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During a study of the diversity of soilborne fungi from Spain, a strain belonging to the family Chaetomiaceae (Sordariales) was isolated. The multigene phylogenetic inference using five DNA loci showed that this strain represents an undescribed species of the genus Amesia, herein introduced as A. hispanica sp. nov. Investigation of its secondary metabolome led to the isolation of two new derivatives (2 and 3) of the known antifungal antibiotic dactylfungin A (1), together with the known compound cochliodinol (4). The planar structures of 1–4 were determined by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-IM-MS/MS) and extensive 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after isolation by HPLC. All isolated secondary metabolites were tested for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Dactylfungin A (1) showed selective and strong antifungal activity against some of the tested human pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans). The additional hydroxyl group in 2 resulted in the loss of activity against C. neoformans but still retained the inhibition of As. fumigatus in a lower concentration than that of the respective control, without showing any cytotoxic effects. In contrast, 2500-dehydroxy-dactylfungin A (3) exhibited improved activity against yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Rhodotorula glutinis) than 1 and 2, but resulted in the appearance of slight cytotoxicity. The present study exemplifies how even in a well-studied taxonomic group such as the Chaetomiaceae, the investigation of novel taxa still brings chemistry novelty, as demonstrated in this first report of this antibiotic class for chaetomiaceous and sordarialean taxa.

Chaetomium albiziae M. Mehrabi-Koushki & A. Safi, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) MycoBank: MB 841114 Holotype: IRAN, Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, isolated from a living leaf of Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae), Oct. 2018, A. Safi (holotype, IRAN 18081F; ex-type cultures, IRAN 4137C = SCUA-Saf-B10). Etymology. Species epithet refers to the host genus Albizia from which the holotype was isolated. Sexual morph: Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, septate, branched. Ascomata perithecioid, superficial, brown to dark brown in reflected light, globose to subglobose, (79–)118–170(–184) × (71–)100–145(–158) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 134–148.5 × 112.2–124.8 μm, (± SD = 141.3 ± 25.5 × 118.5 ± 22.1 μm, n = 50). Ascomatal wall brown, textura angularis in surface view. Terminal hairs seta-like, septate, unbranched, smooth, brown, tapering towards the tips, 2.5–3.8 μm diam near the base. Lateral hairs similar but more flexuous, narrower and shorter. Asci fasciculate, clavate, spore bearing part (20–)22.5–35(–38.75) × 7.5–16.5 μm, stalks 11.25–22.5 μm long, with 8 irregularly-arranged ascospores, evanescent. Ascospores brown to olivaceous brown, ellipsoidal to ovoid, aseptate, biapiculate, bilaterally flattened, with an apical germ pore, (7.5–)10–11.25(–12.5) × 7.5–10 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 10.4–10.9 × 8.1–8.6 μm, (± SD = 10.7 ± 0.8 × 8.3 ± 0.7 μm, n = 50). Asexual morph: not observed. Culture characteristics—Colonies on OA reaching 60–66 mm after 4 d of incubation at 28 ± 0.5 °C, circular with regular margin, initially white, with age becoming creamy white or slightly pinkish, highly floccose; reverse pinkish white. Colonies on PDA reaching 40–45 mm d after 4 d of incubation at 28 ± 0.5 °C, circular with regular margin, initially pale buff with creamy margin, with age becoming buff with paler margin and sectors, floccose; reverse buff with paler sectors. Additional materials examined. IRAN, Khuzestan Province; Karoon, isolated from a living leaf of A. lebbeck, Sep 2020, A. Safi (SCUA-Saf-B10-2). Notes: In the phylogenetic tree, C. albiziae is closely related to C. cucumericola, but can be distinguished by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of three ITS, tub2 and rpb2 loci (Fig. 2). This new species and the extype strain of C. cucumericola (CBS 378.71) showed 1 bp difference (0.2 %) across 496 nucleotides of the ITS region, 6 bp difference (1.1 %) across 547 nucleotides of the tub2 region, and 5 bp difference (1 %) across 481 nucleotides of the rpb2 region. Chaetomium cucumericola was established by Wang et al. (2016) to accommodate two sterile strains of the genus Chaetomium (CBS 378.71 and CBS 126777), which formed a well-supported clade within phylogenetic group III, including the related species C. olivaceum Cooke & Ellis, C. subglobosum Sergeeva, and C. undulatulum Asgari & Zare. C. albiziae can be distinguished from these three species by smaller ascomata (C. olivaceum: 260–440 × 200–360 μm, C. subglobosum: 300–450 × 265–355 μm, C. undulatulum: 230–280 × 185–250 μm) (Asgari & Zare 2011, Wang et al. 2016b)., Published as part of Mehrabi-Koushki, Mehdi & Safi, Atena, 2023, Chaetomium albiziae, a new endophytic species from Albizia lebbeck in Iran, pp. 137-146 in Phytotaxa 591 (2) on pages 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7797484, {"references":["Asgari, B. & Zare, R. (2011) The genus Chaetomium in Iran, a phylogenetic study including six new species. Mycologia 103: 863 - 882. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 10 - 349","Wang, X. W., Lombard, L., Groenewald, J. Z., Li, J., Videira, S. I. R., Samson, R. A., Liu, X. Z. & Crous, P. W. (2016 b) Phylogenetic reassessment of the Chaetomium globosum species complex. Persoonia 36: 83 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 003158516 X 689657"]}

Sordaria Ces. & De Not., Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana 1 (4): 225 (1863) Index Fungorum number: IF 5061 Type species: Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not., Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana 1 (4): 226 (1863) Notes: Sordaria was introduced with the type species S. fimicola, and 264 records are listed in Index Fungorum (2023), but only 23 species have available sequence data (Huang et al. 2021). The sexual morph of Sordaria was characterized by having sub-immersed to superficial, perithecioid, coriaceous ascomata, contain with cylindrical paraphyses, oblong, upright to slightly curved asci, with a lobate pedicel and distinct apical ring, with eight-spored, uniseriate, ellipsoidal to ovoid, verruculose ascospore, immature ascospore enclosed in a hyaline gelatinous sheath, however, sometimes thick and conspicuous to even difficult to detect (Ivanová et al. 2015; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020). Species of Sordaria are commonly found in dung, soil, and seed pods (Furtado 1969; Watanabe 1989; Mungai et al. 2012). Notably, the filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora was considered a model organism to study the molecular mechanisms that regulate fruiting bodies’ development (Teichert et al. 2020).

Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza, Mycologia 54: 217 (1962) Index Fungorum number: IF 627 Type species: Boothiella tetraspora Lodhi & Mirza, Mycologia 54: 217 (1962) Notes: Boothiella was a monotypic genus and established by the type species B. tetraspora, which was isolated from soil in Lahore City, Pakistan. Boothiella is similar to Thielavia but differs by having a colourless ascomatal wall (Lodhi & Mirza 1962). Eriksson et al. (2004) and Kirk et al. (2008) proposed Boothiella should be accommodated in the family Sordariaceae, and this phylogenetic placement was confirmed by other researchers later (Vu et al. 2019, Wang et al. 2019). The sexual morph was described by having a superficial to immersed, globose to subglobose, cleistothecial ascomata, solitary to aggregated, non-ostiolate, hyaline ascomatal walled, clavate to cylindrical asci with four-spored, short pedicellate, uniseriate, evanescent. Ascospore ellipsoidal to broad ovoid, hyaline to yellow to olivaceous brown with the maturity, one-celled, with apical germ pores, however, no asexual morphs have been reported (Huang et al. 2021). Thielaviella humicola and Thielavia tetraspora were recently re-identified as Boothiella tetraspora based on evidences of morphology and phylogeny (Wang et al. 2019). This genus has a single species (B. tetraspora), and most collections were isolated from soil (Wang et al. 2019)., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on page 257, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Lodhi, S. A. & Mirza, R. F. (1962) A new genus of the Eurotiales. Mycologia 54: 217 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.1962.12024993","Eriksson, O. E., Baral, H. O., Currah, R. S., Kurtzman, C. P., Rambold, G. & Laessoe, T. (2004) Outline of Ascomycota - 2004. Myconet 10: 1 - 99.","Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., Minter, D. W. & Stalpers, J. A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, 10 th ed. CABI, UK. pp. 1 - 771. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851998268.0000","Vu, D., Groenewald, M., de Vries, M. D., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J. Z., Cardinali, J. & Houbraken, J. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Studies in Mycology 92: 135 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. simyco. 2018.05.001","Wang, X. W., Bai, F. Y., Bensch, K., Meijer, M., Sun, B. D., Han, Y. F., Crous, P. W., Samson, R. A., Yang, F. Y. & Houbraken, J. (2019) Phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia with the introduction of a new family Podosporaceae. Studies in Mycology 93: 155 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. simyco. 2019.08.002","Huang, S. K., Hyde, K. D., Mapook, A., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, J. D., McKenzie, E. H. C., Jeewon, R. & Wen, T. C. (2021) Taxonomic studies of some often over-looked Diaporthomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae. Fungal Diversity 111: 443 - 572. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 021 - 00488 - 4"]}

Boothiella tetraspora Lodhi & J.H. Mirza, Mycologia 54(2): 217 (1962) (Figure 4) Index Fungorum number: IF 327083 Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph on PDA: Mycelium 3–5 μm wide, hyaline to yellow pale, thick-walled, branched, septate, with granules. Ascomata 260–370 × 240–330 μm (x̅ =245 × 285 μm, n=10), globose to subglobose, solitary or gregarious, superficial to immersed on PDA, brown to dark brown or black, membranaceous, glabrous, without ostiolate. Ascomatal wall composed of membranaceous, subhyaline to pale brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium not observed. Asci 80–100 × 15–20 μm (x̅ =87.5 × 15.5 μm, n=20), unitunicate, four-spored, clavate to broadly cylindrical, apically round, short pedicellate, furcate pedicel, evanescent. Ascospores 20–30 × 10–20 μm (x̅ = 24 × 14.5 μm, n=20), ovoid to ellipsoidal, hyaline to yellowish brown to dark brown, aseptate, rough to verruculose, sometimes visible a germ pore at one or each end, without sheath. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach 30–40 mm in diameter after one week at 27 °C, forming the brown to dark brown fruiting bodies within one month in PDA. Obverse: flat, velvety, hairy, pale brown, entire edge. Reverse: yellowish brown. Without pigments produced in PDA. Known substratum: Soil (Lodhi & Mirza 1962, Wang et al. 2019); Sand (Wang et al. 2019); Intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae (this study). Known Distribution: Pakistan (Lodhi & Mirza 1962); Spain, India (Wang et al. 2019), China (This study). Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Qujing Normal University, intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae, GPS: 103°44’35”E, 25°30’46”N, 1856.6 m, Wen-hua Lu, ER 4, (Herb. HKAS 125767), living culture KUNCC22-12510. Notes: Based on detailed descriptions of Boothiella tetraspora, our isolate KUNCC 22-12510 fits with previous strains in morphology, forming brown to dark brown ascomata, with globose to subglobose, superficial to immersed, non-ostiolate, additionally, both strains almost have the same size of asci and ascospores, with four-spored asci, ovoid to ellipsoidal conidia (Lodhi & Mirza 1962, Wang et al. 2019). Phylogenetically, our isolate KUNCC 22-12510 clustered with Boothiella tetraspora (CBS 334.67 and CBS 887.97) with reliable statistical supports (99% ML /1 BYPP, Figure 2). The BLASTn results of ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2 region demonstrate 99–100% similarity with Boothiella tetraspora strains (CBS 334.67 and CBS 887.97). Therefore, our isolate KUNCC 22-12510 is identified as B. tetraspora, a new host and country record based on morphological features combined with phylogeny evidence., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 258-259, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Lodhi, S. A. & Mirza, R. F. (1962) A new genus of the Eurotiales. Mycologia 54: 217 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.1962.12024993","Wang, X. W., Bai, F. Y., Bensch, K., Meijer, M., Sun, B. D., Han, Y. F., Crous, P. W., Samson, R. A., Yang, F. Y. & Houbraken, J. (2019) Phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia with the introduction of a new family Podosporaceae. Studies in Mycology 93: 155 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. simyco. 2019.08.002"]}

Sordaria macrospora Auersw., Fungi Europaei exsiccati, Klotzschii herbarii vivi mycologici continuatio. Editio nov. Series secunda. Cent. 10: no. 954 (1866) (Figure 5) Index Fungorum number: IF 237763 Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph on PDA: Ascomata 340–420 × 270–380 μm (x̅ = 330 × 380 μm, n=20), semi-immersed to superficial, perithecial, solitary or gregarious, ampulliform or pyriform, globose, coriaceous, brown to black, ostiolate. Neck 140–180 × 85–120 μm (x̅ = 160 × 99 μm, n=10) central, oblong, straight to bent, extended, blunt ends. Peridium consist of dark-brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium 6–15 wide (x̅ = 9.5 μm, n=20), numerous, wide, branched, septate, markedly constricted at the septa, hyaline, paraphyses. Asci 130–180 × 17–22 μm (̄x̅ = 155×19 μm, n=20), unitunicate, eight-spored, slenderly cylindrical, with a lobate pedicel and a prominent J- ring. Ascospores 20–30 × 15–20 μm (x̅ =25.5 × 15.5 μm, n=20), one-celled, ellipsoidal to ovoid, uniseriate, hyaline to golden to brown to black when mature, guttulate, with some prominent oil droplets, with a thin gelatinous sheath, acute to round ends, with a basal germ pore. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach around 60 mm in diameter after one week at 27 °C, forming dark brown fruiting bodies within one month in PDA. Obverse: flat, white, entire edge, peripheral fertile. Reverse: pale brown. Without pigments produced in PDA. Known substratum: Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica (Petrini & Fisher 1988); Salix fragilis, Quercus robur (Petrini & Fisher 1990); Olea europaea (Fisher et al. 1992); Eucalyptus nitens (Fisher et al. 1993); Dactylis glomerata (Sanchez Marquez et al. 2007); Herbivore dung (Lytvynenko & Hayova 2018); Intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae (this study). Known Distribution: England (Petrini & Fisher 1998,1990); Balearic Islands (Fisher et al. 1992); Australia (Fisher et al. 1993); Spain (Sanchez Marquez et al. 2007); Ukraine (Lytvynenko & Hayova 2018); China (This study). Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Qujing Normal University, on intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae, GPS: 103°44’35”E, 25°30’46”N, 1856.6 m, Wen-hua Lu, ER3, (Herb. HKAS 125766), living culture 22-12509. Notes: Sordaria macrospora is a coprophilic homothallic pyrenomycete, a fungal model organism in biology that was first described in 1866 by Auerswald. Our isolate fits the concept of S. macrospora by having elongated neck, oblong asci with a “J-” apical ring, enwrap eight hyaline to golden to dark brown ascospores, ascospores uniseriate, visible distinct oil droplets when its young, present verruculose surface when it is mature, without gelatinous sheath (Lord & Read 2011). The BLASTn results of ITS, and LSU showed our isolate (KUNCC 22-12509) are highly similar to Sordaria species (Sordaria macrospora CBS:346.62, S. humana CBS:416.82, S. fimicola CBS:566.67, S. lappae CBS:154.97, S. tamaensis and S. nodulifera NBRC:32551), with 99–100% similarity. However, the tub2 gene is mostly similar to Sordaria macrospora (FGSC 4818) and S. superba (CBS 784.96) with 99% similarity, the tub2 gene of other species is not available (Table 1). From morphology, Sordaria superba is different, as the ascospores are wrapped by a distinct gelatinous sheath with a single basal germ pore (Yul et al. 2010), our isolate is more similar to S. macrospora (ascomata: 370–400 (500) × 250–300 µm VS. 340–420 × 270–380 μm; and asci: 160–175 ×20 VS. 20–30 × 15–20 μm) (Ivanová et al. 2015). The phylogenetic tree indicated that our Sordaria macrospora KUNCC 22-12509 is complex with the other species that have high similarity in ITS, and LSU genes (Figure 2), and this problem may be caused by lacking tub2 genes, therefore, our isolate KUNCC 22-12509 is identified based on morphological features (Table 2) coupled with BLASTn results and phylogenetic analyses as Sordaria macrospora which is a new host and country record., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 259-260, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Petrini, O. & Fisher, P. J. (1988) A comparative study of fungal endophytes in xylem and whole stem of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91: 233 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0007 - 1536 (88) 80210 - 9","Petrini, O. & Fisher, P. J. (1990) Occurrence of fungal endophytes in twigs of Salix fragilis and Quercus robur. Mycology Research 94: 1077 - 1080. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0953 - 7562 (09) 81336 - 1","Fisher, P. J., Petrini, O., Petrini, L. E. & Descals, E. (1992) A preliminary study of fungi inhabiting xylem and whole stems of Olea europaea. Sydowia 44: 117 - 121.","Fisher, P. J., Petrini, O. & Sutton, B. C. (1993) A comparative study of fungal endophytes in leaves, xylem and bark of Eucalyptus in Australia and England. Sydowia 45: 338 - 345.","Sanchez Marquez, S., Bills, G. F. & Zabalgogeazcoa, I. (2007) The endophytic mycobiota of the grass Dactylis glomerata. Fungal Diversity 27: 171 - 195.","Lytvynenko, Y. I. & Hayova, V. P. (2018) New and noteworthy records of coprophilous species of Coniochaeta and Sordaria (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal 75: 538 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.15407 / ukrbotj 75.06.538","Lord, K. M. & Read, N. D. (2011) Perithecium morphogenesis in Sordaria macrospora. Fungal Genetics and Biology 48: 388 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fgb. 2010.11.009","Yul, G., Mikos, I. G. & OYu, A. (2010) New records of coprophilous ascomycetes in the Crimea. Chornomorski Botanical Journal 6: 67 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.14255 / 2308 - 9628 / 10.61 / 6","Ivanova, H., Pristas, P. & Ondruskova, E. M. I. L. I. A. (2015) Comparison of two Coniochaeta species (C. ligniaria and C. malacotricha) with a new pathogen of black pine needles - S ordaria macrospora. Plant Protection Science 52: 18 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.17221 / 45 / 2014 - PPS"]}

Sordaria Ces. & De Not., Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana 1 (4): 225 (1863) Index Fungorum number: IF 5061 Type species: Sordaria fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not., Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana 1 (4): 226 (1863) Notes: Sordaria was introduced with the type species S. fimicola, and 264 records are listed in Index Fungorum (2023), but only 23 species have available sequence data (Huang et al. 2021). The sexual morph of Sordaria was characterized by having sub-immersed to superficial, perithecioid, coriaceous ascomata, contain with cylindrical paraphyses, oblong, upright to slightly curved asci, with a lobate pedicel and distinct apical ring, with eight-spored, uniseriate, ellipsoidal to ovoid, verruculose ascospore, immature ascospore enclosed in a hyaline gelatinous sheath, however, sometimes thick and conspicuous to even difficult to detect (Ivanová et al. 2015; Phukhamsakda et al. 2020). Species of Sordaria are commonly found in dung, soil, and seed pods (Furtado 1969; Watanabe 1989; Mungai et al. 2012). Notably, the filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora was considered a model organism to study the molecular mechanisms that regulate fruiting bodies’ development (Teichert et al. 2020)., Published as part of Yang, Erfu, Lu, Wenhua, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Dai, Dongqin, Gao, Ying, Promputtha, Itthayakorn & Karunarathna, Samantha C., 2023, Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China, pp. 251-268 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on page 259, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7744408, {"references":["Huang, S. K., Hyde, K. D., Mapook, A., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Bhat, J. D., McKenzie, E. H. C., Jeewon, R. & Wen, T. C. (2021) Taxonomic studies of some often over-looked Diaporthomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae. Fungal Diversity 111: 443 - 572. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 021 - 00488 - 4","Ivanova, H., Pristas, P. & Ondruskova, E. M. I. L. I. A. (2015) Comparison of two Coniochaeta species (C. ligniaria and C. malacotricha) with a new pathogen of black pine needles - S ordaria macrospora. Plant Protection Science 52: 18 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.17221 / 45 / 2014 - PPS","Phukhamsakda, C., McKenzie, E. H. C., Phillips, A. J. L., Gareth Jones, E. B., Jayarama Bhat, D., Marc, S., Bhunjun, C. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Thongbai, B., Camporesi, E., Ertz, D., Jayawardena, R. S., Perera, R. H., Ekanayake, A. H., Tibpromma, S., Doilom, M., Xu, J. C. & Hyde, K. D. (2020) Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries. Fungal Diversity 102: 1 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00448 - 4","Furtado, J. S. (1969) Ascal cytology of Sordaria sclerogenia. Protoplasma 67: 473 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01254908","Watanabe, T. (1989) Three species of Sordaria, and Eudarluca biconica from cherry seeds. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 30: 395 - 400.","Mungai, P. G., Chukeatirote, E., Njogu, J. G. & Hyde, K. D. (2012) Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes in Kenya: Sordariales from wildlife dung. Mycosphere 3: 437 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 3 / 4 / 7","Teichert, I., Poggeler, S., Nowrousian, M. (2020) Sordaria macrospora: 25 years as a model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of fruiting body development. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104: 3691 - 3704. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00253 - 020 - 10504 - 3"]}

American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is an alien invasive species in southwest China native to the central and eastern United States and southeastern Canada. After the 19th century, they extensively appear in aquaculture and natural environments worldwide as a delicious food but also creating a serious threat to the survival and development of native species. In the early rainy season, dead American bullfrog larvae floating on the water of unnamed ponds in Qujing Normal University, Yunnan Province, China were collected and brought to the mycology laboratory, and three interesting fungal strains were isolated from their intestinal contents. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on the resultant isolates based on multiple gene sequences (ITS, LSU, rpb2, tub2, tef1-α), and results confirmed that the three strains belong to three species, namely; Boothiella tetraspora, Sordaria macrospora and Trichoderma virens. The morphological characteristics were also used to describe the fungal taxa. Photographic plates, descriptions, and phylogenetic trees that show the placements of the fungal species are reported herein.

Nuankaew, Salilaporn, Chuaseeharonnachai, Charuwan, Somrithipol, Sayanh, Kwantong, Papichaya, Srihom, Charisa, Ros, Chandapheakdey, Boonyuen, Nattawut (2021): Contribution to Chaetosphaeriaceae-Kionochaeta setosimplicia sp. nov. from Thailand. Phytotaxa 508 (2): 175-186, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.508.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.508.2.6

Isia alcumena flavitincta (Rothschild, 1910) Diacrisia alcumena flavitincta Rothschild, 1910b: 154. TYPE LOCALITY. — Venezuela, [Carabobo], Valencia; [Distrito Federal], Caracas. TYPE SPECIMENS. — Described from 5 male and 2 female syntypes (BMNH; one male syntype from Caracas labeled TYPE)., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["ROTHSCHILD L. W. 1910 b. - Catalogue of the Arctianae in the Tring Museum, with notes and descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 113 - 171."]}

Isia intricata Walker, 1856 Isia intricata Walker, 1856: 1698. TYPE LOCALITY. — Brazil. TYPE SPECIMENS. — Undisclosed number of male and female syntypes (UMO; two male and one syntypes labeled TYPE no. 0508)., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 393, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["WALKER F. 1856. - List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 7. London: 1509 - 1808. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58221"]}

Genus Isia Walker, 1856 (Fig. 20H) Isia Walker, 1856: 1698. TYPE SPECIES. — Isia intricata Walker, 1856, by monotypy., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 393, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["WALKER F. 1856. - List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 7. London: 1509 - 1808. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58221"]}

Isia alcumena kennedyi (Rothschild, 1910) Diacrisia alcumena kennedyi Rothschild, 1910b: 154. TYPE LOCALITY. — [Brazil], Minas Gerais. TYPE SPECIMENS. — Described from 4 male syntypes (BMNH; one of the syntypes labeled TYPE)., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["ROTHSCHILD L. W. 1910 b. - Catalogue of the Arctianae in the Tring Museum, with notes and descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 113 - 171."]}

Isia cornuta Travassos, 1947 Isia cornuta Travassos, 1947: 192. TYPE LOCALITY. — Brazil, Paraná, Bituruna. TYPE SPECIMEN. — Holotype male no. 747 (IOC). Genus Andesobia Schmidt & De Freina, 2011 (Fig. 21A) Andesobia Schmidt & De Freina, 2011: 72. TYPE SPECIES. — Arctia jelskii Oberthür, 1881, by original designation., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["TRAVASSOS L. 1947. - Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos \" Arctiidae \" XII. Genero \" Isia \" Walker, 1856. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 7 (2): 181 - 194.","SCHMIDT B. C. & DE FREINA J. J. 2011. - Generic placement of the Neotropical species of \" Phragmatobia \" (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes. Zookeys 149: 69 - 88. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 149.2382","OBERTHUR C. 1881. - Etudes d'Entomologie. Faunes Entomologiques; Descriptions d'Insectes nouveaux ou peu connus 6. Oberthur & Fils, Rennes: 155 p. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51673"]}

Isia alcumena steinbachi (Rothschild, 1910) Diacrisia alcumena steinbachi Rothschild, 1910b: 154. TYPE LOCALITY. — Bolivia, [Santa Cruz], Buena Vista. TYPE SPECIMEN. — Holotype male (BMNH)., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 394, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["ROTHSCHILD L. W. 1910 b. - Catalogue of the Arctianae in the Tring Museum, with notes and descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 113 - 171."]}

Laguerre, Michel (2014): Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zoosystema 36 (2): 137-533, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2014n2a1

Genus Isia Walker, 1856 (Fig. 20H) Isia Walker, 1856: 1698. TYPE SPECIES. — Isia intricata Walker, 1856, by monotypy.

Isia alcumena alcumena (Berg, 1882) Spilosoma alcumena Berg, 1882: 213. TYPE LOCALITY. — [Argentina], Salta. TYPE SPECIMENS. — Lectotype female designated by Beccacece et al. (in press) (MACN)., Published as part of Laguerre, Michel, 2014, Catalogue of the Neotropical Arctiini Leach, [1815] (except Ctenuchina Kirby, 1837 and Euchromiina Butler, 1876) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae), pp. 137-533 in Zoosystema 36 (2) on page 393, DOI: 10.5252/z2014n2a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5395344, {"references":["BERG C. 1882. - Farrago Lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna Argentina y paises limitrofes. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 13: 213 - 223."]}

18. Amesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863b: 363. ORIGINALLY INCLUDED SPECIES: Amesia variabilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863. TYPE SPECIES: Amesia variabilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 [= Microphthalma europaea Egger, 1860], by monotypy. CURRENT STATUS: Preoccupied by Duncan, 1841; junior synonym of Microphthalma Macquart, 1843 [teste Herting & Dely-Draskovits (1993: 351)]. FAMILY: TACHINIDAE., Published as part of Evenhuis, Neal L., O'Hara, James E., Pape, Thomas & Pont, Adrian C., 2010, 2373, pp. 1-265 in Zootaxa 2373 on page 37, {"references":["Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. (1863 b) Histoire naturelle des dipteres des environs de Paris. Oeuvre posthume du D r Robineau-Desvoidy publiee par les soins de sa famille, sous la direction de M. H. Monceaux. Tome second. Masson et fils, Paris, Wagner, Leipzig, and Williams & Norgate, London. 920 pp. [11 January] [Announced as published by Monceaux at the 11 January meeting of the Societe.]","Herting, B. & Dely-Draskovits, A. (1993) Family Tachinidae, pp. 118 - 458. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 13. Anthomyiidae - Tachinidae. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. 624 pp. [15 December] [Dated from Evenhuis (2008 b).]"]}

Acremonium is generally considered to be a highly polyphyletic form genus containing distantly related fungi. Sectional divisions within Acremonium distinguish the clavicipitaceous grass endophytes of sect. Albolanosa from the generally saprobic species of sections Acremonium, Chaetomioides, Gliomastix, and Nectrioidea. In an effort to assess the possible number of lineages currently placed within Acremon- ium and to determine which groups of sexual asco- mycetes are phylogenetically affiliated with Acremon- ium species, maximum parsimony and neighborjoin- ing analyses were performed using partial sequences of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). Acremonium was shown to be a polyphyletic taon with affiliations to at least three ascomycetous orders: 1) most of the examined species from the sections Acremonium, Gliomastix, and Nectrioidea showed a relationship to the Hypocreaceae even though many of these species have never been asso- ciated with any teleomorph; 2) the grass endophytes of sect. Albolanosa and other taxa from the Clavicip- itaceae formed a monophyletic group derived from within the Hypocreales; 3) the thermophilic A. ala- bamense of sect. Chaetomioides was derived from with- in the Sordariales. Acremonium alternatum, the tye species of the genus, was one of the species showing affiliation to the Hypocreaceae. In order to eliminate some of the heterogeneity within Acremonium while also emphasizing the unique biological, morpholog- ical, and ecological characteristics of the grass en do