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Extracting gas from unconventional shale reservoirs with low permeability is challenging. To overcome this, hydraulic fracturing (HF) is employed. Despite enhancing shale gas production, HF has drawbacks like groundwater pollution and induced earthquakes. Such issues highlight the need for ongoing exploration of novel shale gas extraction methods such as in situ heating through combustion or pyrolysis to mitigate operational and environmental concerns. In this study, thermally immature shales of contrasting organic richness from Rajmahal Basin of India were heated to different temperatures (pyrolysis at 350, 500 and 650 °C) to assess the temperature protocols necessary for hydrocarbon liberation and investigate the evolution of pore structural facets with implications for CO2 sequestration in underground thermally treated shale horizons. Our results from low-pressure N2 adsorption reveal reduced adsorption capacity in the shale splits treated at 350 and 500 ºC, which can be attributed to structural reworking of the organic matter within the samples leading to formation of complex pore structures that limits the access of nitrogen at low experimental temperatures. Consequently, for both the studied samples BET SSA decreased by ∼58% and 72% at 350 °C, and ∼67% and 68% at 500 °C, whereas average pore diameter increased by ∼45% and 91% at 350 °C, and ∼100% and 94% at 500 °C compared to their untreated counterparts. CO2 adsorption results, unlike N2, revealed a pronounced rise in micropore properties (surface area and volume) at 500 and 650 ºC (∼30%–35% and ∼41%–63%, respectively for both samples), contradicting the N2 adsorption outcomes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images complemented the findings, showing pore structures evolving from microcracks to collapsed pores with increasing thermal treatment. Analysis of the SEM images of both samples revealed a notable increase in average pore width (short axis): by ∼4 and 10 times at 350 °C, ∼5 and 12 times at 500 °C, and ∼10 and 28 times at 650 °C compared to the untreated samples. Rock-Eval analysis demonstrated the liberation of almost all pyrolyzable kerogen components in the shales heated to 650 °C. Additionally, the maximum micropore capacity, identified from CO2 gas adsorption analysis, indicated 650 °C as the ideal temperature for in situ conversion and CO2 sequestration. Nevertheless, project viability hinges on assessing other relevant aspects of shale gas development such as geomechanical stability and supercritical CO2 interactions in addition to thermal treatment. Highlights: Insitu thermal treatment of shales for liberation of hydrocarbons and CO2 sequestration. Significant changes in shale geochemistry and pore properties with increasing temperatures of treatment. Visualizing thermally induced pore evolution in shale: microcracks to collapsed pores. Limitations of N2 in accessing complex pore structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern about indoor air quality in various micro-environments has been on the rise as buildings are vulnerable to an array of contaminants generated from various sources. The study aims to investigate and highlight the pollutant sources and composition in middle-income residential spaces through a case study approach. With large migration from small towns and saturation of megacities, the middle-income population in tier-2 cities in India is on the rise, raising concern about the well-being of the dense urban population. It involves a careful selection of typical MIG housing to identify major pollution sources from outdoor and indoor environments. The focus lies in the findings stemming from continuous air quality monitoring of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, HCHO, TVOC, CO and C6H6 and an in-depth physio-chemical analysis facilitated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (A-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy of settled household dust. Analysis unveiled indoor PM2.5 concentrations of 21.93 µg/m3, exceeding WHO standards, whereas, TVOC concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors. Stark disparities between indoor and outdoor dust compositions and sources were also observed. Despite limitations, it provides a portrait of middle-income housing conditions, offering insights for interventions and future research on indoor air quality challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic has emerged as a global threat owing to its chronic ubiquity and persistence. Microplastics' small size expedites their ingestion at each trophic level causing biomagnification and bioaccumulation, which has raised public concerns. The present study isolated, quantified and characterized the abundance, shape, size, color, and chemical composition of the microplastics from water and sediments of the Hirakud Reservoir through a scanning electron microscope and FTIR. The ecological risk associated with the microplastics was assessed using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method to derive the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) value and risk quotient (RQ). The abundance of microplastics in the surface water and sediments of the Hirakud Reservoir was estimated at 82-89 particles/L and 159-163 particles/kg, respectively. Fiber-shaped microplastics dominated both surface water (46.21%) and sediment samples (44.86%). Small-sized microplastics (53-300 μm) prevailed in all samples. Color delineation exhibited an abundance of transparent microplastics. Chemical characterization indicated the dominance of polypropylene (38%), followed by high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polystyrene. The calculated PNEC value was 3,954 particles/m³, and the RQ was estimated to be 0.02073-0.04122 indicating negligible ecological risk to freshwater species in all the sampling sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anterior composite restorations present many aesthetic challenges for clinicians. Direct veneers provide chairside advantages such as evaluating tooth anatomy, shade selection, and correcting tooth morphology according to the patient's desire. In today's world, the use of digitalisation and 3D-printed models has grown. However, limitations of these are unknown and a research gap exists, with surface roughness being a major issue. Aim: To evaluate the surface roughness of clear silicon templates fabricated over 3D-printed models, blue inlay wax and dental stone. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study utilised both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was conducted at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The study was completed over three months. A total of 36 surfaces of clear silicone template (Exaclear) were obtained from two blocks each of 3D-printed model, blue inlay wax, and dental stone, measuring 30Ã--10Ã--10 mm. These blocks were divided into six units of 10Ã--5 mm (N=36) and were divided into three groups: 1) 3D-printed model; 2) Blue inlay wax; 3) Dental stone. Surface roughness was evaluated using a surface roughness tester and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Quantitative analysis of surface roughness was done using the surface roughness tester, and qualitative analysis was done using SEM. Statistical analysis was done using the posthoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test and statistical software SPSS Version 20.0. Results: The quantitative analysis showed the highest Roughness average (Ra) value mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for Group 1 (11.97±4.43 μm), followed by Group 3 (2.42±1.07 μm) and Group 2 (0.63±0.86 μm). SEM showed the presence of voids only in Group 1. Conclusion: Surface roughness of clear silicon template fabricated on wax surface is less as compared to templates fabricated on 3-D printed models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asurabandha area on the southern side of the main Sukinda Ultramafic Complex (SUC) in the State of Odisha hosts some irregular and sporadic chromitite bodies which are completely detached from the main SUC. The isolated chromitite bodies are highly altered. Chromitite samples from these isolated bodies have been studied using a polarising petrological microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer and the findings are presented here. In this area, we have identified the associated silicate minerals with chromite to be primarily opal-CT and quartz, contrary to the conventional Fe–Mg silicates such as olivine, pyroxene, or serpentine, although in few instances, the Fe–Mg silicates are identified. The original Fe–Mg silicates have almost completely been replaced by the silica polymorphs. Occurrences of opal-CT and quartz have been identified from their prominent X-ray diffraction peaks at d-spacing of 4.10 Å (with a shoulder peak at 4.32 Å) and 3.34 Å, respectively. The phase compositions are also confirmed by SEM-EDAX analyses. The average composition of opal-CT was found to be (in wt.%) SiO2: 95.41, MgO: 1.75 and FeO: 1.74. The presence of MgO and FeO in the composition of opal-CT, along with relict mesh-like micro-structures, indicate its formation by silicification/opalization from serpentines. A low-temperature hydrothermal alteration process driven by Si- and CO2-rich fluids through fractures and fault zones might have caused the removal of Mg and Fe from primary ultramafic silicate minerals and precipitation of opal-CT. This replacement process involved the initial dissolution of serpentine with preferential leaching of the metallic ions (Mg, Fe) and simultaneous precipitation of amorphous silica to form possibly opal-A in the beginning and then to opal-CT which subsequently transforms to microquartz because of the ordering of structure and removal of water through the dissolution–precipitation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desmostachya bipinnata (Dharbe grass) has been used as a sacred plant in many of the rituals in India. A composite was prepared using hand layup using Desmostachya bipinnata particle with mesh size of 600microns. The specimens were evaluated for tensile, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The specimens were also investigated using scanning electron microscope. It is observed that the composite yielded better results in terms of tensile strength, but the results obtained for electromagnetic shielding effectiveness were not encouraging. The insufficient electromagnetic shielding effectiveness might be attributed to the size, shape, or distribution of the Desmostachya bipinnata particles within the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before proceeding with any type of analysis, the condition of preservation of microfossil shells must be determined. Preservation of the shell affects tasks, such as holotype specimen selection, distribution chart, and specimen selection for geochemical analysis. The typical way to determine the degree of alteration is to use a visual examination under the stereo microscope. The deviation of visual characteristics such as colour and smoothness of the shell surface from unaltered shells depicts the alteration status. However, our eyes are frequently misled by the roughness of the shell created by tiny crystals that form due to recrystallization during the diagenesis process and are perceived to be smooth. In turn, the shell is regarded as well-preserved. To address these limitations, we have analyzed scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of ostracod shells using ImageJ, an image processing software, to determine the roughness parameters based on the grey value of the image. In addition, we compared the values of several parameters with different types of alterations, such as recrystallization and dissolution. This study aims to characterize the surface roughness of eight selected ostracod specimens from Middle Callovian to Upper Oxfordian beds of the southern part of Mainland Kachchh. The selected eight species - Cytherella masuguluensis, Progonocythere sp. A, Progonocythere jaisalmerensis, Bythocypris rajasthanensis, Paracypris contermia, Galliaecytheridea remota, Cytherelloidea sp. A, Cytherelloidea sp. B - belong to six genera and five families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Passive Microvolume Irrigation (PMI) with Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been proposed as a new method for root canal disinfection. It is based on the concept that irregular surface characteristics of endodontic instruments can carry NaOCl into the canal space with controlled fluid volume, without applying any pressure. Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of 3% and 5% NaOCl PMI, Saline PMI, and 3% NaOCl Standard Irrigation (SI) in removing the Smear Layer (SL) from the root canal walls at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Vishnu Dental College, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted in February 2018. Forty maxillary central incisors with a single canal, extracted within three months of the study, were collected. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=10) based on the irrigation method: Group-1 (3.0% NaOCl SI), Group-2 (3.0% NaOCl PMI), Group-3 (5.0% NaOCl PMI), and Group-4 (Saline PMI). All samples were instrumented upto F4 size with Protaper rotary files, and a final rinse of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used. SL removal was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney-U tests. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in SL removal between 3.0% NaOCl SI, 3.0% NaOCl PMI, and 5.0% NaOCl PMI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canals. However, 5.0% NaOCl PMI showed significantly higher efficiency in SL removal at the cervical third compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Passive microvolume irrigation with 3% and 5% NaOCl showed comparable efficacy to 3% hypochlorite SI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic (MP) is a contaminant presently causing a significant environmental risk. The present study aims to extract, measure, and classify MP in sediment samples from two seasons (monsoon and summer) in Noyyal River, South India. Microplastic was separated from sediments using the Sediment Microplastic Isolation technique. Microplastics were detected in four forms: foams, films, fragments, and fibres. Dominant polymer types during monsoon are Polystyrene (29%), Polycarbonate (13%), Nylon (13%), and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (13%). Throughout summer, Polystyrene (17%) was the prevalent polymer type, followed by Nylon (14%), Polycarbonate (11%), and Polyvinyl Chloride (9%). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) demonstrated that MPs exhibit diverse surface morphologies, including foamy, fibrous, and granular nature. It also shows tearing and fracturing of MPs and aging, indicating substantial summer degradation. Using Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) and Pollution Load Index (PLI), MP vulnerability in sediments indicates that despite lesser PLI, the MPs pose an extreme danger threat to the environment during the summer season compared to the monsoon. The study thus provides insight into the seasonal variation of MPs and their threat in Noyyal River sediments, which will aid in formulating guidelines for the minimization of MPs in river systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kolialota (Paederia cruddasiana Prain), a vine belonging of the family Rubiaceae often used by traditional healers in Assam, India for treating bone fractures with sound results. However, there is no systematic research on the phytochemicals as well as on anabolic actions in bone healing. The study was taken up to analyze the phytochemicals and their biochemical activities present in the leaves of Kolialota. Results clearly refer to the terpenoids and flavonoids, which were found to be abundantly present in the leaves giving significant antioxidant properties. Among the tested extracts, methanolic extract was found to contain higher amounts of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. In addition, the leaf extract was found to contain the high amount of calcium (3993 µg/L ) conformed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive analysis. Further, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopic studies also confirmed the presence of certain phytochemicals such as lidocaine and 4 dehydroxy-n-tyramine that are associated with bone anabolic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A detailed mineralogical characterization study. • A feasibility study for the potential utilization of coal gasification ash. • First time study of a coal gasification waste generated from an Indian plant. • Optical and stereomicroscopy, FESEM with EDS, XRF, SEM-EDX, XRD, and TGA applied. This work aims to perform the applied mineralogical characterization of coal gasification ash (CGA) generated from a commercial fixed bed downdraft gasification plant in eastern India. Analytical and characterization techniques such as stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) attached, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer associated scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied for analyzing the coal and the corresponding gasification ash sample. These analytical techniques illustrate that SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 are the major gasification ash phases, accounting for almost 85% of the entire CGA composition. The dominant mineral phases, such as quartz, mullite, and other aluminosilicates, provide an opportunity for utilization in construction and refractory material manufacturing. Moreover, confirming the presence of rare and valuable earth elements (RVEEs) in the CGA sample with SEM-EDX analysis unearths a new application window in meeting the requirement of the RVEEs starved nation like India, where very few commercial-scale coal gasification units are operational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spore balls of false smut of rice caused by Ustilagonoidea virens were collected from different major rice belts of eastern part of India. Ten isolates from ten different locations were collected and isolated in the laboratory for their, cultural, morphological and molecular characterization. Potato sucrose agar media was used for their cultural studies and observation on colony diameter, colour and sporulation were made. Spores of all the isolates were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope for spore size, spine length and colour. Differences in colony characters were observed where the highest mycelial growth was observed in isolate Uv2 with 5.33 cm colony diameter and lowest mycelial growth was observed in Uv9 (3.70 cm). Most of the isolates produced white and circular colony. Spores of all the isolates observed under a light microscope appeared to be olive green in colour, however, a significant variation in spore size and spike length under SEM was observed. Spores size and spike length of different isolates ranged between 4.533 μm to 6.169 μm and 362.567 nm to 799.533 nm, respectively. For genetic identification and variability, DNAs of isolates were amplified using ITS1 and ITS 4 primers. The length of nucleotide sequences of different isolates varied from 583 to 606 bp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic variation among the isolates, dividing them into two major groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy generation from coal poses an environmental drawback due to the abundance of some potential hazardous elements (PHEs). A few PHEs (As, Sb, Cu, Mn and Zn) are noticed in the coal collected from thermal power plants of India. Among them, As and Sb are depleted while Cu, Mn and Zn are enriched in fly and bottom ash. The short- and long-term exposure of these PHEs into the ecosystem by emission, deposition and leaching causes environmental contamination as well as pollution and health hazards. The water-leaching experiment shows that these elements have feeble mobilisation tendency and low risk. The bioavailability test reflects that bio-uptake of these PHEs into the human system may be the origin of several diseases. Proper storage and recycling of the large amount of fly and bottom ash are a serious concern of thermal power plants. Chemical characterisation of ash, including elemental mapping by scanning electron microscope, calculated enrichment ratio (ER) and relative enrichment index (REI) values, as well as lab-scale water-leaching experiments predict that combustion residues of the studied power generating unit are safe for utilisation in construction, geotechnical and even in agricultural sectors. Chemical characterisation and pre-treatment of ashes before utilisation are urgently required to prevent any possible contamination. Regular scrutiny of emission control device, proper management of ash disposal and frequent utilisation are the keys for clean energy generation. A deep chemical and physical analysis of coal from power plants prior to utilisation is the primary task for sustainable energy generation from environmental aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-cementation of natural sand is a prospective solution to improve their engineering properties. The enhancement of strength and low-strain shear modulus is considered to be of high engineering significance for improvement in the performance of sand under both static and dynamic loading. In the present study, bio-cementation effects of bacillus Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria on standard Ennore sand of India are studied at the microstructure level through scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation considering microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) technique. The crystallographic structure of the bio-cemented sand is reported through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Stress–strain behaviour and improvement in the strength of bio-cemented sand with different pore volumes of cementation solution have been investigated through unconfined compression strength (UCS) testing. Finally, the shear wave velocity values of the bio-cemented sand are assessed through bender element testing for different confining pressures, and low-strain shear modulus values have arrived. The study is believed to be helpful in the quantification of improvement of strength and low-strain shear modulus values of bio-cemented sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anopheles subpictus (Grassi, 1899) is a potent malarial vector responsible for transmission of malarial pathogens in different regions of the world. The present study was conducted to investigate different characteristic features of eggs and adult body parts of An. subpictus mosquito prevalent in Hooghly, West Bengal, India. The adult mosquitoes were collected from rural areas of Hooghly and maintained in the laboratory. Eggs and adult body parts of An. subpictus were prepared for the SEM study and observed through a scanning electron microscope. The eggs of An. subpictus were found to be single, black in color with average length and width of 499.68 ± 11.33 µm and 96.23 ± 3.0 µm, respectively. Most of the adult body parts were found to be covered with fine setae and scales of unique characteristic features. Several morphological characters of An. subpictus mosquito of Hooghly showed marked differences when compared with the same species of other geographical regions. These morphological features of different life stages of An. subpictus mosquito revealed through scanning electron microscopy will surely illuminate the current knowledge about the vector identification of the study areas, which might contribute to vector management programmes in the Hooghly district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure of manmade embankments at the islands of Sundarban estuaries, India recur almost annually and results in the submergence of fertile agricultural land and claim human lives. Field studies were carried out to investigate the primary index properties of the embankment soil collected from three locations at the concave bends of embankment in the Sundarbans area. A correlation is drawn between alteration of natural layout of embankment soil and modification of its index properties following the traditional construction of embankment. Close introspection of embankment soil under scanning electron microscope were carried out to understand the spatial variations of the susceptibility of soil grains towards erosion for different layers of the embankment sediments. The flow velocities at permissible closest vicinity to river facing embankment wall were much higher than estimated threshold velocities for the entrainment of soil grains and resulted in the formation of undercuts at the basal part of the embankments that triggered its breaching. Finally, from the analyses of obtained results, some preventive measures are recommended to retard the rate of embankment breaching processes which may be expected to provide more sustainability to the erected embankments and will reduce the chances of frequent disasters at the Indian Sundarbans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent upsurge in the construction of new ballasted railway tracks and their maintenance, the high requirement of ballast and subballast materials has become an important challenge. The use of industrial by-products in the construction of railroads can be an approach for the sustainable development of railway. With an increase in steel production, the generation of steel slag is also expected to increase at an alarming rate in India. At present, the utilization of this by-product of the steel industry is marginal; however, it has an enormous potential to be used in railroad construction. Therefore an attempt has been made to use steel slag as the subballast material in the present work. The objective of this study is to assess the strength and stiffness, leaching behavior, and mineralogical characteristics of the cement-stabilized steel slag (CSS) as a subballast layer and its implications in the design methodology. A series of laboratory tests such as compressive strength, splitting tensile, flexural strength, and flexural modulus tests were carried out on the CSS with four different (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) cement contents. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were also employed to examine the mineralogical characteristics. The results suggest that cement stabilizations lead to strength and stiffness gain along with resistance to the leaching of the trace metals such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc. The results show the steel slag has the potential to be used as subballast material. A step-by-step design methodology suitable for cement-stabilized steel slag as a subballast layer has been proposed by modifying the existing Association of American Railroads (AAR) method along with a practical design example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare incidence of multiple bacterial infections was reported in Litopenaeus vannamei grow‐out ponds in India. The pathogenic organisms identified are Aeromonas veronii, Bacillus flexus, Kurthia gibsonii, Shewanella decolorationis, Bacillus cereus and Shewanella amazonensis. The infected shrimp showed various clinical and morphological changes such as mucus secretion in the hepatopancreas, bacterial spots in the carapace, red or pink discoloration of abdomen with black stripes and highly melanized body. The Histological studies of the hepatopancreas revealed bacterial plaque in the lumen, inflammatory response, necrosis of connective tissue and lipid droplets. The histology of stomach detected degradation of spongy connective tissue, hypertrophied nucleus and the abdomen showed bacterial plaques in the gaps of the muscle fibre. Histochemically, both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria's were identified in the hepatopancreas and the presence of mucus in the lumen of hepatopancreatic microtubules was confirmed by Alcian blue staining. The electron microscopic studies of the infected shrimp showed multiple bacterial infections and cellular responses like phagocytosis in the hepatopancreas, using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopic confirmed the presence of bacillus and coccobacillus‐shaped bacteria in carapace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology and distribution of the trichomes on the aerial parts and the feature of moniliform hairs in the stamen of Pogostemon Desf. of Assam, India were studied to understand the significance of these characters for taxonomic purposes. The three species studied are Pogostemon brachystachyus Benth., Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F. Muell, and Pogostemon strigosus (Benth.) These species of Pogostemon Desf. were mostly terrestrial while few species growing in marshy areas also. The trichomes on leaves and the moniliform hairs or beaded stamen of all the three species were investigated by both Light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stamen with hairs was considered a unique feature that makes it a distinct genus in the family Lamiaceae, and also helps in the identification. The main types of trichomes that were distinctively observed on the leaf surfaces are, simple non-glandular unicellular and multicellular trichomes and peltate, glandular trichomes. Moniliform hairs and trichome morphology of Pogostemon brachystachyus, Pogostemon quadrifolius, and Pogostemon strigosus have not been studied previously in the study area and such investigations on Pogostemon in the study area are rather limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, during mining and ore processing, ore fine generation is a common phenomenon, in which more than 60% of process ore becomes discarded material. To explore the alternative of high-grade ores, mutual replacement with the utility of dump ore fines is the best way. With this perspective, Kiruburu iron ore mine (Iron Ore No.1) and Meghataburu iron ore mine (Iron Ore No.2) dumped fines were chosen for a Blaine no. investigation, in the connection of firing temperatures, to get optimum desirable physical properties, Cold Compression Strength (C.C.S.),and Apparent Porosity (A.P.), with physico-chemical properties, Reducibility Degradation Index (R.D.I.), and Reducibility Index (R.I.). To characterize pellet properties with input variables, a microstructure phase study has been conducted using a scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The Iron Ore No.1 and 2 fine pellets survey showed good, desirable properties, at the Blaine no., of 1678 cm2/g and 2311 cm2/g (corresponding to 200 mesh size), and the best results are attained at a firing temperature of 1300 °C. Thermal kinetic analysis of the heating of pellets has been done to knowthe activation energy of different ore characteristics. The results showed that Iron Ore No.2 pellets have high activation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of lignocellulosic wastes in and around the municipality area requires special consideration. Continuous deposition of these wastes to the nearby areas led to gradual deterioration of the environment. The objective of this study was to produce cellulase from the bacteria isolated from the unexplored rainforest of NE-India for lignocellulosic waste hydrolysis. Based on carboxymethyl cellulose utilization and the congo red test, Novosphingobium sp. Cm1 was found to be the most promising strain out of 114 bacterial isolates and the strain was selected for further study. The optimization of the fermentative conditions for maximum enzyme activity was carried out using one factor-at-a-time strategy and the optimum pH, temperature and incubation time was recorded as pH 5, 37 °C and 96 h respectively. The maximum β–1,4–endoglucanase activity was observed with 1.5% CMC (5.1 ± 0.05 U/mL) and 0.25% yeast extract (7.6 ± 0.72 U/mL). The bacterial waste hydrolysis ability was investigated using three wastes where vegetable waste showed maximum activity of 3.4 ± 0.48 U/mL. Bacterial interaction and waste utilization were verified using Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The present study confirmed the promising ability of Novosphingobium sp. to waste hydrolysis. Further investigations may lead to new possibilities for low-cost enzyme production that will help to meet the rising cellulase demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study undertaken to find the structural arrangement of scales in similar coloured regions within butterfly wings of different species revealed their scale structure was architecturally different. The scales under scanning electron microscope showed difference among butterflies. Scales of Papilio polymnestor (Cramer) had high concentration of windows, Pareronica ceylanica (Felder) with beads and other species such as Talicada nyseus (Guerin Meneville), Atraphaneura aristolochiae (Fabricius), Junonia heirta (Fabricius), Neptis hordonia (Moore), Acrae violae (Fabricius) and Danus chrysippus (Linnaeus) had network and lamina. Tonality of colours showed differences in the arrangement of scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River sand samples have been collected from Ponnai river, Tamil Nadu, India for characterization of minerals and heavy metals by different spectroscopic techniques. Initially, the samples were subjected by Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic technique and infra-red absorption bands values are observed in the range of 515–520, 695–700, 775–780 cm−1 which shows the presence of quartz in all the samples. Similarly, infra-red peaks were absorbed for feldspar, kaolinite, calcite, gibbsite and organic carbon and confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Additionally, zircon, aragonite, magnetite and kyanite minerals were identified in the samples using only the XRD method. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Hg, As, Mn, Cu has been determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). An average metal concentration measured in mg kg−1 were: Pb 0.12, As 0.15, Hg 0.13, Cu 2.80, Zn 10.15 Cr 12.70, Ni 2.86 and Mn 104.94 and hence found in the order of Mn > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > As > Hg > Pb. These average values do not exceed the world average value and hence potentially do not affect the quality of sand in the river. In addition to that, presences of heavy metals are confirmed by scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) analysis. In order to understand the possible natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, multivariate statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation, principal component and cluster analysis were performed. Results obtained from the statistical techniques were good agreement with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried sandstone slurry (DSS) is generated during mining and processing of stone and is accounted as man-made hazardous waste material, contaminating the environment in nearby areas. The use of DSS in self-compacting concrete (SCC) was studied by partially substituting pozzolana Portland cement at different percentages. This represents the recycling element of the 3 R's of the environment (reduce, reuse and recycle). Mechanical and permeability properties were evaluated and the microstructure of SCC analysed with respect to a control mixture which is without sandstone slurry. Mechanical and permeability parameters were found to relate each other. With increased replacement of DSS, the porosity and hence the sorptivity coefficient of SCC also increased and its compressive strength decreased. The higher porosity caused a significant increment in the depth of carbonation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed decreased calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) gel formation as the replacement percentage of DSS increased. This, along with the increased porosity and permeability, degraded the mechanical properties of SCC. The rapidly developing construction sector in India must meet the following indispensable criteria: low environmental impact at improved structural performance, economy and speed of construction. Utilization of sandstone waste is highly recommended from the above viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution research is conducted at a rapid rate throughout the world. However, microplastics (MPs) research in the freshwater ecosystem especially riverine ecosystem is lacking in India. This study is the pioneer to explore the occurrence of MPs in an Indian river. For the present investigation a stretch of river Alaknanda which is a major stream of river Ganga was selected. This stretch was divided into five sampling sites from which five water samples and four sediment samples were collected. The samples were filtered, oxidized, density separated and finally studied under compound microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. Further, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrum was also conducted to analyze the elemental status of the samples. The result of this research study recorded a total of 955 MPs. Among which 566 particles of the MPs were in water samples while 389 particles were found in sediment samples. In this study threads/fibers were the dominating type, i.e., 412 particles and particle size less than 1 mm was the most abundant type of MPs. Presence of such fine size of plastic particles increases the effect of exposure and interaction of particles with aquatic organisms and possesses a bigger threat for aquatic life. Metals like sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, titanium and magnesium were found attached with the MPs, indicating the potential risks to the living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal dynamics can rapidly alter beach morphology. In some places, such as the non-barred southern west coast of India, studying changes to beach morphology is a relatively arduous task. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR), a remote sensing technique that utilizes stacks of radar images for accurate long-term monitoring of ground features, allows for detailed observations of coastal morphodynamics. Twenty-two single look complex (SLC) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Sentinel-1A images, acquired from 4 March 2016 to 3 June 2017, are used to monitor geomorphological processes such as coastal erosion and deposition. Ground deformation measurements from PSInSAR processing shows the coast stretching ~ 70 km between Thaickal and Munambam is highly dynamic, characterized by phases of erosion and deposition. The highest negative displacement of − 24.9 mm at Thaickal versus the + 7.6 mm at Chellanam in the north show the co-existing milieus of erosion and deposition. PSInSAR results concur with corresponding Google Earth images. In addition, beach sediment texture and scanning electron microscope grain micro-texture in the beach segment further corroborate temporal phases of erosion and deposition. Two locations are identified as typical erosional sites, while one location typified deposition. Erosion and deposition or rebuilding of beaches, usually correspond respectively with the onset and offset of SW monsoon wave climate in the Arabian Sea. When zones of deposition are mainly located in the proximity of river and/or lake inlets, stretches characterized by erosion are distal to inlets. Linear regression analyses of displacement–time series plots were used to identify general erosion or depositional regimes along beach segments. Results from this study illustrate how PSInSAR is a capable and reliable processing tool for monitoring temporal phases of coastal morpho-dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment characteristics and distribution analysis along the Chandipur Coast in Odisha, India was performed using a variety of techniques that include sedimentary characteristics including variation in grain size, shape and character of quartz grain surfaces (determined in light microscope and electron microscope scanning). Samples were taken from various locations representing high-tide areas and low-tide areas for analysis of the grain size, intended to determine physical properties and textural parameters such as mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. Grain size distribution research was conducted to characterize sedimentary transportation behaviours. CM diagram defines the rolling, saltation and graded suspension process for sediment deposition at the beach. Linear Discriminant Function (LDF) indicates the superiority of marine environment with lower deposition areas. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to examine the quartz grains to determine the origin of the sediments and to establish the physical and chemical processes that occurred during their period of deposition in recent coastal sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in demand for energy and pollution of the environment from the usage of petroleum products promote research to explore environmentally friendly substitutes. Brucea Javanica oil has the potential to be a mineral oil and is plentiful and cheap in India. In this research work, the oil was epoxidized to focus on improving the oxidation stability of the Brucea Javanica oil. In addition, ZrO2 nanoparticles are introduced to the chemically modified Brucea Javanica oil in a particular proportion and tested for tribological behavior. The epoxidation process provided better lubricating properties due to an increase in viscosity, flash point, and pour point. During the assessment, 0.5% consisting of ZrO2 nanoparticles resulted in significant reductions in coefficient of friction and rate of wear. Worn surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and they exhibit excellent surfaces when nanoparticles were introduced up to 0.5% concentration due to improved lubricant film formation on metal surfaces. The optimal level of inclusion to the epoxidized Brucea Javanica oil was discovered at a concentration of 0.5%, and an increase after this limit results in maximum wear of the surfaces due to their agglomeration on the surface. So, nanoparticles up to a certain limit are useful for reducing the friction and wear of the surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melia dubia is a rapidly expanding tree species in southern India, but its main drawback has been limited use in wood-based panel products until recently. To address this research gap, this study aimed to develop three reinforcement materials for producing Reinforced Laminated Veneer Lumber (RLVL) using Melia dubia. Three types of reinforcement materials, chopped glass fiber mat (CGM), glass fiber mesh (GM), and bamboo mat (BM) were employed in two layers to manufacture RLVL. The investigated parameters included physical, mechanical, and bonding performance. Furthermore, morphological images were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes. The research findings revealed that the highest performance was demonstrated by BM, followed by GM and CGM. These results suggest that all three reinforcements enhanced the mechanical properties and overall performance of RLVL. Arranging the reinforcement layers closer to the surface veneer layer in the assembly resulted in outstanding mechanical properties for RLVL. The performance is superior to solid wood made from the same wood species. The findings indicate that RLVL demonstrated superior mechanical properties to laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and solid wood. The modulus of rupture for LVL reinforced with CGM, GM and BM was 7.27%, 30.91%, and 32.73% greater respectively, than that of unreinforced LVL. The composite LVL reinforced with bamboo and glass matting exhibits potential for successful utilization in outdoor structural applications, including beams, rafters, and purlins. • LVL reinforced with CGM, GM, and BM exhibited excellent modulus of rupture. • RLVL demonstrated superior mechanical properties to LVL and solid wood. • LVL reinforced with GM and BM can successfully utilized in outdoor structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puparia and third instar of a new diminutive whitefly, Regiominutus ventralis gen. et sp. nov. found infesting underside leaves of Aglaia elaeagnoides (A. Juss) (Meliaceae) on the Andaman Islands, India, are diagnosed, described and discussed. Regiominutus gen. nov. differs from allied genera, Aleuroclava Singh, Aericerus Dubey, Aleuroparvus Dubey, Aleuropleurocelus Drews and Sampson and Tetralicia Harrison in having a submarginal ventral groove, from the former two in having a deflexed submargin and smaller ventral surface and from the latter two in having a caudal furrow. Affinities and differences of the new genus shared with related genera are discussed. Puparium characters observed in slide mounts versus scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are presented. Line drawings, habitus images and SEM, microphotographs of the type specimens are given for the new taxa. This is the first whitefly species to be recorded from this host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pewter filled seashells were used as coinage in Central India from 500 BC to 11th CE when seashells or cowry were common numismatic until 17th-18th CE in all the continents. The present paper is based on examining of three pewter-filled cowry coins collected from the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The analytical investigations were performed through the ED-XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX analysis of the coins. The X-ray elemental mapping for the coin surface, as well as the cross-sectional area, was carried to understand the composition of the pewter. Scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to study the surface topography and microstructure/inhomogeneity within the coins matrix, and elemental composition was recorded. ED-XRF revealed a concentration gradient on the coin surface to that of composition in bulk. The mineralization of lead, tin, copper, and iron was observed on the coin surface through XRD analysis. Investigations showed the presence of a high concentration of impurities of Fe, Zn, Cu and Sb in the coin matrix due to imperfect metallurgical process. The formation of the tin island in the matrix of the coin was recorded from the cross-sectional analysis due to the improper mixing of component materials and the separation of different phases during solidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Palaeo- to Meso-Proterozoic (1.0–2.4 Ga) North Singhbhum Mobile Belt (NSMB) is an assembly of multiphase folded, low- to medium-grade meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous rocks, lying within the north Singhbhum crustal province. The mobile belt is situated between the Archean Singhbhum craton in the south and the Meso/Neo-Proterozoic (0.9–1.7 Ga) Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex in the north. Gold mineralisation of moderate concentration is reported from different parts of NSMB along shear /fracture zones within the volcano-sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks sequence. The mineralisation is structurally controlled and is associated with higher order shear zones. Gold occurs in association with sulfides like pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, etc. This work attempts to map the auriferous shear/fracture zone along the Babaikundi-Birgaon axis (BBA), which lies within the NSMB. In the present study, combined geophysical approach comprising self-potential (SP), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarisation (IP) methods were used for mapping of subsurface gold prospects. SP data were collected along 7 profiles at 10 m station interval with approximate profile separation of 100 m. The anomalies of possible ore bodies were found at depth of about 18–25 m using Euler deconvolution of SP data. The ERT and IP data were collected along four profiles at 10 m electrode spacing with approximate profile separation of 100 m. The inverted resistivity sections indicate very low resistivity value in the depth range of ∼20 m inferring highly conducting, while relatively high chargeability are also observed at the depth range of ∼25 m. The possible existence of Babaikundi-Birgaon lineation and the occurrences of sulfide minerals in quartz reef associated with gold mineralisation were mapped based on the horizontal locations and extensions of negative anomaly in SP data, low resistivity in 2-dimensional (2D)-inverted resistivity section and high chargeability in 2D-inverted IP section. Previous studies based on electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis over the study area substantiate our combined geophysical interpretations for the presence of gold prospective zones along the BBA. Highlights Integrated geophysical approach comprising SP, ERT and IP methods Delineation of BBA Mapping of subsurface gold prospects/ mineralisation Validation of results using borehole data, EPMA and SEM–SED analysis of rock samples (a) Map showing profiles AA/, BB/, CC/ and DD/across the Babaikundi-Birgaon Axis (BBA). (b) Upward continued (60 m) self-potential (SP) anomaly map showing possible extension of a part of BBA. Schematic resistivity (c) and chargeability (d) distribution models showing possible extension of a part of the BBA. (e) mineralised sample with sulfide hosted quartz reef in BBA. The possible existence of BBA and the occurrences of gold-bearing sulfide minerals in quartz reef are mapped based on the horizontal locations and extensions of negative SP, high conducting / low resistivity in electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and high chargeability in Induced Polarization (IP). Note that profiles C-C/ and D-D/ are not parallel to each other; their field orientation is shown in Figure 1(c) and Figure 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the seed coat structure of nine species from the genus Impatiens from Northeast India. A review of the available literature showed a scarcity of data on seed sizes and shapes, as well as a complete lack of information on the ultrastructure of seeds from five taxa of Impatiens determined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Photographs of the surface structure of seeds from the analyzed species were taken using an SEM and, from these, we measured the length and width of the seeds. The results showed differences in the seed ultrastructure and metric traits within the studied taxa. Based on the ornamentation of the epidermal cells, we distinguished three morphological types: protrusive, granulate, and reticulate. The seeds of the investigated species had ellipsoid, subellipsoid, or subspheroid shapes. Their lengths and widths ranged from 1.2 to 3.6 mm and 0.7 to 2.1 mm, respectively. The results of the study showed that the ultrastructures of Impatiens seeds are different among taxa and for some species can be used as a diagnostic character for their identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andaman padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides Roxb.) is an important endemic tree species of the Andaman Islands, India, belonging to the family Fabaceae. We studied the seed microstructures which provide information on the physiological features of germination (i.e. factors responsible for the resumption of growth of embryo). Seed anatomy/morphostructures revealed information on its germination physiology (for ex situconservation), dormancy barriers and further taxonomical classification. The seed samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the chemical composition of the seeds. In the SEM images, seed thickness of the parenchyma layer was about 53.16 μm, while that of the osteosclereids (OH) and macrosclereids (MH) layers was 23.95 and 84.68 μm respectively. The size of OS cells had a length of 25.81–34.56 μm; diameter 12.14–16.5 μm and width 7.97–12.60 μm. FTIR spectra of padauk seed assignments were used to determine the probable chromophoric groups that are likely to be present in the seeds. Various functional groups such as N–H, O–H, C–H, C=O, C–O were identified in the seeds. The results indicate the presence of carbohydrates, amino acids, amides, esters, ethers, phenols, proteins and fats in the padauk seeds. These observations would be helpful in correlating several aspects of seed germination/dormancy physiology of this endemic species, which has applications in ex situ conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puparia of a new whitefly genus and species, Margaritaplena ovatagen. et sp. nov. found feeding on the underside of the leaves of Combretum sp. (Combretaceae) are described from the Andaman Islands, India. It differs from the allied genera, Asialeyrodes Corbett, Icfrealeyrodes Dubey and Sundararaj, and Vasantharajiella PMM David in shape, the large-sized geminate pores, and thoracic and caudal tracheal pores comprising microtubercles, and are inset from the margin, and also from Asialeyrodes in a complete submarginal furrow, and in lacking the first abdominal setae and caudal furrow. Line drawings, images for the habitus, types, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are provided for the new taxa. An identification key to puparia differentiating the new genus from related Indian Aleyrodinae genera is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kachchh Basin is well known for its Jurassic sediments and hydrocarbon prospects, but geochemically, these sediments remained less explored. Here, we present petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic sandstone and shale of the Chari Formation exposed at Jumara Dome, Kachchh Basin, to understand their provenance, tectonic setting, source area weathering, and paleoclimate. Petrographic analysis shows that the sandstone consists of abundant quartz, feldspar (K‐feldspar and plagioclase), mica (muscovite and biotite), and lithic fragments. The X‐ray diffraction analysis of both sandstone and shale reveals the presence of abundant quartz, and lesser amount of kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. The presence of these clay minerals was also attested by scanning electron microscope analysis. Based on framework composition and geochemistry, the sandstone is classified as arkose to subarkose and shale as graywackes. Detrital modes and geochemical data suggest the derivation of these clastic rocks from a felsic source, partially influenced by sediment recycling and deposited in a passive margin setting in a rifted basin. Values of weathering indices including chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, chemical index of weathering, and index of compositional variability indicate that the rocks of Jumara Dome are mature and the source area has undergone a moderate to high degree of chemical weathering under warm and humid climatic conditions. The petrography, bulk mineralogy, scanning electron microscope analysis, and geochemical composition in conjunction with paleocurrent data affirm the supply of detritus for Jumara Dome from the Aravalli Craton situated to the east and northeast and Nagar Parkar Massif situated to the north and northwest of the basin. This study endorses the formation of Transgondwanan seaway route during the Late Oxfordian, which caused a marine transgression onto the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical investigations through phytochemical screening, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopic observation of the earthen plaster of Karla Caves of western India identified the presence of antifungal, antibacterial and insect repellent Careya arborea stem fibres as a vegetal additive. The scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX) study also revealed the inclusion of rice (Oryza sativa) husk as a plant additive in the plaster. In the high rain‐fed coastal regions of western India, the antimicrobial, antioxidant and termite‐resistance properties of C. arborea helped the survival of the plaster in unfavourable climatic conditions. Besides, the C. arborea and rice husk together played a role in reducing cracks, decreasing the density, and imparting a plasticity and a durability to the plaster. The liquid Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) of organic extracts revealed carboxylic acid (fatty acids)‐based additives in the earthen plaster. From the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the plaster, the presence of animal milk fat, animal and vegetable fat, and vegetable oil was identified, and probably used to strengthen the earthen plaster for their resistance to tensile stress. The analysis also diagnoses the inclusion of methyl commate B, a resinous material obtained from the Burseraceae plant family, which has antimicrobial properties, through GC‐MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakanae disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi, Sawada, Wollenworth (teleomorph) (anamorph: Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg), is emerging as a serious disease of rice in India. Histopathological study of plant tissue during infection can provide valuable insight for understanding the pathogenesis and the mechanism of resistance. The early infection process of F. fujikuroi in rice was observed at microscopic level using light microscopes and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In seed, the pathogen was observed in the husk, embryo and endosperm with maximum colonization in the husk region. Different infectious structures such as swollen tip hyphae, infectious hyphae, appressorium and infection cushion were observed in F. fujikuroi-rice interactions. The estimates of per cent (%) transmission of inoculum (seed-seed; seedlings-seed and florets-seed) revealed maximum transmission of F. fujikuroi through florets followed by seedlings and seed. The present study established that the infection of rice plants by F. fujikuroi can occur through three routes namely seed, seedlings (soil) and florets (air). The information generated in the present study will be valuable for providing an understanding on the pathogenesis and help to device effective strategies for management of bakanae disease of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new petrified palm stem Palmoxylon dindoriensis Khan, Roy et Bera, sp. nov. from the latest Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous)-earliest Danian (early Paleocene) sediments of the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Madhya Pradesh, central India is reported. Sections from different parts of the recovered stem were prepared by using standard thin section techniques and studied under transmitted light compound and scanning electron microscopes. The significant anatomical characters of the present fossil stem are the presence of well-preserved fibrovascular bundles (fvbs) with reniform type of dorsal fibrous sclerenchymatous part (dcap), two metaxylem vessel elements in each fvb, well-developed two-layered tabular parenchyma around dcap of fvb, fibrous bundles throughout the CZ, highly compact ground parenchyma tissue and the absence of centrifugal differentiation of fibrous part of fvb. The aforesaid anatomical attributes reveal its close resemblance with the extant taxa of subfamily Coryphoideae of the family Arecaceae having Cocos-type general stem organization. The core distribution of modern palms and the presence of highly compact ground parenchyma of the present fossil suggest that they thrived under a tropical, terrestrial warm, humid environment during the time of deposition (latest Maastrichtianearliest Danian). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, X‐ray diffractometer, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the plowshare excavated from Ganwaria, UP, India. The main objective of the investigation was to determine the type of alloy, analysis of slag inclusion, and corrosion behavior. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of α‐iron. Microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite grains; ferrite phase was soft in comparison to the pearlite. Optical micrograph at lower magnification revealed slag inclusions aligned in a specific direction, which indicates that the forge welding technique was used in the manufacturing of the object. The microstructural examination revealed that the object was manufactured from carbon steel. Entrapped slag inclusions were observed by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray mapping, and slags were identified as SiO2 and MgO. Goethite and lepidocrocite corrosion compound were found on the surface of the object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new whitefly species, Pealius satakshiae Dubey, found infesting Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus (Fagaceae) in the Chail Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India, is described. Puparia of the new species differ from described Pealius species in being larger in size, having a differentiated cephalus, rhachisform abdomen and reduced abdominal segment VII, and lacking the first abdominal setae. Puparial characteristics for the genus Pealius Quaintance and Baker in relation to new species are discussed. Camera lucida drawings, images of habitus and holotype, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • River silt and wollastonite were used as ingredients to fabricate ceramic tiles. • River silt was used for replacing quartz and wollastonite in place of feldspar. • Quartz and feldspar replacing tiles specimen sintered at 1100 °C fulfill ISO standard. Abstract This study investigates the feasibility of using river silt and wastes derived wollastonite as ingredients to produce ceramic tiles. Silts are collected from Kosi river, India and wollastonite are synthesized through waste eggshells and rice husk ash (RHA) at 1100 °C. Different samples are fabricated with different compositions based upon partial and full replacement of quartz and feldspar by the silt and wollastonite, respectively. The samples are prepared by semi-dry process and sintering is done at different temperatures, i.e., 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1130 °C in air atmosphere. Several characterizations like densification behavior, bulk density (BD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive strength (CS), three-point bending strength (BS) and acid–alkali resistance of sintered specimen are investigated. The obtained results show that the use of silt is reduced the physical and mechanical properties of tile samples at low sintering temperature but at high temperature, mechanical properties don't have significant influence. Subsequently, all the properties are greatly improved with the addition of wollastonite in the place of K-feldspar. "sw-3" sample (fully replaced quartz and feldspar) sintered at 1100 °C fulfills the ISO standard and offers bending strength ∼48.82 MPa and water absorption ∼0.36 wt%. This promising characteristic confirms the feasibility of recycling wastes for tiles manufacturing and leads to environmental and economic benefits in ceramic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the genus Macrochlamys has been described from Western Himalaya, India. A total of 12 dry and seven live specimens of Macrochlamys leggeae sp. nov. were collected from the high-altitude region of Valley of Flowers National Park and are described here as a new species based on morph-taxonomy, conchological differences, and characters of the radula and genitalia. Collected specimens were compared with the closely related species Macrochlamys nuda (Pfeiffer, 1852), Macrochlamys vesicula (Benson, 1838), Macrochlamys glauca (Pfeiffer, 1846) and Macrochlamys kuluensis Blanford, 1904 and found to be significantly different in morphometric characters and in shell ratio. Additionally, high-resolution scanning electron microscope images of the radula with rechidian teeth measurements and a detailed description of the genitalia of M. leggeae are included. The new species is named after Joan Margaret Legge, Botanist of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, who lost her life during floral study in the Valley of Flowers National Park in 1939. In addition to the description of the new species, a complete list of Macrochlamys species recorded from India is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to inaccessibility and tough conditions (high-altitude low-oxygen region) very less information is available about the Indian Tethys Himalayan sequences, particularly geochemical data are scarce. An attempt is made in the present study to evaluate the sediment geochemistry and paleo-redox conditions of Devonian–Carboniferous black shales from the Spiti region, Tethys Himalaya, using multi proxy approach. Besides black shales, this paper also provides the first in-depth study of the geochemistry of phosphatic nodules (hosted by the black shales) that will allow primary and secondary processes to be understood. Geochemical investigations, particularly redox-sensitive trace element ratios (for e.g. V/(V + Ni) > 0.5; Ni/Co = 4.3–7.2; V/Cr > 2 and positive Ce anomalies), suggest deposition of these black shales under sub-oxic to anoxic marine conditions, thus recording an ocean anoxic event in the region. These ocean anoxic events of Devonian–Carboniferous Spiti black shales, which possess distinctive geochemical signatures, can very well be correlated with global events such as Hangenberg Events and the Lower Alum Shale Event. The span of the chemical index of alteration (CIA) values (54–78), variation of ∆4Si% parameter (82–3) and C values (0.1–0.6) recorded in the black shales strongly indicate varying degrees of weathering conditions in the source area, which in turn reflect fluctuating climatic conditions prevailing during the deposition of these sediments in Devonian–Carboniferous period in the Spiti region. The distinct geochemical characteristics such as Y, Sr and rare earth element (REE) enrichments (particularly middle REE enrichments with a "hat-shaped" pattern) with high P2O5 contents (up to 14 wt%) distinguish the nodules from the host rocks (black shales). SEM (scanning electron microscope) results, supplemented by XRD (X-ray diffraction) studies of the nodules, show the dominance of calcium, silica and phosphatic phases. The diversity of clay minerals, significant variations in mineralogical composition and lack of any continuous vertical trend in the nodules suggest a relatively low impact on the primary environmental signal by burial diagenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the characterization of six potsherd samples from Udayagiri, India. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX) were used for the determination of the mineralogical, chemical and microstructural analysis of potsherd samples. RO, R2O3 and RO2 were deduced from chemical composition data using Seger molecular formula. Present study also emphasis on the investigation of different methodical approach in terms of firing temperature, clay mineral type and tempering material in the pottery making process of that era. The uses of a siliceous or non-calcareous raw material are probably related to the specific utilization of the pottery in ancient time. The presence of specific minerals in the pottery matrix indicates the practice of local clay mineral. The flux amount reflects of higher firing temperatures, while clay composition provides the information to understand production methodology. The tempering materials in all the samples can be observed in morphological images. The obtained results also showed that non-calcareous clay minerals were used for pottery production and potsherds were firing between the temperatures from 600 to 900°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous shark teeth were collected during the recent geological field work (2017-2018) conducted at the well known shark bearing deposits of Makurmatia section of Late Miocene Baripada Beds, Orissa. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis of some of the selected shark teeth (Galeorhinus sp., Carcharhinus sp., Carcharodon sp.) were carried out to study the microcrostructural arrangement of the teeth enamel. The scanning electron micrographs of the shark teeth enamel crystals are highly ordered and arranged in different fashions as single crystallite enameloid (SCE), bundle crystallite enameloid (BCE) which can be subdivided into parallel bundle enameloid (PBE) and tangled bundle enameloid (TBE) as compared to the basal neoselachian which present only the single crystallite enameloid (SCE). The TBE of the Carcharodon sp. is more matured and more compacted than the other two Carcharhinus sp. and Galeorhinus sp. The microstructural arrangement of Galeorhinus sp, Carcharhinus sp. and Carcharodon sp. suggest that these sharks belong to the modern Neoselachian group of sharks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ecological functions of the aerial hanging roots (velamen roots) in orchids are not yet fully understood. Aims: The aim of this work was to explore the velamen-root-associated fungal community of Acampe praemorsa and its variation in relation to three different geographic locations and to examine the surface characteristics of the velamen roots in attached positions. Methods: Segments of velamen roots of A. praemorsa collected from different geographic locations of Kerala, India were screened for the presence of velamen-root-associated fungi. The isolated strains were identified by morphological and nrITS DNA barcoding. Surface characteristics of the host-attached or soil-attached velamen roots were analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The SEM observations of the host-attached or soil-attached surface of velamen roots of A. praemorsa show tufts of unicellular hairs arising from the surface of contact. 211 fungal strains belonging to 15 taxa were discovered from the velamen roots; the nrITS nucleotide sequences of 13 taxa are deposited in GenBank. Conclusions: Fifteen endophytic fungal associates were identified from the velamen roots of A. praemorsa, which showed variation in their community assemblages in plant specimens from different geographic locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the formulation of a new lime plaster on the basis of the chemical and mineralogical characterization of the plasters of Sindhudurg Fort in western India. The plaster samples extracted from the fort's walls and mount were studied using petrological microscope, X-ray fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), X- ray diffraction studies (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermal analysis. The granulometric analysis indicates that the plasters were prepared by mixing coarse to medium grained sands that clearly show fracture pointing towards mechanical mixing. The FTIR spectrum of the plaster indicates atomic disorder in the anthropogenic calcite crystals. Thermal analysis shows presence of re-carbonated lime as part of the binder is perfectly crystallized. Compact microstructures were observed under SEM with aggregates well embedded in the matrix. Compositional similarities were noted between the mount and fort wall lime plasters, which were prepared by mixing aggregates of basaltic origin with varied grain size and shape. The present study is a holistic approach to prepare compatible plasters required for the restoration of the site and similar nearby monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is the dominant cereal crop of North India. It is regularly affected by grain discoloration and chaffiness of panicles during maturity of the crop. Lack of effective management practices for this problem has been a major concern among farmers in the region. Farmers give many sprays of fungicides due to the already reported association of fungal pathogens but fail to achieve the required control of this malady. It is necessary to know the correct etiology of this disease to successfully devise management options against this disease. We report the existence of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans associated with grain discoloration, panicle blight, and chaffiness of rice from the Punjab region of North India for the first time. During Kharif 2021, panicle blight symptoms (disease incidence 20–25%, cultivar PR 114) were observed in rice fields of three districts. These blighted panicles were partially filled or grains were aborted causing chaffiness in many panicles. Yellow-colored smooth, circular colonies of bacteria were obtained from the diseased panicles. The associated bacterium was identified as a rod-shaped, gram-negative P. oryzihabitans based on biochemical characterization, Scanning Electron Microscope imaging, and sequencing of the 16S rDNA region along with housekeeping genes rpoD and gyrB. The pathogenicity of the bacterium was tested in the fields during Kharif 2021 and Kharif 2022.The study demonstrated that the bacterial pathogen, P. oryzihabitans should be considered as one of the cause of grain discoloration and chaffiness of rice in Punjab region of India and management options for bacterial grain discoloration, panicle blight and chaffiness should be worked out for effective management of this disease. • Rice is affected by grain discoloration and chaffiness of panicles during maturity of the crop. • Lack of effective management practices is a major concern among farmers. • Knowledge of correct etiology of this disease is the prerequisite to devise management options for this disease. • Pseudomonas oryzihabitans was found associated with grain discoloration, panicle blight, and chaffiness of rice from the Punjab region of North India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study included 21 newly isolated clinical samples of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) screened in patients (six male, fifteen female) from various states of India with different infections (urinary tract infections, blood, pus and eye infections). All isolates were identified as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) using hemolytic properties, serogrouping and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Six virulence genes, cfb (100%), cylE (90.4%), lmp (85.7%), bca (71.4%), rib (38%) and bac (4.7%) were detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Distribution studies of these six genes revealed five isolates containing five virulence genes (23.8%), followed by ten isolates containing four virulence genes (47.6%). The twenty GBS isolates selected on the glass surface included non-biofilm producers (n = 6, 30%), weak (n = 11, 55%) and moderate biofilm producers (n = 3, 15%). On the polystyrene surface, weak (n = 4, 20%), moderate (n = 2, 10%) and strong (n = 14, 70%) biofilm producers were detected. Live-dead cell staining revealed that more viable cells accumulated in the S. ag 7420 isolate than in the AH1 isolate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) biofilm analysis showed S. ag AH1 cells appeared as chain-like structures, whereas the S. ag 7420 isolate biofilm cells appeared as fork-like structures on the glass surface. Biofilm elements were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX) for both isolates and 13 elements with different orders of composition were found. Thus, virulence gene detection, distribution and biofilm formation by these new clinical isolates suggested the virulent nature of these pathogens, which might cause different levels of disease severity in humans. [Display omitted] • A 21 GBS isolates were isolated from UTIs, blood, pus and eye infections. • GBS isolates were identified by hemolysis, serogrouping and MALDI-TOF-MS. • Detection and distribution of cfb, cylE , lmp , bca , rib and bac genes were analysed. • A 20 GBS isolates biofilms were analysed on glass and polystyrene surfaces. • Live-dead cell staining assay revealed more viable cells in S. ag 7420 than AH1 isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]