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Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tungiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the adult female sand flea (Tunga penetrans). Dogs are considered important reservoirs of T. penetrans in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the monthly insecticidal efficacy of a single oral administration of fluralaner at a dose of 10–18 mg/kg (Bravecto® 1-Month, also registered as Defenza® in some countries; MSD Animal Health) in dogs naturally infested with T. penetrans. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted in a rural community located in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. A total of 64 dogs were selected and distributed in a completely randomized design between a treated group (TG) that received one single dose of Bravecto® 1-Month (Defenza®) and a negative control group (CG) that received no treatment. Each group was composed of 32 dogs. The evaluations took place on days 0, 7 ± 2, 14 ± 2, 21 ± 2, 28 ± 2, 35 ± 2, and 42 ± 2 post treatment, in which the dogs were inspected to evaluate the infestation stage and classify lesions associated with tungiasis. The primary efficacy was determined from the percentage of treated dogs free of fleas (stage II and III lesions) after administration of the formulation at each evaluation time. Secondary efficacy was based on the number of active lesions (stages II and III) in each group at each evaluation time. The clinical condition of the animals was defined based on the Severity Score for Acute Dog Tungiasis (SCADT), which is related to the number and severity of lesions. Results: The primary efficacy of the product was greater than 95.0% from days 7 to 21 and reached 100.0% between days 28 and 42, with a significant association between treatment and infestation decline (P < 0.025) between days 7 and 42. Secondary drug efficacy was greater than 99.9% from days 7 to 21, reaching 100.0% between days 28 and 42 (P < 0.05). The treated dogs also scored lower on the SCADT than the control animals did during the entire clinical evaluation period (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A single administration of Bravecto® 1-Month (Defenza®) was effective in eliminating Tunga penetrans infestations, as well as in preventing parasitism for at least 42 days after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superficial pyoderma is a common complication of a range of feline and canine skin diseases. The objective of the present study is to retrospectively evaluate bacterial and fungal skin culture samples in superficial pyoderma cases of cats and dogs and to reveal in detail the pathogens and their susceptibility and/or resistance to antimicrobials, as well as demographic data and clinical symptoms of the patients. Medical records of 28 cats and 35 dogs meeting the criteria for inclusion were reviewed. Staphylococcus spp. and Trichophyton species were found to be the most common cultured microorganisms in both cats and dogs. Antimicrobial resistance was determined both in cat and dog samples. As a result, it has been demonstrated that skin culture is particularly important for the management of diagnosis and treatment processes and the regulation of treatment protocols in pyoderma in terms of preventing the increasing antibiotic resistance in recent years and thus protecting both human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveillance and control of dogs and cats (D&C) have become increasingly important for the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas. However, despite the increase in densities of free-roaming D&C in urban areas, especially in developing countries, the impact on wildlife is poorly documented. The Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ) in Ecuador, contains a high biodiversity of native fauna, but free-roaming dog populations have tripled in recent years, with no published information about possible consequences on wildlife. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to a Veterinary Hospital in Quito between July 2017 and June 2022 to determine the incidence of D&C attacks on wildlife from the MDQ. A total of 429 wild specimens (79.5% birds, 17.2% mammals and 3.3% reptiles), including 59 species (4 vulnerable, 1 endangered and 1 critically endangered), were treated for injuries inflicted by D&C. Attacks increased every year on record, and 79% of specimens did not survive. Given that current governmental regulations for the control of domestic animals have not been effective, we propose to address the global issue from a multidisciplinary perspective, considering predation by D&C, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare, human health, and public policies as intertwined phenomena. The goal of this approach is to achieve greater awareness and increase the effectiveness of management programs, while improving the health of animals, humans, and the environment in which they live. Additionally, we recommend government support to replicate this research in other wildlife rehabilitation and rescue centers to understand the scope of the issue nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bartonella species are vector-borne infectious pathogens with a severe impact on animal and human health. This comprehensive systematic review aimed to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the global impact of this pathogen on pet health. A literature search was performed on electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) to find relevant peer-reviewed published papers (n = 131). A random-effects model was employed to calculate pooled prevalence estimates, and Q-statistic and I2 index were used to assess the heterogeneity. Based on 20.133 cats and 9.824 dogs, the global prevalence estimates were 15.3% and 3.6%. The heterogeneity was significantly high in both species, with I2 = 95.8%, p-value <0.0001, and I2 = 87.7%, p-value <0.0001 in cats and dogs, respectively. The meta-analysis conducted using location coordinates showed a consistently high prevalence in regions located between latitudes −40 to −30 or latitudes 30–40 in both populations, in agreement with the pure spatial analysis results, which computed significantly high relative risk areas within these region coordinates. When analyzing cat data for other subgroup moderators, Bartonella spp. prevalence was higher in animals of young age (<1 year, p-value = 0.001), with a free roaming lifestyle (p-value <0.0001) and/or having ectoparasite infestation (p-value = 0.004). Globally, among the Bartonella species detected in cats, Bartonella henselae was the most frequent (13.05%), followed by Bartonella clarridgeiae (1.7%) and Bartonella koehlerae (0.11%). When considering Bartonella henselae genotype distribution, high heterogeneity (p < 0.0001) was observed based on geographical subgroups. Dogs displayed infection by Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (1.1%), B. henselae (1%), Candidatus B. merieuxii (0.9%) and B. rochalimae (0.38%). The present study provides a global picture of the epidemiological distribution of Bartonella spp. in cat and dog populations that may be pivotal for implementing proper preventive and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological and statistical methods were used to analyze the epidemiological situation regarding Lyme borreliosis in humans and domestic dogs in Ukraine. The data of the Central Health Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in humans over the last 20 years of passive epidemiological observation (2003–2022) were analyzed, and time trends and seasonal dynamics of incidence were studied. The prevalence of Lyme borreliosis among domestic dogs over the last decade (2013–2022) was analyzed based on data from a survey of veterinarians. Cross-regional geographic trends in the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in humans and domestic dog populations are compared. The obtained data indicate an increasing trend in the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in Ukraine over the past two decades. The peak of incidence was recorded in 2018 – 12.77 cases per 100,000 population. Over the 5 years, from 2018 to 2022, Ukraine experienced the highest level of Lyme disease incidence, which was 45.16 cases per 100,000 population and statistically higher than the incidence rates in 2003–2007 (2.86 cases per 100,000 population) and 2008–2012 (13.33 cases per 100,000 population), confirming a trend of increasing disease prevalence over the years. Seasonal dynamics are observed, with the highest incidence rates occurring during the summer months, especially in June, July, August, and the early autumn month of September, as indicated by a seasonal disease index exceeding one. The study revealed geographical variations in the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis among both humans and domestic dogs. Over the past 10 years, from 2013 to 2022, regions of Northern and Central Ukraine, including Kyiv, Sumy, Chernihiv, Cherkasy, Vinnytsia, and Poltava oblasts, have shown relatively higher rates of Lyme borreliosis in both humans and domestic dogs. Conversely, the southern regions of Ukraine consistently report lower incidence rates of Lyme borreliosis in both populations, especially in Odesa, Mykolaiv and Kherson oblasts. The similarity of the geographical distribution of Lyme borreliosis among humans and domestic dogs is confirmed statistically. The study findings highlight the growing public health burden of Lyme borreliosis and the importance of ongoing disease surveillance. In addition, they highlight the valuable contribution of veterinary data on the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in domestic dogs, providing a passive but important source of additional information. In addition, the study results provide valuable information on the geographic distribution of Lyme borreliosis in both humans and domestic dogs, which will aid in the development of targeted intervention strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of the disease in selected high-risk regions. A deeper understanding of the epidemiological aspects of the disease will contribute to the development of science-based strategies for the prevention and control of Lyme borreliosis, in accordance with the concept of One Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglected intestinal helminthiases are very prevalent worldwide and represent a serious problem of: environmental contamination (presence of feces with infective parasitic forms dispersed in the soil), animal health and public health. This paper explains new research perspectives on the ecoepidemiology of neglected intestinal helminthiasis in urban-marginal and rural areas of the province of Guayas (Ecuador). By means of an applied study with a qualitative, quantitative, field, descriptive-prospective-analyticaltransversal approach, fecal samples from humans and their domestic dogs from the indicated areas will be analyzed, in order to provide information: The relationship between the environment-helminthsand hosts, prevalence of neglected intestinal helminthiases, zoonotic association, characterization of environmental variables, specification of social determinants of health and generate scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dexmedetomidine (Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride‐Dexdomitor; Zoetis) is the preferred sedative used for canine intradermal allergen testing (IDT) in the United States. Alfaxalone (Alfaxan Multidose; Jurox Animal Health) is a neuroactive steroid, and its effect on sedation and allergen reactivity scores is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesised that alfaxalone would produce an adequate level of sedation with fewer cardiovascular adverse effects and would not affect allergen reactivity scores or histamine wheal size compared to dexmedetomidine. Materials and Methods: Twenty client‐owned dogs were included in two groups: 10 atopic and 10 nonatopic. In a randomised, controlled, blinded, cross‐over design all dogs underwent two modified IDT, 1–4 weeks apart, using intravenous dexmedetomidine (2.87–5.22 μg/kg) or alfaxalone (1.8–2.4 mg/kg). Anaesthetic parameters and sedation level were recorded over 25 min using a validated canine sedation scale described by Grint et al. (Small Anim Pract, 2009, 50, 62). Simultaneously, both objective and subjective reactivity scores were measured in technical triplicates at 10, 15 and 20 min. The modified IDT included eight allergens, histamine‐positive and saline‐negative controls. Results: Alfaxalone produced a significantly higher sedation score across all time points (p < 0.05). All objective scores were significantly correlated to the corresponding subjective scores (Spearman R = 0.859, p < 0.0001). Sedative used did not significantly affect subjective allergen scores for nine atopic dogs (p > 0.05, 15 min). Sedative used did not affect the diameter of objective scores for individual allergens and histamine wheals (p > 0.05, 15 min). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Intravascular alfaxalone is an alternative sedative for IDT in dogs. Alfaxalone may be preferred to dexmedetomidine in some clinical scenarios as a result of having fewer cardiovascular adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Egypt, dogs are routinely fed a home-cooked diet prepared by their owner (e.g. boiled chicken legs). The nutrition of pets is crucial to the health state of various body systems and that can be reflected in the complete blood count picture as well as general health of the animal. Poor nutrition can result in various nutritional deficiency disorders such as nutritional deficiency anemia. Nine native breed puppies were screened at regular intervals using a general health physical examination including monitoring their temperature, general inspection, heart and respiratory rate measurements before changing their diet in a controlled experiment. The dogs were kept indoors and their diet was changed from the traditional home cooked food into a commercially available dry diet. Blood samples were also collected for a complete blood count on day one before starting the commercial diet and day 30 at the end of the experiment. The complete blood picture was monitored on set days throughout the experiment and the fecal score was assessed using a fecal scoring system of Royal Canine on day 1 before starting the commercial diet and day 30 at the end of the experiment. There was a significant difference in most blood parameters following the change in diet. Those that were significantly higher were: the total RBCs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p<0.05). The fecal score also improved from loose stool into clearly defined shape and that change was statistically significant (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) can affect the health of domestic and wild animals, and their prevalence is increasing worldwide. As potential reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, dogs might transfer these pathogens to humans. There is limited knowledge about the vector-borne pathogens circulating in dogs in China. To investigate the current epidemiological status and genetic characteristics of Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Mycoplasma spp., blood samples were collected from healthy pet dogs in four regions of China. There was no evidence of Ehrlichia spp. or Mycoplasma spp., and only Hepatozoon canis was detected in these dogs. High haplotype diversity and the occurrence of genetic variation were observed among these H. canis isolates. These results will be useful for developing effective control approaches against CVBDs in companion animals. Canine vector-borne diseases are widely distributed around the world. They are transmitted by arthropods, and many seriously threaten the health of animals and humans. In China, our knowledge of Ehrlichia, Hepatozoon, and Mycoplasma species circulating in dogs is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the prevalence and genetic characteristics of canine Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Mycoplasma spp. in Chongqing (southwest), Fujian (southeast), Shandong (southeast), and Hubei (central) Provinces of China. Blood samples from healthy pet dogs were processed to detect Ehrlichia, Hepatozoon, and Mycoplasma DNA with PCR. Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses were performed on 18S rRNA sequences. Among 306 dogs, no Ehrlichia spp. or Mycoplasma spp. were detected, whereas one Hepatozoon sp. was detected in 10 (3.27%) of the animals. Only Hepatozoon canis was identified and was endemic to Chongqing (2.46%) and Hubei (8.77%). A haplotype analysis identified eight haplotypes among the H. canis isolates. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the H. canis isolates in this study clustered into four clades, together with isolates from different countries and hosts, forming a large group that was clearly separate from other Hepatozoon species. These findings provided new information on the epidemiological characteristics of canine vector-borne diseases in China and will be helpful in the development of efficient measures to safeguard the health and well-being of companion animals and their owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We hypothesized that keratouveitis still occurs despite current widespread use of Canine adenovirus (CAV)‐2 vaccinations and assessed the utility of CAV‐1 and CAV‐2 titers in elucidation of its etiopathogenesis. Animals studied: Nine dogs with unexplained keratouveitis (14 eyes) and nine control dogs. Procedures: The Animal Health Trust clinical database was searched between 2008 and 2018 to identify cases of keratouveitis. Inclusion criteria included known vaccination status, interval from vaccination to development of clinical signs and availability of CAV titers. Cases were excluded if they were older than 1 year of age, or other causative ocular pathology for corneal edema was identified. Nine age‐matched dogs without corneal edema but with CAV titers were included as controls. Results: Mean CAV‐1 and CAV‐2 titers were not statistically different between dogs with keratouveitis and controls (p =.16 and p =.76, respectively). Three cases had CAV‐1 titers >5000 and two of these cases had rising convalescence titers (greater than an 11‐fold increase) suggesting infection with wild‐type CAV‐1. The six other cases did not appear to be associated with CAV infection or vaccination. Conclusion: Keratouveitis continues to occur despite the advent of CAV‐2 vaccinations. While this study found no evidence to indicate CAV‐2 vaccination causes keratouveitis, the data indicates that in a proportion of cases, contemporaneous wild‐type CAV‐1 infection is a possible cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility of a cancer genomic diagnostic assay (SearchLight DNA; Vidium Animal Health) for diagnostically ambiguous cancer cases. ANIMALS 69 privately owned dogs with ambiguous cancer diagnoses and for which the genomic assay was performed. PROCEDURES Genomic assay reports generated between September 28, 2020, and July 31, 2022, for dogs with malignancy or suspected malignancy were reviewed to determine the assay’s clinical utility defined as providing diagnostic clarity, prognostic information, and/or therapeutic options. RESULTS Genomic analysis provided diagnostic clarity in 37 of 69 cases (54%; group 1) and therapeutic and/or prognostic information in 22 of the remaining 32 cases (69%; group 2) for which the diagnosis remained elusive. Overall, the genomic assay was clinically useful in 86% (59/69) of cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this was the first study to evaluate the multifaceted clinical utility of a single cancer genomic test in veterinary medicine. Study findings supported the use of tumor genomic testing for dogs with cancer, particularly those that are diagnostically ambiguous and therefore inherently challenging to manage. This evidence-driven genomic assay provided diagnostic guidance, prognostic support, and therapeutic options for most patients with an unclear cancer diagnosis that would otherwise have an unsubstantiated clinical plan. Furthermore, 38% (26/69) of samples were easily obtained aspirates. Sample factors (sample type, percentage of tumor cells, and number of mutations) did not influence diagnostic yield. Our study demonstrated the value of genomic testing for the management of canine cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to describe the most frequently recorded disorders in dogs in Alexandria Government and provides a prevalence baseline against which to measure progress in canine health. The surgical conditions affecting the eyes, mouth and nose and its surrounding structures are numerous. These conditions affect adversely the general health condition of the animal as it is causing disruption of the important biological processes in the body. In the present study, a total number of 422 pet animals suffering from different surgical conditions were recorded. The surgical conditions of the eye and its surrounding structures represented about 25.11% of the encountered surgical conditions along this study with maximum incidence of diseases of nictating membrane. Meanwhile, the surgical conditions of the mouth and their surrounding structures were recorded in 14.21% of the encountered surgical conditions. The surgical conditions of the nose represent 0.47 %. The results of the present study revealed that the surgical conditions affecting the eyes and its related structures were recorded in 106 cases. These conditions include eyelid laceration and trauma (17 cases), eye lid abscess (1 case), eye lid neoplasia (2 cases), entropion (10 cases), neonatal defect in eyelid opening (5 cases), eye proptosis (2 cases), eye infection (1 case) and diseases of nictating membrane (68 cases). The mouth and nose disorders include dental tartar (13 cases), periodontal diseases (3 cases), persisting deciduous teeth and polydontium (3 cases), neoplastic lesion (3 cases), foreign body in mouth (22 cases), lip wound (16 cases), and epistaxis (2 cases). Most of the surgical disorders of the mouth and related structures affected the animal's health and are usually associated with difficult mastication. These disorders usually required immediate surgical interferences. German Shepherd, Rottweiler and Pit bull recorded highest incidence of disorders with maximum cases in young age group up to 2 years 104 cases (24.63%) of age. Sex wise incidence was higher in male 101 cases (23.91%) dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglected intestinal helminthiases are very prevalent worldwide and represent a serious problem of: environmental contamination (presence of feces with infective parasitic forms dispersed in the soil), animal health and public health. This paper explains new research perspectives on the ecoepidemiology of neglected intestinal helminthiasis in urban-marginal and rural areas of the province of Guayas (Ecuador). By means of an applied study with a qualitative, quantitative, field, descriptive-prospective-analytical-transversal approach, fecal samples of humans and their domestic dogs from the indicated areas will be analyzed, in order to provide information: The relationship between the environment-helminths-and hosts, prevalence of neglected intestinal helminthiases, zoonotic association, characterization of environmental variables, specification of social determinants of health and generate scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the population management of dogs and cats in Bogota between 2004 and 2021 within the “One Welfare” framework. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective, descriptive study that includes an analysis of public and private interventions related to the sterilization, adoption, and slaughter of companion animals, discriminating by location, species, sex, and sector (public or private). The available information was organized using Excel®, with a descriptive analysis and results expressed in frequencies, proportions, and rates. Results. Between 2004 and 2021, 750.949 cats and dogs were sterilized in the public sector and 217.276 in the private sector; 22.126 were adopted through the district adoption program, 101.165 animals were slaughtered, of which 8.8% were cats; after the year 2005 cats were included in the population estimates and after 2014 information was collected from private veterinarians (sterilization) who contributed with the 29% of the total number of interventions. Conclusions. The population growth of animals demands health, policies, and environmental attention, and its ethical management must be kept, although it should be complemented with actions from various sources where these animals live. The One Welfare approach is a method that recognizes the interconnections between animal, human, and environmental welfare and facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration to improve their welfare, as well as complements and communicates with One Health. This paper contributes, therefore, by presenting in an organized and compared way the available management statistics, for the decision-makers and the interested community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALIAmides are a family of fatty acid amides whose name comes from their mechanism of action, i.e., the Autacoid Local Injury Antagonism (ALIA). Actually, the ALIAmide parent molecule, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), is locally produced on demand from a cell membrane precursor in order to control immune-inflammatory cell responses, avert chronic non-resolving inflammation, and limit the resulting clinical signs. ALIAmide sister compounds, such as Adelmidrol and palmitoylglucosamine, share mechanisms of action with PEA and may also increase endogenous levels of PEA. Provided that their respective bioavailability is properly addressed (e.g., through decreasing the particle size through micronization), exogenously administered ALIAmides thus mimic or sustain the prohomeostatic functions of endogenous PEA. The aim of the present paper is to review the main findings on the use of ALIAmides in small animals as a tribute to the man of vision who first believed in this "according-to-nature" approach, namely Francesco della Valle. After briefly presenting some key issues on the molecular targets, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of PEA and related ALIAmides, here we will focus on the preclinical and clinical studies performed in dogs and cats. Although more data are still needed, ALIAmides may represent a novel and promising approach to small animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scarcity of information on the occurrence of zoonotic vector‐borne pathogens (VBPs), alongside a lack of human and animal health authorities' awareness of pre‐existing data, augment the risk of VBP infection for local people and limit our ability to establish control programs. This holds especially true in low‐middle income countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). This dearth of information on zoonotic VBPs is bolstered by the inability of previously used diagnostic tests, including conventional molecular diagnostic methods, to detect the full spectrum of relevant pathogens. Considering this, we set out to apply a microfluidic qPCR assay capable of detecting 43 bacterial and protozoan pathogens from blood to accrue critical baseline data for VBPs occurrence in BiH. A total of 408 dogs were tested of which half were infected with at least one VBP of zoonotic or veterinary importance. Leishmania infantum was found in 18% of dogs, reaching a prevalence as high as 38% in urbanized areas of Sarajevo. These data highlight substantially higher levels of L. infantum prevalence when compared to that previously reported using conventional methods using the same samples. Additionally, this high‐throughput microfluidic qPCR assay was able to detect pathogens rarely or never reported in canines in BiH, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum (3%), Anaplasma platys (0.2%), haemotropic Mycoplasma (1%) and Hepatozoon canis (26%). Our report of the endemicity of important zoonotic pathogens and those of clinical significance to dogs emphasizes the need for urgent implementation of surveillance and control for VBPs in BiH, targeting both animal and human infections within the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The effects of different diets on the biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile of dogs' blood were investigated. The dog diet is normally composed of chicken or fish meat, which represents a good source of protein and fat. However, fish and chicken meat contain a high amount of lipids susceptible to oxidation, which could alter the beneficial effects of the dog food. The addition of antioxidant compounds to the diet might improve the quality of the diet and, consequently, the health of the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two commercially available fish- (FH) and chicken (CH)-based diets and the same diets combined with antioxidant compounds, e.g., FH-AOX and CH-AOX, respectively, on biochemical parameters and blood fatty acid (FA) profile. For this purpose, 28 dogs were allocated to four groups and fed the four diets for six months. Blood samples were taken before starting the experimental period and at the end of the trial. Concerning the biochemical parameters, the animals fed CH-AOX reached the highest values for ALB compared to the animals fed CH or FH-AOX; however, the values were within the reference values for old dogs. Triglycerides and urea were significantly higher in FH compared to the CH diet; however, both FH-AOX and CH-AOX showed a marked decrease in the TRI and urea concentration with respect to FH and CH. Moreover, CH-AOX and FH-AOX increased glucose values, linoleic acid content, and polyunsaturated FA n-3 with respect to FH and CH. On the contrary, arachidonic acid was lower in the CH-AOX and FH-AOX groups. In conclusion, FH led to a better FA profile than that of the CH diet, while CH-AOX and FH-AOX improved the FA profile regardless of the basal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for dogs and cats in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR P. aeruginosa can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33–90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Categories A, B, C and D; 0–5%, 1–5%, 5–33% and 5–33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Section 5 (Category E, 33–90% probability of meeting the criteria). The animal species to be listed for AMR P. aeruginosa according to Article 8 criteria are mainly dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Onchocerca lupi is a filarial nematode affecting dogs, and occasionally cats and humans, in continental Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and the USA. Adult worms are usually found in periocular nodules and enucleation is sometimes required if the infection fails to respond to other treatment options. Case presentation: Here, we report the presence of O. lupi in the UK for the first time. Of two dogs re-homed from continental Europe, one developed an ocular nodule seven years after arrival from Portugal. The conjunctival perilimbal mass in its left eye was surgically removed but despite anthelminthic treatment, a further nodule developed in the same eye six months later. In the second case - a dog imported from Romania 12 months earlier - a perilimbal mass was excised from the left eye and prior anthelminthic treatment was supplemented with oral prednisolone and doxycycline. However, nodules recurred, and the left globe was subsequently enucleated. Conjunctival hyperaemia then appeared in the right eye and neither additional anthelminthic treatment nor removal of worm masses failed to prevent the further development of lesions. Excised adult worms were identified in both cases as O. lupi based on morphological characteristics, as well as PCR and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 12S rRNA gene fragments. Conclusion: O. lupi parasitosis can apparently remain cryptic in dogs for several years before any clinical signs manifest. Moreover, the progression of infection can be highly aggressive and recalcitrant to both surgical intervention and anthelminthic treatment. Increasingly, former stray dogs of unknown infection status are entering the UK, raising both veterinary and public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for dogs and cats in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. pseudintermedius can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (30–90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 0–1%, 1–10% and 10–33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 5–66% and 30–90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. pseudintermedius according to Article 8 criteria are mostly species belonging to the families of Canidae and Felidae, such as dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on University College Dublin's veterinary medicine research program, particularly emphasizing efforts to enhance the safety of spinal fracture fixation in dogs. Topics include the institution's commitment to comprehensive research, infrastructure development, and the exploration of innovative techniques, such as the pedicle-probing technique, to improve the accuracy and safety of spinal procedures in canines.

This communication presents a successful surgical management of canine foetal maceration in a non-descript dog with the history of natural mating 60 to 65 days back but with no sign of whelping. Ultrasonographic examination revealed ill-defined foetal mass in-utero with absence of foetal movement and heartbeat & radiograph showed indistinguishable entangled skeletal mass. Based on anamnesis, clinical & laboratory findings the case was diagnosed as foetal maceration. Aseptic laparo-hysterotomy followed by careful post operative therapeutic measure resulted uneventful recovery without any complication, bringing the animal to normal physiological health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. Methods: Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75–1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0–41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7–10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. Results: Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that, similar to general practitioners, veterinarians find it difficult to discuss overweight in dogs. This study aimed to provide insight in the barriers and motivators for veterinarians to discuss overweight in dogs and to compare the results with findings from human medicine. Sub‐hypotheses were postulated based on existing literature to investigate if lack of time, fear of offending clients, or lack of skills were potential barriers, and if feeling responsible and feeling compassion were potential motivators for veterinarians to discuss overweight in dogs. To this end, an online survey (n = 59) was conducted. Furthermore, 15 small animal clinicians working in general practice were interviewed by semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews. Results from the online survey indicated that veterinarians find it sometimes difficult to discuss overweight in dogs. Veterinarians who responded to the online survey did not experience strong barriers but did make use of motivators (e.g. feeling responsible and feeling compassion) when discussing overweight in dogs. Interestingly, results from the semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews showed that the responding veterinarians did experience strong barriers, as well as motivators, when discussing overweight in dogs with their clients. The most prominent barrier was customer dissatisfaction, whereas lack of time and lack of skills were also experienced. The most prominent motivator was feeling responsible for animal health and preventive veterinary medicine. These findings were strikingly similar to previous research on discussing childhood overweight by general practitioners. To improve treatment and prevention of overweight in dogs, veterinarians need more communication skills and should be more aware of the motivators that drive their self‐motivation. Improving awareness on overweight and its comorbidities should be a One Health issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance poses a threat to human and animal health. Escherichia coli have been in the environment of humans and animals, making it possible to spread each other. The increasingly intense relationship between animals and humans, such as the relationship between humans and their pets, has been indicated as one way for the spread of these bacteria, especially those that have experienced resistance to be more widespread. The aim of the research to analyze the influence of factors related to animals in influencing the incidence of MDR E. coli in Kupang city. This research was conducted in a crosssectional manner, information obtained from animal owners in 6 sub-districts in Kupang city. Animal-related factors were then compared with the primary data from the previous E. coli sensitivity test. The results of the examination have obtained 13 pet dogs that are at the MDR level from 57 pet dogs examined. The results of the correlation test have shown that there is no significant effect on the relationship between factors in dogs and the incidence of MDR E. coli. Factors such as breed of dog, sex of dog, type of maintenance, dog age, dog hygiene and body condition score effect the incidence of MDR E. coli. The present study indicated that factors related to the status and condition of dogs has no effect on the incidence of MDR E. coli spread in dogs during the 2020 study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. Methods: Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75–1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0–41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7–10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. Results: Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. Methods: Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75–1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0–41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7–10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. Results: Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two trials were conducted to assess the acceptance, safety and digestibility of diets containing various inclusion levels of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) meal and BSFL oil by dogs. In trial 1, 5 extruded diets were evaluated for acceptance in adult Beagle dogs (n = 20; 10 male, 10 female) during a 48-hr period. Diets contained graded levels of BSFL meal (5.0%, 10.0%, and 20.0%), or graded levels of BSFL oil (2.5% and 5.0%), and all diets were well accepted. Thus, a digestibility trial (trial 2) was run with 56 adult dogs (16 male, 40 female) allocated into 7 dietary treatments; dogs were offered an extruded control diet containing no BSFL meal or oil, or extruded diets where BSFL meal partially replaced poultry by-product meal and corn meal at dietary levels of 5%, 10%, or 20% inclusion, or diets with BSFL oil partially replacing poultry fat at a 1:1 ratio at levels of 1%, 2.5%, or 5% inclusion. The treatment diets were fed for 28 d, during which time dogs were monitored for health (via physical examinations, clinical observations, and blood chemistry and hematology) and ingredient evaluation (via body weight, feed consumption, stool observation, and fecal nutrient apparent total tract digestibility). There were no significant differences in body weight or food consumption between treatment groups (P > 0.05) and daily observations indicated that the general health of the animals was maintained throughout the study. Stool quality was maintained at 3.2 to 3.4 (on a 5-point scale with a score of 1 being watery diarrhea and a score of 5 being hard, dry, and crumbly) per treatment group over the fecal observation period (days 22 to 27), indicating a well formed, sticky stool. All group mean hematology and blood chemistry parameters remained within normal limits for dogs. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, protein, fat, and calories was not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). In general, amino acid digestibility was not impacted by treatment although some minor changes were observed. Apparent total tract digestibility was high for all nutrients examined. Overall, it was concluded that BSFL meal and BSFL oil are well tolerated by dogs and their consumption results in no impact to physiology that would be concerning. Based on these data, BSFL meal and oil did not affect general health and could be included safely in dog diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city streets are increasingly vast abandoned animals. The lack of appreciation and respect of some persons having an animal, most often is demonstrated by the neglect and mistreatment. This paper records the number of abandoned animals and the conditions that are in notices for six months, lasting an hour, in four fairs in the city of Uberaba - MG. Methods of library research, mapping, photography and observation forms were used. Eighty-nine dogs were registered, with 81% male, 97% are adults and 59% of medium size. Most stray animals was in neighborhood Abadia (38%). 61% of the animals were thin and wound with a small amount. This work was relevance because involves both issues related to public health and animal welfare, since society and public authorities have a duty to alleviate problems related to animal maltreatment, as provided in specific legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community perspectives are rarely sought or integrated into dog management policy and practice. Dog management in remote communities in Australia has focused on reducing the number of dogs, which is often implemented by visiting veterinarians, despite widely-held opinions that fly-in-fly-out services provide only temporary solutions. We conducted participatory research in a group of remote communities in northern Australia to explore how dog-related problems arise and are managed, and explain their impacts from a One Health perspective. Over the course of a year, 53 residents from a range of backgrounds contributed through in-depth interviews with key community service providers, and informal semi-structured discussions with community residents. Free-roaming dogs have broader impacts on canine and human health than previously documented. Dog-keeping norms that enable free-roaming can enhance human and dog wellbeing and intra-family connectivity. This can also cause disengagement and conflict with other residents, leading to resentment and occasionally violence towards dogs. Dog-related problems are underpinned by constraints associated with remote-living, governance and differing sociocultural norms. Focusing on dog population reduction detracts from the welfare benefits and sociocultural value of free-roaming dogs and undermines community-determined management that can overcome constraints to support local values and co-promote canine and human wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have the potential to act as disease reservoirs for wildlife and are important sentinels for common circulating pathogens. Therefore, the infectious disease seroprevalence among domestic dogs in northern Botswana may be indicative of pathogen exposure of various wildlife species. The objective of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma spp., Dirofilaria immitis, canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus in domestic dogs as proxies of disease prevalence in the local wildlife in the Okavango Delta region of Botswana. Statistical analysis assessed crude and factor-specific seroprevalence proportions in relation to age, sex, and geographical location as predictors of seropositivity. Logistic regression was used to identify adjusted predictors of seropositivity for each of the pathogens of interest. Results: Samples from 233 dogs in a total of seven locations in Maun, Botswana, and surrounding villages were collected and serologically analyzed. No dogs were seropositive for B. burgdorferi, while low seroprevalence proportions were observed for Anaplasma spp. (2.2%) and D. immitis (0.9%). Higher seroprevalence proportions were observed for the tick-borne pathogen Ehrlichia spp. (21.0%), and 19.7% were seropositive for canine adenovirus (hepatitis). The highest seroprevalence proportions were for canine parvovirus (70.0%) and canine distemper virus (44.8%). The predictors of seropositivity revealed that adults were more likely to be seropositive for canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, and canine parvovirus than juveniles, and location was a risk factor for canine adenovirus, canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and Ehrlichia spp. Conclusions: Results indicate that increasing tick control and vaccination campaigns for domestic dogs may improve the health of domestic animals, and potentially wildlife and humans in the Okavango Delta since viral and vector-borne bacterial pathogens can be transmitted between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conducting effective and culturally sensitive dog health education programs in Aboriginal communities requires an understanding of appropriate adult education and community development principles. Finding relevant material can be difficult, given that many of the available resources are in the 'grey literature'. Aims and objectives: To critically review publications addressing the principles governing dog health education in remote Aboriginal communities. Methods: A critical review was performed by searching English language peer‐reviewed and grey literature databases for papers published between 2010 and 2018. Besides a small number of peer‐reviewed papers, there was an extensive list of reports, educational material, guidelines and posters and pamphlets that illustrated the principles. Only a small amount of this grey literature was selected for the review. Selection was based on the publication illustrating a specific principle of dog health education. The material was organised around educational themes highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of these publications. Results: Findings suggested that although relevant literature is scattered, there are clear processes for conducting culturally appropriate and effective dog health programs in Australian Indigenous communities. Two major principles were identified: acknowledging the effect on education of the ambiguity around the status of dogs in Aboriginal communities, and embedding programs within a social determinant of health framework or community development approach. These two principles provide guidance on negotiating educational sessions, the preparation of culturally appropriate materials, teaching sessions and what learning styles to foster and the use of a health promotion approach. Conclusions: Some contradictions exist within the literature, particularly around the use of images, and consistent with the first principle, a hesitancy to engage with Aboriginal people around the issue of dog health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is one of the most frequent anthropozoonoses on clinic of company animals, affecting about 4 to 15% of dogs and more than 20% of cats worldwide. It is also known that around 30% of infections in humans are of zoonotic cause, with transmission occuring through direct contact with infected animals, or indirectly, by the exposure to spores in the environment. Thus, the objective of the present manuscript was to perform an updated literature review about the zoonotic and public health aspects of dermatophytosis in small animals, due its highly contagious aspect and the increasing importance for public and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow was collected from 7 dogs and submitted to 3 different MSC isolation techniques (direct plating, red blood cell lysis and gradient density). The number of cells, expression of MSC markers and in vitro the osteogenic differentiation obtained from each technique were examined. In order to study in vivo the osteogenic capability of derived MSCs, non-union ulna lesions (n=3) were firstly induced by transplantation of a composite of polycarprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HAp) scaffold experimentally on to a critical-size ulna bone defect. The MSCs were injected into the lesions. The non-union sites were examined by radiography, angiography and histology at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after MSC injection. Gradient density and RBC lysis techniques yielded higher numbers of putative MSCs on day 7 of culture compared with the direct plating technique. A large proportion of isolated MSCs, irrespective of the isolation techniques, expressed all MSC markers (CD 44 and CD 90). For all MSC transplanted dogs, neither radiological changes at scaffold-ulna interface nor callus formation was observed, although all donors used demonstrated in vitro osteogenesis. At 16 weeks after MSC injection, the angiogram indicated increased neovascularization. This was confirmed by the histological finding that there was an improvement of vascularization within the thick-fibrous tissue surrounding the scaffold. Gradient density and RBC lysis treatment are suitable MSC isolation techniques, in terms of the numbers of cells obtained and also their MSC properties. However, potential use of these MSCs following injection to a non-union bone site was compromised possibly because of a lack of osteogenic stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pathology of the mammary gland is a common health issue in dogs and includes neoplasia, cysts, inflammation and infection. The use of the B-mode (US) and contrast-enhanced (CEUS) ultrasonography may aid in the diagnosis. Previous studies are currently lacking of the ultrasonic images of the mammary gland of healthy bitches in different stages of the estrous cycle and associated normal blood perfusion patterns. The purpose, therefore, was to describe the normal B-mode US and CEUS images of the mammary gland and inguinal lymph node, in six intact female beagles during five different stages of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, early and late diestrus and anestrus). Within the same stage of the estrous cycle, the size (thickness) of the caudal mammary glands increased. During early and late diestrus, all mammary glands increased in thickness and had an increased heterogeneous B-mode ultrasonic appearance. The mammary glands had a heterogeneous, disorganized perfusion pattern when assessed using CEUS. For the cranial abdominal mammary gland, the area under the curve and the mean transit time increased between estrus and late diestrus and decreased between late diestrus and anestrus. For the inguinal mammary gland, only the time to peak was longer during the periods of anestrus compared to estrus whereas all the other contrast parameters did not change during the estrous cycle. In conclusion, hormonal influences cause major changes in the size, appearance and blood perfusion of mammary glands during the estrous cycle and should be considered when evaluating pathological changes of mammary glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal femoral diaphyseal fractures in six dogs about 10-22 months old with body weight ranging from 12-25 kg were stabilized with String of Pearls (SOP) (Orthomed, UK) locking plates along with standard cortical and cancellous screws following standard AO/ASIF principles. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws was according to body weight and type of fracture (2.7mm plate for dogs below 12 kg body weight and 3.5 mm plate for dogs above 12 kg body weight) which provided good fracture stability. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with lameness grading and radiography. Postoperatively, all the animals showed weight bearing with early functional limb usage of grade I lameness and good joint mobility in an average of 7 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent in good in four cases and excellent in two cases. The average overall healing time in all the cases was 7-11 weeks. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus. Based on present study, it was concluded that, String of Pearls (SOP) locking plates were good for stabilization of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures for early limb ambulance and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patella alta is the proximal displacement of the patella within the femoral trochlea. Previous studies have identified an association between patella alta and patella luxation. Distalisation of the tibial tuberosity has been recommended to establish proximodistal alignment of the stifle extensor mechanism with the underlying femur in dogs affected by patella alta. However, a recent canine ex vivo study found stifle extensor mechanism load increased significantly following tibial tuberosity distalisation. Generation of excessive load within the stifle extensor mechanism was avoidable by performing a combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation. Case report Two dogs presented with acute onset left hindlimb lameness and medial patella luxation. The left patellar ligament length to patella length ratio was 2.37 and 2.39 in each dog (reference range 1.33–2.06), consistent with patella alta. No other stifle abnormalities were identified. Proximodistal stifle extensor mechanism alignment was corrected with a combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation. The postoperative ratio of the distance between the proximal pole of the patella and femoral condyle to patella length ratio (A : P) fell within the corrected reference range (1.52–2.44). Follow‐up orthopaedic examination and postoperative radiographs at 10–12 weeks demonstrated clinical bone union of the femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation sites. No evidence of medial patella luxation or lameness could be detected. Conclusion: A combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation technique resolved medial patella luxation with patella alta in two dogs. Additionally, the normal A : P reference interval should be corrected to 1.52–2.44. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study on the distribution of toxocarosis of dogs in Almaty. Clinico-morphological signs of toxocariasis are described. In a coprological study of 78 dogs aged between 2 months and 4 years, 24 (63.2%) had an invasion. Helminthes Toxocara canis infected 18 dogs or 47.3%. Of the total number of dogs examined, 49% were under 1 year of age, 31% were under 1 to 2 years old, 15% from 2 to 3 years, 9% from 3 to 5 years. The difference in infection (from 9% to 49%) of dogs with helminths, depending on the age, was 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine transmitted rabies kills an estimated 59,000 people annually, despite proven methods for elimination through mass dog vaccination. Challenges in directing and monitoring numerous remote vaccination teams across large geographic areas remain a significant barrier to the up-scaling of focal vaccination programmes to sub-national and national level. Smartphone technology (mHealth) is increasingly being used to enhance the coordination and efficiency of public health initiatives in developing countries, however examples of successful scaling beyond pilot implementation are rare. This study describes a smartphone app and website platform, “Mission Rabies App”, used to co-ordinate rabies control activities at project sites in four continents to vaccinate over one million dogs. Methods: Mission Rabies App made it possible to not only gather relevant campaign data from the field, but also to direct vaccination teams systematically in near real-time. The display of user-allocated boundaries on Google maps within data collection forms enabled a project manager to define each team’s region of work, assess their output and assign subsequent areas to progressively vaccinate across a geographic area. This ability to monitor work and react to a rapidly changing situation has the potential to improve efficiency and coverage achieved, compared to regular project management structures, as well as enhancing capacity for data review and analysis from remote areas. The ability to plot the location of every vaccine administered facilitated engagement with stakeholders through transparent reporting, and has the potential to motivate politicians to support such activities. Results: Since the system launched in September 2014, over 1.5 million data entries have been made to record dog vaccinations, rabies education classes and field surveys in 16 countries. Use of the system has increased year-on-year with adoption for mass dog vaccination campaigns at the India state level in Goa and national level in Haiti. Conclusions: Innovative approaches to rapidly scale mass dog vaccination programmes in a sustained and systematic fashion are urgently needed to achieve the WHO, OIE and FAO goal to eliminate canine-transmitted human deaths by 2030. The Mission Rabies App is an mHealth innovation which greatly reduces the logistical and managerial barriers to implementing large scale rabies control activities. Free access to the platform aims to support pilot campaigns to better structure and report on proof-of-concept initiatives, clearly presenting outcomes and opportunities for expansion. The functionalities of the Mission Rabies App may also be beneficial to other infectious disease interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baseline cortisol concentrations are routinely used to screen dogs for hypoadrenocorticism (HOC); this diagnosis must then be confirmed with an ACTH stimulation test. A baseline cortisol concentration less than 55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) is highly sensitive for HOC but lacks specificity, with a false positive rate >20%. Many dogs with nonadrenal disease are therefore subjected to unnecessary additional testing. It was hypothesized that exposure to an unpleasant auditory stimulus before sample collection would improve the specificity of baseline cortisol measurements in dogs with nonadrenal disease by triggering cortisol production. Twenty-eight healthy client-owned dogs were included in the study, with a median age of 4 yr (range 2–9 yr) and a median weight of 20 kg (range 10–27 kg). Dogs were ineligible for inclusion if they had received short- or long-acting glucocorticoids within the previous 30 and 90 d, respectively. Dogs were randomly assigned to group 1 (control; no noise; n = 7), group 2 (brief noise: n = 10), or group 3 (long noise: n = 11). Each dog and owner were directed to a secluded area for approximately 15 min. Group 1 sat in relative quiet, exposed only to the background sounds of a veterinary hospital. Group 2 were exposed to the sound of a wet-dry vacuum in an adjacent hallway during the first 3 min of this period. Group 3 were exposed to random bursts of wet-dry vacuum noise during this period. At the end of the test interval, each dog was escorted to an adjacent examination room for blood collection. Samples were processed within 15 min; serum was frozen at −80°C before measurement of cortisol concentrations. Median serum cortisol concentrations and the proportion of dogs with results <55 nmol/L were similar for the 3 groups. The study hypothesis that exposure to the noise of a wet-dry vacuum cleaner would consistently drive baseline serum cortisol concentrations above 55 nmol/L in dogs with apparently normal adrenal function was therefore rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne pathogens have been increasingly investigated for their impact on dog and cat health and their zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence estimates of selected vector-borne pathogens in client-owned pets from the Giza and Cairo governorates, Egypt. Out of 200 dogs and 100 cats, 94 (47%) and 23 (23%) were positive for at least one of the tested pathogens (P <0.0001). In particular, 84 (42%) dogs and 3 (3%) cats tested PCR-positive for Bartonella spp. (P <0.0001). A significantly higher prevalence of Bartonella spp. was detected in dogs from the rural areas of the Giza governorate (60/77, 79.2%, P <0.0001) compared to those from Cairo governorate. Bartonella henselae was the dominant species infecting dogs (81/200, 40.5%) followed by Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii (3/200, 1.5%), while B. henselae (2/100, 2%) and B. clarridgeiae were rare in cats. Haemoplasma DNA was detected in 17% (34/200) of dogs and 20% (20/100) of cats with increased risk in dogs from Giza rural areas (21/77, 27.27%, P =0.002) and from both dogs (16/63, 25.40%, P =0.03) and cats (7/14, 50%, P <0.002) with anemia. Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (30/200, 15%) and Mycoplasma haemocanis (4/200, 2%) in dogs and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (18/100, 18%) and M. haemofelis (2/100, 2%) in cats were detected. Additionally, 2 dogs were positive for C. burnetii DNA. Coinfections were detected in dogs, with the majority (23/200, 11.5%) including B. henselae and C. M. haematoparvum, followed by Mycoplasma haemocanis and C. M. haematoparvum (2/200, 1%) and B. henselae, C Mhp and C. burnetii (2/200, 1%). Haemoplasma infection was high in Egyptian dogs and cats with a high prevalence for zoonotic Bartonella spp. in dogs with anemia, highlighting the need to investigate these agents in the diagnostic algorithm of anemia and to adopt preventive measures to protect both animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To quantify vitamin D3 (VitD3) concentrations In commercial dog foods and compare those concentrations with Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommendations and manufacturer-reported concentrations. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE 82 commercial dog foods. PROCEDURES Samples of commercially available dog foods were obtained from owners of healthy dogs in the Guelph, ON, Canada, area and owners of dogs that were patients at the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre's Mona Campbell Centre for Animal Cancer. For each food, the VitD3 concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and adherence to AAFCO and National Research Council recommendations was assessed. Analyzed VitD3 concentrations were compared with manufacturer-reported VitD3 concentrations and between wet and dry foods, among AAFCO nutritional adequacy statements (nutrient profiles vs feeding trials and adult maintenance vs all life stages), between foods sold only by veterinarians and those sold over the counter, and between small and large manufacturers. RESULTS The analyzed VitD3 concentration was below both AAFCO and National Research Council recommendations for one sample and below the assay detection limit for another. Analyzed VitD3 concentrations did not differ significantly from manufacturer-reported VitD3 concentrations or between wet and dry foods, among foods with different AAFCO nutritional adequacy statements, between foods sold only by veterinarians and those sold over the counter, or between foods produced by small and large manufacturers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that manufacturer-reported VitD3 concentrations were accurate and that dog owners can be confident that VitD3 intake is adequate for AAFCO-compliant commercial dog foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large and giant dog breeds have a high risk for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) which is an acute, life-threatening condition. Previous work by our group identified a strong risk of GDV linked to specific alleles in innate and adaptive immune genes. We hypothesize that variation in the genes of the immune system act through modulation of the gut microbiome, or through autoimmune mechanisms, or both, to predispose dogs to this condition. Here, we investigate whether differences in the canine fecal microbiome are associated with GDV and are linked to previously identified risk alleles. Methodology/Principle findings: Fecal samples from healthy Great Danes (n = 38), and dogs with at least one occurrence of GDV (n = 37) were collected and analyzed by paired-end sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Dietary intake and temperament were estimated from a study-specific dietary and temperament questionnaire. Dogs with GDV had significantly more diverse fecal microbiomes than healthy control dogs. Alpha diversity was significantly increased in dogs with GDV, as well as dogs with at least one risk allele for DRB1 and TRL5. We found no significant association of dietary intake and GDV. Dogs with GDV showed a significant expansion of the rare lineage Actinobacteria (p = 0.004), as well as a significantly greater abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.004) and a significantly lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (p<0.004). There was a significant difference in the abundance of 10 genera but after correction for multiple comparisons, none were significant. Bacterial phyla were significantly different between controls and dogs with GDV and at least one risk allele for DRB1 and TRL5. Actinobacteria were significantly higher in dogs with GDV and with one risk allele for DRB1 and TLR5 but not DLA88 genes. Furthermore, Collinsella was significantly increased in dogs with at least one risk allele for DRB1 and TLR5. Logistic regression showed that a model which included Actinobacteria, at least one risk allele,and temperament, explained 29% of the variation in risk of GDV in Great Danes. Conclusions: The microbiome in GDV was altered by an expansion of a minor lineage and was associated with specific alleles of both innate and adaptive immunity genes. These associations are consistent with our hypothesis that immune genes may play a role in predisposition to GDV by altering the gut microbiome. Further research will be required to directly test the causal relationships of immune genes, the gut microbiome and GDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel protoparvovirus species, related genetically to human bufaviruses, was identified in dogs with respiratory signs. The canine bufavirus was distantly related to the well-known canine protoparvovirus, canine parvovirus type 2, sharing low amino acid identities in the nonstructural protein 1 (40.6%) and in the capsid protein 1 (33.4%). By screening collections of fecal, nasal, and oropharyngeal samples obtained from juvenile dogs (<1 year of age), canine bufavirus DNA appeared as a common component of canine virome. The virus was common in the stool samples of dogs with or without enteric disease and in the nasal and oropharyngeal swab samples of dogs with respiratory signs. However, the virus was not detected in nasal and oropharyngeal swab samples from animals without clinical signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to evaluate the effects of a2-adrenoceptor agonists (xylazine, medetomidine and detomidine) on clinical status and cardiopulmonary system in dogs. A total of 30 dogs were randomly assigned to 3 different groups. Following fasting period of 12 hours, xylazine (1 mg/kg IM), medetomidine (25 µ/kg IM) and detomidine (20 µg/kg IM) were administered to groups I, II and III, respectively. Body temperature, heart rates, and respiratory rates were recorded at predetermined times before and after injections. Serum electrolyte, biochemical parameters, blood gases were also evaluated in the blood samples before and after injection. ECG was recorded before, during and after sedation. Decrease in heart rate was found significant in all of the groups. Decrease in the respiration rate was statistically significant (P<0.001) for groups I and II, but not for group III. The decrease in body temperature was statistically significant (P<0.01) only in medetomidine group. Regarding to the biochemical parameters, the increase in blood glucose level was only statistically significant (P<0.05) in group I. Bradycardia, sinoatrial block, 20 Mobitz Type I, and 20 Mobitz Type II block were observed in all groups according to the ECG. Only in medetomidine group, heart rhythm disorders such as escape beat and escape rhythm were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arterial blood pressure (BP) can be measured directly using an invasive intra-arterial method. This method is considered a gold standard, however it is potentially hazardous and requires expensive equipment and professional skills. Therefore, two non-invasive methods–Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry and oscillometry–have been introduced in veterinary medicine. Their accuracy has so far been reliably evaluated in various animal species, however only one study included a small group of goats. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale study which aimed to evaluate agreement between the two non-invasive methods and invasive intra-arterial BP measurement in anesthetized goats at various age. The study included 122 goats of two Polish local breeds (Polish White Improved and Polish Fawn Improved): 67 adult females, 35 adult males, and 20 two-month-old female kids. Goats were anesthetized with the intravenous mixture of xylazine and ketamine. BP was measured simultaneously with the three methods in each goat with 7 measurements on average taken. The study showed that according to the criteria of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) oscillometric method yielded BP measurements sufficiently consistent with invasive intra-arterial method in anesthetized adult goats– 95% of oscillometric BP measurements were expected to differ from invasive BP measurements by at most ±20–25 mmHg. The agreement was worse in goat kids–oscillometry significantly overestimated invasive BP measurements, which resulted in highly asymmetrical 95% limits of agreement. Doppler systolic BP very poorly conformed to invasive systolic BP both in adult goats and in kids and all the ACVIM criteria were violated. Concluding, oscillometry, but not Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, may be regarded as an alternative to invasive BP measurement in large-scale scientific studies involving adult goats, however, individual oscillometric BP measurements should be treated with caution as estimated 95% limits of agreement were wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative breeding is an excellent example of cooperation in social groups. Domestic dogs have evolved from cooperatively hunting and breeding ancestors but have adapted to a facultatively social scavenging lifestyle on streets, and solitary living in human homes. Pets typically breed and reproduce under human supervision, but free-ranging dogs can provide insights into the natural breeding ecology of dogs. We conducted a five year-long field based behavioural study on parental care of free-ranging dogs in India. 23 mother-litter units, belonging to 15 groups were observed, which revealed the presence of widespread allo-parenting by both adult males and females. While all the females were known to be related to the pups receiving care, the relatedness with the males could not be determined. Hence, we coined the term “putative father” for caregiving males. Allomothers provided significantly less care than the mothers, but the putative fathers showed comparable levels of care with the mothers. Mothers invested more effort in nursing and allogrooming, while the putative fathers played and protected more. Our observations provide support for both the “benefit-of-philopatry” and “assured fitness returns” hypotheses. Free-ranging dogs are not cooperative breeders like wolves but are rather communal breeders; their breeding biology bearing interesting similarities with the human joint family system. This breeding strategy is likely to have played an important role in increasing pup survival in a stochastic environment and helping to adapt to living among humans during the domestication of dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]