especially the spatial triad, to explore the close connection between space and class in the novel. The Great Gatsby encompasses various class groups in white society, including the hereditary aristocracy like the Buchanans, the new money represented by Gatsby, and the lower class represented by the Wilsons. To modify the spatial order, different classes use space as a medium to preserve their class identity and seek their social presence, which reproduces the illusion of the American Dream of the Jazz Age and reveals Fitzgerald's humanistic concern for people in spatial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, entitled The Footsteps of Tengku Luckman Sinar, his Work and Contribution to the Academic World, aims to get to know Tengku Lukman Sinar (TLS), his work, especially in the field of history, and his usefulness in the academic world. The method used is descriptive qualitative through a historical approach consisting of steps, heuristics (collection of data relevant to the topic of study, both primary and secondary), verification (criticism of external and internal sources), interpretation and analysis, and writing (historiography). The results show that TLS was the son of Sultan Sulaiman Shariful Alamsyah, a Malay aristocrat from the Fifth Serdang Sultanate. He is known as a cultural figure because he was involved in typical Malay cultural activities. TLS believed that Malay is a broad entity covering the region of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Oceania, to New Zealand, and Madagascar. Malay civilization has values to frame ethnic groups in the archipelago in the form of a unity with different diversity, and if combined culturally has tremendous potential. TLS was a resource person in various scientific forums, both local, national, and international. In actualizing his thoughts, TLS wrote and published papers and books, especially in the socio-cultural field, including the field of history. Various historical works have been published, both independently, by publishers, by the Provincial Government of North Sumatra, and Deli Serdang Regency. The existence of TLS provides a comprehensive, factual, and accurate picture of a figure or culturalist with special characteristics, especially working in the field of history, from which academics can use as inspiration and reference in writing scientific works such as scientific articles, theses, dissertation, as well as a legacy that can be processed into a new vital force in the millennial era according to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do rulers soften resistance by local powerholders to state‐building efforts? This paper highlights a strategy of compensation, where elites receive government offices in exchange for relinquishing their localist interests, and become uprooted and integrated into the national political system as stakeholders. We explore this strategy in the context of the Northern Wei Dynasty of China (386–534 CE) that terminated an era of state weakness during which aristocrats exercised local autonomy through strongholds. Exploiting a comprehensive state‐building reform in the late fifth century, we find that aristocrats from previously autonomous localities were disproportionately recruited into the bureaucracy as compensation for accepting stronger state presence. Three mechanisms of bureaucratic compensation facilitated state‐building. Offices received by those aristocrats: (1) carried direct benefits, (2) realigned their interests toward the ruler, and (3) mitigated credible commitment problems. Our findings shed light on the “First Great Divergence” between Late Antiquity Europe and Medieval China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the personality and the work of the noble, writer and intellectual Maximilian count Lamberg (1729–1792) which was already examined by several Czech historians (Polišenský, Kroupa, Cerman). Firstly, the paper evaluates the current state of research to show that despite of the attention of researchers focused on this personality, there are still lot of contexts and details which remain unknown. Secondly, the paper analyses the question of the relevance and the historical value of Lamberg’s conserved works which are situated between memories, essays and autobiographical fiction. In the main part of the paper, the thesis of Jiří Kroupa, which assumes the appurtenance of Maxmilian Lamberg both to the Moravian milieu and to the European Republic of letters, is examined. Lamberg’s accessible works, not only the most famous Mémorial d’un mondain but also the other books, are used as a base of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the medical correspondence between the physician George Cheyne and the aristocrats Selina Hastings and Susan Keck. Written during the 1730s, these letters reveal that both Cheyne and his patients articulated a model of medical expertise based not on knowledge in any conventional sense, but rather on fellow feeling or intersubjectivity. Drawing on letters sent by Keck to Hastings that have yet to be noticed by historians, this paper tries to understand how Cheyne and Keck sought to convince Hastings that they had felt exactly the same symptoms under which she had suffered. In so doing, it draws on scholarship concerned with the sociology of taste. Whilst it does not claim that the intersubjective form of expertise modelled by Cheyne was a form of taste, it argues that the moves he and his patients made were analogous to the strategies used at other times and places by those concerned with taste. In both cases, the participants sought ways to obtain consensus about the supposedly subjective dimensions of human experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the nature of Political Economy as a modern conversational style by defining its logical and rhetorical features. Successively, a wider historical and political context linked to the birth of the discipline is considered and thoroughly introduced in its implications for the interpretation of the role of such a discipline in modern life. Finally, political economy is examined in light of the educational effort it requires, as an antirhetorical method of enquiry and dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Action research is a promising and significant research methodology that paves the way for intervention, development and change not only within small groups and communities of practice but also within larger societies. Building on a terse-and-informative description of the four major action research theories (Action Science, Cooperative Inquiry, Participatory Action Research, and Living Educational Theory), this paper argues that EFL classes are essentially micro societies where language socialization takes place; it is argued further that the micro society of the EFL classroom can be (a) a 'garbage in garbage out' petri dish at the service of mechanical imparting of linguistic competence to students, (b) a Foucauldian 'panopticon' put to ideological use by a despot ruling an oppressed society, or (c) a free milieu aspiring after human development and social change. The paper concludes that action research might be redefined as aristocrat/elitist just-in-case research reformulated as just-in-time change-and-development-oriented ongoing 'process' research involving participants/informants as co-researchers or sources of (social) action, but not simply data mines or sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Complutum is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eight letters of Symmachus's correspondence are the only sources for the senatorial embassy that in 402, in the middle of Alaric's first invasion of Italy, arrived at the court of Milan. The motivations and the outcomes of this legatio are unknown. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the historical and social setting that led the Roman aristocracy to feel the urgency to talk with the emperor Honorius and his regent Stilicho. Besides Symmachus' letters, two sources are examined: Claudian's verses on the Gothic invasion and the epigraphic evidence for the restoration of the Aurelian wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking from, and critiquing, both the scholarship on the Indian "middle class" as well as the scholarship on the 'labour aristocracy', this paper argues for the reformulation of the Indian "middle class" as a labour aristocracy or worker elite. We define the distinctive characteristics that set the Indian worker elite apart from the broader working class and highlight, through the case studies of international migration, patterns in urban living spaces and domestic service employment, the stark differences between the worker elite and the poor working masses in India, and the exploitative relationship that exists between the two. The analysis points to the semi-periphery being the locus of the largest inequalities in the capitalist world-system today, where the bourgeoisie and the worker elite both gain tremendously from the exploitation inherent to capitalism. Resultingly, the task at hand in India and the semi-periphery broadly remains to organize the poor, marginalised working masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fewer than 20 Athenian figured pointed amphoras are attested, dating from the late sixth century to the mid-fifth century B.C.E. in both black- and red-figure. There is strong variability in the shape of these vases, even those produced in the same workshop, making them almost unique specimens. Their shape is clearly modeled after transport amphoras of the same period. This paper aims to argue that Athenian figured pointed amphoras were produced in small numbers as special commissions for members of the aristocracy. In addition to their content, arguably high-quality wine, these luxury versions of regular wine shipping containers may have been intended as gifts to guest-friends and members of the givers' broad elite network, mainly in Etruria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to reconstruct the process of the growing level of indebtedness among certain Hungarian aristocratic families at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The case studies of three oustanding families possessing hundreds of thousands of acres of land in the western region of the country are based on research carried out into various financial documents such as ledgers, bills of exchange, but also the mortgage records of four Transdanubian counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the hagiography of Daniel the Stylite, believed to have been written by one of his disciples soon after the saint's death at Constantinople in the late fifth century. It first explores the identity of Daniel's named patrons, highlighting the status of these individuals as members of former imperial families who were not currently in power in the East, but who were competing with the reigning emperors of the day for patronage of the holy man. Second, it highlights the imperial-like manner of the hagiographer's presentation of Daniel, particularly his column-dwelling existence with its analogies to imperial columns in the city, and his ordination by the hand of God, and it suggests that the author was shaping his presentation of the holy man to appeal to the Christian court of his day. Both of these aspects of the text indicate that the hagiographer wished to present Daniel as the pre-eminent holy man of late fifth-century Constantinople, whose monastery was worthy of future patronage by emperors or aristocrats with imperial connections. 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt (1845–1934) appeared in the Electric Light Dress, commissioned from the House of Worth for her family's legendary 1883 fancy-dress ball, she not only displayed her wealth but also signaled her modernity. While members of more established families came in historical costumes that confirmed their status by drawing comparisons with European aristocracy, Vanderbilt, whose family often had been derided as "new money," used her costume to align herself with the innovative and exciting new technology of electric light. This paper explores the cultural context of Vanderbilt's dress in relation to publicity campaigns for electric light and the Statue of Liberty in the late 1870s and early 1880s. In donning such a dress at this high-profile event, Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt intimated that she, and by extension her family, was the future of New York society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses questions seeking to clarify the nature of personal networking between modern Japan's wealthy economic elite and the Japanese nobility. In particular, to explore whether the social connections between the wealthy and the nobility led to changes in behaviour and formation of social ties, the marriages between the wealthy economic elite and the Japanese aristocracy, will be the focus of this study. The general overview, the motives, causes and effects of marriage alliances will be explored. And the examination of the cases of aristocratic elite who entered into business through the choice of entrepreneurial occupation will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the joint and complex influences of elitism and merit in the hiring of new accounting faculty. Building on research showing that search committees value pedigree in hiring new faculty, we theorize both aristocratic (e.g., accessing or reinforcing elite networks) and meritocratic (e.g., signaling stronger future research potential) influences on the hiring of new accounting faculty. Using curriculum vitae from 381 Accounting Ph.D. Rookie Recruiting and Research Camps, we examine whether candidates graduating from elite accounting institutions place disproportionately higher than do their non-elite peers. Results suggest that elite pedigree predicts placement rank among candidates without favorable publication outcomes at top journals (e.g., acceptance or invitation to resubmit) but not among candidates with favorable publication outcomes. Favorable publication outcomes at other journals are unrelated to placement rank. The results suggest joint and complex aristocratic (elite-based) and meritocratic (productivity-based) influences in new accounting faculty hiring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) posed the biggest threat to the French Monarchy since the darkest days of the Hundred Years War. Not only that the royal authority had, in practical terms, reached its lowest ebb since in more than a hundred and fifty years, but the factions involved, both Catholic and Protestant, developed theories of resistance which advocated for popular sovereignty and the right to depose (and, in some cases, even kill) tyrannical kings. Yet, this radicalism came from the lower ranks of the belligerent factions and was not shared by their leadership, who was more careful to safeguard the prestige of the monarchy. This is most true for the Huguenots princes and their allies, who constantly refused to openly name the king as their enemy, regardless of how much their relationship with the Crown had degraded. At the beginning of the wars, the most prominent political personality amongst the Huguenots, Louis, prince of Condé, insisted, through an extensive campaign of propaganda, that the Protestant rebellion was aiming to actually protect the (underage) king, Charles IX, against a coterie of Catholic aristocrats who was keeping him prisoner and to restore the overall peace and justice of the kingdom, with more specifically Protestant grievances being pushed into the background. But, at the start of the second war of religion, in 1567, the tone of Condé's propaganda started to gradually change, his justificative texts speaking instead of a "moral captivity" of a king instead of him being a physical prisoner and taking a more confessionalized approach, focused on the interests of the Huguenot movement. This paper aims to trace this shift and describe the new kind of discourse employed in Condé's texts, while explaining the possible reasons why this change occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous scholarship has created anachronistic categories to analyze the political thought of notable liberals like John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville, this article improves our understanding of liberalism by using an analytic category supplied by the writers themselves. Using Tocqueville's aristocracy-democracy dichotomy, this paper demonstrates important differences in the social and political thought of Mill and Tocqueville previously overlooked. Specifically, by focusing on Mill's reviews of Tocqueville's work and correspondence between the two authors, this essay points out the differences between Mill's "elitist democratic" liberalism and Tocqueville's "aristocratic democratic" liberalism. This distinction has important implications for understanding the dominant forms of modern liberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationes 10-12 stand out from Q.A. Symmachus' reports written to give an account of his activities at the position of the prefect of Rome (praefectus urbis Romae). These three relationes were written and sent by Symmachus to Roman emperors to inform them of the death of V.A. Praetextatus, who was a famous and influential Roman dignitary as well as Symmachus' close friend. Rel. 10-12 are not only thematically related, but also - unlike the rest of the reports - clearly marked with personal and laudatory accents and thus their nature significantly differs from the formal documents sent to emperors from the chancellery of an imperial administrative dignitary. In this paper, we aim at presenting Rel. 10-12 as an elogium, in which in three separate reports Symmachus included a coherent eulogy of Praetextatus and presented his idealized portrait tinged with his own personal feelings, underpinned by the aspects of conservative ideology cultivated then within the circles of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two books, "Bought & Sold: Scotland, Jamaica and Slavery" by Kate Phillips and "The Glasgow Sugar Aristocracy: Scotland and Caribbean Slavery, 1775–1838" by Stephen Mullen, which explore Scotland's involvement in slavery and the slave trade. The author criticizes Phillips' book for its lack of original manuscript sources and superficial approach, pointing out errors and unsupported claims. Mullen's book is praised for its scholarly apparatus but criticized for not citing previous works, particularly a 1971 doctoral thesis by Tom Devine. The article emphasizes the importance of careful and rigorous research in contributing to the understanding of slavery and its legacies. [Extracted from the article]

The main hypothesis of this paper states that the frontier does not constitute a structural feature of the Iberian societies in the twelfth century. Conversely, it results from a time-limited process, and thereby traditional ideas according to which the frontier was a physical and social space where a particular society was created and long-term cultural exchanges took place are wrong and based on a historiographical assumption rather than verified evidence. This work develops the argument that growing feudal states could not tolerate fluid and extended borders in social and temporal terms. This was the case in the Ebro Valley and its Iberian edges. Between 1080 and 1130, the conquest destroys the foundations of the taifa sultanates, and disrupts the Andalusian society. Thereupon, between 1150 and 1190, the Catalan-aragonese sovereigns impose in border territories, and their aristocratic competitors miss the opportunity to begin the thirteenth century consolidating big autonomous or semi-autonomous domains, with the relative exception of Albarracin. This paper studies the way in which this entrenchment of the Catalan-aragonese state took place and impeded the consolidation of a "border society". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on an article on labour aristocracy. Focus on the dynamics of bureaucracy; Information on labour politics; Discussion on hierarchies of the labour market.

This paper sets out to establish a general contrast between the traditions of agrarian bondage that characterized the West in the wake of the disintegration of the Roman empire and the peculiar vulnerability of the peasantry in the Byzantine, Sasanian and Islamic Near East. Within this general contrast between peasantries, I explore the differences between aristocracies in the late antique and post-Roman worlds, date the beginnings of the medieval expansion to the seventh century, and advance a critique of the way Chris Wickham handles the relations of production of the early middle ages. I argue that there was both more coercion and more complexity in the use of labour than Wickham's characterization of a self-managing peasantry suggests. The paper concludes by looking at some of the peculiarities of agrarian domination in the Near East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to understand the intellectual influence of Aristotle on Tocqueville in the elaboration of his “new political science”. Our thesis is that, in order to try to counteract the threats inherent in democracy, Tocqueville integrates some Aristotelian categories, and that this is one of the nuclei of his new political science, and is also the origin of many of its ambiguities. The paper is divided into five parts. In the first we will briefly examine Tocqueville’s dissatisfaction with a certain liberalism that precedes him. In the second, we will dwell on the notion of citizenship elaborated by the French aristocrat, with which he attempts to resolve his concerns. The third part argues that the Tocquevillian notion of citizenship has a close kinship with some aspects of Aristotelian practical philosophy. The fourth section offers some reflections on Tocqueville’s political philosophy, and the fifth closes with some brief conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The research paper mainly deals with last decade of British rule in India with special focus on the politics of the Punjab and Landed Aristocracy as a contributory factor in partition of India. The impression that economically powerful class attain political power in every society or region so having these powers the landed aristocracy of cross communal Unionist Party (which kept three major communities united for decades in Punjab) through allegiance to All India Muslim League, has been a contributory factor in partition of India, is the major argument of this research. Had landed aristocracy of the Punjab which assumed power and became ruler in Pakistan after independence played any intentional or unintentional role or contribution in partition of India? Landed aristocracy's role, Sikandar-Jinnah Pact of 1937, Lahore Resolution of 1940, inclination of landed aristocracy towards All India Muslim League, thirst for power, self-interest, mass pressure or economic opportunities, mutual cooperation with British ruler, political engineering by the British rulers, communal divide in the Punjab, decline of Unionist Party, Hindu, Muslim, Sikhs relationship, 1946 elections, partition of Punjab and India are main subjects of the paper. Partition of India is much debated subject but almost historians have written in broader context of overall India and the Punjab. This analytical study is important and original contribution because in this paper landed aristocracy of the Punjab has been explored as major or minor contributory factor in partition of India which earlier has not been studied by the historians specifically. This paper highlights this unique subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie is the property of Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Academic studies of Shakespeare in Great Britain and France present the historian with startling contrasts. Beginning in the late 18th century, the English debated the extent of his knowledge and eventually turned the poet-playwright into a national hero and secular saint. When Thomas Carlyle published in 1840 On Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History, he actually stated that Shakespeare was “an unconscious intellect” whose dramas “grew up out of Nature.” Carlyle’s book was an incredible success, deifying the uneducated and untraveled man from Stratford, making him a religious Anglo-Saxon icon never to be questioned. Some had their doubts. In France in 1918, Professor Abel Lefranc, a renowned Renaissance scholar and member of the Académie française, published Sous le masque de William Shakespeare, a volume that tried to prove “to all those with an open mind” that the author William Shakespeare could not have been Shakspere of Stratford-upon-Avon. Among his reasons: William Shakespeare knew France, the French aristocracy and French history too well. Leaving aside the author’s missing paper trail, inconceivable for the “soul of the age,” Lefranc examined Shakespeare’s works in extraordinary detail and revealed just how political they were and how often they subtly commented on a much wider European culture and politics. Shakespeare’s oeuvre, he argued, was not limited to the Anglo-Saxon world but was actually multi-national and deeply influenced by France. English scholars did not handle this French questioning of Shakespeare so well. Indeed, with only a few exceptions, Lefranc’s work was ignored in the Anglo-Saxon world. Lefranc argued that the plays needed to be re-examined as creations for the Elizabethan court, making clear references to what was actually happening in France at the time. This essay argues that the significance of Shakespeare’s knowledge of French courtly politics and culture should not be underestimated because there are no records that the man from Stratford ever left England or knew French. That is, once the profound French influence is recogn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lombard nobility's loss of political power after the Napoleonic Wars has led economic historians to overlook the persisting role of traditional elites in social and economic life. The aim of the paper is to reassess the contribution of the Milanese aristocracy to Italian economic development, providing new insights into the business behaviour of the nobility in northern Italian areas. The article presents some new findings on noblemen's investments and enterprises related to agriculture, manufacturing, trade and banking. The research focuses on the decades following Italian political unification, a period in which noblemen increased their interest in the financial sector and joint-stock companies (transport, banking, new sectors and industries) as a result of the transformations induced by the Industrial Revolution and the agrarian crisis of the 1870s and 1880s. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be used to assess not only the number of individuals involved and the capital they invested in new ventures, but also their role in orienting, stimulating, managing or supporting entrepreneurial activities and their openness to collaboration with the members of the middle class. The analysis combines the deeds produced by four notaries, chosen on the basis of their contiguity to the Milanese aristocracy, the foundation's deeds of the main companies established in the city, conserved in the House of Trade, and the information provided by other local and national institutions. The cross-referencing of this data suggests that the Milanese nobility maintained a prominent economic role well beyond Italian political unification, contributing to the modernization of the national economy despite the weaknesses and contradictions that marked this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]