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Bamboo fibres, which are widely regarded as a contemporary environmentally sustainable resource, have been utilised in various industries including construction materials and packaging sectors. Malaysia possesses a diverse array of bamboo species, rendering it a significant resource for exploration. Five out of the 69 bamboo species discovered in Malaysia were selected for their suitability and availability in the pulp and paper industry, considering properties such as high cellulose content and long fibers. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the morphological, physiochemical, thermal, and chemical properties of five specific bamboo species that are often found in Malaysia: Gigantochloa scortechinii (GS), Gigantochloa wrayi (GW), Gigantochloa levis (GL), Schizostachyum grande (SG) and Dendrocalamus asper (DA). Selected from a pool of 69 species based on their availability, these various types of bamboo were subjected to analysis using advanced scientific techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, a chemical composition study was performed to clarify the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash in all five species. By employing various analytical methodologies, this study investigates and records the properties offered by the bamboo species, providing a significant contribution to the comprehension and knowledge of their potential applications across diverse disciplines. This holds relevance as all five bamboo species are readily available but remain underutilized for further applications in various fields especially in packaging industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of nano clay composite and reactive diluents was found to be good for various properties of the composite when individually used. This research aims at the preparation of modified nanocomposites and investigating their mechanical properties. Mechanical testing, crosslinking density, surface morphology, and functional groups present in the composite were observed in this research. The composites were mixed with varying wt.% (2, 5, 7, 10) of 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol reactive diluent and a steady (5 wt.%) of nano clay mixed in epoxy. Mechanical testing samples were manufactured in line with ASTM standards. Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy tests have been conducted to investigate the surface morphology and the presence of functional groups present in the system. The swelling behaviour of the samples has been observed to gain a better understanding of crosslinking density. The tensile and fracture toughness behaviour of the composite was greatly improved. In addition, 7 wt.% diluent and 5 wt.% nano clay in the pristine epoxy reveal an optimal property. Including nano clay and reactive diluent 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol in differing amounts improves tensile and fracture resilience by (19–23)%, suggesting a tight forming bond between epoxy, nano clay, and diluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of traditional chitosan, nano chitosan, and chitosan nanocomposites for consolidating aged papyrus samples. Cellulose-based materials, such as papyrus sheets and paper, which are the most common types of writing supports for works of art in many museums and archive. They are subjected to different types of deterioration factors that may lead to many conservation problems. Consolidation treatment is one of the most common conservation treatments, which should have perform after much testing to select the appropriate consolidants. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper aims to evaluate the resistance of traditional chitosan, nanochitosan and chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite as an eco-friendly papyrus strengthening. Untreated and treated papyrus was thermally aged and characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity of the papyrus specimens was also determined against four tested pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Findings: The results revealed that chitosan nanocomposite showed a remarkable enhancement of papyrus tensile properties and presence of ZnO prevents the effects of biodeterioration. Originality/value: Zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance the optical properties and increase the chemical reactions between the consolidating material and the treated papyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and evasive in nature. They can be found in complex agricultural matrices like soil and compost. In the literature, extracting MPs from soil is more prevalent; nonetheless, the same instruments in extraction in soil samples can also be used to assess MPs in compost despite the high levels of organic material. MPs in agricultural environments have recently become a focus of research due to their status as emerging pollutants. However, the lack of standardized instruments and techniques for analysis is a major challenge in assessing MPs. Despite this limitation, this review article identified and suggested some important factors to consider when selecting suitable methods or instruments for MP analysis. This article also categorized instrumental analysis in MP studies as destructive and non-destructive and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of methods and instruments such as visual inspection, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These highlights will provide researchers with a useful guide to help them choose the most appropriate method and instrumentation technique for their MP analytical research. Additionally, the article discusses the combination of two or more of these analytical instruments to improve efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment method of natural fiber is one of the factors that influences its properties. There are several reports on sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of many natural fiber. Though there are works on NaOH treatment of the fruits fiber, however, works on Borassus flabellifer Leaf fiber (BFLF) is sparsely reported. Hence no report on the optimum conditions for sodium hydroxide treatment of Borassus Flabellifer Leaf fiber. Therefore, this study aimed at establishing the optimum concentration and time for alkaline treatment on the properties of BFLF. The fiber extraction was carried out using water retting method for 24 h. Experimental design was carried out using Design Expert 12.0 adopting Central composite design in response surface methodology. NaOH concentration of 0–5 wt% and time of 1–12 h were used as the independent variables. The responses were water absorption, elongation (%), modulus of elasticity and tensile strength. The surface morphology of the fiber was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the functional group changes established using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to indicate effect of NaOH treatment (FTIR) spectroscopy to show the functional group changes due to NaOH treatment. The optimum concentration and treatment time was established as 2 wt% NaOH and 4 h, respectively, with corresponding responses of water absorption, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation (%) were 2.07%, 977.378 MPa, 6971.02 MPa, 5.178%, respectively. Using these optimum treatment conditions of time and NaOH concentration, the responses were validated to be 1.88%, 920.019 MPa, 6943.73 MPa, 4.99 mm having a desirability of 0.963. The SEM revealed rough surfaces and increased porosity for the treated fiber compared to the untreated. The FTIR spectra showed reduction in peaks representing lignin at wavelength of 3321.1 cm−1 to 3306.1 cm−1, which indicated that the NaOH treatment resulted to decrease in lignin in the fiber. The properties of the BFLF obtained at the optimum treatment conditions were within range of other fibers used in composite materials development, hence, BFLF treated at these conditions is suitable for composite development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of plastic waste in the marine environment raises several ecological, human, and biological problems. In this work, an accelerated artificial aging study was conducted in seawater after immersing samples of high‐density polyethylene bottles for several aging times and at three different temperatures. The deterioration of the mechanical properties of High density polyethylene (HDPE) under different aging conditions was investigated using tensile and compression tests. The absorption of seawater by the samples was analyzed using a gravimetric method and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Further surface analysis of the samples during accelerated aging was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that HDPE loses its ductility and rigidity. FTIR analysis confirms the increase in crystallinity during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance storage capacity and prevent electrical short circuits in electrochemical storage devices, it is essential and challenging to design and build Lithium ion batteries with flexible solid polymer electrolyte possessing strong ionic conductivity. This study details the use of solution-cast technique to create nano composite doped lithium solid polymer electrolytes (n-LSPEs), from polymer complex of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), with nano ZrO2 (n-ZrO2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilised to describe the ionic conductivity values in presence of alternating fields. The ionic conductivity of n-LSPEs are enhanced nearly four times (1.54 × 10─1 mS/cm to 5.996 × 10─1 mS/cm) due to addition of n-ZrO2. By incorporating chronoamperometry (CA) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), we were able to analyse the transference number, ionic strength, and the accumulation of charge carriers in optimized n-LSPE membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of n-LSPE membranes reveal a structure that is consistent with interconnecting pores between the polymer complex and the nano filler. The stable monoclinic phase of n-ZrO2 interaction with polymer segmental motion was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). By examining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we performed a quick analysis of the complexation of functional group investigations, bond length and force constant calculations, interaction of functional groups of n-LSPE films. Our FESD's discharge characteristics were investigated at 4.8 mA average discharge current for 25 hours, as indicated by a 0.04C rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate surface treatments and fiber types on adhesion properties polylactic acid (PLA) three-dimensional (3D) parts printed on woven fabrics. Design/methodology/approach: The cotton, flax and jute fabrics were exposed to alkali, hydrogen peroxide, stearic acid and ionic liquid treatments to modify surface characteristics before PLA 3D printing. The modification efficiency was assessed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. Then, fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer and PLA filament were used for 3D printing onto the untreated and treated fabrics. The adhesion strength between the fabrics and PLA 3D parts were tested according to DIN 53530 via universal tensile tester. Findings: The fabric structure is effective on adhesion force and greater values were observed for plain weave fabrics. Maximum separation forces were obtained for alkali pretreated fabrics among jute and cotton. Hydrogen peroxide treatment also increased adhesion forces for jute and cotton fabrics while decreasing for flax fabrics. Stearic acid and ionic liquid treatments reduced adhesion forces compared to untreated fabrics. Treatments are effective to alter adhesion via changing surface chemistry, surface morphology and fabric physical properties but display different effects related to fabric material. Originality/value: This study provides experimental information about effects of different fiber types and surface treatments on adhesion strength of PLA 3D parts. There is limited research about comprehensive observation on 3D printing on cellulosic-woven fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction Industries, superior fresh and hardened concrete qualities play a significant role in which self-compacting concrete (SCC) is widely introduced. On the other hand, considering the depletion of river sand, manufactured sand (M-sand), created by crushing rock deposits, has been recognized as viable. However, still, there is a lack of understanding of the strength aspect of SCC with M-sand replacement along with admixtures such as Alccofine and silica fume. Therefore, experimental investigations are conducted in SCC by partially and completely replacing river sand with M-sand. Furthermore, to reduce the negative impacts of cement, such as energy consumption and environmental pollution, 10% and 12% pozzolanic materials were added, such as silica fumes and alccofine. Moreover, to examine the impacts on rheological and mechanical properties, EFNARC guidelines were used and measured the compressive strength, impact resistance, bond strength, and flexural and splitting tensile strengths. The test results indicate that incorporating the M-sand as a full replacement in the mix increased the compressive strength by 6.82% for M50 grades of concrete compared to reference SCC after a 28-day curing period. Microstructural analyses such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDS (Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) techniques were also used to study the hydration phase of the M-sand SCC mix when compared to the conventional SCC mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root canal sealers and repair materials should have the desirable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and an antibacterial effect if possible. There is little information available on the biocompatibility of new sealers on the market. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can offer trustworthy data to examine chemical structures; another technique for revealing the elements in the constituents that may contribute to the cytotoxicity of these sealers is scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the goal of elemental mapping utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Methodology: All the root canal sealers were mixed as per the manufacturers' instructions and allowed to set in molds for 24 h. Then, the samples were placed into an incubator (Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany for 72 h, in a moist environment to allow complete chemical setting of the sealers. The organic and inorganic components of the sample were identified using FTIR with the wavelength length in the infra-red region measuring 400–450 nm. The finely crushed samples were coated with gold metal; following that, the sealer samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5000×, 10,000×, and 20,000× magnification, followed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The surfaces of BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers revealed a relatively uniform distribution of irregular micro-sized particles aggregated in clusters, with the particle size ranging from 1 to 65 µm and 0.4 to 55 µm, respectively. OneFill, iRoot, and CeraSeal demonstrated irregularly shaped particles with particle sizes of 0.5 to 105 µm, 0.5 to 195 µm, and 0.3 to 68 µm, respectively. The EDX microanalysis revealed that oxygen, calcium, and carbon were found in all the tested sealer materials. Silicone and zirconium were absent in DiaRoot, but DiaRoot contained fluoride and ytterbium. Moreover, aluminum was noted in DiaRoot, One Fill, and CeraSeal, and chloride was only observed in BioRoot. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 666 cm−1 and 709 cm−1 in BioRoot. Bands at 739 cm−1, 804 cm−1, 863 cm−1, 898 cm−1, and 1455 cm−1 were observed in DiaRoot. Bands at 736 cm−1 and 873 cm−1 in OneFill suggested the presence of C-H bending. Similarly, bands were observed at 937 cm−1, 885 cm−1, 743 cm−1, and 1455 cm−1 in iRoot, representing C-H stretching. Conclusions: All root canal sealers had diverse surface morphologies that contained irregular, micro-sized particles that were uniformly distributed, and they lacked heavy metals. All the experimental sealers comprised mainly calcium, oxygen, and carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage irrigation has solved the shortage of agricultural water and increased the content of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in soil-crop systems, which harms human health via the food chain. In this study, 43 pairs of soil and corn samples (leaf, stem1, stem2, stem3, root, husk, grain, and corncob) were collected in the Dongdagou (DDG) and Xidagou (XDG) streams of Baiyin City. Fraction and transfer of As and Hg were investigated, and toxicological effects and contamination were assessed in soil-corn systems. The results showed that the mean values of As and Hg in soil were 33.79 mg/kg and 0.96 mg/kg, respectively, which exceeded the soil background values in Gansu Province. As and Hg are mainly dominated by the residual fraction. Total and bioavailability contributed significantly to As and Hg accumulation in corn, with root, stem3, and leaf accumulating more strongly. The results based on the bioavailability concentration soil-corn transfer factor indicated that As and Hg tended to accumulate more in the root, stem3, and leaf and less in grain, and further assessment of the human health effects of consuming contaminated cron is needed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results showed that As and Hg were not significantly toxic to corn parts, indicating morphology. As and Hg were bound to hydroxyl groups in the outer epidermal cell wall of the roots, thereby reducing upward translocation. The trinity assessment (TA) model results indicated that the most severe contamination was found in root and stem1. The TA provides a practical tool for soil-cron systems and helps develop management strategies to prevent ecological hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conical-shaped atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CS-APPJ) was developed to overcome a standard limitation of APPJs, which is their small treatment area. The CS-APPJs increase the treatment area but use the same gas flow. In the present work, polypropylene samples were treated by CS-APPJ and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the contact angle, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that the treatment co-occurs on the face directly in contact with the plasma and on the opposite face (OF) of the samples, i.e., no contact. However, the treatment changed the chemical composition on each side; the OF is rougher than the direct contact face (DCF), probably due to the oxygen groups in excess at the DCF and nitrogen in quantity at the OF. Although simultaneous treatment of both sides of the sample occurs for most atmospheric plasma treatments, this phenomenon is not explored in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the applicability of steel slag porous asphalt mixture, the interaction capability and microscopic interfacial mechanism between asphalt-binder and steel slag aggregate-filler were investigated in this laboratory study. These objectives were accomplished by comparing and analyzing the differences between steel slag and basalt aggregates in interacting with the asphalt-binder. The study methodology involved preparing basalt and steel slag asphalt mortar to evaluate the penetration, ductility, softening point, toughness, and tenacity. Thereafter, the interaction capability between the asphalt-binder and aggregates was characterized using the interaction parameters of the asphalt mortar obtained from dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) testing. For studying the functional groups and chemical bonding of the asphalt mortar, the Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was used, whilst the interfacial bonding between the asphalt-binder and aggregates was analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The corresponding test results indicated that the physical and rheological properties of the two asphalt mortars were similar. However, whilst the FTIR analysis indicated domination through chemical reactions, the interaction capability and interfacial bonding between the asphalt-binder and steel slag aggregates exhibited superiority over that between the asphalt-binder and basalt aggregates, with pronounced adsorption peaks appearing in the steel slag asphalt mortar spectrum. On the other hand, the SEM test revealed that, compared with the basalt, the micro-interfacial phases between the steel slag and asphalt-binder were more continuous and uniform, which could potentially enhance the interfacial bond strength between the asphalt-binder and aggregates (filler). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hydrothermal synthesis of NiO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions at higher temperatures was used. An investigation of its optical and electrical capabilities might be done in many ways. As a result, the size and structure of NiO nanoparticles were characterised using a scanning electron microscope. A powder X-ray diffractometer was used to measure experimentally the crystallite grain size and dislocation density, which were computed using the Scherer formula. The functional groups of the title nanoparticles were easily distinguishable in the FTIR spectrum. After optical absorption analyses, NiO nanoparticles were shown to have optimised UV-Visible transmittance. The density functional theory (B3LYP) was used to compute the bonding of molecular properties of NiO in the ground state using the basis sets 6-311+G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p). There is evidence of charge transfer in molecules based on the computed molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), Thermodynamic properties, HOMO and LUMO energies determined. The scientific applications of this NiO nanomaterial would be well served by this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although several sample preparation methods for analyzing microplastics (MPs) in environmental matrices have been implemented in recent years, important uncertainties and criticalities in the approaches adopted still persist. Preliminary purification of samples, based on oxidative digestion, is an important phase to isolate microplastics from the environmental matrix; it should guarantee both efficacy and minimal damage to the particles. In this context, our study aims to evaluate Fenton's reaction digestion pre-treatment used to isolate and extract microplastics from environmental matrices. We evaluated the particle recovery efficiency and the impact of the oxidation method on the integrity of the MPs subjected to digestion considering different particles' polymeric composition, size, and morphology. For this purpose, two laboratory experiments were set up: the first one to evaluate the efficacy of various digestion protocols in the MPs extraction from a complex matrix, and the second one to assess the possible harm of different treatments, differing in temperatures and volume reagents used, on virgin and aged MPs. Morphological, physicochemical, and dimensional changes were verified by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The findings of the first experiment showed the greatest difference in recovery rates especially for polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate particles, indicating the role of temperature and the kind of polymer as the major factors influencing MPs extraction. In the second experiment, the SEM analysis revealed morphological and particle size alterations of various entities, in particular for the particles treated at 75 °C and with major evident alterations of aged MPs to virgin ones. In conclusion, this study highlights how several factors, including temperature and polymer, influence the integrity of the particles altering the quality of the final data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun biocompatible fiber mats were made with Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) using a biocompatible solvent Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), because of its compatibility. We have also used the herb "Thespesia populnea" to produce herbal doped electrospun mats. Five samples are produced by varying the percentages of PVA and herbal and the parameters in electrospinning machine. Among those samples, fiber is formed properly when PVA and herbal are taken in the ratio of 5% and 10%, respectively and when Distance, Flow rate, Voltage are set as 15 cm, 0.05 mL/h and 14 kV, respectively. The PVA fiber formation is investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been done to confirm the presence of functional group of the herbal and PVA in the mat. Antibacterial testing was done for the samples, and the zone of inhibition was found to be 8–12 mm. Drug release test revealed that the drug from the electrospun mat was better around 70%. In vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the result obtained was negative since a large amount of DMSO was used for dissolving the herbal. Hence it can be controlled by reducing the usage of DMSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate scaffolds of mixed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) that can be considered as a candidate of synthetic graft materials for cleft palate. Polymethylmethacrylate-hydroxyapatite (PMMA-HA) scaffold was done by weighing PMMA granules and HA powder for a 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 ratio, that mixed and moulded in 5 mm of diameter and 10 mm of height, then freeze dried before being analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) instruments. XRD analysis in 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 ratio has a peak that represents HA and an amorphous peak that represents PMMA, with the best ratio is 30:70.FTIR analysis showed the existence of HA functional groups namely phosphate (PO43- ), calcium carbonate (CO32- ), and hydroxyl (OH- ) in all three samples, with 20:80 ratio as the optimal composition. SEM observation showed visible interconnected pores and roughness, also various pore sizes that averaged by 278.71µm; 312.3µm; 332.8µm, and 1.267µm; 1.716µm; 1.951µm, that showed by 50x and 5000x magnification, with 20:80 ratio as the ideal environment. EDX analysis showed Calsium (Ca), Oxygen (O), Phosphate (P), Silicate (Si), and Aluminium (Al) contained in the PMMA-HA sample, with 20:80 ratio as the highest potention to osteoblast regeneration. PMMA-HA scaffold with 20:80 ratio considered as the best ratio to be a candidate of synthetic graft materials for cleft palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the structure, physical properties, and antifungal activity of ZnTe single-layer, ZnTe/Cu/ZnTe (ZCZ), and ZnTe/Ag/ZnTe (ZAZ) multilayer films. The ZAZ multilayer had the greatest antifungal efficacy, with ZCZ and ZnTe following in descending order of effectiveness. We observed that ZCZ had a MIC of 0.30 mol/ML and that ZAZ had a MIC of 20 mol/L. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test confirmed a cubic crystal structure for all films, indicating that the crystals were mainly arranged along the (111) plane. For ZnTe films, the average size of crystallites was estimated to be roughly 15 nm, while for ZAZ and ZCZ films, it remained relatively constant at around 14.2 nm and 14.1 nm, respectively. We determined the particle size of ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ImageJ analysis. The obtained sizes were 98 nm, 200 nm, and 81 nm for ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ, respectively. We used Swanepoel method and the Cauchy equation to determine the refractive index (n), film thickness (d), and refractive index as a function of wavelength. We used the Tauc equation to find that the optical band gaps (E g) of the films were 1.67 eV for ZnTe, 1.5 eV for ZCZ, and 1.55 eV for ZAZ. We analyzed six new frequency bands found through FTIR analysis. These bands showed important information about the chemical structure of the films. [Display omitted] • ZAZ films have superior antifungal activity. • The Ag middle layer boosts ZAZ composite efficacy. • Enhanced understanding of ZnTe multilayer's antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, different types of polyurethane foams (PUR) having various chemical compositions have been produced with a specific density to monitor the microstructure as much as possible. The foam may have a preferential orientation in the cell structure. The cellular polyurethane tends to have stubborn, typical cellular systems with strong overlap reversibility. Free expansion under atmospheric pressure enables formulas to grow until they are refined. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization of the developed foams was carried out. They later are described by apparent density, Shore hardness, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and compression tests. The detailed structural characterization was used by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (MO) to visualize the alveolar polymer's semi-opened cells, highlighting the opened-cell morphology and chemical irregularities. Polyurethane foams with different structural variables have a spectrum characterization that influences the phase separation and topography of polyurethane foam areas because their bonding capability with hydrogen depends on chain extender nature. These studies may aid in shock absorption production; a methodology of elaboration and characterization of filled polyurethane foams is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of a large volume of agricultural residue during the processing of fruits has resulted in environmental problems. Therefore, the production of bioactive compounds from agricultural residue will provide a direction to overcome these issues. These residues are a potential source of many bioactive compounds, such as pectin. The present study deals with the extraction and characterization of pectin from the Bael pulp residue produced during the processing of Bael fruit. Pectin was extracted by using hot acid extraction methods and evaluated for its physicochemical properties by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and the values of moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, total anhydrouronic acid content, and degree of esterification. The results were compared with those of commercial pectin. Bael pulp residue yielded 24.02 ± 0.63% of pectin by using HCl and 22.1 ± 0.7% by using H2SO4. The physicochemical characterization of extracted pectin, such as equivalent weight (852.32 ± 8.43), methoxyl content (8.28 ± 0.35%), total anhydrouronic acid (67.69 ± 0.35%), and degree of esterification (69.39 ± 0.57%), was within the acceptable range and comparable with the commercial pectin. The values of moisture content (4.62 ± 1.14%) and ash content (5.22 ± 0.66%) indicated that the extracted pectin was in pure form. SEM and XRD patterns observed the rough and amorphous nature of extracted pectin. The antioxidant activity of pectin and total phenolic content were also observed. The IC50 value was found to be 15.74 µg/mL, showing an adequate amount of antioxidant activity in isolated pectin with a total phenolic content of 58.5 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. Additionally, the prebiotic potential of extracted pectin was confirmed by the viability assay of two probiotics (Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces boulardii). Based on these results, Bael pulp residue could be a good alternative source of high-value pectin that could be used to make health products and other biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract using the green synthesis method at room temperature. The biosynthesized NPs are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD pattern has revealed the hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 16 nm for synthesized ZnO NPs. The FTIR results display the formation of ZnO NPs and the presence of other functional groups. The UV–vis absorption spectrum shows an absorption band at 347 nm and the value of the bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. The surface morphology of synthesized NPs is visualized by SEM images, it is observed that most of the NPs are needle in shape. Further, these NPs will find applications in biosensing and photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, the searching for novel plant fibers able to be used as reinforcement of polymer composites is highly appreciable. This study deals with extraction and characterization of Eleusine indica grass fibers extracted from its stem by manual retting process. From this study, it was found that the Eleusine indica has higher cellulose of 61.3 wt% content, density of 1143 kg/m3, average tensile strength and Young's modulus equal to 22 MPa and 10.75 GPa, respectively. From the XRD studies, it was noted that the Crystallinity Index (CI) of Eleusine indica was 45%. The surface morphology of Eleusine indica grass was examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Chemical functional group were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal stability of EIF was evaluated using TG and DTG curves from Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The characterization results confirmed that Eleusine indica grass could be used for the production of sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M-type Hexa-ferrites powders of chemical composition Ba 0.5 Sr 0.1 Zn 0.4 Fe 12 O 19 was prepared by the use of the co-precipitation technique. The heat treatment of this ferrite composition was done at various temperatures (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C) for 6 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of all the prepared powder samples confirmed the emergence of a hexagonal structure. The high-intensity peaks of the samples were indexed and showed a single phase. The size of crystallite was obtained within the range of 21–42 nm. The surface morphology was carried out with a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The grain size showed the hexagonal shape, and average grain sizes were in the range of ~ 211 nm. Spectral information was found using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm the phase of M-type hexaferrite. The dielectric parameters were measured within the high-frequency range of 5 MHz - 3 GHz. The dielectric constant was increased with an increase in temperature. The dielectric studies were found by the establishment of space charge polarization as per the two-layer model provided by Maxwell-Wagner and the study of phenomena of Koop's theory. The magnetic characteristics including coercivity (HcB) and retentivity (Br) were measured from BH/JH hysteresis loops. The enhancement of coercivity was observed from 1.23 × 10+3 Oe to 1.50 × 10+3 Oe, while the retentivity increased from 1.334 × 10+3 G to 1.598 × 10+3 G with an increase in temperature. Outstanding properties of synthesized materials suggested their use in large-frequency applications, including recording media and permanent magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper can be considered as an outstanding material for the development of antimicrobial materials. During the last few years, its alloys, salts and oxides have been recognized as strong biocide materials against a broad range of bacteria. We have been attempted to report the properties of synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) by adopting the blending of two methods. The synthesis was carried out by precipitating copper hydroxide nanostructures in precursor solution and make over the nano copper oxide in assimilation of microwave irradiations. It has been characterized by Scanning electron microscope, Xray diffraction; UV-visible spectroscopes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The large scale production of nano-CuO showed a brilliant optical band gap of 1.55 eV. And also have been subjected to test the antimicrobial activity against seven human pathogenic bacteria's. These nanoparticles possessed remarkable antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains which makes it a potent source of antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involved the processing of raw Ukpor clay from Anambra State, Nigeria to kaolin as a precursor for the development of Y-type zeolite. The clay was first subjected to pretreatment by separating the foreign bodies from it using deflocculant (Sodium hexametaphosphate and Sodium hydrogen carbonate). Subsequently, the pretreated clay was calcined at 850°C for 6 hours at atmospheric pressure. The calcined clay was formulated by adding sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate to produce a gel aged at room temperature for 12 hours. The gel was subsequently heated in a laboratory oven at 100°C for 9hrs to produce the Y-type zeolite in a process called crystallization and a product with Si/Al molar ratio of 4.07 was achieved which is suiting for a typical Zeolite Y. The formulated samples were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed possible synthesis of Y-type zeolite from Ukpor kaolinite having a molar ratio of 15Na2O:Al2O3:15SiO2:450H2O. The synthesized product with Si/Al ratio of 4.07, an agglomerated euhedral morphology, and FTIR spectra peak at wavelengths of 719cm-1 and 3424cm-1, are the basis upon which the conclusion of possible development of Y-type zeolite is drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are being considered as elemental building blocks of nanotechnology. The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous root extract of Anacardium occidentale by bio-reduction of Auric chloride solution was investigated in the current study. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope. In UV, the absorbance peak was observed at 531nm, FTIR spectrum shows the wavelength range from 464.27 cm-1 to 3364.51 cm-1 and SEM image showed that gold nanoparticles are in spherical shape. Then, the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles examined for the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and the result outcome with better percentage of potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the long-term working performance of recycled concrete (RC) members, there is a need to compensate for the performance deficiencies of RC. In this study, the mechanical properties of RC were improved by two different modification methods, and the reinforcement effects of RC modified by Silane Coupling Agent (KH560)/Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and RC modified by EVA alone were compared and analyzed. The effects of separate modification and co-modification on RC were analyzed through multi-scale methods in terms of macro-mechanical properties, microstructure, chemical composition and molecular mechanism, respectively. The results of macroscopic mechanical experiments showed that the compressive and shear strength of EVA/KH560 synergistic modification is higher than that of EVA alone. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data showed that the surface density of the old and new concrete interfaces was higher under EVA/KH560 co-modification. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data showed that more cement gel will be produced under EVA/KH560 synergistic modification. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that EVA single modification can produce hydrogen and ionic bonds at the interface of old and new concrete, while EVA/KH560 synergistic modification not only produces them, but also forms a stable Si-O-Si chemical bond. [Display omitted] • Compared with EVA modification, EVA/KH560 synergistic modification has better effect. • EVA/KH560 produces a large number of reticulated cement gel at the weak interface. • The stable Si KH560 -O KH560 -Si CSH is formed between KH560 and cement. • EVA/KH560 enhance the interfacial adhesion by the stable hydrogen and chemical bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) irradiation is an effective way to tailor the properties of materials to enhance their applicability toward high-end applications. In the present investigation, hydrothermally synthesized Fe-BTC metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were irradiated with 197Au8+ ion beam, 100 MeV at fluence range of 1×1011 ions/cm² and 1×1012 ions/cm². Hydrothermally synthesized Fe-BTC MOFs were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, UVVisible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The significant modifications were observed as ion fluence increases, viz. decrease of crystallite size, increase of energy bandgap, reduction in average surface roughness, and the formation of new functional group (C-H) at a higher fluences 1×1012 ions/cm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to establish an appropriate conservation method to reduce the deterioration of leather-made artifact and extend its lifetime. The restoration and consolidation of historic leather have always been a challenge for conservators. This paper discussed the new conservation treatment by applying skin collagen hydrolysate as the consolidation material while glutaraldehyde and tannin as cross-linking agents onto the degraded leather. The fresh leather samples were artificially aged to simulate the deterioration of historical leather. Then the simulated samples were treated with the skin collagen hydrolysate and cross linked by glutaraldehyde and tannin to improve the collagen fiber structures and thermal stability. The analytical approaches combining Ultra-depth three-dimensional Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were undertaken to identify the significant differences of the collagen fiber structures and thermal stability between untreated and treated leather samples. The results indicated that the thermal stability and the fibers cohesion of the treated sample were improved. It overall confirmed the use of the skin collagen hydrolysate isan effective consolidation strategy for the degraded leather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the sorption selectivity of bentonite and its thermally treated forms, at 150, 300 and 600 °C, for 226Ra and 210Pb. Characterisation of adsorbents was performed by applying Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope. Adsorption data showed the materials illustrated comparable behaviour for 210Pb, but varied when chemical containments existed in solution. Bentonite heated at 600 °C (B-600) was the best adsorbent for 226Ra. Influence of macro contaminants revealed K+ was the greatest inhibitor for 226Ra and Ca2+ for 210Pb. The data conclude B-600 would be the preferable mineral for constructing engineered disposal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applicability of natural fiber-reinforced composites in automobile, aerospace like sectors has been increasing as more number of research works is concentrating on natural fibers owing to their eco-friendly nature. Biodegradability of natural fibers is main advantage of them over artificial fibers. Natural fiber-reinforced composite possesses good thermal and mechanical properties besides other requirements. For this reason, investigation of one such natural fiber-reinforced composites has been the focus of the present study. In the present work, composites made up of abutilon indicum fiber reinforced with epoxy have been prepared. Mechanical, morphological, thermal, and spectroscopic studies on the test specimens prepared using the above composites were carried out to evaluate their respective strengths. Also, the effect of alkali treatment (NaOH) for the fibers was studied and evaluated. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that the composite made up of alkali-treated fibers possessed better mechanical properties. Using differential thermal analysis–thermogravimetric analysis apparatus thermal behavior of the composites and using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies, the presence of function groups like C–O, C–H was determined. Thus, characterization of abutilon indicum fiber-reinforced epoxy composites has been carried and properties are evaluated for their applicability to automotive, aerospace similar industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LiAlSiO 4 :Ce3+ (0–11 mol%) nanocomposites are synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using aloe vera gel as a fuel. The prepared samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to know the crystallite size, optical energy band gap by Kubelka-Munk (K-M) plot and surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental confirmation. The stretching frequency of all nanocomposites is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The Raman spectroscopy provides a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics showed that the prepared samples obey Ohm's law. DC conductivity is studied for temperature ranging from 30 - 450 οC and activation energy is calculated by Arrhenius plot. Further, the present method was reliable, environmental friendly and alternative to economical routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used for anticancer, and it regards as one of the effective therapeutic drugs for solid tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies. In this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were selected as carriers to load DOX. The concentrations of (20mg) functionalization -CNTs as a nanocarrier were added to 100 ml of DOX aqueous solution (100 ppm). Each mixture was stirred for 24 hours at 25oC under dark conditions. The functionalization CNTs/DOX mixture was isolated by centrifuging for 15 min at a rate of 6000 rpm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the characterization of the nanocarrier. The results showed that the used dosage of CNT (1mg/ml) showed good loading ability for DOX over CNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of an economically cheap raw material (rice husk) was evaluated in the present study to remove dyes including reactive yellow 15 (RY15) and reactive red 241 (RR241) in single and multi-component systems. The adsorbent was modified and functionalized chemically using glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, sulfur and silane to enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants. The modified rice husk was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Batch adsorption study showed that the modified rice husk with silane graft (RHSi) had highest removal efficiency of both dyes with 20% more removal compared to raw rice husk. The sorption correlated well with Langmuir, Freundlich, SIPS and Redlich-Peterson models for adsorption. Highest sorption was obtained at 10 mg L−1 of dye, 50 °C, 200 mg g−1 of adsorbent dose and pH 4. The mixture of two dyes poorly fit to the original Langmuir but fit best to the Langmuir-like model. This indicates that competitive Langmuir-like model considers that the capacities of adsorbents are equal. Results showed that the components compete for the available binding sites on adsorbent surface. It was also indicated that silane grafting can offer comparatively more binding sites compared to the raw rice husk and single-solute isotherm parameters cannot used for multi-component solute system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective in this work consists in the synthesis, the characterization, the elaboration, the formulation, and the rheological study of the new phosphoric epoxy resin: pentaglycidyl ether pentaphenoxy of phosphorus (PGEPPP). Thus, we identified this polymer by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Then, its chemical structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance of proton (1H NMR) and carbon (13C NMR). Furthermore, the rheological analyzes of the epoxy resin and their composite (PGEPPP/MDA/PN) were determined by the RHM01-RD HAAKE rheometer. Moreover, this epoxy polymer and their composite have been applied in flow phenomena and implementation. Finally, we proceeded to the morphological of the composite (PGEPPP/MDA/PN) using the scanning electron microscope, in order to confirm the dispersion of the natural phosphate load incorporated into the prepared composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of methylene blue was carried out by adsorbent prepared from Acacia modesta. The sample wood was collected from Dir lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Chemical activation of the sample was conducted for surface efficiency. Surface of raw and activated sample was elucidated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Adsorption of methylene blue was studied on raw and activated samples by kinetics adsorption at different adsorption temperatures such as 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C. The adsorption equilibrium was established within 2 h. Elovich, Bhangam, and Parabolic diffusion equations were applied to the adsorption kinetics data and were found fit for adsorption. From adsorption kinetic data the parameters like ΔH=/, ΔS=/and ΔE=/were calculated and showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous process. Entropy in descending order shows that dye molecules adsorbed in an oriented position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compared the antibacterial activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) from fresh leaf and fresh stem bark aqueous extracts of Carica papaya against five selected microbes: Staphylococcus aureus, (Gram positive (+ve)), Escherichia coli (Gram negative (-ve)), Acinetobacter baumanni (Gram-ve), Exiguobacterium aquaticum (Gram+ve), and Klebsielia pneumonia (Gram +ve). The morphological features of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs were analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM); the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) technique was used to observe the surface functional groups. The experimental results indicated that ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using modified hydrothermal technique, which showed agglomerated flake-like or petal-like shapes with the organic extract surrounding the formed particles. The average particle size of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles determined by SEM ranged between 54-97 nm with the width and length of the petal-like structures been 30 nm and 62 nm respectively. The average ZnO NPs from fresh stem bark extract of Carica papaya with higher concentrations (100-1000 ppm) demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than the fresh leaf extracts. On the other hand, ZnO NPs from fresh leaf extracts of lower concentrations (25-50 ppm) rather showed a suitable result than the fresh stem bark. In general, ZnO NPs showed a positive antibacterial result towards the selected microbes. This shows that, the synthesized ZnO NP can be a substitute to chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage of natural fiber as reinforcements with polymer resins increases the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. Composites developed from natural hybrid fiber have more advantage than composites developed from individual fibers. This may be due to the limitation of one fiber which is replaced by the advantage of other. In the proposed work hybrid palm/glass fibers with coconut shell nano filer have been used as reinforcements and its effects on mechanical properties were studied. The mechanical properties (hardness, tensile, flexural, impact strengths), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses are investigated. Composites containing hybrid fibers found to posses better mechanical properties when compared to pure palm fibers. The morphological analysis namely scanning electron microscope (SEM) is also performed. All the results indicate that introduction of natural filler added hybrid palm/glass fiber reduces the overall cost of the composites with no compromise in strength enabling green technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based polymers have raised significant environmental concerns. It is critical to create compostable, good biocompatibility, and nontoxic polymers to replace petroleum-based polymers. Thus, this research was performed to extract the gelatin from fish waste cartilage and coated it over the surface of spherical shaped pre-synthesized ZnNPs along with a suitable plasticizer to produce the biodegradable film. The presence of gelatin on the surface of ZnNPs was first confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometers, as well as the characteristic functional groups involved in the coating were investigated using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological appearance of gelatin coated ZnNPs was ranged from 41.43 to 52.31 nm, the shape was found as platonic to pentagonal shape, and the fabricated film was observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The thickness, density, and tensile strength of fabricated film were found to be 0.04–0.10 mm, 0.10–0.27 g/cm3, and 31.7 kPa. These results imply that the fish waste cartilage gelatin coated ZnNPs-based nanocomposite can be used for film preparation as well as a wrapper for food and pharmaceutical packaging. • Gelatin has been harvested successfully from fish waste cartilage. • The gelatin effectively coated the ZnNPs, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite. • The size of the gelatin coated ZnNPs was found as 41.43–52.31 nm & platonic shape. • Thickness & density of the fabricated film were found as 0.10 mm & 0.27 g/cm3. • The tensile strength of the gelatin-coated ZnNPs-based biodegradable film was 31.7 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum-based nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes have increased scientific attention in today's life. The dispersion quality was the critical aspect, which decides the homogeneous distribution of CNTs within the Al matrix as starting precursors. In this study, a new attempt has been made to obtain a uniformly dispersed Al-0.75% CNT precursor via combining ultra-sonication, cubic tumbler rod milling, and spray drying. This process was integrated with organic deflocculant (formulator) in specific proportion to transform as a semi-wet-based route. The effect of milling media on the morphology and interface structure of the as-produced composite precursor after all the processing steps was investigated through scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results reveal that the approach is effective in CNT dispersion in Al precursor, which shields the nanotube structure from damage for longer periods of milling time due to the organic formulator mixture, and also, the CNT retention in the Al precursor with minimum clustering is identified compared to the ball milling process. Carbon traces were confirmed in the as-produced composite precursor by this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, long term service performance of silicone rubber based polymeric insulators under DC stress with controlled climatic conditions is attempted. Simultaneous application of UV, thermal, humidity with DC electrical stress is applied to polymeric insulators enclosed in a specially fabricated climatic chamber. The stresses are applied for 1000 h for an adopted cycle to simulate close service life conditions. The leakage current is regularly monitored and recorded. After the experimentation, samples of the aged specimen are subjected for post analysis and psycho-chemical analysis like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to monitor morphological changes, Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) to observe elemental presence over the surface, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy to examine chemical changes in the material, Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) to understand the role of filler in aged insulator specimen and loss of Loss of hydrophobicity was measured. Investigations with long duration DC stress reveal material degradation, depolymerization and loss of ATH; this could result in low thermal stability and accelerate the thermal erosion and early failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present study was to produce natural chitosan with different deacetylation degree from shrimp shells. Three deacetylation degrees of chitosan were obtained through boiling the chitin in NaOH (50% (w/v)) at 110 °C for 4 h. The samples were labelled as NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 according to the number of times they were treated with alkaline solution. The functional groups of the obtained products and the degree of deacetylation were determined through Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope was employed to characterise the morphology of the produced materials. Cell viability assay was carried out using mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the samples for 7 days. The results showed that the deacetylation degree of chitin, NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 became 50.1, 73.5, 82.3 and 82.5%, respectively. The natural chitin had carnation-like morphology. NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 had the raised hills with the smaller and denser Gulbergs, however, there was no significant difference between NCS2 and NCS3 regarding the structure and deacetylation degree. Moreover, the result of the cell culture experiment indicated that the number of cells on the NCS1 was less than that of the NCS2 after 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ozonation as an environmentally friendly bleaching method was studied for decolorization of leather products. The effect of ozonation time (3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min) and water pick-up value (WPV) (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were investigated on decolorization effect. For this aim, the color measurement and tensile strength tests were performed, and also structural changes were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after ozonation process. The results of color measurements showed that 30 min for ozonation and 60% WPV were optimum parameters to obtain maximum decolorization effect. SEM images of the ozonated leathers showed some deformations on the collagen fibers and resulted with the slightly decreases in tensile strength of the products. On the other hand, decreases in the tensile strength values were not statistically important levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdZnO composite coated films were deposited on glass substrate by screen printing method at the sintering temperature of 450 °C and 550 °C. The morphological and structural details of composite films were characterized by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. Similarly, optical properties were analyzed by UV–vis and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD patterns revealed increase in crystallite size with increasing sintering temperature. SEM images clearly show agglomeration and increase in the grain size of the nanoparticles in high temperature sintered film. Similarly, FTIR spectra exhibit a slight shift in peak positions and increase in intensity of peaks with increase in sintering temperature. The optical absorption measurements have been used to evaluate the values of refractive index, extinction coefficients of these direct- energy band gap semiconductor films with energy band gaps distributed in the range of ∼2.81 eV at 450 °C and ∼2.70 eV at 550 °C. The imaginary and real parts of dielectric constants are also calculated, while PL spectra showed band emission shifting towards the higher side (red shift) with increase in sintering temperature. These studies revealed that on increasing sintering temperature the crystallinity of the film improves with reduction in lattice deformations in such composite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine and analyze a wooden face that was covered with a transparent layer of wax after finishing the mask. The use of wax and encaustic painting was used in Ancient Egypt during the Greco - Roman period, but it was an extremely rare technique in the Egyptian dynasties. The wooden face that was chosen for this study was carefully examined using light microscopy to identify the wood, which proved to be native sycomore fig (Ficus sycomorus). Digital microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to assess decay of the outer exposed surface that had been covered in the past with a preparation layer composed of calcium carbonate. SEM micrographs showed clear decay of the cell walls due to the penetration of both the preparation layer and fungal hyphae. Microbiological investigation indicated the presence a bacterial and fungal infestation. The wood was infected infected by Aspergillus niger and Ulocladium sp fungi and Pediococcus dextrinicus bacteria. Further assessment was done by X- Ray Diffraction (XRD) to calculate the decrease of cellulose crystallinity according to Segal and Fourier Transform spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect the changes of the main wood components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulose is the uppermost limiting factor influencing the maturity process of agricultural waste compost. The purpose of this study was to determine the promotion of lignocellulose degradation by the inoculants DN-1 during co-composting of cattle manure with rice straw. Lignocellulose content, functional groups, and microscopic structure were investigated by the chemical determination, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, respectively. The chemical determination indicated that the inoculants DN-1 promoted the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the initial stage of composting and the degradation of lignin in the later thermophilic stage. After composting, the degradation rate of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin in the inoculated compost was 62.57%, 67.14%, and 42.54% respectively, while those in the natural compost was only 31.27%, 47.57%, and 22.21%, respectively. During composting, in the inoculated compost, the characteristic absorption peaks of cellulose and hemicellulose (at 3312, 2930, 1050, and 895 cm−1) and lignin (at 1506 cm−1) decreased noticeably, while in natural compost, except for the peak at 1050 cm−1, no obvious changes in these peaks were observed, confirming that the inoculants were effective in promoting the degradation of lignocellulose. The SEM images provided clear morphological evidence of lignocellulose degradation during composting. After composting, the serious degradation of parenchyma tissue (which is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose mainly) and sclerenchyma tissue (which is composed of lignin mainly) was observed in the inoculated compost. While in the natural compost, only the partial degradation of parenchyma tissue occurred, no obvious degradation of sclerenchyma tissue was found at the end of composting. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 345-351, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ARA could enhance the road performance of the LFSMA-13 for different ages and decrease the performance sensitivity to age. • The lignin fibers physically interact with the asphalt, while the ARA could chemically interact with the asphalt mixture. • The peak area of the imino and methyl in the asphalt decreases, and the peak area of the carbonyl and sulfoxide increases with age. • The correlation between the peak areas of imino, methyl, carbonyl, and sulfoxide, and the physical property indices of the LFSMA-13 and ALSMA-13 is good. This paper aims to analyze the long-term road performance of anti-rutting agent (ARA) reinforced asphalt mixture, and reveal its road performance from the micro morphology and chemical perspective. ARA was used to modify the lignin fiber-reinforced SMA-13 asphalt mixture (LFSMA-13). The unaged, and the short and long-term aged specimens were used to test the road performance (high and low-temperature properties, water stability, and anti-cracking) of the LFSMA-13 and ARA modified LFSMA-13 (ALSMA-13). In addition, the micromorphology of the additives and asphalt mixture and the chemical property of asphalt in the mixture were analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) test and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test. The relationship between road performance and chemical property was also analyzed. The results showed that the performance of the ALSMA-13 was better with age than the LFSMA-13. The SEM images showed that the lignin fiber and the ARA could form a network structure in the SMA-13 mixtures. The FTIR test indicated that the ARA's amino group (–NH–) could chemically interact with the asphalt in SMA-13. The peak area of the carbonyl and sulfoxide chemical group increased, and the imino and methyl decreased with age. The results showed a good correlation between the FTIR parameters and road performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a multi-instrument characterization of the carbon particles in carbon/polymer/nanodiamond core-shell materials used for high-performance liquid chromatography. These particles are prepared by the carbonization/pyrolysis of poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particles (4.9 µm initially) decreased in size after air oxidation (to 4.4 µm) and again after carbonization (down to 3.5 µm) but remained highly spherical. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements showed low surface areas initially (as received: 1.6 m2/g, after air oxidation: 2.6 m2/g) but high values after carbonization (445 m2/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the changes in the functional groups after air oxidation (C = O and C-O stretches appear), carbonization (carbon-oxygen containing moieties disappear), and acid treatment (reintroduction of carbon-oxygen containing moieties). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and elemental analysis revealed the surface and bulk oxygen contents before and after treatments. By XPS, the atom percent oxygen for the as received, air oxidized, carbonized, and acid treated particles are 8.7, 16.6, 3.7, and 13.8, respectively, and by elemental analysis, the percent oxygen in the materials is 0.6, 8.1, 0.9, 16.9, respectively. A principal components analysis of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data identified ions that were enhanced in the different materials, where almost 90% of the variation in the analyzed peak areas was captured by two principle components. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy suggested that the carbonized PDVB was disordered. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significant differences between the differently treated PDVB microspheres. This work applies directly to a commercial product and the process for preparing it. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was performed to evaluate the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricating potential of aqueous shoot extract of Aristolochia bracteolata and also assess the free radicals scavenging potential of synthesized AgNPs. The results obtained from this study showed that the aqueous shoot extract of A. bracteolata has the potential to synthesize the AgNPs and it was initially confirmed by color change in the reaction blend as yellow to dark brownish. Subsequently, a clear absorbance peak was found at 425 nm in UV–visible spectrum analysis. The functional groups involved in the capping and stabilization of AgNPs were confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and recorded about 10 sharp peaks 3688, 3401, 2980, 2370, 1948, 1642, 1480, 1280, 782, and 628 cm−1. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) observations revealed that the predominant shape of the AgNPs was spherical and size ranged from 41.43 to 60.51 nm. Interestingly, the green fabricated AgNPs showed significant free radicals scavenging activity and were confirmed with ferric reducing assay, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), H 2 O 2 radicals, and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals scavenging activity. Thus, after a few in-vivo antioxidant studies, Aristolochia bracteolata -mediated AgNPs can be considered as an antioxidant agent. • The shoot extract of Aristolochia bracteolata has the potential to synthesize AgNPs. • Synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape and size ranging from 41.43 to 60.51 nm. • The first report on AgNPs synthesized from A. bracteolata aqueous shoot extract. • AgNPs mediated by A. bracteolata demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity. • On antioxidant assays, the IC 50 of AgNPs ranged from 54.64 to 78.00 g mL−1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium doped Copper ferrite (Ca x Cu 1-x Fe 2 O 4 , x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. The effect of calcium doping in structural, elastic and magnetic properties of copper ferrite were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Vibrating Sample magnetometer (VSM). X-ray diffraction verified the single phase cubic spinel structure and hematite phase also present in x = 0.02 with the space group Fd3m. The average crystallite size ranged in 44–58 nm and increased with increasing Ca concentration. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the ferrite particles seem in spherical shape with agglomeration. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed the two main absorption bands of spinel structure in the wavenumber scale of 476–576 cm−1 assigned to the stretching vibration of A and B sites. The three types of moduli of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, velocities of elastic waves and Debye temperature estimated using FTIR. Vibrating Sample magnetometer exhibited the room temperature ferromagnetic behavior and coercivity decreases with Ca concentration while saturation magnetization increases. • Ca-doped copper ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by co - precipitation method. • The ionic radii, bond lengths, and hopping lengths were determined using XRD. • Different elastic parameters were estimated using FTIR. • Ca-doping improved the magnetic properties of Copper ferrite nanoparticles. • The RT ferromagnetism was observed in all samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]