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2. U.S. v. GlatfelterandNCR Co. v. George A. Whiting Paper Co.: Seventh Circuit's Latest Interpretation of CERCLA Liabilities
- Author
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Chang Liu
- Subjects
Statute ,Government ,Apportionment ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,George (robot) ,Law ,Liability ,Economics ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Enforcement - Abstract
Although a crucial part of the federal government's legal arsenal against polluters in environmental enforcement actions, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is nevertheless an ambiguously and confusingly drafted statute requiring constant judicial interpretations of its application in litigation. Last year, several decisions delivered by the Court of Appeals of the Seventh Circuit have provided the latest interpretations, particularly further distinguishing between sections 107 and 113 claims, as well as clarifying apportionment and allocation of liabilities. This article discusses these decisions and tries to analyze their impact on future CERCLA litigations.
- Published
- 2015
3. Regular paper section: Model for the apportionment of the total voltage drop in combined medium and low voltage distribution feeders
- Author
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C.G. Carter-Brown and C.T. Gaunt
- Subjects
Distribution (number theory) ,Section (archaeology) ,Apportionment ,Environmental science ,Mechanics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Low voltage ,Voltage drop - Published
- 2006
4. A framework for equitable apportionment of emission reduction commitments to mitigate global warming
- Author
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Vazhayil, Joy P., Sharma, Vinod K., Balasubramanian, R., Wen, Fushuan, and Singh, S. N.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Apportionment Cases. By Richard C. Cortner. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970. Pp. xii, 283. $10.95.) - Reapportionment: Law, Politics, Computers. By Terry B. O'Rourke. (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1972. Pp. 111. $2.00, paper.)
- Author
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Karl A. Lamb
- Subjects
Politics ,Sociology and Political Science ,Apportionment ,Law ,Political science ,Political Science and International Relations ,Public policy - Published
- 1973
6. Apportionment and Representative Government. By Alfred de Grazia. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Pp. viii, 180. Paper $2.00.)
- Author
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Allan P. Sindler
- Subjects
Representative democracy ,Sociology and Political Science ,Apportionment ,Political science ,Political economy ,Political Science and International Relations ,Economic history - Published
- 1963
7. Apportionment and Representative Institutions: The Michigan Experience. By Karl A. Lamb, William J. Pierce, and John P. White. (Washington: The Institute for Social Science Research, 1963, Pp. xvii, 408. $6.50, cloth; $2.50, paper.)
- Author
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Malcolm E. Jewell
- Subjects
White (horse) ,Sociology and Political Science ,Apportionment ,Political Science and International Relations ,Sociology ,Social science research ,Humanities - Published
- 1964
8. Difference in Eye Gaze for Floor Apportionment in Native- and Second-Language Conversations
- Author
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Seiichi Yamamoto, Tsuneo Kato, Koki Ijuin, and Ichiro Umata
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,First language ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050109 social psychology ,Apportionment ,Perception ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Conversation ,media_common ,060201 languages & linguistics ,Communication ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Gaze ,Floor apportionment ,Second language ,0602 languages and literature ,Eye tracking ,business ,Psychology ,Multiparty conversation ,Eye gaze ,Second-language conversations ,Utterance - Abstract
In face-to-face communication, eye gaze is known to play various roles such as managing the attention of interlocutors, expressing intimacy, exercising social control, highlighting particular speech content, and coordinating floor apportionment. For second language (L2) communication, one’s perception of eye gaze is expected to have more importance than for native language (L1) because eye gaze is assumed to partially compensate for the deficiencies of verbal expressions. This paper examines and clarifies the efficiency of the function of eye gaze in the coordination of floor apportionment through quantitative analyses of eye gaze during three-party conversations in L1 and L2. Specifically, the authors conducted ANOVA tests on the eye-gaze statistics of a speaker and two listeners during utterances while focusing on whether floor-switch occurs subsequent to the utterance. The analysis results show that the listener who is gazed at more by the speaker is more likely to be the next speaker with a higher probability in L2 than in L1 conversations. Meanwhile, the listeners gaze more at the speaker in L2 than in L1 conversation for both the utterances just before a floor switch and cases with no floor switch. These results support the observation that the eye gaze of the speaker is efficient for floor apportionment in L2 conversations and suggest that longer listeners’ eye gazes in L2 conversations also function efficiently in smooth floor apportionment.
- Published
- 2018
9. HLEDÁNÍ POLITICKY NESTRANNÉ METODY ROZDĚLENÍ KŘESEL V EVROPSKÉM PARLAMENTU MEZI ČLENSKÉ ZEMĚ: SROVNÁNÍ CAMBRIDGESKÉHO KOMPROMISU S DALŠÍMI NAVRHOVANÝMI METODAMI.
- Author
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Charvát, Jakub
- Subjects
REPRESENTATIVE government ,APPORTIONMENT (Election law) ,DEMOCRACY ,POLITICAL systems ,LEGISLATIVE bodies ,CHAIRS ,ELECTIONS - Abstract
Modern democratic political systems are hardly conceivable without political representation. This also applies to the European Union, a unique political system with a directly elected and fully-fledged assembly representing the EU citizens, with the European Parliament being the first international parliamentary assembly to strive for democratic political representation. The case study addresses the composition of the European Parliament, or more specifically, it focuses on methods of apportioning the European Parliamentary seats among the EU Member States according to the degressive proportionality principle as codified by the Lisbon Treaty. First, the paper discusses the principle of degressive proportionality, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective, in the latter case taking into account the composition of the European Parliament since the first popular elections in 1979. Subsequently, the study discusses the most relevant proposed European Parliamentary seat apportionment methods, i.e. the Cambridge Compromise, the Power Compromise and the 0,5-DPL method, and seeks to analyse their consequences on the representation of the EU Member States in the European Parliament. The paper concludes that the Cambridge compromise is the most appropriate of the methods discussed as it best meets the requirements of the Lisbon Treaty and related documents for the composition of the European Parliament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Case for Students with Foreign Secondary Credentials to Enroll and Generate Apportionment in California Adult-Serving Charter Schools
- Author
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Jacob J. Walker
- Subjects
Adult education ,Charter school ,Apportionment ,Political science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Short paper ,Immigration ,Charter ,Legal argument ,Public administration ,media_common - Abstract
This short paper makes the legal argument that adult immigrants should be allowed to enroll in a California adult-serving charter school and the charter school should be allowed to gain apportionment funding for these students, if the adult immigrant student does not have a U.S. high school diploma.
- Published
- 2013
11. Educational Policy: Egalitarian or Elitist?
- Author
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Herschel I. Grossman and Minseong Kim
- Subjects
SECS-P/02 Politica economica ,Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,General equilibrium theory ,Collective choice ,Interpersonal communication ,Human capital ,Microeconomics ,SECS-P/01 Economia politica ,Quaderni - Working Paper DSE ,Apportionment ,ddc:330 ,Economics ,Deterrence theory ,Elitism - Abstract
This paper offers an explanation for observed differences across countries in educational policies and in resulting interpersonal distributions of human capital. We analyse a generalequilibrium model in which, as a result of the apportionment of natural ability, nurturing, and publicly financed education, some people can be well endowed with human capital, whereas other people are poorly endowed with human capital. We assume that people can choose to be either producers or predators. Because an increase in a person’s human capital makes predation a less attractive choice for that person, it is possible that by using some of their human capital to educate the poorly endowed people the well endowed people can increase their own consumption. More interestingly, our theory predicts that, if producers are able to enforce a collective choice that takes advantage of the deterrent effect of allocating resources to guarding against predators, then the well endowed people prefer a relatively egalitarian educational policy that increases the human capital of all of the poorly endowed people. Such an educational policy either decreases the cost of deterring predation or makes deterrence possible. In contrast, if producers or small subsets of producers individually choose the amount of their resources to allocate to guarding, taking the ratio of predators to producers as given, then the well endowed people prefer an elitist educational policy that, if it has a redistributional component, decreases the number of poorly endowed people, thereby decreasing the number of predators, without increasing the human capital of the remaining poorly endowed people. These implications seem to be consistent with the facts about differences across countries in educational policy.
- Published
- 1999
12. Random Apportionment: A Stochastic Solution to the Balinski-Young Impossibility.
- Author
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Hong, Jyy-I, Najnudel, Joseph, Rao, Siang-Mao, and Yen, Ju-Yi
- Abstract
An apportionment paradox occurs when the rules for apportionment in a political system or distribution system produce results which seem to violate common sense. For example, The Alabama paradox occurs when the total number of seats increases but decreases the allocated number of a state and the population paradox occurs when the population of a state increases but its allocated number of seats decreases. The Balinski-Young impossibility theorem showed that there is no deterministic apportionment method that can avoid the violation of the quota rule and doesn’t have both the Alabama and the population paradoxes. In this paper, we propose a randomized apportionment method as a stochastic solution to the Balinski-Young impossibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Congressional apportionment and the fourteenth amendment.
- Author
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Dougherty, Keith L. and Pittman, Grace
- Subjects
CONGRESSIONAL apportionment ,APPORTIONMENT (Election law) ,LEGISLATORS ,VOTERS ,VOTING - Abstract
This paper examines state interest in the nine bases of congressional seat apportionment considered for the House of Representatives as part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. We ask, what if voters preferred apportionments that delivered larger vote shares to their state? We then show that among all states, one basis of apportionment was a weak Condorcet winner, while the others were in a vote cycle. In both chambers of Congress, however, pure majority voting created orderings of the nine bases and a different Condorcet winner. Ironically, Congress did not select either Condorcet winner. Instead, a population-based apportionment was reported out of committee and passed both chambers as a consequence of agenda control and lack of pairwise voting. Our analysis provides an example of how agenda setting with incomplete information unintentionally can produce undesirable outcomes for a legislature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The right to vote and nomadic voter enrolment.
- Author
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Carlsen Häggrot, Marcus
- Subjects
VOTER registration ,SUFFRAGE ,MINORITY population ,NOMADS ,VOTING registers ,DEMOCRACY - Abstract
What model of voter enrolment is appropriate for states with nomadic minority populations? The present paper examines this question with reference to an equality-based, moral right to vote and considers four models that track some of the different institutional strategies that have been developed by states with transient populations. The paper shows that the right to vote is compatible neither with a model that makes permanent residence in a constituency an absolute condition for voter enrolment and so excludes nomads from the electoral process, nor with a model that enables nomadic voter enrolment but restricts the number of nomads that can enrol in a single constituency. But the right is, subject to certain caveats, consistent with a model that enables nomads to enrol in a constituency of their choice and, as well, with a model that enables nomads to enrol and vote in a distinct, non-territorial constituency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Technological reviews of particulate matter and their source identification techniques.
- Author
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Yadav, Akhilesh Kumar and Jamal, Aarif
- Subjects
PARTICULATE matter ,AIR pollution ,COAL combustion & the environment ,COAL mining & the environment ,AIR quality - Abstract
Abstract: Particulate matter (PM) is one of the primary pollutants produced from mining operations. This paper summarizes the existing techniques used to identify sources of PM and their contribution to ambient air pollution. Human health studies indicate that there is an association between airborne PM and adverse health effects. Particularly in coal mining areas, the burning of coal and PM from machinery operations cause low air quality that is physically harmful. Thus, the sources of smoldering combustion, that are typical in coal mine burns, increase the risk to mine workers who are exposed to high concentrations of known toxicity associated with PM. Recent studies on the modeling of PM concentration profiles across various sources were reviewed for this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Maldistribution in Western Provincial Legislatures: The Case of Alberta
- Author
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John Anthony Long
- Subjects
Politics ,Legislative assembly ,Redistribution (election) ,Sociology and Political Science ,Apportionment ,Political science ,Legislature ,Commission ,Rural area ,Public administration ,Pulp and paper industry - Abstract
During its 1969 session the Legislative Assembly of Alberta enacted a distribution formula for the future distribution of Alberta provincial legislative districts.' The Legislative Assembly acted upon the recommendation of a special bipartisan Committee of the Legislature established during the previous session, the function of which was to determine the most appropriate method of provincial legislative distribution for Alberta.2 The new scheme follows closely that used by Manitoba for provincial legislative distribution, namely the establishment of separate electoral quotas for urban and rural districts, with the urban electoral quota being a set number of voters above the rural quota. The task of delineating district boundaries is to be handled by an Electoral Boundaries Commission, semi-independent of the Legislative Assembly. The special Committee of the Legislature was set up initially to cope with the necessity of adjusting the representation in the legislature of Alberta's continually growing urban centres. The impetus for establishing this committee came mainly from the recognition on the part of the Social Credit government that it faced a possible distribution crisis over the locus of political power within the province if the present distribution scheme continued in existence. The demands for equal representation in the provincial legislature have stemmed from a growing awareness by interested civic groups, urban members of the legislature, and urban city councilmen of the increasing political and economic importance of the province's urban areas and the belief that urban needs were being ignored by a rurally dominated provincial legislature. This rural domination had been maintained throughout Alberta's history by the continuous over-representation of the rural provincial districts. Moreover, Alberta's urban leaders have been cognizant of successful attempts by American cities to achieve both federal and state apportionment based on a "one man, one vote" standard. During the course of formulating its recommendation the special committee received briefs from both urban and rural organizations. The rural view, which subsequently underlies the new redistribution scheme adopted by the legislature, is the traditional feeling among Alberta legislators towards distribution, namely, to overweight rural areas. This view appears to be a rationalization of Alberta's
- Published
- 1969
17. Distribution of variation over populations
- Author
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Hans-Rolf Gregorius
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Ecological diversity ,Population genetics ,Complementarity ,01 natural sciences ,Genetic diversity ,Gene Frequency ,Medicine(all) ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Applied Mathematics ,Fixation ,Fixation (population genetics) ,Phenotype ,Trait ,Life Sciences ,Theoretical Ecology/Statistics ,Philosophy of Biology ,Bioinformatics ,Statistical Physics, Dynamical Systems and Complexity ,Mathematical Biology in General ,Evolutionary Biology ,Algorithms ,Statistics and Probability ,Apportionment of variation ,Differentiation between populations ,Diversity within and between populations ,Association ,Asymmetry ,Trait resolution ,Duality of perspectives ,Population ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Apportionment ,Genetic variation ,Animals ,Humans ,Ecosystem diversity ,Selection, Genetic ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Original Paper ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Models, Genetic ,Genetic Variation ,Models, Theoretical ,Genetics, Population ,Evolutionary biology - Abstract
Understanding the significance of the distribution of genetic or phenotypic variation over populations is one of the central concerns of population genetic and ecological research. The import of the research decisively depends on the measures that are applied to assess the amount of variation residing within and between populations. Common approaches can be classified under two perspectives: differentiation and apportionment. While the former focuses on differences (distances) in trait distribution between populations, the latter considers the division of the overall trait variation among populations. Particularly when multiple populations are studied, the apportionment perspective is usually given preference (via F ST/G p. indices), even though the other perspective is also relevant. The differences between the two perspectives as well as their joint conceptual basis can be exposed by referring them to the association between trait states and population affiliations. It is demonstrated that the two directions, association of population affiliation with trait state and of trait state with population affiliation, reflect the differentiation and the apportionment perspective, respectively. When combining both perspectives and applying the suggested measure of association, new and efficient methods of analysis result, as is outlined for population genetic processes. In conclusion, the association approach to an analysis of the distribution of trait variation over populations resolves problems that are frequently encountered with the apportionment perspective and its commonly applied measures in both population genetics and ecology, suggesting new and more comprehensive methods of analysis that include patterns of differentiation and apportionment. peerReviewed
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. In This Apportionment Lottery, the House Always Wins.
- Author
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Gölz, Paul, Peters, Dominik, and Procaccia, Ariel D.
- Subjects
APPORTIONMENT (Election law) ,CONGRESSIONAL apportionment ,MATHEMATICAL analysis ,CUMULATIVE distribution function ,AXIOMS - Abstract
Apportionment is the problem of distributing h indivisible seats across states in proportion to the states' populations. In the context of the US House of Representatives, this problem has a rich history and is a prime example of interactions between mathematical analysis and political practice. Grimmett [2004] suggested to apportion seats in a randomized way such that each state receives exactly their proportional share qi of seats in expectation (ex ante proportionality) and receives either ↾qi↿ or ⇂qi⇃ many seats ex post (quota). However, there is a vast space of randomized apportionment methods satisfying these two axioms, and so we additionally consider prominent axioms from the apportionment literature. Our main result is a randomized method satisfying quota, ex ante proportionality and house monotonicity — a property that prevents paradoxes when the number of seats changes and which we require to hold ex post. This result is based on a generalization of dependent rounding on bipartite graphs, which we call cumulative rounding and which might be of independent interest, as we demonstrate via applications beyond apportionment. The full version of this paper is available at \urlhttps://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11061.pdf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Electoral rules and manufacturing legislative supermajority: evidence from Singapore.
- Author
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Tan, Netina and Grofman, Bernard
- Subjects
GERRYMANDERING ,APPORTIONMENT (Election law) - Abstract
Electoral authoritarian regimes usually preserve the dominance of the ruling party through electoral fraud, violence and intimidation. This paper focuses on the subtler forms of manipulation that undermine the electoral integrity and democratic outcomes. Specifically, we examine how an unusual electoral rule, involving multimember districts elected through plurality bloc voting for party slates, exaggerates the legislative seat shares of the People’s Action Party (PAP) in Singapore. This rule, used also by other electoral authoritarian regimes, facilitates the manipulation of district magnitude and gerrymandering, especially the ‘stacking’ form, to produce a large disproportionality which distorts the seats-votes linkage. It operates in an undemocratic fashion by precluding the opposition from gaining anything but token seats as long as the PAP remains the plurality-winning party. The importance of this electoral rule and its manipulation has been overlooked in current work that emphasises redistributive strategies or coercion to repress electoral competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Serendipitous Sociologist: Transitions and Turning Points in My Journey.
- Author
-
Tienda, Marta
- Subjects
FAMILY structure ,SCHOOL-to-work transition ,URBAN poor ,UNIVERSITY & college admission ,EDUCATIONAL equalization - Abstract
Serendipity, curiosity, and lived experience shaped my career as a social demographer and my interests in social policy. I transitioned from the humanities to sociology and demography as a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin, where I discovered my affinity for quantitative research. My interest in Latin American demography gave way to domestic concerns as new opportunities arose at each of the three institutions where I have had the privilege to work—the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Chicago, and Princeton University. That all three institutions hosted vibrant demography and policy programs facilitated my research about the Hispanic population, family structure, urban poverty, college access, and myriad aspects of socioeconomic inequality and immigrant integration. Superb colleagues and talented graduate student collaborators deserve major credit for my career accomplishments. I attribute numerous opportunities to serve on philanthropic and corporate boards to the strength of weak ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Rosters and connected apportionments
- Author
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Khanna, Manshu and Evren, Haydar
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Webster sequences, apportionment problems, and just-in-time sequencing.
- Author
-
Li, Xiaomin
- Subjects
- *
MATHEMATICS , *ALGORITHMS , *PARALLEL algorithms , *INTEGERS , *PARTITIONS (Mathematics) - Abstract
Given a real number α ∈ (0 , 1) , we define the Webster sequence of density α to be W α = (⌈ (n − 1 / 2) / α ⌉) n ∈ N , where ⌈ x ⌉ is the ceiling function. It is known that if α and β are irrational with α + β = 1 , then W α and W β partition N. On the other hand, an analogous result for three-part partitions does not hold: There does not exist a partition of N into sequences W α , W β , W γ with α , β , γ irrational. In this paper, we consider the question of how close one can come to a three-part partition of N into Webster sequences with prescribed densities α , β , γ. We show that if α , β , γ are irrational with α + β + γ = 1 , there exists a partition of N into sequences of densities α , β , γ , in which one of the sequences is a Webster sequence and the other two are "almost" Webster sequences that are obtained from Webster sequences by perturbing some elements by at most 1. We also provide two efficient algorithms to construct such partitions. The first algorithm outputs the n th element of each sequence in O (1) time and the second algorithm gives the assignment of the m th positive integer to a sequence in O (1) time. We show that the results are best-possible in several respects. Moreover, we describe applications of these results to apportionment and optimal scheduling problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. An Assessment of Global Formula Apportionment
- Author
-
Mooij, Ruud A. de, Liu, Li, Prihardini, Dina, Mooij, Ruud A. de, Liu, Li, and Prihardini, Dina
- Subjects
- Apportionment
- Abstract
Formula apportionment as a way to attribute taxable profits of multinationals across jurisdictions is receiving increased attention. This paper reviews existing literature and discusses experiences in selective federal states to evaluate the economic properties of formula apportionment relative to the current international tax regime that is based on separate accounting. It highlights major advantages, such as the elimination of profit shifting within multinational groups; and it discusses new distortions and the impact on tax competition. The analysis exploits different datasets to assess the direct revenue implications for individual countries under alternative formulas. The distributional effects across countries are found to be large, reflecting major discrepancies between where profits are currently attributed and where factors of production are located or sales take place. The largest losses appear in investment hubs (i.e. countries with a disproportionate ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP), while several large advanced countries are likely to gain. Developing countries gain most likely if employment receives a large weight in the formula; they also tend to benefit, on average, from a formula based on sales by destination.
- Published
- 2019
24. Why webster?
- Author
-
Balinski, Michel and Ramírez, Victoriano
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Professional and Ethical Challenges in Determinations of Causality of Psychological Disability.
- Author
-
Gholizadeh, Shadi and Malcarne, Vanessa
- Abstract
Psychologists serving as Qualified Medical Examiners (QMEs) in settings where mental and emotional damage claims (i.e., psychological disability stemming from psychological injury) are involved typically must comment not only upon the impact of the injury on the individual's functioning and quality of life, but also on the causality of the psychological disability. This is a highly specialized endeavor for which little guidance exists. The disparate conceptualizations of causality in the fields of psychology and law and the unavoidable complexities associated with determining causality, especially the apportionment of causality across industrial and non-industrial factors, are discussed. The questions at the core of the present paper are: 1) What are the ethical challenges facing psychologists working as QMEs who are tasked with determining causality of psychological disability in the ways currently required by the law, and 2) What considerations should guide ethically-minded psychologists in such settings? The authors argue that, although some level of subjectivity is unavoidable, psychologists working within the legal system can take the lead in bringing an evidence-based approach and greater scientific rigor to the high-stakes causal evaluations required as a basis for determining compensation for injured workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Majorization comparison of closed list electoral systems through a matrix theorem.
- Author
-
Gutiérrez, José
- Subjects
MATRICES (Mathematics) ,MATHEMATICS theorems ,MATHEMATICAL models ,POLITICAL parties ,NUMBER theory - Abstract
Let $${\mathcal {M}}$$ be the space of all the $$\tau \times n$$ matrices with pairwise distinct entries and with both rows and columns sorted in descending order. If $$X=(x_{ij})\in {\mathcal {M}}$$ and $$X_{n}$$ is the set of the $$n$$ greatest entries of $$X$$ , we denote by $$\psi _{j}$$ the number of elements of $$X_{n}$$ in the column $$j$$ of $$X$$ and by $$\psi ^{i}$$ the number of elements of $$X_{n}$$ in the row $$i$$ of $$X$$ . If a new matrix $$X^{\prime }=(x_{ij}^{\prime })\in {\mathcal {M}}$$ is obtained from $$X$$ in such a way that $$X^{\prime }$$ yields to $$X$$ (as defined in the paper), then there is a relation of majorization between $$(\psi ^{1},\psi ^{2},\ldots ,\psi ^{\tau })$$ and the corresponding $$(\psi ^{\prime 1},\psi ^{\prime 2},\ldots ,\psi ^{\prime \tau })$$ of $$X^{\prime }$$ , and between $$(\psi _{1}^{\prime },\psi _{2}^{\prime },\ldots ,\psi _{n}^{\prime })$$ of $$X^{\prime }$$ and $$(\psi _{1},\psi _{2},\ldots ,\psi _{n})$$ . This result can be applied to the comparison of closed list electoral systems, providing a unified proof of the standard hierarchy of these electoral systems according to whether they are more or less favourable to larger parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Challenges of Monitoring Tax Compliance by Multinational Firms: Evidence from Chile
- Author
-
Sebastián Bustos, Gabriel Zucman, Dina Pomeranz, José Vila-Belda, and University of Zurich
- Subjects
Public economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,1. No poverty ,Transfer pricing ,General Medicine ,Tax avoidance ,Profit (economics) ,330 Economics ,10007 Department of Economics ,Multinational corporation ,Apportionment ,Debt ,0502 economics and business ,Business ,050207 economics ,Welfare ,050205 econometrics ,media_common - Abstract
This paper reviews common challenges of taxing multinational firms, using Chile as a case study. We briefly describe key international tax avoidance methods: profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions through transfer pricing and debt shifting. We discuss the prevalent policy to tax multinationals--the arm's length principle--and alternative proposals using apportionment formulas. Novel data from Chile show that multinationals make up a large share of GDP but report lower profit and effective tax rates than local firms. In 2011, Chile implemented a reform following OECD guidelines to enforce the arm's length principle. We discuss potential effects on tax collection and welfare.
- Published
- 2019
28. Loss of control: legislature changes and the state-local relationship.
- Author
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Hennessey, Jessica
- Subjects
STATE-local relations ,LEGISLATIVE reform ,MUNICIPAL government ,PRIVATE legislation ,CONSTITUTIONAL reform ,APPORTIONMENT (Election law) - Abstract
There are a variety of methods that state legislatures can use to pass legislation which relates to municipalities. This paper explores why, how and when states changed their constitutions from allowing special legislation for municipalities to requiring general laws which would apply to all municipalities. Historians have put forward several explanations for why special legislation was harder to maintain as the nineteenth century progressed. A new way of framing the story is presented here by considering how the passage of special legislation was maintained through a logroll; legislators formed a coalition to vote on each other's local legislation. As the size of the legislature expanded and the composition of the legislature changed, it may have been harder for legislators to maintain a coalition in order to logroll each other's proposed local legislation. The previous theories along with the new one presented here are empirically tested. Evidence suggests a link between the size of the state legislature and the probability of instituting general legislation for municipalities, indicating that one motivation for adopting general laws was the dissolution of a stable logroll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Partisan Impact of Malapportionment in the 19th and Early 20th Century House of Representatives.
- Author
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Engstrom, Erik J.
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL science , *POLITICIANS ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
I examine the causes and consequences of a central, but often overlooked, feature of 19th century legislative politics ? the unequal apportionment of U.S. House districts. Despite its potential importance, there is very little existing research on the partisan consequences of malapportionment on the 19th and early 20th century House of Representatives. The wide discretion enjoyed by state politicians in this era before ?one-person, one-vote? provided ample opportunity for malapportionemnt to emerge. And it provides researchers with abundant cross-sectional and temporal variation with which to investigate the causes and consequences of district design. Using census and electoral data for congressional districts from 1860 to 1910, I find that districts within a state often varied greatly in size. Second, I find that parties strategically used malapportionment to create partisan biases both within states and, cumulatively, in the House of Representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Dividing the Indivisible: Procedures for Allocating Cabinet Ministries in a Parliamentary System.
- Author
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Brams, Steven J. and Kaplan, Todd R.
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *CABINET system , *POLITICAL systems ,NORTHERN Ireland politics & government - Abstract
Political parties in Northern Ireland recently used a divisor method of apportionment to choose, in sequence, ten cabinet ministries. If the parties have complete information about each others' preferences, we show that it may not be rational for them to act sincerely by choosing their most-preferred ministry that is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
31. Apportionment with parity constraints.
- Author
-
Mathieu, Claire and Verdugo, Victor
- Subjects
MATHEMATICS ,PROBLEM solving - Abstract
In the classic apportionment problem, the goal is to decide how many seats of a parliament should be allocated to each party as a result of an election. The divisor methods solve this problem by defining a notion of proportionality guided by some rounding rule. Motivated by recent challenges in the context of electoral apportionment, we consider the question of how to allocate the seats of a parliament under parity constraints between candidate types (e.g., an equal number of men and women elected) while at the same time satisfying party proportionality. We study two different approaches to solve this question. We first provide a theoretical analysis of a recently devised mechanism based on a greedy approach. We then propose and analyze a mechanism that follows the idea of biproportionality introduced by Balinski and Demange. In contrast with the classic biproportional method by Balinski and Demange, this mechanism is ruled by two levels of proportionality: Proportionality is satisfied at the level of parties by means of a divisor method, and then biproportionality is used to decide the number of candidates allocated to each type and party. A typical benchmark used in the context of two-dimensional apportionment is the fair share (a.k.a matrix scaling), which corresponds to an ideal fractional biproportional solution. We provide lower bounds on the distance between these two types of solutions, and we explore their consequences in the context of two-dimensional apportionment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Why webster?
- Author
-
Balinski, Michel and Ramírez, Victoriano
- Subjects
LEGISLATIVE bodies ,ARGUMENT ,MATHEMATICS - Abstract
Several different arguments support the use of Webster's method when seats in a parliament are to be apportioned proportionally according to populations. This note—instigated by a new property—summarizes the reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Parametric vs. divisor methods of apportionment.
- Author
-
Balinski, Michel and Ramirez, Victoriano
- Subjects
APPORTIONMENT (Election law) ,POLITICAL parties ,PROPORTIONAL representation ,POLITICAL quotas ,MATHEMATICAL formulas - Abstract
This paper formulates a new criterion that distinguishes the set of parametric methods within the set of all the divisor methods of apportionment. The criterion-that a method transfer seats as it 'should'-asks that as population (or the votes of parties in a PR system) is shifted more and more from one state to another state (from one party to another party) at some point the first state (or party) is apportioned one less seat, the second state (or party) one more seat, and the remaining apportionments are as they were. It goes on to examine several properties of parametric methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. THE PROBABILITY OF THE ALABAMA PARADOX.
- Author
-
Janson, Svante and Linusson, Svante
- Subjects
DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory) ,HAMILTONIAN operator ,PROBABILITY theory ,MATHEMATICAL models ,LEGISLATIVE bodies ,ELECTIONS ,APPORTIONMENT (Election law) - Abstract
Hamilton's method is a natural and common method to distribute seats proportionally between states (or parties) in a parliament. In the USA it has been abandoned due to some drawbacks, in particular the possibility of the Alabama paradox, but it is still in use in many other countries. In this paper we give, under certain assumptions, a closed formula for the asymptotic probability, as the number of seats tends to infinity, that the Alabama paradox occurs given the vector p
1 ,…, pm of relative sizes of the states. From the formula we deduce a number of consequences. For example, the expected number of states that will suffer from the Alabama paradox is asymptotically bounded above by 1/e and on average approximately 0.123. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. An efficient frontier for sum deviation JIT sequencing problem in mixed-model systems via apportionment.
- Author
-
Dhamala, Tanka, Thapa, Gyan, and Yu, Hong-Nian
- Abstract
In this paper, the sum deviation just-in-time (JIT) sequencing problem in mixed-model production systems is studied relating with the discrete apportionment problem together with their respective mathematical formulations. The assignment formulation for the first problem is briefly discussed followed by the existence of JIT cyclic sequences. Presenting the concise discussion on divisor methods for the discrete apportionment problem, we have proposed two mean-based divisor functions for this problem claiming that they are better than the existing divisors; hence, we found a better bound for the JIT sequencing problem. The linkage of both the problems is characterized in terms of similar type of objective functions. The problems are shown equivalent via suitable transformations and similar properties. The joint approaches for the two problems are discussed in terms of global and local deviations proposing equitably efficient solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Measurements of aerosol optical depth and equivalent black carbon aerosols over a semi-arid station in Southern India
- Author
-
Akkiraju, Bhavyasree, Kalluri, Raja Obul Reddy, Gugamsetty, Balakrishnaiah, Kotalo, Rama Gopal, Thotli, Lokeswara Reddy, Virupakshappa, Usha Kajjer, Lingala, Siva Sankara Reddy, and Kuncham, Narasimhulu
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The impacts of apportionment method, and legal and illegal immigration, on Congressional apportionment in the year 2000.
- Author
-
Poston, Dudley, Bouvier, Leon, and Dan, Hong
- Abstract
This paper first discusses two methods for apportioning the US House of Representatives, Equal Proportions and Major Fractions. The method of Equal Proportions will be used in the 2000 apportionment, but it is biased in favor of smaller states. The method of Major Fractions is a mathematically unbiased method, but will not be used in 2000. However, we show that apportionments for 2000 would not differ much according to these two methods. We also consider different definitions of the apportionment population, mainly based on including or excluding legal and illegal immigrants from the apportionment process. We show that the apportionment results for 2000 will not differ if illegal immigrants who entered the USA in the 1990s are kept in, or removed from, the apportionment population. But the apportionment results will differ in a major way if all persons immigrating to the USA in the 1990s are kept in, or removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The Implications of Apportionment on Quality Candidate Emergence and Electoral Competition.
- Author
-
Geras, Matthew J.
- Subjects
- *
ELECTION districts , *APPORTIONMENT (Election law) , *UNITED States elections , *POLITICAL competition , *POLITICAL candidates - Abstract
The U.S. apportions congressional districts both across states and within states based upon population. Scholars have long focused on the electoral implications of redistricting within states, but there has been less consideration of the electoral implications of apportionment across states. In this paper, I analyze congressional elections from 2002 to 2014 and theorize that the limited number of political opportunities in states with few congressional districts will lead to higher levels of quality candidate emergence and electoral competition in these states. I find support for this theory; specifically, as the number of political opportunities in a state increases, the number of quality candidates running for office decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A heuristic for decomposing traffic matrices in TDMA satellite communication.
- Author
-
Rote, Günter and Vogel, Andreas
- Abstract
A heuristic for decomposing traffic matrices in TDMA satellite communication. With the time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique in satellite communication the problem arises to decompose a given n×n traffic matrix into a weighted sum of a small number of permutation matrices such that the sum of the weights becomes minimal. There are polynomial algorithms when the number of permutation matrices in a decomposition is allowed to be as large as n. When the number of matrices is restricted to n, the problem is NP-hard. In this paper we propose a heuristic based on a scaling technique which for each number of allowed matrices in the range from n to n allows to give a performance guarantee with respect to the total weight of the solution. As a subroutine we use new heuristic methods for decomposing a matrix of small integers into as few matrices as possible without exceeding the lower bound on the total weight. Computational results indicate that the method might also be practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Sources of copper into the European aquatic environment.
- Author
-
Comber, Sean, Deviller, Genevieve, Wilson, Iain, Peters, Adam, Merrington, Graham, Borrelli, Pasquale, and Baken, Stijn
- Subjects
COPPER ,SEWAGE disposal plants ,URBAN runoff ,ELECTRONIC waste ,SEPTIC tanks ,ABANDONED mines ,ENVIRONMENTAL risk assessment - Abstract
Chemical contamination from point source discharges in developed (resource‐rich) countries has been widely regulated and studied for decades; however, diffuse sources are largely unregulated and widespread. In the European Union (EU), large dischargers report releases of some chemicals, yet little is known of total emissions (point and diffuse) and their relative significance. We estimated copper loadings from all significant sources including industry, sewage treatment plants, surface runoff (from traffic, architecture, and atmospheric deposition), septic tanks, agriculture, mariculture, marine transport (antifoulant leaching), and natural processes. A combination of European datasets, literature, and industry data were used to generate export coefficients. These were then multiplied by activity rates to derive loads. A total of approximately 8 kt of copper per annum (ktpa) is estimated to enter freshwaters in the EU, and another 3.5 ktpa enters transitional and coastal waters. The main inputs to freshwater are natural processes (3.7 ktpa), agriculture (1.8 ktpa), and runoff (1.8 ktpa). Agricultural emissions are dominated by copper‐based plant protection products and farmyard manure. Urban runoff is influenced by copper use in architecture and by vehicle brake linings. Antifoulant leaching from boats (3.2 ktpa) dominates saline water loads of copper. It is noteworthy that most of the emissions originate in a limited number of copper uses where environmental exposure and pathways exist, compared with the bulk of copper use within electrical and electronic equipment and infrastructure that has no environmental pathway during its use. A sensitivity analysis indicated significant uncertainty in data from abandoned mines and urban runoff load estimates. This study provided for the first time a methodology and comprehensive metal load apportionment to European aquatic systems, identifying data gaps and uncertainties, which may be refined over time. Source apportionments using this methodology can inform more cost‐effective environmental risk assessment and management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1031–1047. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). Key Points: For the first time, a source apportionment of copper to the aquatic environment has been achieved for all significant point and diffuse sources of copper.A total of approximately 8 kt of copper per annum (ktpa) is estimated to enter freshwaters in the European Union, and another 3.5 ktpa enters transitional and coastal waters.The main inputs to freshwater are natural processes (3.7 ktpa), agriculture (1.8 ktpa), and runoff (1.8 ktpa), with agricultural emissions dominated by copper‐based plant protection products and farmyard manure and urban runoff by architecture and brake lining wear.Antifoulant leaching from boats (3.2 ktpa) dominates saline water loads of copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Effective numbers in the partitioning of biological diversity.
- Author
-
Gregorius, Hans-Rolf
- Subjects
- *
BIODIVERSITY , *BIOLOGY , *SPECIES , *ALLELES , *CHROMOSOMES - Abstract
Admissible measures of diversity allow specification of the number of types (species, alleles, etc.) that are “effectively” involved in producing the diversity (the “diversity effective number”, also referred to as “true diversity”) of a community or population. In metacommunities, effective numbers additionally serve in partitioning the total diversity (symbolized by γ ) into one component summarizing the diversity within communities (symbolized by α ) and an independent component summarizing the differences between communities (symbolized by β ). There is growing consensus that the β -component should be treated in terms of an effective number of “distinct” communities in the metacommunity. Yet, the notion of distinctness is shown in the present paper to remain conceptually ambiguous at least with respect to the diversity within the “distinct” communities. To overcome this ambiguity and to provide the means for designing further desirable effective numbers, a new approach is taken that involves a generalized concept of effective number. The approach relies on first specifying the distributional characteristics of partitioning diversity among communities (among which are differentiation, where the same types tend to occur in the same communities, and apportionment, where different types tend to occur in different communities), then developing the indices which measure these characteristics, and finally inferring the effective numbers from these indices. Major results: (1) The β -component reflects apportionment characteristics of metacommunity structure and is quantified by the “apportionment effective number” of communities (number of effectively monomorphic communities). Since differentiation between communities arises only as a side effect of apportionment, the common interpretation of the β -component in terms of differentiation is unwarranted. (2) Multiplicative as well as additive methods of partitioning the total type diversity ( γ ) involve apportionment effective numbers of communities that are based on different apportionment indices. (3) “Differentiation effective numbers” of communities exist but do not conform with the classical concept of partitioning total type diversity into components within and between communities. (4) Differentiation characteristics are measured as effective numbers of distinct types (rather than communities) from the dual perspective, in which the roles of type and community membership are exchanged. This is relevant e.g. in studies of endemism and competitive exclusion. (5) For Shannon-Wiener diversity, all of the differentiation and apportionment effective numbers are equal, with the exception of those representing additive partitioning. (6) Under either perspective, that is dual or non-dual, measures of compositional differentiation (as originally suggested for the assessment of β -diversity) do not figure in the partitioning of total diversity into components, since they do not build on the intrinsic concept of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Electoral inequity.
- Author
-
Boccard, Nicolas
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,POLITICAL stability ,PROPORTIONAL representation ,SUFFRAGE ,PRICES ,ELECTIONS ,CORRUPT practices in elections - Abstract
Ideally, a representative democracy awards a genuine vote to each adult. We study this issue in competitive democracies with an election model combining district apportionment and proportional representation. Four classic seat allocation rules, including d'Hondt, are reframed as Dutch auctions, allowing important properties to be easily derived. The pros and cons of these methods are stated in terms of economic inequality; Sainte Laguë's is shown to best carry the genuine vote ideal, both for elections and for apportionment. We next expound the interplay between these two components in generating an inequitable treatment of voters and develop the scale-free index of inequity best fitted to their concern. We apply it to 40 countries for the apportionment of electoral districts. Lastly, we compute the same inequity index for recent parliamentary elections in 80 countries, finding that the majority system mistreats electors, thus putting a 'price' on government stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review
- Author
-
Fuzhong Song, Zhigang Guo, Neil L. Rose, Xiang Sun, Haoqi Wang, Peili Lu, Li Liu, Fengwen Wang, and Jiaxin Liu
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Air Pollutants ,China ,Asia ,Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins ,Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Coal combustion products ,General Medicine ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Particulates ,Combustion ,Incineration ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Apportionment ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental monitoring ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Environmental Pollutants ,Dibenzofurans ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
- Published
- 2020
44. Investment apportionments among participants of PPP rental retirement villages
- Author
-
Chunlu Liu, Shijing Liu, Hongyu Jin, Benzheng Xie, and Anthony Mills
- Subjects
Rate of return ,Finance ,Pension ,business.industry ,Financial risk ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Private sector ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Renting ,Public–private partnership ,Apportionment ,021105 building & construction ,021108 energy ,business ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine public–private partnership (PPP) approaches for the construction of rental retirement villages in Australia and to allocate the investment proportions under a certain project return rate among three investors which are the government, private sectors and pension funds. The apportionment will achieve a minimum overall investment risk for the project. Design/methodology/approach Capital structure, particularly determination of investment apportionment proportions, is one of the key factors affecting the success of PPP rental retirement villages. Markowitz mean-variance model was applied to examine the investment allocations with minimum project investment risks under a certain projected return rate among the PPP partners for the construction of rental retirement villages. Findings The research findings validate the feasibility of the inclusion of pension funds in the construction of PPP rental retirement villages and demonstrate the existence of relationships between the project return rate and the investment allocation proportions. Originality/value This paper provides a quantitative approach for determination of the investment proportions among PPP partners to enrich the theory of PPP in relation to the construction of rental retirement villages. This has implications for PPP partners and can help these stakeholders make vital contributions in developing intellectual wealth in the PPP investment area while providing them with a detailed guide to decision making and negotiation in relation to investment in PPP rental retirement villages.
- Published
- 2019
45. The apportionment of citations: A scientometric analysis of Lewontin, 1972
- Author
-
Jedidiah Carlson and Kelley Harris
- Subjects
History ,Scientific progress ,Race and genetics ,Apportionment ,Population genetics ,Research article ,Human genetic variation ,Geneticist ,Genealogy ,Bibliographic record - Abstract
“The Apportionment of Human Diversity” (1972) is the most highly cited research article published by geneticist Richard Lewontin in his career. This study’s primary result—that most genetic diversity in humans can be accounted for by within-population differences, not between-population differences—along with Lewontin’s outspoken, politically-charged interpretations thereof, has become foundational to the scientific and cultural discourse pertaining to human genetic variation. The article has an unusual bibliometric trajectory in that it is much more salient in the bibliographic record today compared to the first 20 years after its publication. Here, we show how the paper’s fame was shaped by four factors: 1) citations in influential publications across several disciplines; 2) Lewontin’s own popular books and media appearances; 3) the renaissance of population genetics research of the early 1990s; and 4) the serendipitous collision of scientific progress, influential books/papers, and heated controversies in the year 1994. We conclude with an analysis of Twitter data to characterize the communities and conversations that continue to keep this study at the epicenter of discussions about race and genetics, prompting new challenges for scientists who have inherited Lewontin’s legacy.
- Published
- 2021
46. About Commensurability of Diversity within and among Communities.
- Author
-
Gregorius, Hans-Rolf and Gillet, Elizabeth M.
- Subjects
MARGINAL distributions ,GENE flow ,COMMUNITIES - Abstract
(1) Background: Is variation among the communities of a metacommunity higher than within the communities? Community ecologists and population geneticists often characterize the structure of metacommunities by partitioning variation (diversity) into the two following components using measures such as F S T or G S T and α - and β -diversity. The within-communities component is usually some average of (type, species, genetic) diversities within the communities, and the among-communities component is the additive or multiplicative complement of the overall diversity. Such an among-communities component lacks independent conceptual specification, a matter of long-standing dispute. Only if the two components are independently and commensurably specified can the central question of comparability be answered meaningfully. (2) Methods: A novel approach to overcoming this conceptual weakness identifies two principles of the partitioning of variation among communities (concentration and division) then relates these principles to the common notions of variation (diversity) within and among communities, distinguishes primary indicators to quantify the partitioning principles, transforms the indicators into conceptually independent measures (indices) of variation within and among communities, and by this attains their commensurability and thus comparability. The application of the methods to quantifying the effects of evolutionary mechanisms is outlined. (3) Results: Common approaches are corrected and extended. (a) Analyses of metacommunity/metapopulation structures that rely on apportionment or related indices and take its complement to be differentiation yield incomparable measures of variation within and among communities. (b) The common practice of partitioning the total diversity into additive or multiplicative components produces the inconsistent ranking of the two components. (c) Community concentration and division can result from elementary processes of adaptive differentiation and migration (gene flow) among communities, where the (commensurable) amounts of community concentration and division reflect the relative participation of these processes in metacommunity structuring and translate directly into the measures of diversity within and among communities. (d) The modelling of the contributions of the two partitioning principles to the metacommunity structure is restricted by the marginal distributions of types and community affiliation. (e) The model demonstrates the degree to which adaptational processes at the metacommunity level are mixtures of adaptational events within and among communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A Mathematical Analysis of an Election System Proposed by Gottlob Frege.
- Author
-
Harrenstein, Paul, Lackner, Marie-Louise, and Lackner, Martin
- Subjects
POLITICAL attitudes ,ELECTION law ,MATHEMATICAL analysis ,VOTING ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,ELECTIONS - Abstract
In 1998 a long-lost proposal for an election law by Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) was rediscovered in the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek in Jena, Germany. The method that Frege proposed for the election of representatives of a constituency features a remarkable concern for the representation of minorities. Its core idea is that votes cast for unelected candidates are carried over to the next election, while elected candidates incur a cost of winning. We prove that this sensitivity to past elections guarantees a proportional representation of political opinions in the long run. We find that through a slight modification of Frege's original method even stronger proportionality guarantees can be achieved. This modified version of Frege's method also provides a novel solution to the apportionment problem, which is distinct from all of the best-known apportionment methods, while still possessing noteworthy proportionality properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Food portions and consumer vulnerability: qualitative insights from older consumers
- Author
-
Paul Trott, Chris Simms, and Nicholas Ford
- Subjects
Marketing ,Consumption (economics) ,Food intake ,packaging ,05 social sciences ,Control (management) ,Perspective (graphical) ,Business and Management ,Vulnerability ,Food consumption ,food portions ,WNU ,ageing ,Apportionment ,0502 economics and business ,050211 marketing ,Thematic analysis ,Psychology ,consumer vulnerability ,050203 business & management - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore older people’s food consumption experiences. Specifically, the paper seeks to provide understanding on the influence of food intake on consumer vulnerability and how this manifests within people’s lives. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts an interpretive, exploratory approach, using in-depth interviews with 20 older consumers in the UK. Thematic analysis is conducted, establishing patterns and contradictions with the data. Findings The findings demonstrate how biological, psychological and social age-related changes can contribute to reduced food intake in later life. The loss of control over one’s consumption experiences as a result of inappropriate portion sizes acts as a source of both immediate and future vulnerability. Resultant food wastage can serve as an immediate reminder of negative associates with ageing, while the accumulative effect of sustained under-consumption contributes to increased frailty. As a result, consumer vulnerability can pervade other contexts of an individual’s life. Practical implications The research reveals opportunities for firms to use packaging development to reduce experiences of consumer vulnerability through reduced apportionment of packaged food products. However, this needs to be considered within a multi-demographic marketplace. Originality/value This paper contributes to literature by providing a unique lens with which to understand consumer vulnerability. The findings offer a developmental perspective on the experience of consumer vulnerability, revealing the stages of proximate, immediate, intermediate and ultimate vulnerability. This perspective has the potential to offer more detailed, nuanced insights into vulnerability in other contexts beyond food consumption.
- Published
- 2019
49. What constitutes an equitable water share? A reassessment of equitable apportionment in the Jordan–Israel water agreement 25 years later
- Author
-
Peter L. Reich, Samer Talozi, Amelia Altz-Stamm, and Hussam Hussein
- Subjects
geography ,education.field_of_study ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Natural resource economics ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Population ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Desalination ,Water resources ,Peace treaty ,Wastewater ,Apportionment ,Political science ,Treaty ,education ,Water Science and Technology ,Riparian zone - Abstract
The water agreement between Jordan and Israel, created as part of their peace treaty in 1994, set out detailed allocations terms to which both countries have respectively abided since its inception. But after two and a half decades, the water agreement terms no longer appear as equitable considering the social, economic, and environmental changes that have occurred in the region as a whole and within the two countries individually. This paper analyzes the status of the treaty terms in light of changes seen within both countries regarding the factors laid out by the United Nations as relevant to determining equitable apportionment among riparian nations. The analysis suggests that a renegotiation of the water agreement terms is warranted due in large part to changes in population and the availability of alternative water resources (desalination and treated wastewater). While no explicit recommendations are made as to what a future treaty's terms should include, this paper presents evidence of a changing ground reality that deserves greater consideration in reaching a more equitable and sustainable water agreement for the decades to come.
- Published
- 2019
50. An algorithmic approach to legislative apportionment bases and redistricting.
- Author
-
Haas, Christian, Miller, Peter, and Kimbrough, Steven O.
- Subjects
- *
APPORTIONMENT (Election law) , *ELECTION districts , *OLDER people , *HEURISTIC , *POPULATION aging - Abstract
The apportionment process that precedes redistricting is generally a staid American political ritual. Recent debates about who should be included in the apportionment basis, however, have raised new questions about representation in the apportionment process. To estimate the effects of excluding non-citizens and children from apportionment, we describe an algorithm to simulate drawing of state legislative districts, based on a previously published algorithm, Seed-Fill-Shift-Repair (SFSR), designed to draw congressional districts. To account for the larger number of districts to draw we implement an adapted search heuristic that is able to efficiently create contiguous and population-balanced maps for state legislative districts, which we call SFSR-G. We use SFSR-G to simulate 1000 maps of upper and lower legislative chambers in 12 states to demonstrate that a shift from total population to citizen voting age population as the apportionment basis will reduce minority–majority and minority-opportunity districts. The paper presents findings for all 12 states investigated, and discusses the important case of Texas at greater length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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