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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to report research conducted to explore the insights of UK architects on the Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) in relation to low carbon housing design and delivery. Design/methodology/approach – To explore the awareness and knowledge of CSH in low carbon housing design and delivery in the UK, a mixed method approach comprising of interviews with architects in practice and academia were combined with questionnaires to UK sustainable architectural practices. Findings – The results confirmed that, although UK architects are aware of CSH, it is only very few (11.8 per cent), who have the expert knowledge. This is in comparison to 52.9 per cent of those with some knowledge, and 35.3 per cent of those who are very knowledgeable in the use and implementation of CSH to design and deliver low carbon new homes in the UK. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study are based only on the sustainable architects in the UK, therefore the findings may not represent the view of other constructional professionals in the UK. Practical implications – The research focused on investigating the judging criteria and opinions of architects who are strongly identified with sustainable housing design practices in the UK. It explores the insights of architects on the CSH, because their knowledge, use and implementation of it, along with other information on low carbon housing design, from the onset determines how soon zero carbon homes in the UK can be achieved; leading towards tackling energy use in the UK and on a wider level, the European commitment reduction of energy consumption. Originality/value – The paper is able to expose the weakness of architects in the use of information that is not represented graphically, pictorially or in the recognised Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) plan of work stages familiar to architects and the general construction industry in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper draws on a recent research project 'Design at the Heart of Housebuilding', commissioned by the Scottish Government and undertaken in 2006-7; subsequently published in early 2008. This research focused on the conceptions and practice of design within private sector house developers in Scotland, which is used here as a basis for speculatively exploring opposing values between private sector housing developers and architects in housing design. Drawing initially on reviews of this relationship in the initial mass private sector housing provision in the inter-war period in the UK the paper then compares this with the more recent position as evidenced in the research, two generations later. It identifies and analyses the basis for a perpetuated mutual wariness as a way to understand the potential for change in current trends, and ends by highlighting some examples of alternative collaborations, where the skills and values of architects are more fully articulated with those of developers and manufacturers in innovative housing provision, including forms of mass customisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the prevailing conventional wisdom in the UK that the government is the sole architect of the education and training (E&T) system and that qualifications are the magic bullet for securing employment in the creative and cultural sector. It also argues that if policy-makers are serious about wanting to diversify the occupational profile of the creative and cultural sector to reflect both the multicultural composition of the UK's population and the rising demand for broader creative and cultural products and services, then it is necessary to develop a less qualification-driven and more multifaceted approach to facilitating access and supporting learning and development in that sector. The paper maintains that this presupposes a shift from the current credentialist strategy to develop 'creative apprenticeships' towards a strategy that supports people to 'be apprenticed' in a variety of ways in the creative and cultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects are trained to design buildings and the subjective perception of building users may not be easy to translate into a designer's language. In the UK, the design profession has not fully appreciated the significance of returning to the erected structure to appraise how well it was, and remained, fit for purpose. This paper presents a critique of the state of the art of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) in the UK building procurement process. It is established that despite the known benefits of POE, the culture of evaluating the performance of a building, after it has been built and occupied by users for a while, has not been successfully embedded in the design and procurement process. The authors advocate for a 'forward feeding' POE, which embraces early collaboration between end users and designers in the building procurement process, in order to co-create a liveable built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents profile of architect John Soane. It mentions that John Britton was commissionned to write that would be the first book-length description of the house-museum of the distinguished architect Sir John Soane. It also mentions that Helen Dorey, in a catalogue essay for an exhibition at the Soane Museum in Great Britain on the subject of death and memory, developed at length the often very nuanced way that he positioned himself within an architectural tradition he revered.

Invoking a statement by the cultural geographer David Livingstone - that location is essential to knowing - this paper focuses on Danish school architecture during the 1950s and 1960s and the interplay between local geography and developments and discussions on the national and international scene. Through exhibitions and study tours and international encounters, certain school buildings became icons as places to visit and as spaces to cite and copy, and specific ways of thinking about the 'child-centred school' became institutionalised. In particular, British experiences and contacts with the couple Mary Crowley and David Medd became of importance to the Danes. This was no coincidence and the paper demonstrates that transnational architectural relations were closely linked to a cultural re-mapping in the aftermath of the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is threefold; to investigate the potential impact of energy conservation policies and legislation on building design; examine energy conservation practices in the building industry; and identify associated barriers to an integrated low energy architectural design process. Design/methodology/approach - A survey of UK architectural design practices was conducted to assess the impact of current energy conservation policies and legislation on current building design, and ascertain architects' views on the associated barriers and incentives to implementing and sustaining energy conservation strategies in their projects. Findings - Results reveal that building design is affected by existing legislation but often not by policies. Additionally, there is a lack of incentives for the building industry to adopt and implement low energy design strategies that are outlined in existing policies and guidance. Furthermore, results identify a need for increased awareness of the available energy saving technologies. Research limitations/implications - Architects are the first point of contact for driving more energy efficient design and conservation strategies. Therefore, this study was confined to a cross section of their opinions of energy conservation within the UK building industry. Practical implications - The study is useful for those interested in the current levels of implementation of low energy design strategies and the recommendations for the future of the energy conservation and building design in the UK. Originality/value - The study of energy conservation and building design provides insights into current environmental design practices; and identifies problems for the implementation of effective and integrated low energy building design process. The content should be of interest to architects, as it highlights the current level of implementation of energy conservation measures in building design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of implementing circular economy within the built environment, quantifying progress and performance towards this effort has posed a substantial challenge. In response, this paper reviews the current state of building-specific circularity indicators, creates a taxonomy, and integrates them within the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Plan of Work, a commonly employed framework within the UK's built environment. Through a systematic literature review considering both academic and grey literature, 32 building circularity indicators, developed by academia, consulting agencies, and governments, are identified. The first contribution of this study is the creation of a taxonomy of building circularity indicators, which classifies the identified indicators into 8 categories, such as basic characteristics of indicators, circularity level, and sustainability pillars. The second contribution of this study is the alignment of circularity within the stages of Plan of Work framework. It is revealed that the framework does not currently incorporate circularity, resulting in the proposal of a new Stage 8: End of Life to encompass demolition, disassembly, and deconstruction activities. Alignment of the taxonomy to Plan of Work framework provides a guide in utilization of building circularity indicators throughout the process of designing, constructing and operating building projects. • Building-specific circularity indicators are reviewed for the built environment. • A taxonomy of 32 building circularity indicators is created across eight categories. • A new Stage 8: End of Life is proposed for RIBA framework to enhance circularity. • The circularity indicators are integrated with the RIBA Plan of Work framework. • A traffic light approach is employed to guide the use of circularity indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sir William Bruce's lifetime, the relationship between architecture and natural, experimental and mechanical philosophies - the so-called 'new sciences' - was a fundamental one.1 It was reflected in the presence of major architects in important European scientific institutions in the period: groups such as the Royal Society of London and the Académie des sciences in Paris.2 These organisations could count among their members Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, François Blondel and Claude Perrault, all of whom practised architecture alongside other intellectual pursuits that we would now identify as science. In Scotland, the situation was somewhat different due to the fact that the new science was never institutionalised here, as it was in England and France. Nonetheless, as this article will demonstrate, many of Scotland's more prominent late seventeenth-century intellectuals counted architecture among their interests. Additionally, proposals were made in Scotland for scientific groups that, had they got off the ground, would have almost certainly promoted architecture as an intellectual subject in their meetings. What follows is an attempt to reconstruct how Scottish intellectuals in this period conceived of architecture as an intellectual discipline and as a practice. Ultimately, this paper will conclude that their approach to architecture tended to differ from their English counterparts. Just as they conceived of the new sciences in a much more straightforwardly Baconian way than the London Royal Society, so too was their attitude to architecture informed by the general climate of utility and improvement in Scotland at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paradigm shift for sustainable buildings requires a transformation of the architectural design process. This paper examines how sustainability is embedded into design methodology and mapped onto, or has transformed, the design process. Interviews with a sample of Scottish architectural and multi-disciplinary practices were undertaken to explore the common approaches and barriers to sustainable design. Case study methodology was also employed to consider exemplar buildings and the value of post-occupancy evaluation is discussed. Within the context of the global environmental perspective, UK and Scottish legislation, sustainable principles and blueprints, a process model is developed to provide a framework for discussion and review. The first creative step is given as an alignment of practice ethos with established architectural philosophies and principles, from across the sustainability spectrum, to move towards a typology of sustainable building design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and nature of use of formalised risk management tools and techniques by 15K design consultants - chartered architects and chartered building surveyors - in conservation refurbishment projects. Design/methodology/approach - Following a review of risk management literature, a detailed questionnaire is prepared and considered by a focus group. Post-revision, nearly 700 postal questionnaires are distributed to chartered architects and chartered building surveyors specialising in conservation work in the UK. The questionnaire contains Likert-scale and closed-end questions. Response data is analysed using SPSS software. Findings - The results highlight the divergent approaches employed by UK chartered architects and chartered building surveyors specialising in conservation refurbishment work, suggesting that a harmonised risk model would be appropriate and should be developed. Originality/value - The results make an important contribution to understanding the dynamics within this under-researched area of professional activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 31 January 1827, George IV issued a Royal Warrant which created the new Office of Works in Scotland, naming Robert Reid as Principal Officer with a yearly salary of £500. The appointment of Reid as first Principal Officer is significant as he became the first salaried public sector architect In Scotland. An architect paid by the Crown was not a new arrangement, however it was important that Reid's appointment was full-time and exclusive, thus not relying on any private work as many of his predecessors had. This paper attempts to document and further clarify Reid's role in establishing such a department in Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from 37 interviews carried out with female architects in Britain, this paper examines how they have constructed their careers in a male-dominated profession. The findings indicate that there is a significant rejection of the "traditional" career within an organisation; instead there is diversity in the forms of work organisation adopted especially with regard to the desire for control over career and working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the ethical responsibility of professionals to protect the public good, the role of building professional in relation to integrated digital systems of project delivery, and the trajectory of architects in Great Britain.

Purpose - There is evidence that those working within the construction industry are exposed to a number of stressors which potentially negatively impact well-being, namely; long working hours, high workload, poor work-life balance, low sense of professional worth and lack of job security. Additionally there is some evidence architects may also be vulnerable to an erosion of professional status, low pay and limited scope to use their creative skills. This paper aims to explore the job satisfaction of architects who are currently employed within the UK. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire is used to elicit data from 110 practising architects on their occupational well-being and work-life balance. Findings - The results reveal that between 20 and 40 percent of respondents are dissatisfied with their rate of pay, practice management, promotion prospects, working hours and opportunity to use their abilities. Additionally the majority of respondents report some work-life balance difficulties and approximately one-third were considering leaving their current employer. The causes of poor well-being are associated with organisational factors rather than factors intrinsic to the work of an architect. Further analysis demonstrates that those who are self employed may experience better occupational well-being. Research limitations/implications - The small sample size means that any generalisations to the entire architectural profession should be treated with caution. A cross-sectional approach can only highlight the existence of relationships between variables; it cannot comment on their exact nature. Originality/value - The implications for the profession are discussed and tentative recommendations put forward as to how the profession may address the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces findings from the Recycling by Design Research Project (Phase I) (see note 111Note: Further information on the Recycling by Design Research Project, including all project reports, can be obtained from the website: http://www.recyclingbydesign.org.uk.). The importance of developing new markets for recyclate in the UK is first established. Selected research findings are then presented from a questionnaire survey response obtained from 539 architects and 142 designers, and follow-up interviews conducted with 20 of those respondents. These findings identified that UK architects and designers do not currently specify recycled products and materials, and that there are a range of obstacles to their doing so. A concluding discussion briefly examines the UK Government’s current position on addressing such obstacles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The concept of sustainability is widely accepted in the design of the built environment; however, in architectural practice, there exist multiple, often competing, interpretations and agendas. This research analyses this variety and develops a unique framework that reveals actual and potential paths for sustainable design. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 24 high‐profile sustainable architecture practices in the United Kingdom. The data reveal a range of sustainable practice, which is grouped into consistent strategies. This forms the basis of an original evaluative framework that classifies alternative approaches providing a means to contextualise different, yet equally valid, design scenarios. The findings reconceptualise sustainable design paradigms and reveal new opportunities for enhancing practice. This has implications for professional organisations, who are able to shape practice through recognised standards, as well as designers themselves. It also has significance for the education of architects who are able to explore new avenues for sustainable design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on British architects and architectural historians' gradual discovery of Spanish Romanesque and Gothic architecture in the nineteenth century. Topics covered include the important role played by Swiss artist Johann Heinrich Müntz in prompting British curiosity for Spanish Islamic and Gothic art and British writings about Iberian architecture. A parallel interest in Spain's Christian architectural heritage is also cited.

The importance of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is widely acknowledged in the academic literature, industry press and, increasingly, by professional institutes. Learning from previous projects systematically is central to improving building performance, resulting in a built environment that better fits the needs of clients, end users, wider society and the environment. The key role of architects in pushing forward this agenda has been recognized, however evidence suggests that take up of POE is low across the profession. Whilst research has investigated barriers to POE across the construction industry, very little has considered the unique perspective of architects. In-depth interviews with UK-based architects are presented to explore their experiences in relation to POE and their perspectives on its potential to be a standard part of architectural practice. The findings indicate that a considerable amount of practical work is being undertaken, but uncertainty over what constitutes POE means it is often excluded from the POE label - with significant implications for the development of a rigorous evidence base. An appetite is identified for more holistic evaluation measures that move beyond the current preoccupation with energy efficiency to consider other aspects of building performance, and thereby sustainability, in a wider value framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comprises a sociological analysis of how architects imagine the ageing body when designing residential care homes for later life and the extent to which they engage empathetically with users. Drawing on interviews with architectural professionals based in the United Kingdom, we offer insight into the ways in which architects envisage the bodies of those who they anticipate will populate their buildings. Deploying the notions of ‘body work’ and ‘the body multiple’, our analysis reveals how architects imagined a variety of bodies in nuanced ways. These imagined bodies emerge as they talked through the practicalities of the design process. Moreover, their conceptions of bodies were also permeated by prevailing ideologies of caring: although we found that they sought to resist dominant discourses of ageing, they nevertheless reproduced these discourses. Architects’ constructions of bodies are complicated by the collaborative nature of the design process, where we find an incessant juggling between the competing demands of multiple stakeholders, each of whom anticipate other imagined bodies and seek to shape the design of buildings to meet their requirements. Our findings extend a nascent sociological literature on architecture and social care by revealing how architects participate in the shaping of care for later life as ‘body workers’, but also how their empathic aspirations can be muted by other imperatives driving the marketisation of care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article we look at the origins of London's housing crisis and how it is being used to justify a policy of estate regeneration that is demolishing the homes of the communities they house. Our argument is that regeneration is the key mechanism in what we call the London Clearances, which is making London's local authority-owned land available for private investment and redevelopment. To expand this programme, the Conservative Government has announced its intention to recategorise existing council housing as brownfield land, a term used in planning to describe previously industrial or commercial land that has fallen into disuse. We trace the origins of this policy, from think-tank to mayoral platform to government legislation—most recently in the Housing and Planning Bill—and analyse its justifications in the twin narratives of austerity and densification. We examine how the economic forces of international finance is driving estate regeneration through Labour Councils, and situate this in the context of the wave of legislation passed by this Government to dismantle the welfare state. Faced with this programme for the social cleansing of London's working class communities and the catastrophic effects it will have on the city, the article concludes with a consideration of current and possible future forms of resistance by housing campaigners, including an outline of the principles underlining the authors' own response to what we argue is a politically legislated and economically driven ‘crisis’ in housing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers a profile of 20th-century British architect and urban planner Graeme Shankland. Information is provided on Shankland's connections with the British political left, his focus on preserving Britain's historical buildings is lauded, and criticism of Shankland's urban planning strategies by other architects is offered.

This article appraises the career of architect Ralph Erskine focusing on the context for his contribution to Swedish and British social housing and planning. Erskine's formative experience during the 1930s and his subsequent transnational career are utilized to explore the mutual influences of planning ideals across national boundaries. The Garden City ideal, Functionalism and the urban village concept are considered for their long-term contribution to his work. In addition, vernacular architecture and participatory planning are explored as influences on the evolution of his community architecture vision by the 1970s. Drawing on evidence from urban developments in Britain and Sweden, the discussion demonstrates that Erskine's cultural transfer of international planning ideals essentialized aspects of British and Swedish historical culture. The article concludes with a discussion of the 1970s and Erskine's role in the redevelopment of Byker in Newcastle upon Tyne. This process was hailed as a pioneer moment in the English community architecture movement. However, this study demonstrates that Erskine should be distinguished from the grassroots activism of the community architecture movement. Rather the discussion emphasizes that his participatory planning was underpinned by a structural tension between social engineering and democratic participation that was generated and reinforced by his transnational career. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Inigo Jones's modern reputation rests on a handful of buildings surviving from late in his career and his designs for masques at court. Recently more attention has focused on his earlier architectural work. Even so, his work for the Stuart kings on the Parliament House has received scant attention. Study of this, perhaps more routine, work demonstrates Jones's ability to respond constructively to problems arising from the use of medieval buildings for purposes other than those originally intended, the imagination of his response, the economy of his proposals, and his innovation. The responses of his immediate predecessors and his successor to the same problems are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The astounding success of UK professionals in the three decades after the Second World War inevitably led to a backlash and political recrimination in the economic turmoil of the mid-1970s. The subsequent rise of free-market economics and the deskilling of the demand side in construction weakened building professionals and left them vulnerable to undermining their responsibility, and assimilation into the supply side. Yet the concept of public good embodied in professional principles of trust and mediation between demand and supply not only endures and remains socially valuable, but also is now urgently required to address the challenges of sustainability. It is argued that construction professionals need to place more emphasis on the public good by creating and sharing an open-ended, disinterested, interdisciplinary body of knowledge about buildings and their use. If the broader challenge for society is to reconnect markets and morals, for young building professionals it is to convert their intellectual capital into economic capital within a relentlessly neo-classical economic environment. Different approaches are suggested that are realistic yet that avoid suggesting a return to the mythical golden age of 1945–1970. L'incroyable succès des professionnels britanniques dans les trois décennies suivant la Deuxième guerre mondiale a inévitablement entraîné une réaction en retour et des récriminations politiques lors des turbulences économiques du milieu des années 1970. L'essor subséquent de l'économie de marché et la déqualification de la demande dans le bâtiment ont affaibli les professionnels du bâtiment et les ont rendu vulnérables à une remise en cause de leurs responsabilités, et à leur assimilation par l'offre. Cependant, non seulement le concept de bien public qui s'incarne dans les principes professionnels de confiance et de médiation entre la demande et l'offre perdure et demeure socialement précieux, mais il est à présent d'une urgente nécessité pour faire face aux défis de la durabilité. Il est soutenu qu'il est nécessaire que les professionnels du bâtiment mettent davantage l'accent sur le bien public en créant et en partageant un corpus de connaissances interdisciplinaire, désintéressé et ouvert concernant les bâtiments et leur usage. Si le défi qui se pose plus largement à la société est de rétablir le lien entre marchés et morale, pour les jeunes professionnels du bâtiment il est de convertir leur capital intellectuel en capital économique dans le cadre d'un environnement économique implacablement néoclassique. Il est suggéré différentes approches qui sont réalistes, mais qui évitent néanmoins de proposer un retour à l'âge d'or mythique de 1945–1970. Mots clés:architectes, éthique, connaissances professionnelles, professionnalisme, intérêt public, responsabilité, spécialisation [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aldo van Eyck, in an interview twenty-five years after John Voelcker died [1], remembered him as follows:There were, of course, other highly interesting men in Team 10, for their personality and intellect and passion; one of them was John Voelcker. He really thought about the great problems of urbanism. He was one of the first people, in Aix already, who talked about quantity, number and identity and in such a way that I thought ‘hey, now I have a new scale; somebody is tuned in rather differently, with a completely other approach […]He wasn't the kind of person to organise himself to build. He did build several things, but not much. He was younger […] and anyway with the kind of ideas he had it wasn't easy to hook onto British building practice. His ideas went very far, though they were not utopian. John was a quintessential Team 10 thinker. He was urbanistically the best of the Team 10 thinkers, by far. He knew a lot, he was interesting, inclined and open. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Eighteenth-century architect-builders were a small group, but important for understanding the market strategies of knowledge-based experts in an age of rapid growth in technical information before the creation of modern professions. This article confronts a teleological historiography of emerging professionalization. It is focused on Robert Mylne and several of his contemporaries in Edinburgh and London, including a number of successful London-based Scots who were active as architects, builders, engineers, and surveyors, and self-styled in all these areas when it suited them. It supplies an account of what it took for building experts to establish themselves and flourish in big cities and the ways in which such experts navigated, controlled, and accommodated an environment of unregulated expertise that largely suited contemporary practitioners. Individual, family, and collective market strategies are examined in detail and the final section is a close analysis of the activities of the Architects Club in the 1790s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Perhaps unexpectedly, architects are seldom talked about in terms of the building toys they once played with or what they constructed with them. Exceptions are Witold Rybczynski and Frank Lloyd Wright. The former describes John Ruskin mastering the laws of building for load-bearing towers and arches by the time he was seven or eight (around 1825) because of playing with wooden building blocks (introduced at the end of the 1700s). However, he also describes himself playing with Bayko. This was a Bakelite building set from the 1930s [1], probably modelled on Mobaco, a cardboard and wood Dutch construction toy [2]. Both of these toys are pre-dated by an 1887 English toy for house construction, the walls of which were made from wooden blocks threaded on to vertical wires. Rybczynski also describes watching his father and uncle build a real garden shed using concrete panels slipped between reinforcing bars, like the method used by the plastic toy but life-size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented examining the history of 16th century fortification-building in England and the different forms of expertise that were used by the state. Details are given overviewing the adoption of domestic builders as experts after failures in dealing with previous Continental workers. Further analysis is offered comparing the dynamics between experts by knowledge or experts by experience within the arrangements.

There can be little argument that the design jury features as a key symbolic event in the education of the architect. 1 However, while the centrality of the design jury as a site for learning disciplinary skills, beliefs, and values is now widely acknowledged, there continues to be considerable disagreement about what is learnt and how. While critical pedagogues argue that the design jury is a critic-centered ritual that coerces students into conforming to hegemonic notions of professional identity, the more commonly held conception is that the jury is a student-centered event that supports students in the construction of their own architectural identities. 2 This article, inspired by Michel Foucault’s studies of relationship between power and the formation of the modern self, reports on the findings of a year-long ethnographic study carried out in one British school of architecture. 3 The research sought to unravel the complexities of the design jury as a site of dichotomous power relations, and the findings bring into question the efficacy of the design jury as a ritual that supports useful learning. The article concludes by proposing that the design jury be replaced by a new set of pedagogic events that are carefully constructed to support student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After making a comparative historical survey of contemporaneous responses to her 1964 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Klemek concludes that Jane Jacobs' ideas were anticipated by urbanists in Great Britain and West Germany, and were embraced more readily by influential planners and architects in these nations and Canada than was initially the case in the United States. Unlike the almost reactionary outsider and opposition figure she seemed to be in New York, Jacobs was accepted by many types of planners and architects in these other nations, illustrating that her ideas were not as inherently anti-planning, antimodernist, or NIMBYist, as they appeared in the context of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the changing character of the master plan in Great Britain. The author argues that the process of master planning has deeply embedded in the traditions and practice of town planning in the country for almost half a century. It has been said that the attitudes, approaches and relative influence of the professionals like planners and architects involved may have changed as well as the nature of the private-public sector relationship.

There is a growing consensus that professional work faces an uncertain future. However debates have tended to take a macro locus, underplaying the role of individuals' accounts of their working lives. In this article we focus on UK architecture, examining how public-sector and private-sector architects construct the purpose and process of their occupation, applying the concept of discourse to explore and explicate the different versions expressed in individuals' accounts. We argue that architecture is constituted in the modes of creative endeavour, business activity and public service. The discourses that are mobilized, and the occasions of their production, reflect architects' orientations to the diverse challenges facing their profession, particularly concerning the role of creativity in the purpose and practice of architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the important role played by British architect, designer and medieval archaeologist Lewis Nockalls Cottingham in the development of early Gothic Revival. Early Gothic Revival is cited as a major cultural phenomenon of the nineteenth century which challenged the long-standing dominance of the classical tradition. His design for the Museum of Mediaeval Art made an extensive collection of models and casts from the best remains of Grecian and Gothic buildings.

Profiles architect John Douglas in Great Britain. Country house design of Douglas; Contribution of Douglas in the field of architecture; Opinion of Douglas about professional rivalry in the business.

Explores the understanding and cooperation between architects and planners as it relates to the British experience. Rifts between planning and architectural professional cultures; Development of a more productive relationship between the two professions; Contributions to the raising of the quality of development,.

The article focuses on the issues related to the architectural profession of the 1960's in Great Britain. The author stresses that the debate might appear forceful, while he has made samples from a single building type utilized to stand for the state of the profession as a whole. It cites various journals that addressed different parts of the profession including "The Architect's Journal" which viewed the public need of practical help that negotiate the minefield of regulations and construction techniques, the "Architectural Review" which talked on the disinterested public and the "Architectural Design" which deals on the impartiality of the profession.

The repercussions of the results of the UK Government's highly controversial 2000 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) for architecture (arq 6/3, pp 203–207) continue to resonate. But this time the university architecture schools are not alone. For the first time ever, the RIBA, recognizing the seriousness of the situation for the profession, is giving architectural research the attention it deserves. Jack Pringle is masterminding the Institute's response. In late September, arq reminded him of his initial response to the RAE debacle (arq 6/3, pp 197–198), and asked him about current developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]