Search

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Sternoptyx pseudobscura Baird, 1971. Highlight Hatchetfish. To 7 cm (2.8 in) SL (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984); British Columbia (Peden 1975) to Chile (Baird 1971). Depth: 156���2,300 m (492���7,544 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California; max.: Porteiro et al. 2017). A record of 5,041 m (16,383 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) was based on the maximum depth fished by a midwater trawl and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142, 1 - 128.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds). (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Peden, A. E. (1975) Rare fishes including first records of thirteen species from British Columbia. Syesis, 7, 47 - 62. [1974 on journal, but not issued until January 1975.]","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10."]}

Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781. Longspine Hatchetfish. To 6 cm (2.4 in) SL (Jesperson 1934). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984) to Kuril Islands (Parin et al. 1995); Oregon (Matarese et al. 1989) to northern Chile (31��55���S) (Kong and Mel��ndez 1991). Depth: surface to 2,374 m (7,787 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Porteiro et al. 2017). A maximum record of 4,667 m (15,308 ft) (Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California) was taken in a midwater trawl towed from this depth to the surface and thus the exact depth of capture is unknown., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jesperson, P. (1934) Gonostomatidae and Sternoptychidae. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Faune Ichthyologique de l'Atlantique Nord, No. 151.","Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds). (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Parin, N. V., Fedorov, V. V., Borodulina, O. D. & Bekker, V. E. (1995) New records of mesopelagic and epipelagic fishes in Pacific waters off the southern Kuril Islands. Journal of Ichthyology, 35, 193 - 204.","Matarese, A. C., Kendall Jr., A. W., Blood, D. M. & Vintner, B. M. (1989) Laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 80.","Kong, I. & Melendez, C. R. (1991) Estudio taxonomico y sistematico de la ictiofauna de aguas profundas capturada entie Arica e Isla Mocha (18 ° 30 ' - 38 ° 30 ' Lat. S). Estudios Oceanograficos, 10, 1 - 81.","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10."]}

Argyropelecus lychnus Garman, 1899. Tropical Hatchetfish. To more than 7.6 cm (3 in) TL (Miller and Lea 1972). Eastern Pacific and possibly Indian Ocean; Gulf of Alaska (59.09��N, 147.01��W) (Stevens et al. 2009) to Chile (Baird 1971), including Islas Gal��pagos (McCosker et al. 1997). Depth: 66���2,124 m (216���6,967 ft) (min.: Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006b; max. Cruz-Acevedo et al. 2018). Specimens previously reported as A. lychnus from British Columbia are A. sladeni (Mecklenburg et al. 2002)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142, 1 - 128.","McCosker, J. E., Merlin, G., Long, D. S., Gilmore, R. G. & Villon, C. (1997) Deep slope fishes collected during the 1995 eruption of Isla Fernandina, Galapagos. Noticias de Galapagos, No. 58, 22 - 26.","Castellanos-Galindo, G. A., Rubio Rincon, E. A., Beltran-Leon, B. & Baldwin, C. C. (2006 b) Check list of stomiiform, aulopiform and myctophiform fishes from Colombian waters of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Biota Colombia, 7, 245 - 262.","Cruz-Acevedo, E., Tolimieri, N. & Aguirre-Villasenor, H. (2018) Deep-sea fish assemblages (300 - 2100 m) in the eastern Pacific off northern Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 592, 225 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 12502"]}

Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850. Lovely Hatchetfish. To 8.3 cm (3.3 in) SL (Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to northern Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002); central California (34��53.6���N, 121��30.2���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to at least Ecuador (01��59���N, 84��15���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Depth: 160���2,250 m (548���7,380 ft) (min.: Lima et al. 2011; max.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). A record of 100 m in Froese and Pauly (2019), attributed to Shinohara et al. (1996), appears to be in error as Shinohara et al. lists 785 m as the shallowest catch. Deeper records (e.g., 4,100 m (13,448 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California); 5,178 m (16,984 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)) may represent fish caught by trawls based on the maximum depth fished and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Collette, B. B. & Klein-MacPhee, G. (2002) Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Third Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Lima, A. T., Costa, P. A. S., Braga, A. C., Nunan, G. W. A. & Mincarone, M. M. (2011) Fishes of the Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11 ° and 23 ° S. Zootaxa, 2742, 34 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2742.1.2","Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds). (2019) FishBase. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. www. fishbase. org, version (12 / 2019).","Shinohara, G., Endo, H. & Matsuura, K. (1996) Deep-water fishes collected from the Pacific coast of northern Honshu, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, 29, 153 - 185."]}

Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789). Daisy Pearlside. 8 cm (3.1 in) SL (Froese and Pauly 2019; note that we were unable to verify this record). Circumglobal; British Columbia (Page et al. 2013). Depth: 0���3,527 m (11,569 ft) (Porteiro et al. 2017). ��� Maurolicus muelleri ��� is likely a species complex (Rees et al. 2017)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds). (2019) FishBase. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. www. fishbase. org, version (12 / 2019).","Page, L. M., Espinosa-Perez, H., Findley, L. T., Gilbert, C. R., Lea, R. N., Mandrak, N. E., Mayden, R. L. & Nelson, J. S. (2013) Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Seventh Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 34.","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10.","Rees, D. J., Byrkjedal, I. & Sutton, T. T. (2017) Pruning the pearlsides: reconciling morphology and molecules in mesopelagic fishes (Maurolicus: Sternoptychidae). Deep-Sea Research II, 137, 246 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.04.024"]}

Danaphos oculatus (Garman, 1899). Bottlelight. To 5.7 cm (2.3 in) TL (Miller and Lea 1972). Pacific Ocean [Indian Ocean record questionable] (Fricke et al. 2020); off the Brooks Peninsula (50��07���N, 128��18���W), British Columbia (Peden and Hughes 1986) to Chile (Peque��o 1989). Depth: 52���914 m (172���2,998 ft) (min.: Eschmeyer and Herald 1983; max.: Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021).","Peden, A. E. & Hughes, G. W. (1986) First records, confirmatory records, and range extensions of marine fishes off Canada's west coast. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 100, 1 - 9.","Pequeno R., G. (1989) Peces de Chile lista sistematica revisada y comentada. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 24, 1 - 132.","Eschmeyer, W. N. & Herald, E. S. (1983) A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Houghton Mifflin, Boston."]}

Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829. Spurred Hatchetfish. To 4.9 cm (1.9 in) TL or more (Mecklenburg et al. 2018). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002) and Russian northwestern Pacific (Orlov and Tokranov 2019); Washington (Matarese et al. 1989) to Chile (Baird 1971). Depth: 50���3,065 m (164���10,053 ft) (min.: Mecklenburg et al. 2018; max.: Porteiro et al. 2017)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Mecklenburg, C. W., Lynghammar, A., Johannesen, E., Byrkjedal, I., Christiansen, J. S., Dolgov, A. V., Karamushko, O. V., Mecklenburg, T. A., Moller, P. R., Steinke, D. & Wienerrolther, R. M. (2018) Marine Fishes of the Arctic Region. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyrl.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Orlov, A. M. & Tokranov, A. M. (2019) Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Progress in Oceanography, 176, https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2019.102143","Matarese, A. C., Kendall Jr., A. W., Blood, D. M. & Vintner, B. M. (1989) Laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 80.","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142, 1 - 128.","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10."]}

Argyropelecus sladeni Regan, 1908. Hatchetfish or Silvery Hatchetfish. To 6.7 cm (2.6 in) SL (Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984); western Bering Sea (Balanov 1992); British Columbia (Gillespie 1993) to Chile (Baird 1971). The distribution of this species is perhaps antitropical (Baird 1971). Depth: 0���1,200 m (3,936 ft) (Roberts et al. 2015). A record in the University of Washington, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture Fish Collection lists a capture of this species in a midwater trawl fished at greater than 3,000 m (9,840 ft). However, the fish may have entered the trawl at any depth during deployment or retrieval., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds). (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Balanov, A. A. (1992) New discoveries of deep-water fishes in pelagic waters of the Bering Sea. Journal of Ichthyology, 32 (9), 133 - 137.","Gillespie, G. E. (1993) An updated list of the fishes of British Columbia, and those of interest in adjacent waters, with numeric code designations. Canadian Technical Report Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1918.","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142, 1 - 128.","Roberts, C. D., Stewart, A. L. & Struthers, C. D. (Eds.). (2015) The Fishes of New Zealand. Te Papa Press, Wellington."]}

Sternoptyx obscura Garman, 1899. Dusky Hatchetfish. To 5.5 cm (2.2 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Circumglobal (Fricke et al. 2020); western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Fujii in Masuda et al. 1984); at least Monterey Bay, central California (Burton and Lea 2019) to Peru ��� Chile border (Baird 1971). Depth: surface to 1,393 m (4,569 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Cruz-Acevedo et al. 2018). A record of 4,268 m (13,999 ft) (Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California) was based on the maximum depth fished by a midwater trawl and may represent a catch shallower than the maximum depth., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021).","Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds). (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Burton, E. J. & Lea, R. N. (2019) Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species. ZooKeys, 887. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 887.38024","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142, 1 - 128.","Cruz-Acevedo, E., Tolimieri, N. & Aguirre-Villasenor, H. (2018) Deep-sea fish assemblages (300 - 2100 m) in the eastern Pacific off northern Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 592, 225 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 12502"]}

Argyropelecus affinis Garman, 1899. Slender Hatchetfish. To 9.4 cm (3.7 in) SL (Jesperson 1934). Circum-global; western Pacific Ocean north to Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002); Oregon (Matarese et al. 1989) to northern Chile (Sielfeld et al. 1995). Depth: 50���2,056 m (164���6,744 ft) (min.: Eduardo et al. 2020; max.: Cruz-Acevedo et al. 2018)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jesperson, P. (1934) Gonostomatidae and Sternoptychidae. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Faune Ichthyologique de l'Atlantique Nord, No. 151.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Matarese, A. C., Kendall Jr., A. W., Blood, D. M. & Vintner, B. M. (1989) Laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast Pacific fishes. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 80.","Sielfeld, K. W., Vargas F, M. & Fuenzalida F, R. (1995) Peces mesopelagicos frente a la costa norte de Chile (18 ° 25 ' - 21 ° 47 ' S). Investigaciones Marinas, Valparaiso, 23, 83 - 97.","Eduardo, L. N., Bertrand, A, Mincarone, M. M., Santos, L., Fredou, T., Assuncao, Silva, A. C., Menard, F., Schwambornm R., Le Loc'h, F. & Fredou, F. L. (2020) Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western Tropical Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 187, 102389. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2020.102389","Cruz-Acevedo, E., Tolimieri, N. & Aguirre-Villasenor, H. (2018) Deep-sea fish assemblages (300 - 2100 m) in the eastern Pacific off northern Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 592, 225 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 12502"]}

Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871). To 8 cm (3.1 in) SL (Harold in Carpenter and De Angelis 2016). Circumglobal; western Pacific Ocean north to central Japan (Aizawa in Nakabo 2002); well offshore California (e.g., Personal communication: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Fish Collection, Los Angeles, California), and east side of Isla Guadalupe, central Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Depth: 36���3,000 m (118���9,848 ft) (min.: Porteiro et al. 2017; max.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Carpenter, K. E. & De Angelis, N. (Eds.). (2016) The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras, Volume 3: Bony Fishes Part 1 (Elopiformes to Scorpaeniformes). Volume 4: Bony Fishes Part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO.","Nakabo, T. (Ed.). (2002) Fishes of Japan with Pictorial Keys to the Species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.","Porteiro, F. M., Sutton, T., Byrkjedal, I., Orlov, A. M. & Heino, M. (2017) Fishes of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected during the MAR-ECO cruise in June - July 2004: an annotated checklist. Arquipelago, Supplement 10."]}

Sternoptychidae Remarks. In addition to the species listed below, an additional, unidentified species of Polyipnus collected off New Hanover is represented in the NTUM collection., Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2988163

Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean, White, William T. (2019): Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records. Zootaxa 4588 (1): 1-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1

Polyipnus aff. indicus (Figure 20) 1995 Polyipnus indicus Smale MJ, Watson G, Hecht T, p. 30, plate 11, fig. 11–12 Material: 2 specimens in total. Anda1 (1) RGM 962124; Tiep2 (1) RGM 962125. Two specimens—including one well preserved otolith except for its rostral extension—have a relatively high OL:OH body ratio (= 0.79) as compared to the other specimens. The posterior rim is smooth, also in the better preserved specimen. The high OL:OH body ratio is also observed in the extant species Polyipnus indicus (depicted in Smale etal., 1995) and the Chattian species Polyipnus weitzmani (Steurbaut, 1984). The spine at the onset of the (broken) rostrum is pointed in our specimens, while that depicted by Smale etal. (1995) is larger and blunt. This latter publication also shows shape variation between two specimens of P. indicus; both contain a smooth posterior rim. More material should be available for drawing more definitive conclusions. On basis of the available material, we consider these specimens closer to P. indicus rather than P. aquavitus., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Maurolicus cf. muelleri (Gmelin, 1789) (Figures 9–13) 1934 Maurolicus muelleri Chaine & Duvergier (re-pictured in Nolf etal., 2009) 1980 Maurolicus muelleri Schwarzhans W, p. 31, fig. 54 1995 Maurolicus muelleri Smale MJ, Watson G, Hecht T, p. 29, plate 11, E1–3 1999 Maurolicus muelleri Rivaton J, Bourret P, pp. 204-205, pl.93 fig. 13–16 2008 Maurolicus muelleri Tusset VM, Lombarte A, Assis CA, pp. 38-39, fig. 19 A1–3 2012 Maurolicus muelleri Lin CH and Chang CW, p. 75, plate 7 2013 Maurolicus muelleri Nolf D. plate 43 PLATE 1. 1. Ariosoma sp., RGM 962092, locality AndaDeVos. For this figure and remaining figures, all material derives from the Piacenzian or Gelasian Santa Cruz Formation of Cabarruyan Island or nearby Luzon Island, Philippines. Figures display otolith medial faces, which were imaged with light microscope Z-stack photography, unless stated otherwise. 2. Bathycongrus sp. Frost, 1933, RGM 962094, locality Anda2, SEM image. 3. Bathycongrus sp. Frost, 1933, juvenile, RGM 962095, locality Anda2, SEM image. 4. Bathycongrus sp. Frost, 1933 juvenile, RGM 962096, locality Anda3. (a) SEM image, (b) light microscopy image. 5. Congridarum sp., RGM 962093, locality Tiep2, SEM image. 6. Gonorynchus abbreviatus, RGM 962097, locality Roxas. (a) SEM image, (b) light microscopy image, (c) ventral profile, (d) lateral face, (e) ostial profile. 7. Argentina sp., RGM 962098, locality Anda4, SEM image. 8. Opisthoproctus grimaldii, RGM 962099, locality Roxas. 9. Maurolicus cf. muelleri, RGM 962104, locality Anda3. 10. Maurolicus cf. muelleri, RGM 962105, locality Anda3. 11. Maurolicus cf. muelleri, RGM 962101, locality Anda1. 12. Maurolicus cf. muelleri, RGM 962100, locality Anda1, SEM image. 13. Maurolicus cf. muelleri, RGM 962103, locality Anda3. 14. Maurolicus sp., RGM 962109, locality Anda1. 15. Maurolicus sp., RGM 962107, locality Anda1, SEM image. 16. Maurolicus sp., RGM 962112, locality Roxas. 17. Maurolicus sp., RGM 962115, locality Tiep2. Material: 24 specimens in total. Anda1 (2) RGM 962100, RGM 962101,; Anda2 (7) RGM 962102, RGM 962111; Anda3 (4) RGM 962103, RGM 962104, RGM 962105, RGM 962106; AndaDeVos (2) RGM 962114; Roxas (8) RGM 962113; Tiep2 (1) in RGM 962116. Small otoliths (OL:OH=1.19–1.35) with a long pointed rostrum a sharp to rectangular postdorsal angle that separates two rather straight parts of the dorsal rim, of which the posterior one is considerably steeper than the anterior one. The anterior part of the dorsal rim starts at 1/3 of the sulcus, leaving the upper part of the rostrum covered by the ostium. The ventral rim is separated in two parts by a pointed postventral angle, which is accentuated by a prominent flag-like extension. The posterior part of the dorsal rim and that of the ventral rim form a variably rounded angle that can be prominent or shallow. The ventral rim contains irregular lobes; the dorsal rim varies in ornamentation from smooth to lobed. The slightly supramedian sulcus is divided in a deep ostium and a longer cauda that ends at considerable distance from the posterior rim. A crista superior lines the cauda only. The crista inferior consists of two separated parts that line either from ostium to the anterior part of the cauda or the posterior part of the cauda. The outer surface is smooth with a marked uprising at the central part. These otoliths are reminiscent of the extant Maurolicus muelleri, which is also known from Pliocene and Miocene deposits in Europe (Nolf and Capetta, 1989; Steurbaut et al. 1979). At present 15 species of Maurolicus are known, of which M. muelleri and M. javanicus are encountered in deep West Central Pacific waters, and M. japonicus is known from the North West Pacific, Japan, and Hawaii. The other Maurolicus species are only known from areas remote of the Philippines. However, many of these species have only been recognized from 1993, when Parin and Kobyliansky (1993) reported that the known pan-global M. muelleri represented a mixture of different species. While this asks for caution in using old references to M. muelleri, the presence of M. muelleri is well documented from the Mediterranean Sea, from which no other Maurolicus species have been reported (Tuset et al, 2008). Comparison of the published data on M. muelleri otoliths provide a consistent picture. Several of our specimens (Figures 9–13) are identical to M. muelleri, while the ornamentation of a few specimens is rather pronounced. As they appear as one species, we have indicated it as Maurolicus cf. muelleri., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on pages 406-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295, {"references":["Frost, G. A. (1933) Otoliths of fishes from the Tertiary formations of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 63, 133 - 142. [figures redrawn in Schwarzhans, W. (1980) pages 167 - 169]","Nolf, D. & Capetta, H. (1989) Otolithes de poisons pliocenes du Sud-Est de la France. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 58, 209 - 271.","Tuset, V. M., Lombarte, A. & Assis, C. A. (2008) Otolith atlas for the western Mediterranean, north and central eastern Atlantic. Scientia Marina, Barcelona, 72 (Supplement 1), 7 - 171."]}

Maurolicus sp. (Figures 14���17) Material 7 specimens in total.: Anda1 (4) RGM 962107, RGM 962108, RGM 962109, RGM 962110; Roxas (1) RGM 962112; Tiep2 (2) RGM 962115, RGM 962351. Within the population of Maurolicus otoliths, seven encountered specimens have a similar general shape (OL:OH=1.13���1.42; 1.13), rostrum and sulcus as Maurolicus cf. muelleri, but differ from that species by a rounded and smooth posterior rim, a rounded ventral rim with small anterio- and mid-ventral lobules and the absence of the prominent flag-like extension that ornaments the ventral angle in Maurolicus cf. muelleri specimens. Lobes along the rims are broad and flattened; they are only present in the anterior 2/3 part of the ventral rim. These characteristics do not fully match with the specimens of M. muelleri that have been depicted from various locations. Probably the otoliths represent another species. As many Maurolicus species exist of which the otoliths are not known yet, we have indicated the specimens as Maurolicus sp.., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871) (Figure 21) 1985 Ƒalenciennellus tripunctulatus Martini E, Gaemers PAM, pp. 954–955, plate 1, fig. 23–24 1999 Ƒalenciennellus tripunctulatus Rivaton J, Bourret P, pp. 212–213, pl.97 fig. 12–19 1999 Ƒalenciennellus tripunctulatus Nolf D, Capetta H, plate 4, fig. 13–15 2006 Ƒalenciennellus tripunctulatus Girone A, Nolf D, Capetta H, p.658, fig. 2.9 2013 Ƒalenciennellus tripunctulatus Nolf D, plate 49 Material: 1 specimen in total. Anda4 (1) RGM 962126. The depicted otolith (OL:OH= 0.77) is identical to the recent V. tripunctulatus. It is of interest to note the presence of boring sponge channels as decalcified areas in the light microscopic picture of the specimen, while the SEM only shows the entry/exit holes of the sponge channels (Figure 21a,b)., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Polyipnus aquavitus Baird, 1971 (Figures 18���19) 1999 Polyipnus aquavitus Rivaton J, Bourret P, pp. 208���209, pl.95 fig. 18���24 Material: 9 specimens in total. Anda1 (3) RGM 962117; Anda2 (1) RGM 962118; Anda4 (1) RGM 962119; AndaDeVos (1) RGM 962120; Roxas (2) RGM 962121, RGM 962122; Tiep2 (1) RGM 962123. Nine otoliths with the typical characteristics of Polyipnus were encountered (OL:OH=0.59���0.74 for the body). Fossil specimens of Polyipnus always have lost the long, very thin rostral part. The posterior rim of the better- preserved specimen has a lobed outline, a characteristic that has disappeared in eroded specimens. Comparison of the specimens with a range of different Polyipnus species (courtesy of D. Nolf) suggested that the specimens match with P. aquavitus, which is also known form the western Pacific Ocean., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

STERNOPTYCHIDAE Maurolicus mucronatus Klunzinger 1871 Gulf of Suez: �� Gulf of Aqaba: Egypt (Aron & Goodyear 1969, as Maurolicus muelleri), Israel (Golani & Lerner 2007, as Maurolicus muelleri), Jordan (Steinitz & Ben-Tuvia 1955), Saudi Arabia (Aron & Goodyear 1969, as Maurolicus muelleri). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Klunzinger 1871). General distribution: Red Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden., Published as part of Golani, Daniel & Fricke, Ronald, 2018, Checklist of the Red Sea Fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants, pp. 1-215 in Zootaxa 4509 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4509.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2607566, {"references":["Klunzinger, C. B. (1871) Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. II. Theil. Verhandlungen der K. - K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 21, 441 - 688.","Aron, W. & Goodyear, R. H. (1969) Fishes collected during a midwater trawling survey of the Gulf of Elat and the Red Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology, 18, 237 - 244.","Golani, D. & Lerner, A. (2007) A long-term study of the sandy shore ichthyofauna in the northern Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba) with reference to adjacent mariculture activity. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 14 (Supplement), 255 - 264.","Steinitz, H. & Ben-Tuvia, A. (1955) Fishes from Eylath (Gulf of Aqaba), Red Sea. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, 11, 1 - 15."]}

STERNOPTYCHIDAE Maurolicus mucronatus Klunzinger 1871 Gulf of Suez: ¯ Gulf of Aqaba: Egypt (Aron & Goodyear 1969, as Maurolicus muelleri), Israel (Golani & Lerner 2007, as Maurolicus muelleri), Jordan (Steinitz & Ben-Tuvia 1955), Saudi Arabia (Aron & Goodyear 1969, as Maurolicus muelleri). Red Sea main basin: Egypt (Klunzinger 1871). General distribution: Red Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden.

Polyipnus laruei new species (English common name: Bigeye Hatchetfish; French name: Poisson hache �� gros yeux) Fig. 2���5; Tables 1���3 Holotype. MNHN ���IC��� 2014���2817 (National Museum of Natural History, France); 45.6 mm SL, 57.0 mm TL, July 30, 2014, off Reef Tombo (S 22��33.885��� latitude, E 166��25.370��� longitude), New Caledonia, western South Pacific (the only specimen of Polyipnus laruei sp. nov. was found off the southwest coast of New Caledonia, about 29 km from the nearest coastline and around 2.5 km from the barrier reef. Fishermen found the specimen dead, although in excellent condition, floating on the surface. There was no visible evidence of the cause of death). Diagnosis. A member of the Polyipnus spinosus species group with the following unique characters: presence of a single OVB photophore, as compared to other Polyipnus in which there are three. VAV, ACA and ACB photophores form a nearly continuous series in the form of a shallow, sigmoidal curve along the ventral margin of the body from the pelvic-fin base to near the insertion of the posteriormost anal-fin ray, compared with other species of the group in which there is a noticeable space between the VAV and ACA photophores (except P. fraseri in which the ACA photophores are absent but there is a gap between the VAV and ACB photophores); ACA photophores separate from each other, not united in a common organ. The combination of the following features further serve to distinguish the new species: eye relatively large (eye diameter 22.4 % SL), presence of spines on photophore scales of PV, VAV, ACB, and ACC clusters; presence of bifurcated posttemporal spines with prominent serration; 6 ACB photophores; gill rakers 25 on left side, and 26 on right side; one long and broad lateral pigment bar extending below the lateral midline. Description. Meristic and morphometric character values and the configuration of the photophores are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Body size moderate for a species of Polyipnus at 45.6 mm SL, based on the single known specimen. Dorsal-fin rays 11; anal-fin rays 15; pectoral rays 15; pelvic-fin rays 6; gill rakers 8 + 18 = 26, on right side and 8 + 17 = 25, on left side. Total vertebrae 32. Body profile anterior of dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins deep and broadly elliptical; posteriorly, body profile to caudal peduncle approximating an isosceles triangle, tapering at about 45�� angle to caudal peduncle. Body very compressed, almost as deep as long. Caudal peduncle slightly elongate and rectangular, as in P. limatulus. Fin rays segmented; dorsal fin with single unbranched ray anteriorly, posteriormost ray divided to base; anal fin with three unbranched rays anteriorly; pectoral fin extending posteriorly beyond pelvic-fin base as far as third VAV photophore, and with single unbranched ray laterally; caudal fin with 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays, 9 + 8 branched rays, 10 + 8 procurrent fin rays. Adipose fin present, with long base, occupying about 61 % of dorsum between posterior dorsal-fin ray and first dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Eye large, diameter 22.4 % SL (59.0 % HL); pupils elliptical with pronounced aphakic space located ventrally to lens. Ventral margin of dentary with two keels: ventrolateral keel smooth and ventral keel with 18 serrae. Dentary teeth minute and conical to recurved anteriorly, conical on posterior portion, and differentiated as follows: four rows anteriorly, near symphysis, with number of rows decreasing posteriorly, first to three rows, then two and ultimately in a single series. Premaxillary teeth minute and conical with up to four rows anteriorly, near symphysis, with the longest row containing 28 teeth. Maxillary teeth minute, conical and uniserial with 32 teeth. Vomerine teeth in two anterolateral patches, each comprising a short, longitudinal row of four teeth. Palatines each bearing a small patch of four conical to slightly recurved teeth anteriorly. Vomerine and palatine teeth similar in size and shape, and slightly larger than adjacent premaxillary teeth. Character Abbreviation Holotype MNHN���IC��� 2014���2817 Left side Right side Dorsal-fin rays D 11 11 Anal-fin rays A 15 15 Pectoral-fin rays P 15 15 Pelvic-fin rays V 6 6 Caudal-fin rays C Upper Lower Segmented fin rays 10 9 Branched fin rays 9 8 Procurrent fin rays 10 8 Left side Right side Gill-rakers GR 25 26 Lower gill-rakers LGR 8 8 Upper gill-rakers UGR 17 18 Total vertebrae 32 Posterior preopercular spine absent. Dorsal limb of posttemporal smooth; two prominent posttemporal spines present: dorsal spine posterodorsally directed and longest, approaching but not reaching dorsal fin origin, smooth dorsally and with distinct serration on basal two thirds of ventral margin (i.e., unarmed on upper third near apex) and basal spine a little more than half the length of dorsal spine, curving towards anterior, with serrate dorsal margin. Two preopercular spines (Figure 3): ventral spine long, about half orbit length, directed and curved anteroventrally, one serration on each side; dorsal spine short (not longer than one preopercular serration), directed laterally, without serration; posterior propercular spine absent. Vertical and anteroventral ridges of preoperculum serrate. Dorsal spinous process present but reduced and indistinct with a bony extension of the first pterygiophore of the dorsal fin and with two approximately parallel dorsal ridges developed posteriorly as a small conical spine. Anal-fin pterygyiophore spine absent; small knob-like cartilage on each side of head of the pterygiophore. IP (5) + 1, usually (6) in other Polyipnus species; BR (6); PV (10) each ventral margin of photophores scales with numerous minute spines; ORB 1; OP 3; OVA (2) + 1, stepped dorsally from anterior to posterior, second photophore very slightly above first and the third clearly elevated to the level of ACC photophores, with each OVA photophore associated with sequential myotomes; OVB 1, with only the anterior photophore present in comparison with three OVB, as occurs in other congenerics, and separate of the third OVA by one myotome; L 1, at level slightly below third OVA; VAV, ACA and ACB phot ophores form a nearly continuous series in the form of a shallow, sigmoidal curve along the ventral margin of the body from the pelvic fin based to near the insertion of the posteriormost anal-fin ray. VAV (5), follow arc of ventral body margin, first elevated above second in cluster and fifth elevated above fourth at almost same level of first (Figure 4 a); ACA 1 + 1 + 1, separate, not united in a common organ, increasing in elevation from anterior to posterior. First ACA dorsally to second and third anal-fin rays, second ACA dorsally to fifth anal-fin ray, third ACA dorsally to sixth anal-fin ray (Figure 4 b); ACB (4) + 1 + 1, with a dorsal step between third and fourth photophore, a narrow gap between fourth and fifth, and fifth and sixth, neither fifth nor sixth photophore fully developed (Figure 4 c); ACC (4), compact, lacking gaps between individual photophores (Figure 4 d). ACB and ACC separated by broad gap equal in length to about five ACC photophores. Ventral margins of PV, VAV, ACB and ACC clusters bearing numerous spines (Figure 4); ACA photophore scales smooth, lacking spines, and in a posteriorly ascending row (Figure 4). % SL % HL ...Continued on next page Terminology Photophores location Polyipnus laruei sp. nov. Holotype MNHN���IC��� 2014���2817 In this In Schultz Total Configuration publication (1961) Color in preservative. Dark brown pigment covering dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of head and extending posteriorly as a saddle terminating near base of caudal fin. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment bearing undulations characteristic of most species of Polyipnus: lateral pigment bar broad-based dorsally, extending ventrally, beyond lateral midline, to a tapered point; elongated predorsal inflection present. Silvery guanine pigment covering lateral surfaces of body, and extending dorsally on either side of lateral dark pigment bar. Numerous isolated melanophores delineating myosepta and lateral midline, and on the caudal peduncle, dorsal- and caudal-fin rays. Lightly pigmented or unpigmented patch area encircled by dark chromatophores located on dorsum between the adipose fin and dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Etymology. Polyipnus laruei is named after William Larue who collected the holotype. Remarks. The new species Polyipnus laruei is distinguished from all other species of Polyipnus by the unique presence of only one OVB photophore (the anterior photophore of the group of three that are typically present in congeners).We also report an unusual lightly pigmented patch of tissue encircled by dark chromatophores on the dorsum between the adipose fin and dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. This tissue is at least superficially similar to caudal glands in other stomiiforms, such as Gonostoma (Herring & Morin 1978; Copeland 1991), although such structures are not known to occur in the Sternoptychidae. Species of Polyipnus have been placed in four species groups: the P. asteroides, P. meteori, P. omphus and P. spinosus species groups (Harold 1994). Polyipnus laruei is considered a member of the P. spinosus species group, based on the following combination of characters: multiple posttemporal spines (two in this case) and presence of spines on the PV photophore scales. The posttemporal spines on both sides of the holotype were damaged after it was collected, however, a photograph taken by William Larue (Figure 5) shortly after capture clearly shows the presence of two, serrated spines on left posttemporal bone. This observation is confirmed by the radiograph which shows the posttemporal to be bifurcated posteriorly into the bases of two spines. This configuration, with two posttemporal spines, is different from P. fraseri (Fowler 1934), P. tridentifer (McCulloch 1914), P. inermis (Borodulina 1981), P. parini (Borodulina 1979), P spinifer (Borodulina 1979), P. soelae (Harold 1994), P. stereope (Jordan & Starks 1904), P. spinosus (G��nter 1887), P. elongatus (Borodulina 1979), P. paxtoni (Harold 1989) which have three and P. latirastrus which has one. Five species of the P. spinosus species group have posttemporals with two spines: P. asper (Harold 1994), P. indicus (Schultz 1961), P. limatulus, P. nuttingi (Gilbert 1905) and P. oluolus (Baird 1971). Polyipnus laruei differs from P. indicus, P. limatulus, P. nuttingi and P. oluolus by the presence of spines on ACB photophore scales, and by the lack of the second and third OVB photophores. P. laruei is most similar to P. asper in regards to the structure of the preopercle, which has one long ventral spine, anteriorly curved, directed anteroventrally, and one short dorsal spine, laterally directed. These two species also share the presence of a compact ACC photophore cluster. The new species is distinguished from P. asper by a greater number of gill rakers on the first arch (25���26 versus 17���20, respectively), a much larger eye (eye diameter 22.4 % SL, as compared with 13.7���18.4), a lower vertebral count (32 versus 33), a smaller number of ACB photophores (6 in P. laruei and 8���10 in P. asper), and ACA separated from ACB photophores. The comparison of meristic characters and photophores between holotype Polyipnus laruei and Polyipnus asper are given in Table 4. Polyipnus laruei also bears some similarities with P. oluolus from the Marshall Islands, in particular a large eye (22.4 % SL in P. laruei and 22.0 % SL in P. oluolus, versus approximatively 13���19 % SL in other Polyipnus spp.), and the presence of only 6 ACB photophores (4 in P. fraseri, and 7���13 in the remaining species in the genus). The single specimen of Polyipnus laruei has some features that suggest paedomorphosis. These features include a large eye (22.4 % SL eye diameter) and a low count of ACB photophores (6). A relatively large eye (20.3 % SL) in P. fraseri (40.4 mm SL, holotype and 32.4 mm SL non-type) and low counts of ACB photophores were interpreted by Harold (1990b) to be paedomorphic. Among other Polyipnus species, only P. fraseri has a lower value (4 ACB) and only one other species has the same value as P. laruei (P. oluolus; 6 ACB). The remaining species have a range of ACB counts from 7 to 14. In sternoptychids individual photophores are added to the ventral clusters during development by a budding process (Ahlstrom et al., 1984), which continues throughout most of the juvenile stage, although in P. laruei, P. fraseri and P. oluolus the evidence suggests that the rate of ACB photophore addition is retarded. Juvenilized morphology has been reported in other fishes, with examples from shallow water marine (Gobiiformes, Schindleria; Johnson & Brothers, 1993), deep-sea (Stomiiformes, Cyclothone; Ahlstrom et al., 1984), and freshwater environments (Cypriniformes, Paedocypris spp.; Kottelat et al., 2006) and is probably common throughout much of organismal diversity (Gould, 1977)., Published as part of Vourey, Elodie, Dupoux, Cyndie & Harold, Antony Scott, 2017, A new species of Polyipnus (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) from the Western South Pacific, pp. 567-577 in Zootaxa 4263 (3) on pages 568-575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/573682, {"references":["Herring, P. J. & Morin, J. G. (1978) Bioluminescence in fishes. In: Herring, P. J. (Ed.), Bioluminescence in Action. Academic Press, London, pp. 273 - 329.","Copeland, D. E. (1991) Fine structure of photophores in Gonostoma elongatum: detail of a dual gland complex. Biological Bulletin, 181 (1), 144 - 157.","McCulloch, A. R. (1914) Report on Some Fishes Obtained by the FIS \" Endeavour \" on the Coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South and South-Western Australia. Zoological results of the fishing experiments carried out by the F. I. S. Endeavour, 1909 - 1914. Biological Results Endeavour, 2 (3), 77 - 199.","Borodulina, O. D. (1981) Polyipnus inermis (Sternoptychidae) a new species from the south East Pacific, 21 (3), 556 - 558.","Borodulina, O. D. (1979) Composition of the \" Polyipnus spinosus species complex \" (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes) with a description of three new species of this group. Foprosy Ikhtiologii, 19 (2), 198 - 208.","Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. (1904) List of fishes dredged by the Steamer Albatross Off the coast of Japan in the summer of 1900, with descriptions of new species and a review of the Japanese Macrouridae. Bulletin of the United States fish commission for 1902, 577 - 630.","Gunther, A. (1887) Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. In: Majesty's stationery office (Ed.), The Zoological Series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition. Fol. XXII. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R. N., F. R. S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle. Neill and compagny, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513","Harold, A. S. (1989) A new species of Polyipnus (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) from the Coral Sea, with a revised key to the species of the P. spinosus complex. Copeia, 1989 (4), 871 - 876.","Schultz, L. P. (1961) Revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112 (3449), 587 - 649.","Gilbert, C. H. (1905) The deep-sea fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 23, 575 - 713. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12624","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142 (1), 1 - 128.","Harold, A. S. (1990 b) Redescription of Polyipnus fraseri Fowler, 1934 (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae), with remarks on paedomorphosis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 (3), 509 - 515.","Ahlstrom, E. H., Richards, W. J. & Weitzman, S. H. (1984) Families Gonostomatidae, Sternoptychidae, and associated stomiiform groups: development and relationships. In: Moser, H. G., Richards, W. J., Cohen, D. M., Fahay, M. P., Kendall Jr., A. W. & Richardson, S. L. (Eds.), Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Amerercan Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologist, Special Publication 1, pp. 184 - 198.","Johnson, G. D. & Brothers, E. B. (1993) Schindleria: A paedomorphic goby (Teleostei: Gobioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science, 52, 441 - 471.","Kottelat, M., Britz, R., Hui, T. H. & Witte, K. - E. (2006) Paedocypris, a new genus of Southeast Asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism, comprises the world's smallest vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1589), 895 - 899. http: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3419","Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 501 pp."]}

Polyipnus notatus new species Fig. 2, Table 1 Polyipnus triphanos (non Schultz): Harold, 1994: 495 (in part, CAS 56034 only, and map, fig. 30). Polyipnus triphanos Schultz 1938. In part (USNM 103028, one specimen, 21.2 mm SL, Celebes Sea, P. triphanos paratype). Holotype: USNM 361926 (27.7 mm), 22 ° 17 ’N, 120 ° 21 ’E, South China Sea, SW of Taiwan, (0–) 200 m, 1000– 1200 h, R/V Jen-Ming-Fa, coll. by J. Ta-Ming Wang, 0 5 Feb 1995. Paratypes. (22, 17.6–30.7 mm). ASIZP 62376 (10, 21.8–30.7 mm), 22 ° 44 'N, 120 ° 55 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan. CAS 56034 (10, 17.6 –30.0 mm; one specimen, 29.5 mm, cleared and counter-stained), 22 ° 23 'N 120 ° 25 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan, coll. by Weise Chang, field number WC 18 -XI-83, 18 Nov 1983. USNM 427221 (2, 18.3–26.2 mm), collected with holotype. Non-types. USNM 103028 (1 of 2, 21.2 mm), 0 8 ° 37 ' 45 "N 124 ° 36 ' 45 "E, Celebes Sea, (0–) 488 m, R/V Albatross Sta. 5500, 0 4 Aug 1909, Polyipnus triphanos paratype (17.6 mm specimen in this lot cannot be reliably identified to species). ZMUC P 206962 (1, 28.9 mm), off Batangas, Philippines, 13 ° 32 ’N, 121 ° 21 ’E, 600 mwo, depth 450 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3733 -2, 15 Oct 1929. ZMUC P 206963 (2, 26.5–30.4 mm; 30.4 mm specimen cleared and counter-stained), north of Mindanao, Philippines, 0 9 ° 17 ’N, 123 ° 58 ’E, 600 mwo, depth 1770 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3736 -6, 28 Jun 1929. Diagnosis. Unique pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation, with narrow, distinctly triangular vertical lateral bar extending ventrally of predorsal blade to near midline (Fig. 2), compared with a typically broad lateral pigment bar in the other members of the P. asteroides species group, P. as t e ro i d e s Schultz, 1938, P. bruuni Harold, 1994, P. clarus Harold, 1994, P. l aternat us Garman, 1899, P. po l l i Schultz, 1961, and P. triphanos Schultz, 1938 (Harold, 1994: figs. 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, respectively). Ventral margin of dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2), not arched as in other members of the species group. Very small gap between ACB and ACC photophore clusters in most specimens (mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, range 0.9–3.2 % SL, in specimens greater than 20 mm SL), compared with mean 5.6 left side, 5.5 right side, range 2.4–7.8 % SL in P. triphanos (sensu stricto) and 2.2–5.8 combined range for other members of the P. as t e ro i de s species group. Other characters in combination: ACB photophores 9–10 (7 and 8 observed in 17.6 mm specimen); 7–9 in P. triphanos species complex (Table 2), values of 10 or higher present only in Atlantic species P. asteroides, P. c l ar u s and P. laternatus, and gill rakers 14–15 (16–24 total range for remaining members of group) (Table 3). Description. 23 specimens: (27.7 mm) 17.6–30.7 mm. Maximum observed body size 30.7 mm SL. D (11) 10– 12 [23]. A (18) 17–18 [22]. Posteriormost ray of both dorsal and anal fins divided completely to its base. P (14) 12– 14 [22]. V (7) 6–7 [6]. C 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays. Dorsal adipose fin present. GR (4) 4–5 + (10) 9– 11 = (14) 14–15 [16]. Branchiostegal rays 10 (7 anterior ceratohyal + 3 posterior ceratohyal). Total vertebrae (33) 33–34 [22]. Scales deciduous. Remaining scales thickened and modified in association with photophores. Body profile anterior of dorsal fin and pelvic fin broadly elliptical, although dorsal profile of head from premaxilla to occiput nearly straight, from that point to dorsal-fin origin nearly straight, with a broadly obtuse angle, its apex located at occiput. Profile from dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle nearly straight, but with slight convexity posteriorly; ventral margin of abdomen (PV photophore outline) slightly convex, profile from pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin (ventral margin of VAV photophore scales) slightly convex, profile of anal-fin base gently sinusoidal with slight concavity anteriorly; caudal peduncle slightly elongate and tapered posteriorly. ACB photophores Dorsal-fin Rays Anal-fin Rays Pectoral-fin Rays Vertebrae Orbit slightly ovate, with elongation in anterodorsal to posteroventral direction. Dentition characters based on one cleared and counter-stained specimen (CAS 56034, 29.5 mm): premaxillary teeth uniserial, 39 left and 36 right, conical to slightly recurved; maxillary teeth minute and conical, biserial with 19 left to 22 right teeth in lateral series on margin of bone and about 6 in medial series scattered along length of bone. Ventral margin of dentary gently convex, with lower jaw terminating posteriorly in acute ventrally directed angle. Dentary teeth slightly larger than maxillary teeth, conical to slightly recurved, 14 in main series along length of bone, two additional series of 5 or 6 recurved teeth near symphysis. Palatine teeth 2, anteriormost tooth conical and about half the length of medial premaxillary teeth, posterior tooth about a quarter the length of other tooth (both sides of cleared and stained specimen). Endopterygoid teeth absent. Vomerine teeth about equal in size to medial premaxillary teeth, recurved, 3 on left lateral process, 2 medially, and 2 on right lateral process, no teeth present on elongate posteromedian process. Gill rakers moderately elongate, with 3–5 longitudinal series of minute conical teeth confined to medial and lateral surfaces. Pseudobranch present, with 10 filaments. Parietal crest discontinuous; anterior portion a laterally compressed, sheet-like ridge, posterior region with two conical spines in the median plane, directed anteriorly and posteriorly; gap between anterior and posterior portions of crest variously occluded by ossification. Parietal with small conical spine posteriorly. Posttemporal spine relatively short, (5.9) 4.8–13.1 % HL), acutely triangular, non-serrate, posterodorsally directed. Exserted anteroventral margin of cleithrum (pectoral shield) with three or four posteroventrally-directed small conical spines. Preopercular rami smooth, lacking serration; one short preopercular spine, (3.8) 5.0– 9.8 % HL, in posteroventral angle. Dorsal spinous process with smooth exterior surfaces, terminating posterodorsally in bilateral conical posterodorsally-directed spines. Pelvic (iliac) spine single, acutely triangular but with slight concavity on anterior surface, directed posteroventrally. Anal-fin pterygiophore spine absent, with rounded body of cartilage present only. Gill Rakers Ventral margins of photophore scales lacking spines or denticles. ACA 1 + 2 with # 2 and # 3 highly elevated with respect to # 1. ACB (10) 7–10 [23], 9 or 10 in all but smallest specimen (17.6 mm SL), with dorsal step between # 3 and # 4, very small gap between ACB and ACC, mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, (2.4) 0.9–3.2 % SL in specimens greater than 20 mm SL (Fig. 3), appearing in some specimens as a nearly continuous series from ACB to ACC. OVB 1+1+1, in a V configuration but with anteriormost photophore (#1) elevated with respect to #3. Counts of remaining photophore series/clusters consistent with other species of Polyipnus: BR 6, IP 6, L 1, OP 1+1+1, ORB 1, OVA 3. PV 10, VAV 5. Pigmentation in preservative. Ventral margin of dark brown dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to fin base, not extended ventrally in the form of a saddle (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment with a distinct predorsal inflection or notch extending dorsally towards but not reaching anterior base of dorsal fin; ventral margin of dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to base of fin, not forming a ventrally extended saddle-like pattern. Moderately long, typically acutely triangular (occasionally rounded termination), lateral pigment bar extending ventrally from near anterior portion of predorsal blade, not reaching lateral midline. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment also with areas of concentrated dark chromatophores in series along base of dorsal fin, continuing posteriorly to dorsal surface of caudal peduncle where pigment is most concentrated as a blotch. Dark brown to black chromatophores delineating pattern of body segments, including pleural ribs and posterior myosepta, and passing through lateral midline where pigment is most concentrated, creating effect of midlateral row of pigment spots, most visible in posterior half of body. Other dark pigment associated with glandular portion of photophores and photophore reflectors (modified scales), dorsal margin of orbit, frontal and parietal crests, cheek and opercular region, lateral surface of head immediately posterodorsally to orbit and immediately anterior to external rami of posttemporal, posteriormost ventral margin of lower jaw, and exterior surfaces of eye. Dorsal surface of caudal peduncle with a concentration of dark pigment in the form of a blotch; bases of caudal-fin rays, unpigmented or with only one or two dark chromatophores. Etymology. The specific epithet notatus is a Latin adjective meaning marked, or having been marked, in reference to the distinctive shape of the lateral pigment bar. Distribution. Polyipnus notatus is known almost entirely from collections from off Taiwan in the South China Sea. Other occurrences are restricted to the Celebes Sea (USNM 103028) and two localities off the Philippines (ZMUC P 206962 and ZMUC P 206963). Precise depth of capture is unknown because the specimens were all collected by open tow. Available collection data show the maximum depth of capture to be 200 m for the holotype (USNM 361926), and 450, 488 and 1770 m for the three non-type lots, indicating a position in the upper water column at the transition between the meso- and epipelagic zones.

Polyipnus notatus new species Fig. 2, Table 1 Polyipnus triphanos (non Schultz): Harold, 1994: 495 (in part, CAS 56034 only, and map, fig. 30). Polyipnus triphanos Schultz 1938. In part (USNM 103028, one specimen, 21.2 mm SL, Celebes Sea, P. triphanos paratype). Holotype: USNM 361926 (27.7 mm), 22 �� 17 ���N, 120 �� 21 ���E, South China Sea, SW of Taiwan, (0���) 200 m, 1000��� 1200 h, R/V Jen-Ming-Fa, coll. by J. Ta-Ming Wang, 0 5 Feb 1995. Paratypes. (22, 17.6���30.7 mm). ASIZP 62376 (10, 21.8���30.7 mm), 22 �� 44 'N, 120 �� 55 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan. CAS 56034 (10, 17.6 ���30.0 mm; one specimen, 29.5 mm, cleared and counter-stained), 22 �� 23 'N 120 �� 25 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan, coll. by Weise Chang, field number WC 18 -XI-83, 18 Nov 1983. USNM 427221 (2, 18.3���26.2 mm), collected with holotype. Non-types. USNM 103028 (1 of 2, 21.2 mm), 0 8 �� 37 ' 45 "N 124 �� 36 ' 45 "E, Celebes Sea, (0���) 488 m, R/V Albatross Sta. 5500, 0 4 Aug 1909, Polyipnus triphanos paratype (17.6 mm specimen in this lot cannot be reliably identified to species). ZMUC P 206962 (1, 28.9 mm), off Batangas, Philippines, 13 �� 32 ���N, 121 �� 21 ���E, 600 mwo, depth 450 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3733 -2, 15 Oct 1929. ZMUC P 206963 (2, 26.5���30.4 mm; 30.4 mm specimen cleared and counter-stained), north of Mindanao, Philippines, 0 9 �� 17 ���N, 123 �� 58 ���E, 600 mwo, depth 1770 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3736 -6, 28 Jun 1929. Diagnosis. Unique pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation, with narrow, distinctly triangular vertical lateral bar extending ventrally of predorsal blade to near midline (Fig. 2), compared with a typically broad lateral pigment bar in the other members of the P. asteroides species group, P. as t e ro i d e s Schultz, 1938, P. bruuni Harold, 1994, P. clarus Harold, 1994, P. l aternat us Garman, 1899, P. po l l i Schultz, 1961, and P. triphanos Schultz, 1938 (Harold, 1994: figs. 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, respectively). Ventral margin of dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2), not arched as in other members of the species group. Very small gap between ACB and ACC photophore clusters in most specimens (mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, range 0.9���3.2 % SL, in specimens greater than 20 mm SL), compared with mean 5.6 left side, 5.5 right side, range 2.4���7.8 % SL in P. triphanos (sensu stricto) and 2.2���5.8 combined range for other members of the P. as t e ro i de s species group. Other characters in combination: ACB photophores 9���10 (7 and 8 observed in 17.6 mm specimen); 7���9 in P. triphanos species complex (Table 2), values of 10 or higher present only in Atlantic species P. asteroides, P. c l ar u s and P. laternatus, and gill rakers 14���15 (16���24 total range for remaining members of group) (Table 3). Description. 23 specimens: (27.7 mm) 17.6���30.7 mm. Maximum observed body size 30.7 mm SL. D (11) 10��� 12 [23]. A (18) 17���18 [22]. Posteriormost ray of both dorsal and anal fins divided completely to its base. P (14) 12��� 14 [22]. V (7) 6���7 [6]. C 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays. Dorsal adipose fin present. GR (4) 4���5 + (10) 9��� 11 = (14) 14���15 [16]. Branchiostegal rays 10 (7 anterior ceratohyal + 3 posterior ceratohyal). Total vertebrae (33) 33���34 [22]. Scales deciduous. Remaining scales thickened and modified in association with photophores. Body profile anterior of dorsal fin and pelvic fin broadly elliptical, although dorsal profile of head from premaxilla to occiput nearly straight, from that point to dorsal-fin origin nearly straight, with a broadly obtuse angle, its apex located at occiput. Profile from dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle nearly straight, but with slight convexity posteriorly; ventral margin of abdomen (PV photophore outline) slightly convex, profile from pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin (ventral margin of VAV photophore scales) slightly convex, profile of anal-fin base gently sinusoidal with slight concavity anteriorly; caudal peduncle slightly elongate and tapered posteriorly. ACB photophores Dorsal-fin Rays Anal-fin Rays Pectoral-fin Rays Vertebrae Orbit slightly ovate, with elongation in anterodorsal to posteroventral direction. Dentition characters based on one cleared and counter-stained specimen (CAS 56034, 29.5 mm): premaxillary teeth uniserial, 39 left and 36 right, conical to slightly recurved; maxillary teeth minute and conical, biserial with 19 left to 22 right teeth in lateral series on margin of bone and about 6 in medial series scattered along length of bone. Ventral margin of dentary gently convex, with lower jaw terminating posteriorly in acute ventrally directed angle. Dentary teeth slightly larger than maxillary teeth, conical to slightly recurved, 14 in main series along length of bone, two additional series of 5 or 6 recurved teeth near symphysis. Palatine teeth 2, anteriormost tooth conical and about half the length of medial premaxillary teeth, posterior tooth about a quarter the length of other tooth (both sides of cleared and stained specimen). Endopterygoid teeth absent. Vomerine teeth about equal in size to medial premaxillary teeth, recurved, 3 on left lateral process, 2 medially, and 2 on right lateral process, no teeth present on elongate posteromedian process. Gill rakers moderately elongate, with 3���5 longitudinal series of minute conical teeth confined to medial and lateral surfaces. Pseudobranch present, with 10 filaments. Parietal crest discontinuous; anterior portion a laterally compressed, sheet-like ridge, posterior region with two conical spines in the median plane, directed anteriorly and posteriorly; gap between anterior and posterior portions of crest variously occluded by ossification. Parietal with small conical spine posteriorly. Posttemporal spine relatively short, (5.9) 4.8���13.1 % HL), acutely triangular, non-serrate, posterodorsally directed. Exserted anteroventral margin of cleithrum (pectoral shield) with three or four posteroventrally-directed small conical spines. Preopercular rami smooth, lacking serration; one short preopercular spine, (3.8) 5.0��� 9.8 % HL, in posteroventral angle. Dorsal spinous process with smooth exterior surfaces, terminating posterodorsally in bilateral conical posterodorsally-directed spines. Pelvic (iliac) spine single, acutely triangular but with slight concavity on anterior surface, directed posteroventrally. Anal-fin pterygiophore spine absent, with rounded body of cartilage present only. Gill Rakers Ventral margins of photophore scales lacking spines or denticles. ACA 1 + 2 with # 2 and # 3 highly elevated with respect to # 1. ACB (10) 7���10 [23], 9 or 10 in all but smallest specimen (17.6 mm SL), with dorsal step between # 3 and # 4, very small gap between ACB and ACC, mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, (2.4) 0.9���3.2 % SL in specimens greater than 20 mm SL (Fig. 3), appearing in some specimens as a nearly continuous series from ACB to ACC. OVB 1+1+1, in a V configuration but with anteriormost photophore (#1) elevated with respect to #3. Counts of remaining photophore series/clusters consistent with other species of Polyipnus: BR 6, IP 6, L 1, OP 1+1+1, ORB 1, OVA 3. PV 10, VAV 5. Pigmentation in preservative. Ventral margin of dark brown dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to fin base, not extended ventrally in the form of a saddle (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment with a distinct predorsal inflection or notch extending dorsally towards but not reaching anterior base of dorsal fin; ventral margin of dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to base of fin, not forming a ventrally extended saddle-like pattern. Moderately long, typically acutely triangular (occasionally rounded termination), lateral pigment bar extending ventrally from near anterior portion of predorsal blade, not reaching lateral midline. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment also with areas of concentrated dark chromatophores in series along base of dorsal fin, continuing posteriorly to dorsal surface of caudal peduncle where pigment is most concentrated as a blotch. Dark brown to black chromatophores delineating pattern of body segments, including pleural ribs and posterior myosepta, and passing through lateral midline where pigment is most concentrated, creating effect of midlateral row of pigment spots, most visible in posterior half of body. Other dark pigment associated with glandular portion of photophores and photophore reflectors (modified scales), dorsal margin of orbit, frontal and parietal crests, cheek and opercular region, lateral surface of head immediately posterodorsally to orbit and immediately anterior to external rami of posttemporal, posteriormost ventral margin of lower jaw, and exterior surfaces of eye. Dorsal surface of caudal peduncle with a concentration of dark pigment in the form of a blotch; bases of caudal-fin rays, unpigmented or with only one or two dark chromatophores. Etymology. The specific epithet notatus is a Latin adjective meaning marked, or having been marked, in reference to the distinctive shape of the lateral pigment bar. Distribution. Polyipnus notatus is known almost entirely from collections from off Taiwan in the South China Sea. Other occurrences are restricted to the Celebes Sea (USNM 103028) and two localities off the Philippines (ZMUC P 206962 and ZMUC P 206963). Precise depth of capture is unknown because the specimens were all collected by open tow. Available collection data show the maximum depth of capture to be 200 m for the holotype (USNM 361926), and 450, 488 and 1770 m for the three non-type lots, indicating a position in the upper water column at the transition between the meso- and epipelagic zones., Published as part of Harold, Antony S., Kemp, Iris M. & Shore, Sarah K., 2016, A new species of Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) from the western Pacific, with comments on the P. triphanos species complex, pp. 555-564 in Zootaxa 4111 (5) on pages 556-562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/256215, {"references":["Harold, A. S. (1994) A taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54 (2), 428 - 524.","Schultz, L. P. (1938) Review of the fishes of the genera Polyipnus and Argyropelecus (Family Sternoptychidae), with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 86, 135 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.86 - 3047.135","Schultz, L. P. (1961) Revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes (Family Sternoptychidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 587 - 649. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.112 - 3449.587"]}

Family Sternoptychidae Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781 ���Diaphanous hatchetfish (Fig. 9) One specimen of 4 cm TL was caught at a depth of 771 m. Habitat and Distribution: bathypelagic, oceanodromous at depth range 400���3,676 m, usually 500��� 800 m. Mainly in tropical regions of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Scattered records southwest of Ireland and also from Spain to Angola in the eastern Atlantic. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LV (FishBase). Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829 ���Half-naked hatchetfish 23 specimens were caught at depths between 765 and 1,460 m. Length data were available for 22 specimens ranging from 2 to 4 cm TL. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic and mesopelagic, from 100 to 4,054 m depth, mainly at 250��� 650 m. Worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans. Vulnerability: LC (IUCN), LV (FishBase). Argyropelecus olfersii (Cuvier, 1829) ���No common name 5 specimens were caught at depths between 771 and 1,674 m. Length data were available for 4 specimens ranging from 9 to 11 cm TL. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic, mesopelagic with adults and juveniles at 200���800 m during daylight and from 100 (sometimes shallower) to 600 m at night. Restricted in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean between 35 ��N and 65 ��N, probably with a bipolar distribution, and in the southern Pacific Ocean between 30 ˚ S and 50 ˚S from Chile to New Zealand. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LV (FishBase). Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850 ���Lovely hatchetfish 1 specimen of 8 cm TL was caught at a depth of 791m. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic and mesopelagic species at 100���600 m depth, concentrated at 300���600 m during daylight and 100���300 m at night. Atlantic Ocean, essentially absent from the tropical Atlantic; Pacific from north of New Guinea to Japan and off eastern Australia and Chile and central Indian Ocean from about 10 ��S to 40 ��S. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LMV (FishBase). Argyropelecus gigas Norman, 1930 ���Hatchetfish 124 specimens between 6���11 cm TL were caught by bottom trawl during the 1998 surveys. They were identified as A. gigas, but we consider this identification, at least in part, as dubious. The size of the specimens, which is larger in A gigas, was used in the first surveys as one important criterion to differentiate Argyropelecus species. However, in posterior surveys, we found a similar size range in A. olfersii. Habitat and Distribution: bathypelagic at depth range 300���1,000 m, usually 400��� 600 m. Circumglobal, except northeastern Pacific Ocean. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LMV (FishBase). Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789) ���Pearlsides 1 specimen of 5 cm TL was caught at a depth of 1,094 m. Habitat and Distribution: mesopelagic, abundant near continental shelf-slope breaks and seamounts, rare in the open ocean. Found to depths of at least 1,524 m, migrating in the water column at depths of 150���250 m during daylight and to about 50 m at night. Tropical, subtropical, sub-Arctic, and sub-Antarctic waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic it occurs from Iceland and Norway to Senegal and also from Democratic Republic of the Congo to Namibia. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LV (FishBase). Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871) ���Constellationfish (Fig. 10) 1 specimen was caught at 790 m depth. Biometry and meristic: 34 mm TL, 29 mm SL. Photophores: VAV: 5; PV: 15; OA: 4; AC: 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 4; IP: 3 + 4. Habitat and Distribution: oceanic and mesopelagic, between 100 and 700 m depth, with marked stratification of size with depth. Worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. Scattered records from the eastern Atlantic, Iceland, Ireland, from Portugal to Namibia, and in the Mediterranean Sea. Vulnerability: DD (IUCN), LV (FishBase)., Published as part of Ba��on, Rafael, Arronte, Juan Carlos, Rodriguez-Cabello, Cristina, Pi��eiro, Carmen-Gloria, Punzon, Antonio & Serrano, Alberto, 2016, Commented checklist of marine fishes from the Galicia Bank seamount (NW Spain), pp. 293-333 in Zootaxa 4067 (3) on pages 307-308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/256670

Harold, Antony S., Kemp, Iris M., Shore, Sarah K. (2016): A new species of Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) from the western Pacific, with comments on the P. triphanos species complex. Zootaxa 4111 (5): 555-564, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.2

Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829 Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829: 146. Type locality: Messina, Sicily, Italy. Argyropelecus hemigymnus, Galil & Goren, 1994: 49; Goren & Galil, 1997: 201, 2002: 151. Distribution. Circumglobal; depth range 0���2400 m., Published as part of Goren, Menachem & Galil, Bella S., 2015, A checklist of the deep sea fishes of the Levant Sea, Mediterranean Sea, pp. 507-530 in Zootaxa 3994 (4) on page 520, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3994.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/244394, {"references":["Galil, B. S. & Goren, M. (1994) The deep sea Levantine Fauna. New records and rare occurrences. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 25, 41 - 52.","Goren, M. & Galil, B. S. (1997) New records of deep-sea fishes from the Levant Basin and a note on the deep-sea fishes of the Mediterranean. Israel Journal of Zoology, 43, 197 - 203."]}

Goren, Menachem, Galil, Bella S. (2015): A checklist of the deep sea fishes of the Levant Sea, Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa 3994 (4): 507-530, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3994.4.2

Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N., Fricke, Ronald (2014): Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa 3882 (2): 1-230, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1

Subfamily Maurolicinae Gill 1885 Maurolocidae [Maurolicidae] Gill 1885c:619 [ref. 32611] (family) Maurolicus [corrected to Maurolicidae by Gill in Goode & Bean 1896:95 [ref. 1848], confirmed by Jordan 1923a:127 [ref. 2421], by Myers & Storey 1956:20 [ref. 32831] and by Lindberg 1971:74 [ref. 27211]], Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N. & Fricke, Ronald, 2014, Family-group names of Recent fishes, pp. 1-230 in Zootaxa 3882 (2) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7047777, {"references":["Gill, T. N. (1885 c) Zoology. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, [18] (for 1884), 583 - 676. [Fish-like vertebrates on 617 - 632] [ref. 32611]","Goode, G. B. & Bean, T. H. (1896) Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and FishHawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Special Bulletin United States National Museum, 2, i - xxxv + 1 - 26 + 1 - 553; Atlas: i - xxiii, 1 - 26, 1 - 123 pls. [also published as Memoir of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 22] [23 August, ref. 1848]","Jordan, D. S. (1923 a) A classification of fishes including families and genera as far as known. Stanford University Publications, University Series, Biological Sciences, 3 (2), x + 77 - 243 pp. [reprinted in 1934 and 1963] [January, ref. 2421]","Myers, G. S. & Storey, M. H. (1956) Curatorial practices in zoological research collections 2. System followed in filing specimens of Recent fishes in the natural history museum of Stanford University. Circular Number 6 of the Natural History Museum of Stanford University, i-viii + 1 - 44 [originally compiled in December 1939, emended 1939 - 1956; on the cover of the Circular: \" They are not generally available or for sale \"; work not published according to ICZN Article 8.1] [October, ref. 32831]","Lindberg, G. U. (1971) Opredelitel' i kharakteristika semeystv ryb mirovoy fauny [Families of the fishes of the world: a check list and a key]. Nauka, Leningrad, 472 pp. [in Russian. English translation by Hardin, H. (1973), Fishes of the world: a key to families and a checklist, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, distributed by John Wiley & Sons, New York, 545 pp.] [2 August, ref. 27211]"]}

Argyropelecus affinis Garman, 1899 – No common name; Pai-velho ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829 – Hatchetfish; Pai-velho ①②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Argyropelecus sladeni Regan, 1908 – Sladen’s hatchet fish; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781 – Diaphanous hatchetfish; ①②, Pai-velho ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Argyripnus atlanticus Maul, 1952 – No common name; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Sternoptyx pseudobscura Baird, 1971 – Highlight hatchetfish; ①②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Polyipnus polli Schultz, 1961 – No common name; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Maurolicus amethystinopunctatus Cocco, 1838 – Pearlsides; ①②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

□ Argyropelecus gigas Norman, 1930 – Hatchetfish; ①, Pai-velho ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789) – Silvery lightfish; ①②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871) – No common name; ①②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

* Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850 – Hatchetfish; Pai-velho ①②, ③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

STERNOPTYCHIDAE Argyropelecus olfersii (Cuvier, 1829) , was quoted (without details) in a list of fishes from Lebanon, eastern Mediterranean by George et al. 1964 (see Tortonese, 1970). According to Badcock (1984), the species is probably absent from the Mediterranean.

STERNOPTYCHIDAE Argyropelecus olfersii (Cuvier, 1829) , was quoted (without details) in a list of fishes from Lebanon, eastern Mediterranean by George et al. 1964 (see Tortonese, 1970). According to Badcock (1984), the species is probably absent from the Mediterranean., Published as part of Psomadakis, Peter Nick, Giustino, Stefano & Vacchi, Marino, 2012, Mediterranean fish biodiversity: an updated inventory with focus on the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3263 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280724, {"references":["George, C. J., Athanassiou, V. A. & Boulos, I. (1964) The fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Miscellaneous papers in the Natural Sciences, The American University of Beirut, 4, 1 - 24.","Tortonese, E. (1970) Osteichthyes (Pesci ossei). Parte prima. Fauna d'Italia. Vol. 10. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 565 pp.","Badcock, J. (1984) Sternoptychidae. In: Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J. & Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. Unesco, Paris, pp. 302 - 317."]}

In this paper we update the Mediterranean fish inventory, analyse the biogeographic features of this fauna and provideexhaustive biodiversity data for the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas. According to the data available in 2010, the Mediterraneanfish diversity can be summarized as follows: 602 (including sub-species) bony fish species (Osteichthyes), 79 cartilaginous fishspecies (Chondrichthyes) and 3 cyclostomes (Agnatha); making a total of 684 species belonging to 173 families (147Osteichthyes, 24 Chondrichthyes, 2 Agnatha). Most species 403 (58.9%) have an Atlantic origin, 128 (18.7%) species arecosmopolitan, 90 (13.2%) species are Indo-Pacific, and 63 (9.2%) are endemic to the Mediterranean. In the Ligurian Sea,northern Tyrrhenian and southern Tyrrhenian Sea, the richness can be estimated at 454, 426 and 447 species, respectively. Themost speciose families for the Mediterranean as a whole, but also for the three intra-mediterranean areas studied are theGobiidae, Sparidae, Labridae and Blenniidae; whereas Carangidae is a numerically important family mainly at theMediterranean level. The percentage of endemic fishes within the intra-mediterranean areas studied gradually decrease acrosslatitude from the Ligurian Sea (9.4%) to the northern (8.7%) and southern (8.0%) Tyrrhenian Sea. The updated fish inventorycontains 81 Lessepsian and 48 Atlantic immigrant species, which represent 11.8% and 7.0% of the whole Mediterranean fishcommunity, respectively. The Ligurian Sea (3.1%) houses a higher amount of immigrants with respect to the northern (1.6%)and southern (2.7%) Tyrrhenian sectors.Field observations made during this study indicate that both the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas are presently subjected toincreasing colonization events by thermophilic species spreading from the southern Mediterranean and to a lesser degree by the arrival of exotic species either of Atlantic or Indo-Pacific origin.

Key to species of Sternoptychidae from the western South Atlantic (asterisks indicate species not recorded in Brazilian waters) 1 a. Body laterally compressed and deep, body depth 1–2 times the SL; dorsal blade moderately to well developed; abdominal keel developed; post-abdominal spines present and sometimes robust..................................................... 2 1 b. Body somewhat elongate, depth more than 3.5 times the SL; dorsal blade, abdominal keel, and post-abdominal spine absent or inconspicuous............................................................................................................................................. 10 2 a. Dorsal blade consisting of several spines; eyes tubular and directed dorsally; AB 12................. (Argyropelecus)... 3 2 b. Dorsal blade consisting of one or two spines; eyes not tubular and directed laterally; AB 10................................... 7 3 a. PAN, AN, and SC series not distinctly separated, photophores of each series not sharing common photogenic mass, and all three series on about same level as SAB; anal-fin rays not divided by central AN......................................... 4 3 b. PAN, AN, and SC in distinct groups, all three series elevated with respect to SAB; anal-fin rays divided into anterior and posterior groups by central AN............................................................................................................................. 5 4 a. Dorsal blade reduced, its height less than one third of its length; body profile without elevation between third and fourth fused spines of dorsal blade and posterior of dorsal blade; adults without postorbital spine; snout with evenly convex profile ............................................................................................................................... Argyropelecus affinis 4 b. Dorsal blade developed, its depth greater than one third of its length; body profile with fleshy elevations between third and fourth fused spines of dorsal blade and posterior to dorsal blade; adults with distinct postorbital spine; snout with angular profile ............................................................................................................ Argyropelecus gigas * 5 a. A single, serrated, posteriorly directed postabdominal spine; length of AN photophore series less than length of gap between AN and SC photophores; dorsal-fin rays 8; anal-fin with 6 rays in the anterior group, 5 rays in posterior group ................................................................................................................................... Argyropelecus hemigymnus 5 b. Two smooth post-abdominal spines, one directed posteroventrally and the other directed anteroventrally; length of AN photophore series greater than length of gap between AN and SC photophores; dorsal-fin rays 9 or 10; anal-fin with 7 rays in anterior group, 5 rays in posterior group................................................................................................ 6 6 a. Lower jaw with prominent canine teeth; posterior post-abdominal spine much larger than anterior spine, directed posteroventrally; SC photophore scales with long, spine-like denticles ................................. Argyropelecus aculeatus 6 b. Lower jaw without prominent canine teeth; post-abdominal spines of similar size, directed anteroventrally; SC photophore scales without denticles................................................................................................ Argyropelecus sladeni 7 a. Dorsal blade consisting of a single spine, anterior margin serrated; BR 3; I 5; PO ventral to orbit, externally indistinct and directed towards mouth......................................................................................................... (Sternoptyx)... 8 7 b. Dorsal blade small, consisting of two spines, anterior margin smooth; BR 6; I 6; PO anterior to eye, externally distinct and directed towards eye ................................................................................................................... Polyipnus sp. 8 a. SAN slightly elevated, closer to anteroventral margin of AN series than to trunk midline....................................... 9 8 b. SAN distinctly elevated to the mid-distance between anteroventral margin of AN and trunk midline or higher......... ................................................................................................................................................ Sternoptyx pseudobscura 9 a. Body height equal to body length; vertebrae 30–32; dorsal-fin rays 11–12...................... Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana 9 b. Body height much larger than body length; vertebrae 27–29; dorsal-fin rays 9–11..................... Sternoptyx diaphana 10 a. Anal fin continuous, rays evenly spaced.................................................................................................................... 11 10 b.Anal fin interrupted by the AC photophores............................................................................................................... 13 11 a. AC photophores divided into two or three groups, each with 5 or more photophores, none elevated; SO photophores absent ............................................................................................................................. Valenciennellus tripunctulatus 11 b. First AC photophore isolated and elevated, followed by two groups of AC photophores; SO photophores present............................................................................................................................................................. (Maurolicus)... 12 12 a. Vertebrae 33–34; gill rakers 25–29, usually 27–29; AC photophores 24–26, usually 25–26; head 27–29 % SL.......... .................................................................................................................................................... Maurolicus stehmanni 12 b.Vertebrae 32–33; gill rakers 21–26, usually 22–24; AC photophores 22–26, usually 23–24; head 29.5–33 % SL ............................................................................................................................................................ Maurolicus weitzmani 13 a. VAV and anterior group of several AC photophores forming a continuous serial group of 22–27 organs; dorsal-fin rays 11–14; dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin; gill rakers 24–30 (6–8 + 2 + 16–20) ...... Argyripnus atlanticus 13 b.VAV and 1 or 2 anteriormost AC photophores forming a continuous group of 7–8 organs; dorsal-fin rays 8-9; dorsalfin origin posterior to anal-fin origin; gill rakers 18–21...................................................... Sonoda megalophthalma *

Polyipnus sp. (Fig. 1 I) Material examined. 801 specimens (17.5 ���43.0 mm SL); MNRJ 30127, 775 (17.5���34.7 mm), D-0396; MNRJ 30137, 2(33.3���37.2 mm), E-0495; MNRJ 30145, 5(29.0��� 38.2 mm), E-0515; MNRJ 30148, 17(33.9 ���43.0 mm), E-0521; MNRJ 30150, 2(32.3 ���33.0 mm), E-0522. Additional material. 2 specimens (18.1���18.2 mm SL): USU 0 1379, 2(18.1���18.2 mm), MD-55, 19�� 34 ���S, 38 �� 55 ���W, 29.v. 1987. Diagnosis. Specimens examined most likely belong to an undescribed species, which will be dealt in detail in a subsequent paper. Distribution. Known only off eastern Brazil, between 11 �� and 19 ��S, at depths from 360 to 1275 m. Remarks. These specimens represent the first record of genus Polyipnus from the western South Atlantic. Polyipnus sp. is very similar to Polyipnus laternatus Garman 1899 from the western North Atlantic, but differs from that species by the number of gill-rakers (19���21 [19] vs. 16���19 [18]); photophores in the AN series (6���10 [10] vs. 11���13 [11]); and post-temporal spine length (6.6���11.7 vs. 5.7���8.6 % SL) (Harold 1994). Two specimens reported by S��ret & Andreata (1992) as Argyropelecus aculeatus (USU 01379) were also examined and have been re-identified as Polyipnus sp., Published as part of Lima, Adriano T., Costa, Paulo A. S., Braga, Adriana C., Nunan, Gustavo W. A. & Mincarone, Michael M., 2011, Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11 �� and 23 �� S, pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 2742 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206673, {"references":["Harold, A. S. (1994) A taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54 (2), 428 - 534.","Seret, B. & Andreata, J. V. (1992) Deep-sea fishes collected during the oceanographic cruise MD- 55 off Brazil. Cybium, 16 (1), 81 - 100."]}

Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann 1781 (Fig. 2 F; Table 3) Material examined. 32 specimens (15.7���49.1 mm SL): MNRJ 30124, 3(21.6 ���34.0 mm), D-0382; MNRJ 30129, 1(30.4 mm), D-0502; MNRJ 30130, 1(27.1 mm), D-0503; MNRJ 30133, 9(26.1���39.2 mm), D-0505; MNRJ 30134, 2(16.7���49.1 mm), D-0504; MNRJ 30138, 2(38.8���44.6 mm), E-0501; MNRJ 30143, 1(30.3 mm), E-0509; MNRJ uncat., 1 (27.6 mm), E-0519; MNRJ 30149, 1(25.8 mm), E-0522; MNRJ 30156, 1(25.1 mm), E-0535; MNRJ 30158, 1(18.5 mm), E-0537; MNRJ 30161, 1(25.3 mm), E-0538; MNRJ 30164, 1(28.2 mm), E-0548; MNRJ 30166, 1(27.0 mm), E-0552; MNRJ 30352, 1(15.7 mm), AG 2-9; MNRJ 30355, 2(19.5 ��� 37.0 mm), AG 2 - 1; MNRJ 30361, 1(20.8 mm), AG 1 - 1; MNRJ 30367, 1(29.6 mm), AG 2-3; MNRJ 30369, 1(23.5 mm), AG 1-4. Additional material. 5 specimens (20.3���27.8 mm SL): MZUSP 78245, 4(20.3���23.8 mm), REVIZEE Program, mid-water trawl, 31 ��04��� 25 ������S, 49 �� 15 ���05������W, 29.xi. 1999; USU 0 1387, 1(27.8 mm); MD-55, 21�� 24 ���S, 39 �� 56 ���W, 09.v. 1987. Diagnosis. Sternoptyx diaphana can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 8���11, usually less than 11; vertebrae 27 or 29, rarely 28; pectoral fin without pigmentation; dorsal-fin base usually smaller than 90 % of the dorsal-blade base width; body depth much greater than its length; SAN height greater than three times body height; SL smaller than 50 mm. Meristic description. Fin rays: D 8���11; A 12���15; P 1 9���10; P 2 5. Gill rakers: 7���8 (4���5 + 1 + 2���3). Photophores: BR 5; I 5; AB 10; PAN 3; AN 3; SC 4. Distribution. Worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. In Brazil, it occurs off northeast and southeast regions, between 14 �� and 22 ��S. Also collected from a single station off southern Brazil at 31 ��S (Figueiredo et al. 2002). S. diaphana S. pseudodiaphana S. pseudobscura Standard length SL (mm) 15.7���49.1 34.0��� 46.1 17.2���51.4 Measurements in % SL Pre-dorsal length 64.4���74.1 67.8���70.7 65.2���80.3 Pre-anal length 54.4���73.1 63.3���66.4 58.7���73.5 Pre-pelvic length 53.5���70.4 61.3���65.2 55.7���71.2 Pre-pectoral length 30.2���42.9 39.2���40.9 31.1���46.4 Body depth 77.5 ��� 77.5 73.5���88.5 77.5���94.1 Caudal peduncle depth 10.7���47.6 11.6���11.7 10.3���13.2 Caudal peduncle length 21.3���35.7 ��� 12.8���26.2 Trunk depth 41.3���52.3 37.7���39.4 34.9���47.3 Trunk length 31.6���42.1 39.1���39.5 14.9���28.6 SAN height 10.7���16.9 14.9���16.1 15.6���22.9 SAN depth 31.9���41.9 25.2���26.5 32.7���38.4 Dorsal fin base 12.9���19.4 17.2 ���19.0 11.3 ���19.0 Anal fin base 48.0��� 58.4 50.8���58.9 43.9���56.3 Pectoral fin length 29.2���38.3 29.8���33.3 27.6���33.5 Head length 25.5���35.2 28.4���30.9 26.1���32.8 continued next page, Published as part of Lima, Adriano T., Costa, Paulo A. S., Braga, Adriana C., Nunan, Gustavo W. A. & Mincarone, Michael M., 2011, Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11 �� and 23 �� S, pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 2742 on page 42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206673, {"references":["Figueiredo, J. L., Santos, A. P., Yamaguti, N., Bernardes, R. A. & Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. (2002) Peixes da Zona Economica Exclusiva da regiao sudeste-sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-agua. Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 242 pp."]}

Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes 1850 (Fig. 2 C; Table 2) Material examined. 35 specimens (17.2���73.5 mm SL): MNRJ 30123, 10(19.7���33.5 mm), D-0382; MNRJ 30131, 3(17.2 ���26.0 mm), D-0503; MNRJ 30132, 1(43.8 mm), D-0505; MNRJ 30139, 1(33.9 mm), E-0502; MNRJ 30142, 1(68.7 mm), E-0507; MNRJ 30146, 1(73.5 mm), E-0519; MNRJ 30147, 1(27.3 mm), E-0520; MNRJ 30151, 1(57.3 mm), E-0523; MNRJ 30152, 1(37.0 mm), E-0524; MNRJ 30160, 3(43.8 ���62.0 mm), E- 0538; MNRJ 30165, 1(61.0 mm), E-0551; MNRJ 30356, 1(41.8 mm), AG 1-4; MNRJ 30350, 1(31.0 mm), AG 2-14; MNRJ 30353, 1(26.1 mm), AG 1-9; MNRJ 30362, 1(17.5 mm), AG 1-11; MNRJ 30365, 1(22.0 mm), AG 2-10.1; MNRJ 30366, 1(18.9 mm), AG 2-11; MNRJ 30368, 2(39.0���40.0 mm), AG 1-7.2; MNRJ 30370, 1(46.6 mm), AG 1-7.3; MNRJ 30371, 2(37.4���44.8 mm), AG 1 - 1. Additional material. 15 specimens (23.3���57.1 mm SL; REVIZEE Program, mid-water trawl): MZUSP 78245, 2(56.6���57.1 mm), 33 �� 38 ���S, 50 �� 14 ���W, 01.v. 1997; MZUSP 80270, 6(23.3���29.8 mm), 29 �� 31 ��� 28 ������S, 47 �� 44 ��� 13 ������W, 24.xi. 1999; MZUSP 80271, 5(32.6 ���55.0 mm), 34 ��07��� 57 ������S, 51 �� 22 ��� 21 ������W, 23.iv. 1997; MZUSP 80272, 2(27.7���34.2 mm), 31 ��04��� 25 ������S, 49 �� 15 ��� 5 ������W, 29.xi. 1999. Diagnosis. Argyropelecus aculeatus can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal blade high, its height equal to the width of its base; post-abdominal spines well developed, posterior larger than anterior; ventral keel extending along body margin; AN and SC well separated; lower jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth; spines present ventrally and anterior to subcaudal photophores. Meristic description. Fin rays: D 9; A 11���13; P 1 9���11. Gill rakers: 15���17 (6���7 + 2 + 7���8). Photophores: BR 6; I 6; AB 12; SAB 6; PAN 4; AN 6; SC 4. Distribution. Worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters, probably occurring along the entire Brazilian coast., Published as part of Lima, Adriano T., Costa, Paulo A. S., Braga, Adriana C., Nunan, Gustavo W. A. & Mincarone, Michael M., 2011, Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11 �� and 23 �� S, pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 2742 on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206673

Maurolicus stehmanni Parin & Kobyliansky 1993 (Fig. 2 B) Material examined. 158 specimens (26.8–49.8 mm SL): MNRJ 31307, 50(26.8–47.1 mm), D-0462; MNRJ 31308, 15(28.5–47.1 mm), D-0463; MNRJ 31309, 69(34.7–49.8 mm), D-0476); MNRJ 31310, 9(33.9–41.1 mm), E-0534; MNRJ 31311, 2(40.3–41.1 mm), E-0537; MNRJ 31312, 1(37.0 mm), E-0523; MNRJ 31313, 1(43.0 mm), E-0538; MNRJ 31314, 1(35.6 mm), D-0464; MNRJ 31315, 10(37.5–40.2 mm), D-0471. Diagnosis. Maurolicus stehmanni can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of characters: head 27–29 % SL; eyes 8.5–10 % SL; greatest body depth (23–25 % SL) just after pectoral-fin base, stomach and intestine unpigmented; 33–34 vertebrae (modally 33); branchiostegal rays 27–29 (usually 28–29); AC 23–26 (modally 25–26). Meristic description. Fin rays: D 10–12; A 22–25; P 1 17–19; P 2 7. Gill rakers: 25–29 (5–6 + 2 + 18–21). Photophores: BR 6; IV 1 6; IV 2 12 –13; VAV 6; AC 1 15–17; AC 2 7–9; AC 3 15–18; AO 9–10. Distribution. Western South Atlantic along the continental slope, between 16 ° and 40 °S. Remarks. The capture of 38 specimens at a single station (D-0396) on the Royal Charlotte Bank (16 °S) marks the northern limit of distribution of M. stehmanni. Previously referred to as M. muelleri by Vazzoler (1975), Zavala-Camin (1981), Séret & Andreata (1992), and Haimovici et al. (1994).