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In this paper, paper microfluidic channel fabricated by directly screen-printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is proposed for paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of therapeutic drugs in the blood samples. Compared with traditional paper spray, PDMS-printed paper spray (PP-PS) allows fluid to flow to the tip of paper with less sample loss which significantly improved the signal intensity of target compounds in blood samples. As paper can reduce the matrix effect, PP-PS also has a greater advantage than electro-spray Ionization (ESI) when directly analyzing complex biological sample in terms of the detection efficiency. Linearity and limits of detection (LOD) were evaluated for five psychotropic drugs: olanzapine, quetiapine, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, risperidone. As a result, PP-PS improved the signal intensity of the psychotropic drugs at a concentration of 250 ng/ml in blood samples by a factor of 2-5 times and lowered the relative standard deviation (RSD) by a factor of 2-5.6 times compared with traditional paper spray. And PP-PS also improved signal intensity by a factor of 9-33 times compared with ESI. Quantitative experiments of PP-PS mass spectrometry indicated that the linear range was 5-500 ng/ml and the LOD were improved by a factor of 5-71 times for all these drugs compared with traditional paper spray. In addition, PP-PS was applied to the home-made miniaturized mass spectrometer and the precursor ions of all five psychotropic drugs (250 ng/ml) in the mass spectrometry results were obtained as well. These could prove that PP-PS has the potential to analyze complex biological samples in application on the miniaturized mass spectrometer which can be used outside the laboratory., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Writing a research paper as a graduation requisite by university students is an important part of university education. It is not a simple task for most university students who face several problems during writing the graduation project. Several kinds of research have been conducted onrecognising the challenges and problems that face students in academic writing, but to the researcher's best knowledge, no study has been conducted on the problems faced in writing a graduate research paper by Jordanian undergraduate students of the English Language and Literature major. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the academic writing challenges and difficulties encountered in writing graduation papers by EFL undergraduate students in the Department of English at Alzaytoonah University of Jordan (ZUJ). The data for the study was collected through distributing a questionnaire of three parameters: attitude about writing a research paper, methodology challenges, and background knowledge about research. The questionnaire is based on identifying the causes of the students' challenges in writing their graduation papers. The respondents were 45 undergraduate students of the English Language and Literature. The findings revealed that the most important problems were lack of an academic prerequisite of teaching the techniques of how to write a research paper, lack of knowledge of research paper writing process, lack of resources, lack of the methodology, etc. Thus, for these reasons, the present study attempts to present suggestions and recommendations to overcome such hurdles faced by graduate students in writing their graduation research papers.

A rapid user-friendly paper-based test strip using zinc microparticles in conjugation with Griess reagent was developed for nitrite and nitrate detection. Test strips were fabricated using a simple and fast method of step-by-step immersion into reagents so that each strip contained a single detection pad for nitrite detection and another separate pad for nitrate detection. To reduce nitrate to nitrite, zinc microparticles suspended in ethanolic solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were uniformly immobilized on the paper strips that were previously impregnated in the Griess reagent and dried. The Griess reagent components were optimized to reach the highest color intensity. The optimized test strip was able to determine both nitrite and nitrate with respective detection limits of 0.43 and 9.43 mg/kg and a detection time of 60 s. The performance of the new test strips was evaluated for the simultaneous colorimetric detection of nitrite and nitrate in water and different food samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Rapid and precise detection of harmful substances in food products is essential for ensuring public health and safety. This study introduces a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate, composed of a molybdenum disulfide‑silver nanocomposite, applied to flexible, water-resistant filter paper for detecting melamine and bisphenol A (BPA) in milk. Optimized molybdenum disulfide (NMS) nanoflowers (NFs) were synthesized through hydrothermal methods and high-temperature annealing, then modified with silver (Ag) nanoparticles to form the NMS-Ag nanocomposite (NMSA 6 ). This substrate greatly enhances the Raman signal, achieving an enhancement factor of approximately 1.49 × 10 7 and a detection limit as low as 10 -11  M for simultaneous multi-component analysis. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations confirm the enhancement mechanism. The NMSA 6 substrate demonstrates remarkably low detection limits for BPA and melamine, facilitating the analysis of various hazardous substances. These findings highlight the substrate's potential for highly sensitive, label-free detection, presenting a viable tool for food safety monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Monitoring various biomarkers in saliva samples emerges as a dynamic and non-invasive method. However, the high viscosity of saliva presents a distinct challenge when integrating paper-based platforms for on-site analysis. In addressing this challenge, we introduced the capillary-driven microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μCD-PAD) designed for user-friendly and simultaneous detection of ethanol and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in saliva without a sample preparation step. Employing a colorimetric approach, we quantified both analytes. Synthetic salivas of varying viscosity flowed seamlessly to the detection zone without needing a sample preparation step, and no impact on colorimetric detection due to viscosity was observed (RSD <5 %). Within 10 min after the solution reached the detection zone, the device produced a homogeneous color signal, easily analyzed by a smartphone camera. To extend the application for determination to cover a legal limit concentration of ethanol and concentration of salivary THC even 24 h after marijuana consumption, the detection time of 30 min was optimized. Moreover, a saliva sample containing both analytes was used to demonstrate the capability of the developed device to detect ethanol and THC simultaneously. No cross-talk between ethanol and THC occurred and showed recovery in the 98-102 % for ethanol and 95-105 % for THC with acceptable accuracy. This developed device exhibits excellent potential for forensic applications, providing a user-friendly, cost-effective, and real-time screening tool for detecting ethanol and THC in saliva., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paper packaging made with recycled paperboard is used to pack various consumer goods that can include amongst others, electronics, toys, food, cosmetics, and stationery. Chemical profiling of the various paper recycling grades used in the manufacture of recycled paperboard was undertaken to investigate possible sources of contaminants and their propagation in the paper recycling chain. Pre-consumer, retail and post-consumer paper-based materials were collected at papermills, corrugators, grocery stores, household waste, solid waste disposal sites and recycling facilities. In the GC-MS analysis, phthalates, long-chain aliphatic compounds, and fatty acids were the most commonly detected compounds whilst phthalates and bisphenols featured most prevalently in the LC-MS analysis. The factors that were identified as likely contributors to the detection of the different chemical compounds included the presence of wood derivatives, the use of certain chemical additives during manufacturing, and exposure of paper to contaminants from consumers, other goods and the environment. Waste mingling, recovery, sorting and reprocessing into recycled paper were also shown to influence the chemical profile of paper materials. Sparse partial least squares-discriminate analysis indicated that newspaper and office paper had unique chemical constituents, whilst cartons were shown to have higher variability. By looking at key stages of paper recycling, this study showed that the possible persistence and transformation of chemical compounds in additives must be evaluated when considering the recyclability of paper-based materials. Further, it highlighted that different separation approaches may be required to reduce contaminant exposure opportunities in post-consumer paper materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), an enzyme for repairing uracil-containing DNA damage, is crucial for maintaining genomic stability. Simple and fast quantification of UDG activity is essential for biological assay and clinical diagnosis, since its aberrant level is associated with DNA damage and various diseases. Herein, we developed a fully integrated "sample in-signal out" distance-based paper analytical device (dPAD) for visual quantification of UDG using a flow-controlled uracil-rich DNA hydrogel (URDH). The uracil base sites contained in the DNA hydrogel are mis-incorporated with dUTP by rolling circle amplification (RCA), which simplifies the preparation process of the functionalized hydrogel. In the presence of UDG, the uracil in URDH can be recognized and removed to induce the permeability change of URDH, resulting in the visible distance signal along the paper channel. Using dPAD, as low as 6.4 × 10 -4 U/mL of UDG (within 80 min) is visually identified without any instruments and complicated operations. This integrated dPAD is advantageous for its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and ease of use. We envision that it has the great potential for point-of-care testing (POCT) in DNA damage testing, personalized healthcare assessment, and biomedical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has become a powerful spectroscopic technology for highly sensitive detection. However, SERS is still limited in the lab because it either requires complicated preparation or is limited to specific compounds, causing poor applicability for practical applications. Herein, a micro-macro SERS strategy, synergizing polymer-assisted printed process with paper-tip enrichment process, is proposed to fabricate highly sensitive paper cartridges for sensitive practical applications. The polymer-assisted printed process finely aggregates nanoparticles with a discrete degree of 1.77, and SERS results are matched with theoretical enhancement, indicating small cluster-dominated hotspots at the micro-scale and thus 41-fold SERS increase compared to other aggregation methods. The paper-tip enrichment process moves molecules in a fluid into small tips filled with plasmonic clusters, and molecular localization at hotspots is achieved by the simulation and optimization of fluidic velocity at the macro-scale, generating a 39.5-fold SERS sensibility increase in comparison with other flow methods. A highly sensitive paper cartridge contains a paper-tip and a 3D-printed cartridge, which is simple, easy-to-operate, and costs around 2 US dollars. With a detection limit of 10 -12  M for probe molecules, the application of real samples and multiple analytes achieves single-molecule level sensitivity and reliable repeatability with a 30-min standardized procedure. The micro-macro SERS strategy demonstrates its potential in practical applications that require point-of-care detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property. We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the Corresponding Author., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, fiber-based and functional paper food packaging has garnered significant attention for its versatility, excellent performance, and potential to provide sustainable solutions to the food packaging industry. Fiber-based food packaging is characterized by its large surface area, adjustable porosity and customizability, while functional paper-based food packaging typically exhibits good mechanical strength and barrier properties. This review summarizes the latest research progress on food packaging based on fibers and functional paper. Firstly, the raw materials used for preparing fiber and functional paper, along with their physical and chemical properties and roles in food packaging, were discussed. Subsequently, the latest advancements in the application of fiber and paper materials in food packaging were introduced. This paper also discusses future research directions and potential areas for improvement in fiber and functional paper food packaging to further enhance their effectiveness in ensuring food safety, quality, and sustainability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The similar transmission patterns and early symptoms of respiratory viral infections, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza (H1N1), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pose substantial challenges in the diagnosis, therapeutic management, and handling of these infectious diseases. Multiplexed point-of-care testing for detection is urgently needed for prompt and efficient disease management. Here, we introduce an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) platform for multiplexed and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, and RSV infection using immobilized pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid probes. Hybridization between the probes and viral nucleic acid targets causes changes in the electrochemical response. The resulting sensor offers high sensitivity and low detection limits of 0.12, 0.35, and 0.36 pM for SARS-CoV-2 (N gene), H1N1, and RSV, respectively, without showing any cross-reactivities. The amplification-free detection of extracted RNA from 42 nasopharyngeal swab samples was successfully demonstrated and validated against reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (range of cycle threshold values: 17.43-25.89). The proposed platform showed excellent clinical sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (≥97 %) to achieve excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.914) with the standard assay, thereby demonstrating its applicability for the screening and diagnosis of these respiratory diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paper chip as a representative microfluidic device has been mushroomed for rapid identification of contaminants in agro-food. However, the sensitivity and accuracy have still been challenged by inevitable background noise or interference in food matrix. Herein, we designed and fabricated a dual-mode paper chip (DPC) by assembling a patterned paper electrode with a platinum nanoparticles-treated colorimetric region through a flow channel. Dual-mode outputs were guided by an aptamer-gated UiO-66-NH 2 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). UiO-66-NH 2 loaded with 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was controlled by a switch comprised of CdS quantum dots-aptamer. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, a kind of carcinogenic mycotoxin) target came and induced TMB release, triggering colorimetric and ECL signals on DPC, ultra-high sensitivity with a detection limit of 7.8 fg/mL was realized. The practicability of the DPC was also confirmed by spiking AFB1 in real corn samples. This portable paper-based device provides an ideal rapid detection platform tailored for diverse food contaminants analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

SERS measurements for monitoring bactericides in dairy products are highly desired for food safety problems. However, the complicated preparation process of SERS substrates greatly impedes the promotion of SERS. Here, we propose acoustofluidic one-step synthesis of Ag nanoparticles on paper substrates for SERS detection. Our method is economical, fast, simple, and eco-friendly. We adopted laser cutting to cut out appropriate paper shapes, and aldehydes were simultaneously produced at the cutting edge in the pyrolysis of cellulose by laser which were leveraged as the reducing reagent. In the synthesis, only 5 μL of Ag precursor was added to complete the reaction, and no reducing agent was used. Our recently developed acoustofluidic device was employed to intensely mix Ag + ions and aldehydes and spread the reduced Ag nanoparticles over the substrate. The SERS substrate was fabricated in 1 step and 3 min. The standard R6G solution measurement demonstrated the excellent signal and prominent uniformity of the fabricated SERS substrates. SERS detection of the safe concentration of three bactericides, including tetracycline hydrochloride, thiabendazole, and malachite green, from food samples can be achieved using fabricated substrates. We take the least cost, time, reagents, and steps to fabricate the SERS substrate with satisfying performance. Our work has an extraodinary meaning for the green preparation and large-scale application of SERS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nasal ions environment plays a crucial role in maintaining nasal physiology and supports olfactory transmission. Addressing the limited research on nasal ion levels and their association with olfactory function, paper-based sensors were developed for determination of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride in the nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots from beetroot were incorporated into paper substrate where sensors were designed with ion association complexes for sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride enhancing the recognition sensing capabilities. The sensors composition was optimized, including ion-exchange materials and plasticizers, to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The performance of the sensors is evaluated based on Nernstian slope, dynamic range, detection limit and response time. Selectivity of the sensors was tested and the results demonstrated high selectivity for the target ions. The sensors were successfully determined sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels in nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. The results revealed elevated calcium levels in patients with olfactory dysfunction, highlighting associated diagnostic implications. This suggests that the proposed sensors could serve as a diagnostic tool for olfactory evaluation, particularly in resource-constrained settings where access to advanced diagnostic tools is limited., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relations that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study developed a multifunctional paper-based freshness antibacterial indicator card by dual-sided coating on conventional filter paper. The indicator coating was composed of anthocyanins from purple cabbage, and polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as substrates while the antibacterial coating contained halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil and chitosan. FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analyses revealed that the components were well-mixed, and the paper was tightly bound to the coatings through hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the coating effectively filled the porous fiber gaps in the paper, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties of the paper. The tensile strength of the coated paper was enhanced from 14.28 MPa to a range of 42.25-47.71 MPa, and the bending resistance was increased from 0.35 N·mm to a range of 1.72-1.99 N·mm compared to the uncoated paper. The addition of anthocyanins provided excellent sensitivity to pH and ammonia for the indicator card. Furthermore, the coating including halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil exhibited antimicrobial resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When used on fresh carp, the antibacterial indicator card not only indicated the freshness of the carp but also extended the best before date of the fish meat by 1-2 days. The indicator exhibited the most pronounced color transformation and optimal freshness indication performance when the mass fraction of anthocyanins was 2 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This work is original research and the data presented in the manuscript has not been published elsewhere., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development of point-of-care testing (POCT) for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is meaningful for the non-invasive cancers screening and diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited settings. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) provides an ideal platform, its application in ctDNA assays remains underexplored. In this work, a multifunctional μPAD was manufactured, which can enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of ctDNA sensing. Additionally, a smartphone-based application analysis was fabricated for convenient, portable detection and colorimetric signal readout. Moreover, the novel oxidase-like MnB 2 nanozyme was introduced in the sandwiches sensing strategy, utilizing its catalytic properties to effectively generate a colorimetric signal. The use of MnB 2 nanozyme in sensing application is relatively novel, and its catalytic performance and mechanism was thoroughly evaluated via experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. After optimizing the detection conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibited satisfactory results. Furthermore, the method was successfully used to detect ctDNA in tumor cell lysates and peripheral blood samples from tumor-bearing mice. The results were consistent with standard qPCR method, affirming the reliability of our POCT analysis device in ctDNA detection. Thus, this work not only provides a paper-based POCT device and intelligent analysis tool for portable cancers diagnosis, but it also paves a new application path for MnB 2 nanozyme in the sensing filed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, author-ship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sensitive and accurate analysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) is of great importance for preventing health hazard in environment. Nevertheless, most of sensors focus on sensitivity and selectivity, but practicality is also a significant quota. How to reconciling sensitivity, selectivity and practicability in one single sensor is desirable but remains challenging. Here, we created a novel metal-carbon nanozyme V 2 O 5 @C with two-dimensional (2D) morphology and high yet exclusive peroxidase (POD)-like activity via a glucose and NH 4 NO 4 -co-directed avenue, and further showed its application in constructing a portable and disposable paper-based analytical chip (PA-chip) for rapid, visual and onsite analysis of PPi. PPi etched V 2 O 5 to prevent the decomposition of H 2 O 2 into ·OH, resulting in weakened POD-like activity. In comparison with PPi deficiency, colorless TMB couldn't be oxidized into oxidized TMB with a dropped absorption at 652 nm. Therefore, obviously shallowed blue color on PA-chip surface was recorded, and demonstrated a negative relationship with PPi dosage, enabling rapid and visual detection of PPi with a limit of detection of 2.6 nM. This study demonstrated the burgeoning applications of nanozymes with POD-like activity in construction of PA-chips for PPi and will quicken the advancement of practical sensors, guaranteeing environmental safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Due to intrinsic defect of fire hazard security, improving the flame retardant capacity of paper is still insufficient in case of precombustion. Herein, we integrate the flame retardant with flame detection performance on the surface of paper, the restricts of graphene oxide (GO) are overcome between high thermoelectric performance and flexibility. A flexible lamellar thermoelectric composite (GO-LA-HP) is constructed through the co-assembly of GO, ascorbic acid (LA), and phenoxycycloposphazene (HP), lamellar GO-LA-HP avoid GO's toughness decline after modification, but also enhance fire sensitivity and flame resistance. The composite could significantly decrease the temperature rise stage (<150 °C), and trigger the fire-warning within 2 s. The hybrid coating composed of phytic acid/phosphoric acid (PyA/PA) and modified thermoelectric GO-LA-HP becomes excellent compatibility on the surface of the modified paper (GPP). GPP is able to extinguish itself immediately after leaving the fire in the vertical combustion, and display the excellent flame resistance. Furthermore, GPP's alarm signal could be timely generated as little as 3 s of contacting the flame, and the response time can exceed 600 s. According to the structure observation and analysis, the related synergistic fire detection reinforcing and flame-retardant mechanisms are also proposed and clarified., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

To optimize the imbalance between the interfacial bonding and porosity properties of carbon paper (CP) caused by phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) impregnation, and therefore improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a new approach through cellulose nanofibers grafted with methyl methacrylate (CNFM) as a modified reinforcement and pore-forming agent for PF is investigated. Through suppressing the methylene backbone fracture of CNFM-modified PF during its thermal depolymerization, the interfacial bonding between PF matrix carbon and carbon fibers is enhanced. Compared with unmodified CP, the in-plane resistivity of CNFM-modified CP is reduced by 35.78 %, while the connected porosity increases to 82.26 %, and more homogeneous pore size distribution (PSD) in the range of 20-40 μm is obtained for CNFM-modified CP. Besides, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and air permeability of CNFM-modified CP increase by 72.78 %, 298.4 %, and 103.97 %, respectively. In addition, CNFM-modified CP achieves the peak power density of PEMFCs to 701.81 mW·cm -2 , exhibiting 10.98 % improvement compared with commercial CP (632.39 mW·cm -2 ), evidently achieving an integral promotion of CP and comprehensive performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

With the public heightened emphasis on mitigating the occurrence risks of health-related ailment and optimizing personal physical performance, portable chemical sensing devices emerged as an indispensable component of pervasive health monitoring. Chemical sensing enabled the immediate and on-site identification of biomarkers in biological fluids by integrating colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemical, and other methods into portable sensor devices. These sensor devices incorporated microneedles, hydrogels, microfluidic modules, and papers, facilitating conformal human-device contact and providing several visual sensing options for disease prevention and healthcare management. This review systematically overviewed recent advancements in chemical sensors for marker detection, categorizing them based on monitoring device types. Furthermore, we also offered recommendations and opportunities for developing portable chemical sensing devices by summarizing sensor integration methods and tracking sites on the human body., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)