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Rhadinorhynchidae gen. sp. Actinopterygii Merluccius hubbsi Marini (Gadiformes, Merlucciidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Argentine-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone. R: Sardella and Timi (1996). Note. Sardella and Timi (1996) identified these acanthocephalans as Gorgorhynchidae gen. sp., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Sardella, N. H. & Timi, J. T. (1996) Parasite communities of Merluccius hubbsi from the Argentinian-Uruguayan common fishing zone. Fisheries Research, 27 (1 - 3), 81 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0165 - 7836 (95) 00460 - 2"]}

The mitogenome of Brentisentisyangtzensis is 13,864 bp in length and has the circular structure typical of metazoans. It contains 36 genes: 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and 12 protein-encoding genes (PCGs). All genes are transcribed from the same strand. Thirteen overlapping regions were found in the mitochondrial genome. The overall A+T content of B.yangtzensis is 68.3% versus 31.7% of G+C content (A = 27.8%, T = 40.5%, C = 9.0%, G = 22.7%). B.yangtzenensis (Illiosentidae) and Leptorhynchoidesthecatus (Rhadinorhynchidae) form a sister clade, showing the relatively close relationship between the Illiosentidae and the Rhadinorhynchidae. The mitochondrial gene arrangements of acanthocephalan species are relatively conserved, with only a few translocations of tRNAs (trnS1, trnS2, trnV, and trnK) detected. An identical gene order was found both in a sister clade (Centrorhynchusaluconis and Plagiorhynchustransversus) and across different classes (B.yangtzensis (Palaeacanthocephala), Acanthosentischeni (Eoacanthocephala) and Macracanthorhynchushirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala), Oncicolaluehei and L.thecatus (Palaeacanthocephala)). More studies and more sequences of acanthocephalan species are needed to gain a clear understanding of the phylogenetic relationships.

Serrasentis sp. Host: Epi. coioides Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004) Host: L. malabaricus Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004) Host: Otolithus ruber Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004) Host: Parastromateus niger Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004) Host: Pomadasys kaakan Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004) Host: Stromateus cinereus Locality: Persian Gulf (Peyghan et al. 2004), Published as part of Tavakol, Sareh, Amin, Omar M., Luus-Powell, Wilmien J. & Halajian, Ali, 2015, The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list, pp. 237-258 in Zootaxa 4033 (2) on page 245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/233772, {"references":["Peyghan, R., Hoghoghi-Rad, N. & Yousef-Desfuli, A. (2004) Determination of parasitic helminthes in Persian gulf grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Silver pomfret (Stromateus cinereus). Journal of Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi, 62, 49 - 55."]}

Serrasentis sagittifer (Linton, 1889) Van Cleave, 1923 Host: Bothus sp. Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984) Host: Coryphaena hippurus Locality: Oman Sea (Alinezhad & Hoseini 1998) Host: Epinephelus tavina Locality: Persian Gulf (Radfar 1998) Host: Lutjanus coccineous Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984) Host: L. fulviflammus Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984) Host: Nemipterus japonicus Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984; Ghaem-maghami et al. 2008) Host: Nem. tolu Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984) Host: Otolithus argenteus Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984), Published as part of Tavakol, Sareh, Amin, Omar M., Luus-Powell, Wilmien J. & Halajian, Ali, 2015, The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list, pp. 237-258 in Zootaxa 4033 (2) on pages 244-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/233772, {"references":["Linton, E. (1889) Notes on Entozoa of Marine Fishes of New England with Descriptions of Several New Species. Report of the U. S. Commisioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886, Part 14, 453 - 498.","Van Cleave, H. J. (1923) Telosentis, a new genus of Acanthocephala from southern Europe. Journal of Parasitology, 9, 174 - 175. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271095","Amin, O. M., Nahhas, F. M., Al-Yamani, F. & Abu-Hakima, R. (1984) On Three Acanthocephalan Species from Some Arabian Gulf Fishes Off the Coast of Kuwait. Journal of Parasitology, 70 (1), 168 - 170. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3281951","Alinejad, S. & Hoseini, S. H. (1998) Helminths infection in Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) in off shore of Oman Sea. Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 53 (3,4), 43 - 46.","Radfar, M. H. (1998) Helminth parasites of Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tavina) in Persian Gulf. Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Tehran, Tehran, 213 pp."]}

Sclerocollum rubrimaris Schmidt and Paperna, 1978 Host: Siganus oramin Locality: Persian Gulf (Amin et al. 1984), Published as part of Tavakol, Sareh, Amin, Omar M., Luus-Powell, Wilmien J. & Halajian, Ali, 2015, The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list, pp. 237-258 in Zootaxa 4033 (2) on page 244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/233772, {"references":["Schmidt, G. D. & Paperna, I. (1978) Sclerocollum rubrimaris gen. et sp. n. (Rhadinorhynchidae: Gorgorhynchinae), and other Acanthocephala of marine fishes from Israel. Journal of Parasitology, 64, 846 - 850. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3279515","Amin, O. M., Nahhas, F. M., Al-Yamani, F. & Abu-Hakima, R. (1984) On Three Acanthocephalan Species from Some Arabian Gulf Fishes Off the Coast of Kuwait. Journal of Parasitology, 70 (1), 168 - 170. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3281951"]}

Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus (Westrumb, 1821) Kostylew, 1924 Host: Aci. gueldenstaedtii Locality (reference): Caspian Sea (Hajimoradlou & Ghorbani 2003; Sattari & Mokhayer 2005 a) Host: Aci. nudiventris Locality (reference): Caspian Sea (Sattari & Mokhayer 2005 a) Host: Aci. persicus Locality: Caspian Sea (Ghoroughi 1994; Sattari et al. 2000 a; Hajimoradlou & Ghorbani 2003; Sattari & Mokhayer 2005 b; Ebrahimi & Malek 2007; Masoumzadeh et al. 2007; Haghparast et al. 2007; Rajabpour et al. 2008) Host: Aci. stellatus Locality: Caspian Sea (Asgharzadeh & Hajimoradlou 2002; Sattari et al. 2000 b; Sattari & Mokhayer 2005 b; Ebrahimi & Malek 2007; Rajabpour et al. 2008) Host: Huso huso Locality: Caspian Sea (Ghoroughi 1994), Published as part of Tavakol, Sareh, Amin, Omar M., Luus-Powell, Wilmien J. & Halajian, Ali, 2015, The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list, pp. 237-258 in Zootaxa 4033 (2) on page 244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/233772, {"references":["Westrumb, A. H. L. (1821) De helminthibus acanthocephalis. Commentatio historico-anatomica adnexo recensu animalium, in Museo Vindobonensi circa helminthes dissectorum et singularum specie rum harum in illis repertarum. Helwig, Hanoverae, 85 pp.","Kostylew, N. N. (1924) Le genre Leptorhynchoides, nouveau genre d'acanthocephale parasite des poisons. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 2, 214 - 223.","Sattari, M. & Mokhayer, B. (2005 a) Occurrence and Intensity of some parasitic Worms in Acipenser gueldenstaedti, A. nudiventris and Huso huso (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from the southwest of Caspian Sea. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 29, 1279 - 1284.","Ghoroughi, A. (1994) Study on parasites of Huso huso in southern parts of Caspian Sea. Project's report of Fisheries Research Organization, Mazandaran Province, 150 pp.","Sattari, M., Mokhayer, B. & Bokaei, S. (2000 a) Parasites of Acipenser persicus (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from south-west of Caspian Sea. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Tehran University, 55 (3), 19 - 24.","Sattari, M. & Mokhayer, B. (2005 b) Occurrence and intensity of some parasites in five sturgeon species (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) southwest of Caspian Sea. Current Science, 89 (2), 259 - 263.","Ebrahimi, M. & Malek, M. (2007) Study of helminth parasites of Acipenser persicus and Acipenser stellatus (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from the southern coast of Caspian Sea. Journal of Science, University of Tehran, 33 (4), 75 - 82.","Haghparast, S., Moghaddam, A., Hajimorad-Loo, A., Pahlavani, M. H., Amini, K., Taheri, A. & Mohammad-Khani, A. (2007) The prevalence of helminth parasites of digestive tract of Persian sturgeon broodstocks (Acipenser persicus) in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 16 (3), 1 - 10.","Rajabpour, M., Malek, M., Mackenzie, K. & Aghlmandi, F. (2008) Helminth parasites of Stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 and Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897 (Pisces: Acipenseridae) from the South-East Caspian Sea. Parasitology Research, 102 (5), 1089 - 1091. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 008 - 0922 - 7","Asgharzadeh-Kafi, A. & Hajimoradlou, A. (2002) Study on helminth parasites of Acipenser stellatus in southern part of Caspian Sea. In: Proceeding of the Second National Conference of Sturgeons. The International Sturgeon Research Institute, Rasht, pp. 71 - 74.","Sattari, M., Mokhayer, B. & Hashemi-Nasab, M. F. (2000 b) Parasites of Acipenser stellatus (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from south-west of Caspian Sea. Journal of Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi, 49, 92 - 98."]}

Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A���H) Description. Based on 30 whole-mounts of each stage: Cystacanths (Fig. 2 A) Elongate, cylindrical, usually curved at one end, 1,125���3,512 (2,318) �� 300���659 (479), and contains a single active juvenile measuring 516���910 in length; Excystment of juvenile is through a tubular portion released from the cyst, and is preceded by squirts of a foamy material. Newly excysted juvenile (Fig. 2 B) Trunk 953���1,340 (1,164) in length, differentiated into an anterior frustum-shaped part (contains proboscis receptacle and lemnisci) and a posterior tubular part (contains anlagen of reproductive system). Frustumshaped part 491���855 (673) in length, 450���748 (599) in greatest width near its base. Tubular part 448���690 �� 195���221 (569 �� 208). Proboscis relatively short, cylindrical, 294���362 �� 82���130 (328 �� 106), armed with 10 alternating longitudinal rows of sharp recurved hooks; each row includes 8���9 hooks of variable length; basal hooks alternate with each other (not forming ring). Proboscis hooks: first 3 hooks, 27���32 (29); next 3, 29��� 35 (32); and the remaining 2 or 3, 21��� 25 (23) in length. Neck short, 41���63 (52) in length. Proboscis receptacle cylindrical, 290���394 �� 118���146 (342 �� 132). Lemnisci claviform, 372���468 �� 96���144 (420 �� 120). Anlagen of reproductive system hardly seen; sex of a newly excysted juvenile not evident. Immature worms (Fig. 2 C, D) Immature males (Fig. 2 C): Trunk elongate-fusiform, 2,311���5,370 (3,840) in length, 396���688 (542) in greatest width at its anterior region. Proboscis 308���364 �� 75���93 (336 �� 84). Proboscis hooks: first 3 hooks, 30���34 (32); next 3, 32��� 38 (35); and the remaining 2 or 3, 23��� 28 (25) in length. Neck 64���76 (70) in length. Proboscis receptacle 348���470 �� 78���102 (427 �� 90). Lemnisci 877���1,043 �� 73���111 (960 �� 92). Testes 2, elongate-oval, tandem, contiguous, nearly in middle of trunk; anterior testis 205���390 �� 98���196 (297 �� 147), posterior testis 210���412 �� 84���164 (311 �� 124). Cement glands 4, tubular, shriveled, in two tandem pairs; anterior pair 311���681 (496) in length; posterior pair 275���615 (445) in length. Seminal vesicle irregularly tubular, shriveled. Genital pore terminal. Immature females (Fig. 2 D): Trunk elongate, 2,910���6,013 (4,461) in length, 671���1,102 (886) in greatest width at level of lemnisci. Proboscis 355���376 �� 91���129 (365 �� 110). Proboscis hooks closely similar to those of males in size. Neck 65���81 (73) in length. Proboscis receptacle 378���602 �� 106���156 (490 �� 131). Lemnisci 811���1,060 �� 75���117 (935 �� 96). Uterine bell 113���153 �� 65���97 (133 �� 81), its base 534���1,128 (831) from posterior end. Uterus tubular, short, 417���765 (591) long. Vagina short, guarded by sphincter muscle on each side. Genital pore terminal. Mature worms (Fig. 2 E���H) General: Body moderate in size. Females larger than males. Trunk thick-walled, uspined; conspicuous sclerotised plaques embedded in the tegument at the anterior region of the trunk. Proboscis relatively short (Fig. 2 H), cylindrical, armed with 10 alternating longitudinal rows of sharp recurved hooks; each row includes 8���9 hooks of variable length; basal hooks alternate with each other (not forming ring). Neck short. Proboscis receptacle double-walled, relatively short, claviform. Ganglion near middle of proboscis receptacle. Lemnisci claviform, equal in length, distinctly longer than proboscis receptacle. Mature males (Fig. 2 E): Trunk elongate-fusiform, 5,624���11,350 (8,487) in length, 881���1,378 (1,129) in greatest width at its anterior region. Proboscis 323���387 �� 95���140 (355 �� 117). Proboscis hooks: first 3 hooks, 34���38 (36); next 3, 36��� 40 (38); and the remaining 2 or 3, 24��� 30 (27) in length. Neck 65���91 (78) in length. Proboscis receptacle 522���829 �� 124���176 (675 �� 150). Lemnisci 1,161���1,944 �� 98���178 (1,332 �� 138); lemnisci length/ Proboscis receptacle length is about 2.3. Testes 2, elongate-oval, tandem, contiguous, in middle of trunk or slightly anterior; anterior testis 513���875 �� 240���400 (694 �� 320); posterior testis 525���1,053 �� 209���425 (789 �� 317). Cement glands 4, tubular, in two tandem pairs; anterior pair 755���2,310 �� 90���205 (1,532 �� 147); posterior pair 690���1,960 �� 81���165 (1,325 �� 123). Seminal vesicle claviform, relatively large. Copulatory bursa well developed, hemispherical, 371���637 (504) in diameter. Genital pore terminal. In copulating male, the extrusion of the bursa appears to induce a slight displacement of the sexual organs toward the posterior end. Mature females (Fig. 2 F): Trunk elongate, 6,595���15,421 (11,008) in length, 695���1,421 (1,058) in greatest width at its anterior region. Proboscis 335���391 �� 90���138 (363 �� 114). Proboscis hooks closely similar to those of males in size. Neck 71���107 (89) in length. Proboscis receptacle 483���725 �� 121���185 (604 �� 153). Lemnisci 1,032���1,735 �� 91���157 (1,383 �� 124); lemnisci length/ Proboscis receptacle length is about 2.25. Uterine bell well developed, 166���198 �� 85���154 (182 �� 119), its base 1,480���3,081 (2,280) from posterior end. Selector apparatus 210���394 �� 65���113 (238 �� 89). Uterus tubular, relatively short, 1,357���2,841 (2,099) long. Vagina short, guarded by sphincter muscle. Genital pore terminal. Eggs elongate (Fig. 2 G), small, with polar swelling of middle membrane; uterine eggs 20���28 �� 6���10 (24 �� 8). Type host. Siganus rivulatus Forssk��l (Teleostei, Siganidae). Site. Anterior 80 % of intestine. Type locality. Red Sea off the coast of Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. Prevalence. 24 / 30 fishes examined; 80 %. Type material. Holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, Reg. no. male-holotype-2009.11.13.6, female-allotype-2009.11.13.7, male and female paratypes-2009.11.13. 8���10. Etymology. The specific name saudii refers to the locality (Saudi Arabia). Remarks. As mentioned above, 2 species of Sclerocollum are currently recognized, i.e. S. rubrimaris Schmidt et Paprena, 1978 (type species) and S. robustus (Edmonds, 1964) Schmidt et Paprena, 1978. The first is the best known, since it has been recorded in many siganid species (Siganus argenteus, S. canaliculatus, S. luridus, S. oramin, S. rivulatus, S. rostratus and S. sutor) from the Red Sea, Arabian Gulf and Kenyan coast (see Amin et al. 1984; Diamant 1989, El-Naffar et al. 1992; Martens and Moens 1995; Geets and Ollevier 1996; Hassanine 2006; Hassanine and Al-Jahdali 2007), while the second is still known only from its original description. In both species, the proboscis is armed with 14 alternating longitudinal rows of sharp hooks; in the former, each row includes 8���10 hooks and the lemnisci are slightly longer than the proboscis receptacle, while in the second, each row includes 24���25 hooks and the lemnisci are slightly shorter than the proboscis receptacle. Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. is similar to S. rubrimaris, but significantly differs in having a proboscis only armed with 10 rows of hooks (8���9 hooks in each row), smaller proboscis hooks (anterior hooks 34���38, intermediate hooks 36���40, posterior hooks 24���30 vs. 34 ���44, 44��� 50 and 30���38 �� in length), lemnisci much longer than proboscis receptacle (about 2.3 as proboscis receptacle length vs. slightly longer than the proboscis receptacle) and in having much smaller eggs (20���28 �� 6���10 vs. 55���72 �� 14���16 ��). These differences in proboscis hooks, lemnisci length and egg dimensions are specific, and usually considered as key characteristics to differentiate species of acanthocephala (see Amin 1985); their combination is sufficient to consider the present species as a new one. Excystation and activation of acanthocephalan cystacanths has been examined in only three species: Moniliformis dubius Meyer, 1933 (see Graff and Kitzman 1965), Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank, 1788 (see Awachie 1966) and Polymorphus minutus Goeze, 1782 (see Lackie 1974). Activation is thought to be mainly stimulated superficially by the bile of the host or by the osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium. The exact role of the bile is not fully understood (Khanna 2004). In S. saudii sp. nov., excystment of the active juvenile is through a tubular portion released from the cyst, and is preceded by squirts of a foamy material. Thus, juvenile growth may lead to an increasing pressure on the inside of the cyst which could be instrumental in impelling the tubular portion through which the juvenile escapes from the cyst., Published as part of Al-Jahdali, Mohammed O., 2010, Helminth parasites from Red Sea fishes: Neowardula brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trematoda: Mesometridae Poche, 1926) and Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932), pp. 57-65 in Zootaxa 2681 on pages 61-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199330, {"references":["Amin, O. M., Nahhas, F. M., Abu-Hakima, R. (1984) On three acanthocephalan species from some Arabian Gulf fishes of the coast of Kuwait. Journal of Parasitology, 70, 168 - 170.","Diamant, A. (1989) Ecology of the acanthocephalan Sclerocollum rubrimaris Schmidt and Paperna, 1978 (Rhadinorhynchidae: Gorgorhynchinae) from wild populations of rabbitfish (genus Siganus) in the northern Red Sea. Journal of Fish Biology, 34, 387 - 398. DOI: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1989. tb 03321. x","El-Naffar, M. K. I., Gobashy, A., El-Etreby, S. G. & Kardousha M. M. (1992) General survey of helminth parasite genera of Arabian Gulf fishes (Coasts of United Arab Emirates). Arab Gulf Journal of Science Research, 10, 99 - 110.","Martens, E. & Moens, J. (1995) The metazoan ecto- and endo-parasites of the rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan coast. International African Journal of Ecology, 33, 405 - 416.","Geets, A. & Ollevier, F. (1996) Endoparasitic helminths of the whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor Valenciennes, 1835) of the Kenyan Coast: Distribution within the host population and microhabitat use. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 126, 21 - 36. DOI: 10.1017 / S 0031182097001054","Hassanine, R. M. (2006) Acanthocephalans from Red Sea fishes. Family Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932: the seasonal cycle of Diplosentis nudus (Harada, 1938) Pichelin et Cribb, 2001 in a definitive fish host, and a comment on Sclerocollum Schmidt et Paperna, 1978. Acta Parasitologica, 51, 123.130. DOI: 10.2478 / s 11686 - 006 - 0019 - 3.","Hassanine, R. M. & Al-Jahdali, M. O. (2007) Ecological comments on the intestinal helminths of the rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus (Teleostei, Siganidae) from the northern Red Sea. Acta Parasitologica, 52, 278 - 285. DOI: 10.2478 / s 11686 - 007 - 0030 - 3","Amin, O. M. (1985) Classification. In: Crompton, D. W. T. & Nickol, B. B. (Eds), Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K., pp. 27 - 72.","Graff, D. J. & Kitzman W. B. (1965) Factors influencing the activation of acanthocephalan cystacanths. The Journal of Parasitology, 51, 424 - 29.","Awachie, J. B. E. (1966) The Development and Life History of Echinorhynchus truttae Schrank, 1788 (Acanthocephala). Journal of Helminthology, 40, 11 - 32. DOI: 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 00034040","Lackie, A. M. (1974) The activation of cystacanths of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala) in vitro. Parasitology, 68, 135 - 146. DOI: 10.1017 / S 0031182000045674","Khanna, D. R. (2004) Biology Of Helminthes. Discovery Publishing House, USA. 456 pp."]}

Sclerocollum Schmidt et Paperna, 1978 The acanthocephalan genus Sclerocollum was erected by Schmidt and Paperna (1978) for S. rubrimaris Schmidt et Paperna, 1978 from the intestine of three fish species (Siganus rivulatus, S. rostratus and Pseudobalistes fuscus) in the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea. They referred the genus to the family Rhadinorhynchidae Travassos, 1923 and subfamily Gorgorhynchinae Van Cleave et Lincicome, 1940, differentiating it from Neorhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1939 by the conspicuous sclerotised plaques which are embedded in the tegument at the anterior region of the trunk (versus absent) and by the basal hooks of the proboscis which alternate with each other (versus arranged at the same level to form a ring). These two characteristics were also observed by Schmidt and Paperna (1978) in the original specimens of Neorhadinorhynchus robustus (Edmonds, 1964) Golvan, 1969 (from Siganus lineatus on the Southern Great Barrier Reef). Therefore, they transferred this species to Sclerocollum as a new combination. In their revision of the family Diplosentidae Tubangui et Masilu��gan, 1937, Pichelin and Cribb (2001) transferred Neorhadinorhynchus and Sclerocollum to family Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932, and on the basis of a striking similarity, they considered them as synonyms of Diplosentis Tubangui et Masilu��gan, 1937. Accordingly, all species of Neorhadinorhynchus and Sclerocollum were transferred by Pichelin and Cribb (2001) to Diplosentis as new combinations. Hassanine (2006) agreed with Pichelin and Cribb (2001) in transferring Sclerocollum to family Cavisomidae, but retained it as a valid genus, stating that in its members, the basal hooks of proboscis alternate with each other (not forming ring), a character lacking in Diplosentis and its synonym, i.e. Neorhadinorhynchus, where the basal hooks of proboscis are at the same level and forming a ring. Accordingly, 2 species of Sclerocollum are currently recognized, i.e. S. rubrimaris Schmidt et Paprena, 1978 (type species) and S. robustus (Edmonds, 1964) Schmidt et Paprena, 1978., Published as part of Al-Jahdali, Mohammed O., 2010, Helminth parasites from Red Sea fishes: Neowardula brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trematoda: Mesometridae Poche, 1926) and Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932), pp. 57-65 in Zootaxa 2681 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199330, {"references":["Schmidt, G. D. & Paperna, I. (1978) Sclerocollum rubrimaris gen. et sp. n. (Rhadinorhynchidae: Gorgorhynchinae), and other Acanthocephala of marine fishes from Israel. Journal of Parasitolology, 64, 846 - 850.","Hassanine, R. M. (2006) Acanthocephalans from Red Sea fishes. Family Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932: the seasonal cycle of Diplosentis nudus (Harada, 1938) Pichelin et Cribb, 2001 in a definitive fish host, and a comment on Sclerocollum Schmidt et Paperna, 1978. Acta Parasitologica, 51, 123.130. DOI: 10.2478 / s 11686 - 006 - 0019 - 3."]}

Al-Jahdali, Mohammed O. (2010): Helminth parasites from Red Sea fishes: Neowardula brayi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trematoda: Mesometridae Poche, 1926) and Sclerocollum saudii sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932). Zootaxa 2681: 57-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199330

Using available records, unpublished information retrieved from the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC) and published reports, a checklist of the recorded helminth parasites of endangered vertebrates from Brazil was generated. A total of 772 records and 186 helminth species (6 Acanthocephala, 83 Nematoda, 23 Cestoda, 64 Trematoda, 10 Monogenea) in 76 host species (7 Actinopterygii, 8 Chondrichthyes, 1 Amphibia, 10 Reptilia, 22 Aves, 28 Mammalia) from Brazil were listed in the present work, including 39 undetermined helminth species and 10 new host records. This is the first compilation of the helminth parasites of threatened vertebrates in Brazil and in the Neotropics.

Gorgorhynchus sp. Dipturus trachydermus (Krefft & Stehmann), unspecified site of infection, unspecified locality (Santos et al. 2008)., Published as part of Muniz-Pereira, Luís C., Vieira, Fabiano M. & Luque, José L., 2009, Checklist of helminth parasites of threatened vertebrate species from Brazil, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2123 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188170

Rhadinorhyncus pristis (Rudolphi) Balistes vetula Linneaus, intestine, Rio de Janeiro (Alves et al. 2005; Santos et al. 2008) (CHIOC 36485)., Published as part of Muniz-Pereira, Luís C., Vieira, Fabiano M. & Luque, José L., 2009, Checklist of helminth parasites of threatened vertebrate species from Brazil, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 2123 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188170, {"references":["Alves, D. R., Paraguassu, A. R. & Luque, J. L. (2005) Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 and queen triggerfish B. vetula Linnaeus, 1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 14, 71 - 77."]}

Gorgorhynchus sp. Dipturus trachydermus (Krefft & Stehmann), unspecified site of infection, unspecified locality (Santos et al. 2008).

Twenty-three genera comprising thirty-four named and thirteen undetermined species of acanthocephalans are associated with one hundred and nineteen marine, brackish and freshwater fish species from Brazil. These are listed, with information on their hosts, habitat, distribution and records. A key to these parasites at the generic level is provided.

Family Rhadinorhynchidae Travassos, 1923 Gorgorhynchus trachinotus Noronha, Vicente, Pinto & F��bio, 1986 ���adult Host and habitat: Trachinotus goodei (MAR) Locality: Off Rio de Janeiro Reference: Noronha et al. (1986) Gorgorhynchus sp.���adult and larva Hosts and habitat: Dactylopterus volitans (MAR���adult), Dipturus trachyderma (MAR���larva), Pinguipes brasilianus (MAR���adult) new record, Pseudopercis numida (MAR���adult), Sphyrna zygaena (MAR���larva), Squatina sp. (MAR���larva) Localities: Off Rio de Janeiro, off Rio Grande do Sul, off Paran��, off Santa Catarina References: Knoff et al. (2001), Cordeiro and Luque (2005), Luque et al. (2008) Rhadinorhynchus plagioscionis Thatcher, 1980 ���adult Host and habitat: Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW) Locality: Amazon River basin Reference: Thatcher (1980, 1991) Rhadinorhynchus pristis (Rudolphi, 1802) ���adult Hosts and habitat: Coryphaena hippurus (MAR), Balistes vetula (MAR), Euthynnus alletteratus (MAR), Katsuwonus pelamis (MAR), Auxis thazard (MAR), Scomber japonicus (MAR) Locality: Off Rio de Janeiro References: Rudolphi (1819), Abdallah et al. (2002), Mogrovejo and Santos (2002), Alves et al. (2003, 2005), Alves and Luque (2006), Oliva et al. (2008) Rhadinorhynchus sp.���adult Hosts and habitat: Dactylopterus volitans (MAR), Merluccius hubbsi (MAR) (new record), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR) Locality: Off Rio de Janeiro References: Ribeiro et al. (2002), Luque et al. (2003), Cordeiro and Luque (2005) Serrasentis sp.���larva Hosts and habitat: Balistes capriscus (MAR), Haemulon steindachneri (MAR), Oligoplites palometa (MAR), Orthopristis ruber (MAR), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR), Parona signata (new record) (MAR) Locality: Off Rio de Janeiro References: Luque et al. (1995, 1996a, b, 2003), Takemoto et al. (1996), Luque and Poulin (2004), Alves et al. (2005), Published as part of Santos, Cl��udia P., Gibson, David I., Tavares, Luiz E. R. & Luque, Jos�� L., 2008, Checklist of Acanthocephala associated with the fishes of Brazil, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 1938 on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184999, {"references":["Travassos, L. (1923) Informacoes sobre a fauna helminthologica de Matto Grosso (II nota). Folha Medica, 4, 12.","Noronha, D., Vicente, J. J., Pinto, R. M. & Fabio, S. P. (1986) Gorgorhynchus trachinotus n. sp. and new host records for Dollfusentis chandleri Golvan, 1969 (Palaeacanthocephala, Echinorhynchoidea). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 81, 145 - 148.","Knoff, M., Sao Clemente, S. C., Pinto, R. M. & Gomes, D. C. (2001) Digenea and Acanthocephala of elasmobranch fishes from southern coast of Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96, 1095 - 1101.","Cordeiro, A. S. & Luque, J. L. (2005) Metazoarios parasitos do coio Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Osteichthyes: Dactylopteridae) do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, Biological Sciences 27: 119 - 123.","Thatcher, V. E. (1980) Rhadinorhynchus plagioscionis n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) da pescada (Plagioscion squamosissimus) da Amazonia, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 10, 835 - 839.","Thatcher, V. E. (1991) Amazon fish parasites. Amazoniana, 11, 263 - 572.","Rudolphi, C. A. (1819) Entozoorum synopsis cui accerunt mantissa duplex et indices lolupletissimi. Berolini, 811 pp.","Abdallah, V. D., Luque, J. L., Alves, D. R. & Paraguassu, A. R. (2002) Aspectos quantitativos das infrapopulacoes de metazoarios parasitos da cavalinha, Scomber japonicus (Osteichthyes: Scombridae), do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista da Universidade Rural, Serie Ciencias da Vida, 22, 103 - 107.","Mogrovejo, C. & Santos, C. P. (2002) Biological tags and environmental factors in Southwestern Atlantic waters. In Proc 10 th Int Congress of Parasitology. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna pp. 229 - 235","Alves, D. R. & Luque, J. L. (2006) Ecologia das comunidades de metazoarios parasitos de cinco especies de escombrideos (Perciformes: Scombridae) do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 15, 167 - 181","Oliva, M. E., Valdivia, I. M., Costa, G., Freitas, N., Pinheiro de Carvalho, M. A., Sanchez, L. & Luque, J. L. (2008) What can metazoan parasites reveal about the taxonomy of Scomber japonicus Houttuyn in the coast of South America and Madeira Islands? Journal of Fish Biology, 72, 545 - 554.","Ribeiro, R. S., Luque, J. L. & Alves, D. R. (2002) Aspectos quantitativos dos parasitos da Maria-Luiza Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Ostheichthyes: Sciaenidae), do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Universidade Rural, Serie Ciencias da Vida, 22: 151 - 154 suppl.","Luque, J. L., Amato, J. F. R. & Takemoto, R. M. (1995) Helminth larval stages in Orthopristis ruber and Haemulon steindachneri (Osteichthyes: Haemulidae) from the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55, 33 - 38.","Luque, J. L., Amato, J. F. R. & Takemoto, R. M. (1996 a) Comparative analysis of the communities of metazoan parasites of Orthopristis ruber and Haemulon steindachneri (Osteichthyes: Haemulidae) from the southeastern Brazilian littoral: I. Structure and influence of the size and sex of hosts. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 56, 279 - 292.","Luque, J. L., Amato, J. F. R. & Takemoto, R. M. (1996 b) Comparative analysis of the communities of metazoan parasites of Orthopristis ruber and Haemulon steindachneri (Osteichthyes: Haemulidae) from the souhteastern Brazilian littoral. II. Diversity, interspecific associations, and distribution. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 56, 292 - 302.","Luque, J. L. & Poulin, R. (2004) Use of fish as intermediate hosts by helminth parasites: a comparative analysis. Acta Parasitologica, 49, 353 - 361.","Alves, D. R., Paraguassu, A. R. & Luque, J. L. (2005) Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 and queen trigger fish B. vetula Linnaeus, 1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 14, 71 - 77."]}