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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is also referred to as 3D printing and rapid prototyping. It is a revolutionary technology that produces 99.99% dense parts directly from 3D CAD data using the powder bed fusion process known as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Metal 3D printing is an ideal process for complex oil and gas components, custom medical guides, part-consolidated aerospace parts and tough functional prototypes. This paper reviews about the introduction to metal 3D printing. It covers the basic principles of SLM and DMLS, the key benefits and limitations of the technology.

This erratum corrects errors that appeared in the paper “Surface Bonding Graphene-Based Elastomeric Sensor: Preliminary Characterization of Adhesion Strength” which was published in Proceedings of the ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, (V001T01A002), September 2019, SMASIS2019-5578, doi: 10.1115/SMASIS2019-5578.

This paper deals about the importance of composites as engineering materials which is reflected by the fact that most of the materials which are available in the market are composites. These composites replaced cast iron and bronze alloys due to their poor wear and seizure resistance. Due to the wide choice of materials, today's engineers are posed with a big challenge for the right selection of a material and the right selection of a manufacturing process for an application. There are more than 50,000 materials available to engineers for the design and manufacturing of products for various applications. In the present study, based on literature review, the effect of Boron Carbide particle reinforcements are finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. This is mainly due to improved mechanical and tribological properties like strong, stiff abrasion and impact resistant and it is not easily corroded. In a review of different researchers have been made to consolidate some of the aspects of mechanical and wear behaviour of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Boron Carbide particles.

The above referenced paper has been removed from publication. (March 10, 2020) Copyright © 2020 by ASME

Large infrastructure projects are complex, difficult and expensive. They are found in the transportation, energy, and communications sectors. These include projects for aerospace, and construction of public works and utilities, airports, sea ports, rail, highways and bridges, among others. They are subject to the requirements of a multitude of stakeholders, take many years to build, are often influenced by politics, and can lack focus or involve scope creep. They are also subject to laws and regulations, operational concepts, site conditions, external interfaces and utilities, industrial codes and standards, operator needs, the public interest and other influences. Projects often suffer several types of problems caused by inadequately determining, engineering and managing requirements. For example, contractual and regulatory commitments can be overlooked. Requirements do not flow down to subcontractors or suppliers. Requirements are incomplete, unclear and subject to widely varying interpretations. Projects have difficulty demonstrating requirements were met. Examples of projects where virtually all of these problems occurred include the Millennium Dome in the UK which was bankrupt shortly after opening (Projects, 2012), and the Freedom Tower (New World Trade Center) in New York City (Time, 2005). Solving these and other issues drive the need for more formal approach to managing these projects. There is a significant advantage to be gained by the adoption of systems engineering methods within the remainder of the infrastructure sectors. The INCOSE Infrastructure Working Group was formed to demonstrate how systems engineering can assist with infrastructure projects. As a part of that effort, we have created a drawbridge model to demonstrate how Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) can assist engineers in defining clear requirements, defining scope, demonstrating regulatory compliance, identifying stakeholders, etc. It uses the Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF (UPDM) and the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). This paper will describe the model and demonstrate how the different aspects of MBSE help infrastructure projects. The model contains close to 100 diagrams and reports, so size constraints of the paper mean that only selected parts of the model can be described. For the complete model, visit the IWG area of the INCOSE website. http://www.incose.org/practice/techactivities/wg/infrastructure/

Thin-walled tubular Crash box are extensively used as energy absorbers in numerous automotive and aerospace applications as a result of their higher energy absorption capacity. In past lot of research has been done on crash tubes. Crash box of various cross section/shape and materials have been analyzed. Some researchers have done quasi-static analysis whereas some have gone for dynamic analysis. Just in case of energy absorption through dynamic impact, Speed of impact & momentum of impact are influential factors. The dimensions viz. lengths, width, wall thickness, material, and loading conditions were also varied. Crash box with metallic/structural foam filling, multi-cell or tapered crash boxes have also been studied for axial or oblique loading conditions. Some researchers have used finite element based software's for their study while others used experimental method. Review of all the above factors & their effect on energy absorption capability of tubes is taken into account during this paper, based on which the parameters will be selected for further research.

Quantitative engineering analysis of parachutes and inflatables has been part of the routine design process since the days of World War II. But in most cases, the shear complexity in which their flexible structure interact both externally and internally with the surrounding air demands that empirical data be used to either validate or supplement such analysis. Advanced modeling embodied in the techniques of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Computational Structure Dynamics (CSD) and Fluid-Structure Interactions (FSI) has great potential for diminishing such reliance. But even though its application to aerodynamic decelerator systems (ADS) has been under consideration for the past four decades, progress has been painfully slow and the results rarely integrated into today's engineering design practice. This report aims at discussing why advanced modeling has not reached the level of practical use that has occurred in other aerospace fields. Such lack of progress origins partly from advanced modeling requiring substantial human resources that are not usually associated with parachute programs (expertise in computational methods in particular). Moreover, the extensive experimental database for Verification and Validation needed to support advanced modeling development is missing. This white paper begins with a pedagogical review of the most current implementations of CFD, CSD and/or FSI in the context of ADS applications. This is followed by a discussion of both non-ADS and ADS examples in which advanced modeling has been shown to yield interesting and relevant results. The report also identifies the type of data and measurement techniques that are needed for V&V, as well as the most pressing challenges - both theoretical and empirical - that are impeding progress. The paper ends with a series of recommendations for action items to be considered in the near and long terms.

This paper presents a project conducted at Bombardier Aerospace aimed at shortening span time and reducing duplicated effort during design. The current design processes were modeled at a high level of detail and analyzed for opportunities for improvement. After investigation of the critical paths and duplicated tasks, suggestions were proposed to add resources to critical tasks and to eliminate duplicated tasks by having only one department do them for all departments. Simulation of the suggested scenarios showed that span time could be reduced by more than 20% with almost no change in effort.

Commercial-off-the-shelf photonic components designed for datacenter or industrial applications do not typically satisfy the environmental ruggedness requirements of aerospace applications. In order to reduce costs and schedule risk for insertion of photonic components into these harsh-environment applications, we developed ruggedized photonic transceiver modules for aerospace fiber-optic datalink applications up to 5 Gbps. We then performed reliability and environmental testing to demonstrate that these modules meet or exceed many of the requirements of these applications. In this paper we present performance characteristics and results of reliability and environmental tests for these transceiver components.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched new research aiming at realizing low resource and frequent space science mission. We report the development activity for realizing miniaturization of onboard equipment using SpaceWire. The technology development target is the miniaturization of onboard units, which are small enough for deploying interplanetary mission with small rockets as Epsilon Launch Vehicles. Since SpaceWire interface consists of full digital circuitries and its communication protocol enables hardware implementation, Large Scale Integration (LSI) technology, surface mounting technology (SMT), and ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packages are exploited for the miniaturization of onboard equipment with communication interfaces. The preliminary result shows that one half and/or one third in scale and mass can be realized.

The Aerospace Force: Defending America in the 21st Century is a white paper and a key pillar to the new Air Force Vision. At the dawn of the new millennium, the Air Force is directing its strategic vision to meet the nation's requirements within a rapidly changing world. As a key pillar to the strategic vision, this document presents the Air Force view of the future of aerospace power. It pays tribute to those who led the Air Force into the air and then into space, and challenges the leaders of the next generation to take advantage of the synergies inherent in aerospace capabilities. It provides the conceptual foundation for the full spectrum aerospace force and establishes the context for the Aerospace Integration Plan that outlines the next steps the Air Force will take on its aerospace journey. The message of The Aerospace Force applies to the entire Air Force community, but this document is primarily for those of you who will be a part of, and will lead, the Air Force in the 21st Century. To succeed as tomorrow's aerospace leaders, your charge is to continue molding our air and space capabilities into a seamless force. Your support in the integration of air and space systems will lead to advances in our warfighting capabilities, new concepts of operations, and new technologies throughout the aerospace continuum. Your legacy will be a full spectrum aerospace force that is organized, trained, and equipped to control and exploit the aerospace continuum. It is our mission and our future-take us there.

On September 26, 2002, NASA announced that a consortium of six universities including: The University of Maryland, Virginia Tech, The University of Virginia, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina State University, and Georgina Tech had submitted the winning proposal for a National Institute of Aerospace. The Institute began formal operations in January of 2003 in Hampton, VA, and its mission included research, education, outreach, and technology transfer. One important focus of the NIA was to stimulate research among its member universities of potential benefit to NASA and to develop additional partnerships to further NIA focus areas. The work described in this paper is such an activity in bio-inspired actuator materials. This work was originally advocated and developed at Inha University, and it is being extended by teams from Inha University, North Carolina A&T State University, and NASA Langley so that the potential for these actuators as devices for special applications is better understood. This paper focuses on important performance characteristics of electro-active paper (EAPap) actuators and the potential of thes actuators to propel autonomous devices. EAPap is a paper that produces large displacement with small force under an electrical excitation. EAPap is made with chemically treated papers with electrodes on both outer surfaces. When electrical voltage is applied to the electrodes, a tip displacement is produced. One drawback in such actuators is that the actual power produced is variable, and the displacement is relatively unstable. Further, the performance tends to degrade in time and as a function of how the papers are processed. Environmental factors also impact the performance of the product including temperature and humidity. The use of such materials in ambulatory devices requires attention to these concerns and further research is needed to find what initial applications are most congruent with EAPap performance and service lift. In this paper, we have extended the knowledge base of EAPap to include additional ranges of temperature and humidity. We have also looked beyond the current tests on cantilevered beam actuators to segmented plate sections and have tested the ability of these actuators to perform as oscillatory devices both in and out of phase, and to chart their performance vs. time humidity and temperature thus emulating a rudimentary wing or walking assembly.

Full qualification for commercial photonic parts as defined by the Military specification system in the past, is not feasible. Due to changes in the photonic components industry and the Military specification system that NASA had relied upon so heavily in the past, an approach to technology validation of commercial off the shelf parts had to be devised. This approach involves knowledge of system requirements, environmental requirements and failure modes of the particular components under consideration. Synthesizing the criteria together with the major known failure modes to formulate a test plan is an effective way of establishing knowledge based "qualification". Although this does not provide the type of reliability assurance that the Military specification system did in the past, it is an approach that allows for increased risk mitigation. The information presented will introduce the audience to the technology validation approach that is currently applied at NASA for the usage of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) fiber optic components for space flight environments. The focus will be on how to establish technology validation criteria for commercial fiber products such that continued reliable performance is assured under the harsh environmental conditions of typical missions. The goal of this presentation is to provide the audience with an approach to formulating a COTS qualification test plan for these devices. Examples from past NASA missions will be discussed.

"We are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a space and air force."1 Less than two years after announcing this latest vision, the Air Force changed the terminology from "air and space" to "aerospace." The vision is certainly plausible, but there is a tremendous difference between adopting a particularly appealing bumper sticker slogan and implementing a real plan to accomplish the transition to an aerospace force. This project looks to the history of US naval aviation to determine if the effort to integrate aviation into the Navy from 1921 to 1941 provides a suitable framework for the Air Force to emulate as it integrates space into Air Force operations. The intent of this comparison is to measure the progress of space integration into the Air Force against this historical precedent, to identify areas suggested that would benefit from increased attention, and to recommend improvements that could facilitate the integration of space power into the Air Force. Global Engagements call to integrate space into the Air Force is the third such initiative since 1989.2 That the Air Force began such a course of action again in 1997 implies that it did not fully integrate space during the previous two attempts. Remarks from the most senior levels of the Air Force suggest that the latest integration program is off to a slow start. Early in his tenure as chief of staff of the Air Force, Gen Michael E. Ryan said the concept of becoming a space and air force is a "good road map, a good glide path for us. It's now up to us to go out and execute it. "3 Gen Howell M. Estes III, former commander of Air Force Space Command, said, "I would have to say that the Air Force still has a long way to go in becoming an air and space force, much less a space and air force, and that's not a surprise to anybody.

Smart materials and related technologies have been drawing an increasing amount of attention from researchers in related fields worldwide. In the past decade, smart materials and structures has been one of the most progressive fields of research. Recently developed materials and devices have been used to address many challenges in aerospace, mechanical, bionics and medical technologies. The progress made in developing advanced materials and devices is impressive and encouraging. The theme of this special section is smart actuators and applications. This is one of the research areas of smart materials and structures that is recognized as an essential aspect of smart technologies. Therefore, we have organized this special section to promote the development of technology as well as international communication in this field. In the section, current progress in the field of smart materials and structures is presented. The papers published cover the most recent research results in the development of several different kinds of smart materials (e.g. fiber-reinforced shape memory polymer composites, electro-rheological fluids, electro-active papers, shape memory alloys etc). In addition, applications of the materials in smart structures are also included. We believe that the papers published in this special section will be found to provide the latest information and will encourage more researchers to make their contribution to this field of research. The eight papers in the special section were selected from the proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology 2007 (SMN 2007). The conference was held at the Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China (1–4 July 2007). The conference was an effort to integrate smart materials and nanotechnology with applications from bioengineering to photonics, with an emphasis on application in aerospace engineering. It also addressed and predicted novel developments in this research field. The papers were carefully selected to be representative of over 290 contributions presented at the conference. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the authors for their hard work and excellent contributions. The valuable progress and significant research results in the field of smart materials and applications deserve to be treasured. We would also like to express our gratitude to all the reviewers for their support and suggestions, thus ensuring the quality of the papers and permitting the publication of this special section.

With its contribution to trade, its coupling with national security, and its symbolism of U.S. technological strength, the U.S. aerospace industry holds a unique position in the Nation's industrial structure. Federal science and technology policy and Federal scientific and technical information (STI) policy loom important as strategic contributions to the U.S. aerospace industry's leading competitive position. However, three fundamental policy problems exist. First, the United States lacks a coherent STI policy and a unified approach to the development of such a policy. Second, policymakers fail to understand the relationship of STI to science and technology policy. Third, STI is treated as a part of general information policy, without any recognition of its uniqueness. This paper provides an overview of the Federal information policy structure as it relates to STI and frames the policy issues that require resolution.

As part of Phase 4 of the NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project, two pilot studies were conducted that investigated the technical communications practices of Israeli and U.S. aerospace engineer and scientists. Both studies had the same five objectives: first, to solicit the opinions of aerospace engineers and scientists regarding the importance of technical communications to their profession; second, to determine the use and production of technical communications by aerospace engineers and scientists; third, to seek their views about the appropriate content of an undergraduate course in technical communications; fourth, to determine aerospace engineers' and scientists' use of libraries, technical information centers, and on-line databases; and fifth, to determine the sue and importance of computer and information technology to them. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to randomly selected U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists who are working in cryogenics, adaptive walls, and magnetic suspension. A slightly modified version was sent to Israeli aerospace engineers and scientists working in the Israel Aircraft Industries, LTD. Responses of the Israeli and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists to selected questions are presented in this paper.

This paper is based on the premise that scientific and technical information (STI), its use by aerospace engineers and scientists, and the aerospace research and development (R&D) process are related. We intend to support this premise with data gathered from numerous studies concerned with STI, the relationship of STI to the performance and management of R&D activities, and the information use and seeking behavior of engineers in general and aerospace engineers and scientists in particular. We intend to develop and present a synthesized appreciation of how aerospace R&D managers can improve the efficacy of the R&D process by understanding the role and value of STI in this process.

British Aerospace has a long history in the design and development of optical gyros. The closed loop fiber optic gyro using the interferometric gyro architecture operating at 1.3 micron wavelength has been the principal development in recent years. Parallel digital data is output within a 70 mm cube gyro package. Performance data is presented for these gyros covering a rate range of +/- 1000 deg/sec under various environmental conditions. A resonator fiber optic gyro is also under development. Design principles are reviewed and ranges of application are given.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

N. Albion, L. Figueroa, C. S. Hong, 0. Gangsaas,0. Mendoza, J. Polky, and C. PorterBoeing Defense & Space GroupP0 Box 3999, M/S 7J-05Seattle, WA 98124-2499(206) 865-3135Over the last several years, it has become widely recognized that electromagnetic interlerence(EMI), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), high intensity radio frequency (HIRF), and new threats,such as directed-energy weapons, can jeopardize the flight safety of vehicles with Fly-By-Wire(FBW) systems, unless adequate shielding precautions are taken. In addition, the long-termtrend is for the aerospace community to increasingly use composite materials in airframes, thuseliminating the shielding inherent to the metal skins used in the past. Lastly, with the increasinguse of computers and digital transmissions, the electrical power and data distribution channels

The rapid development of the field of Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures, and Materials Systems led the Aerospace Division ASMS TC to launch the new annual SMASIS conference in 2008. The conference focuses on the multi-disciplinary challenges of developing new multifunctional materials and implementing them in advanced systems. The research spans length scales from nano-structured materials to civil, air, and space structures. The first conference consisted of six symposia, each focusing on a different research area. This special issue of Smart Materials and Structures summarizes some of the top research presented at the 2008 SMASIS conference in the materials-focused symposia. These symposia focused on the behavior and mechanics of active materials, on multifunctional materials, and on bio-inspired materials. The behavior and mechanics of active materials is an approach that combines observed material behavior with mechanism-based models that not only give insight into the observed behavior, but guide the development of new materials. This approach has been applied to shape memory metals and polymers, ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, and recently to multiferroic materials, and has led to considerable improvements in our understanding of multi-field phenomena. Multifunctional materials are the next generation of active materials. These materials include structural, sensing, and actuation components integrated into a material system. A natural extension of multifunctional materials is a new class of bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials range from detailed bio-mimicry of sensing and self healing materials to nano and microstructures that take advantage of features observed in biological systems. The Editors would like to express their sincere thanks to all of the authors for their contributions to this special issue on 'Adaptive and Active Materials' for Smart Materials and Structures. We convey our gratitude to all of the reviewers for their time and dedication. We thank IOP Publishing for their support and encouragement of this special issue and the staff for their special attention and timely response.

Recently, the development of smart materials and structures (SMS), at the levels of micro and nanoscale, has grown rapidly due to the requirement of an increasing safety margin of all infrastructure, biomedical and engineering (automotive, aerospace and marine) elements. The name 'smart' means that a structure (or a material) should be able to respond to environmental changes or external impacts to keep it in a safe condition, without substantially changing its original functionalities. Embedding sensor and actuator technology is one of the most popular topics of all SMS disciplines, because these sensors and actuators are very small and do not influence the mechanical, thermal and geometrical properties of the host structures. Ideally, these sensors and actuators are also connected to the central system (commonly called the 'brain') to analyze the condition and control the necessary reaction of the structures. Recent research on SMS has been mainly focused on embedding tiny sensors and actuators into advanced composite materials. The main reason is because advanced composites have been widely adopted for building large life-concerned structures, like airplanes (both Airbus A380 and Boeing 787). A large portion of their structures are made by carbon and glass fiber composites. Most of the rotor blades of helicopters are also made of advanced composites in order to reduce their weight and keep sufficient strength to maintain their stiffness. However, these structures are subject to many uncertain influences, such as excitation by unpredictable incoming wind with a frequency close to the natural frequency of the structures, for example, blade?vortex interaction. As a result, abnormal vibration and noise may be induced that is severely harmful to the structures. In this special issue, several types of smart materials and devices that are used for ensuring the safety of structures are introduced. It includes: piezoelectric sensors and actuators, nanoconductive particles, shape memory alloys and magneto-rheological elastomers for advanced composite applications. The editors would like to express their sincere appreciation and thanks to all the authors for their scientific contribution to this special issue on 'Smart Composite Materials' for Smart Materials and Structures. We convey our gratitude to all the reviewers for their time and dedication. We applaud IOP Publishing for their support and encouragement of this special issue and the staff for their special attention and timely response.

Descriptive and analytical data regarding the flow of aerospace-based scientific and technical information (STI) in the academic community are presented. An overview is provided of the Federal Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project, illustrating a five-year program on aerospace knowledge diffusion. Preliminary results are presented of the project's research concerning the information-seeking habits, practices, and attitudes of U.S. aerospace engineering and science students and faculty. The type and amount of education and training in the use of information sources are examined. The use and importance ascribed to various information products by U.S. aerospace faculty and students including computer and other information technology is assessed. An evaluation of NASA technical reports is presented and it is concluded that NASA technical reports are rated high in terms of quality and comprehensiveness, citing Engineering Index and IAA as the most frequently used materials by faculty and students.

Aerospace and defense during the next few years will be dominated by the active matrix liquid crystal display, which became the preferred avionics displays technology in 1992. The trend just begun to replace electromechanical and cathode ray tube technologies with newer flat panel displays will accelerate in the 2000–2010 period as the commercial market continues its move towards digital flat television. Beyond 2010 high definition displays will begin to have a significant impact on fielded air fleets, with ultrahigh definition and even true three-D displays beyond 2020. By 2050 filly immersive cockpits may be anticipated for air and space vehicles and their simulators.