Search

During the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, hundreds of ascidians were collected along with numerous other marine phyla. Collections were made intertidally as well as subtidally by snorkel, SCUBA, trawling and dredging. While many ascidian specimens remain unidentified, 14 aplousobranchs, nine phlebobranchs and 17 stolidobranchs have been identified; a surprising 50% of these comprise 20 new records for Singapore. An additional new record of the phlebobranch Perophora namei collected from the same area in 2014 and 2015 is included here. Of the 21 new records, Aplidium cf. grisiatum, Distaplia regina, Euherdmania cf. digitata, Cnemidocarpa irene, Monandrocarpa monotestis and Polyandrocarpa rollandi are also first records for the entire South China Sea region.

Pseudodistoma fragile Tokioka, 1958 NEW RECORD Figure 4G, H All colonies with transparent, soft, jelly-like tunic. All colonies damaged somewhat during collection and zooid arrangement disrupted, but zooids not in systems. Zooids with independent siphons, thorax short and abdomen long, thread-like. Siphons with six rounded lobes, stomach with two longitudinal furrows. No larvae. #3788, three small colonies; #3811, one small colony; #3838, two colonies, larger one 4 cm across. Longest zooid 8 mm but all are somewhat contracted. In larger colony some semblance of loose systems present; #3864, one colony, some white pigment on siphons; #3874, one colony; #3879, one colony 1.8 cm in length; #4625, two colonies. Distribution: New Caledonia, Philippines, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Vietnam. References: Tokioka (1958), Monniot, F. (1987, 2010), Monniot F. & Monniot C. (2001)., Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842, {"references":["Tokioka, T. (1958) Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna XII. Sporadic memoranda (3). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 6, 313 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 174590"]}

Pseudodistoma cereum Michaelsen, 1924 (Figure 9b) Pseudodistoma cereum Michaelsen, 1924: 364–374, fig. 17. Brewin, 1958a: 444–445, fig. 1C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4. Kott, 1963: 77; 1972a: 12–13; 1972b: 173., Published as part of Page, M. J., 2018, Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand, pp. 1157-1180 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17 - 20) on page 1176, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, http://zenodo.org/record/5174607, {"references":["Michaelsen W. 1924. Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Nueseeland den Chatham- und den Auckland- Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn. 77: 263 - 434.","Brewin BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Roy Soc N Z. 85: 439 - 453.","Kott P. 1963. The ascidians of Australia. IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verril (continued). Aust J Marine Freshwater Res. 14: 70 - 118.","Kott P. 1972 a. The ascidians of South Australia I. Spencer Gulf, St. Vincent Gulf and Encounter Bay. Trans Roy Soc South Aust. 96: 1 - 52.","Kott P. 1972 b. The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investigator Strait. Trans Proc N Z Inst. 96: 165 - 196."]}

Page, M. J. (2018): Colonial ascidians from the Foveaux Strait region of New Zealand. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (17-20): 1157-1180, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1450903

Page, M.J., Willis, T.J., Handley, S.J. (2014): The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27-28): 1653-1688, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.896487

Surveys of littoral invertebrates along the southern coast of Madagascar have produced the first study of ascidians in this part of the Indian Ocean. Collections were made by SCUBA divers in May and June 2010 down to 25m depth. This region is considered the southern limit for coral reefs but remains diverse biologically. Upwellings and an abundant plankton community particularly favour the abundance of ascidians in this area. Of the 39 species of non-didemnid species described here, eight are new. Ten species are common to South Africa. Other species were for the most part already known from the Mozambique Channel and a few have also been recorded in the western Pacific (either cosmopolitan or introduced).

Pseudodistoma arborescens Millar, 1967 Pseudodistoma arborescens Millar, 1967: 359 Fig. 1, Madagascar. Monniot F. 1987, New Caledonia. Stations. TA 28 (MNHN A 1 PSE 80). Madagascar, Nosy Be, 28m, 13 /07/ 1992, Laboute col. (MNHN A 1 PSE 33) Maldives, 04�� 12.94 N ��� 73 �� 29.04 E, 7m, 23 /09/ 1997, CRRF col. (MNHN A 1 PSE 49) The colonies are made of a bush of lobes erect on sandy stalks, exactly as described and figured by Millar (1967). The bulbous top of a zooid is about 5mm in diameter, the stalk reaches 20mm. In formalin the zooids removed from the tunic are yellow and the testis lobes are often pink. The post-abdomen is particularly long, the ovary is far from the abdomen and the testis vesicles lie behind the ovary but do not reach the extremity of the postabdomen. A long vascular process penetrates into the common peduncle of the colony lobes. No larvae have been found. The geographic distribution is wide: Madagascar and Maldives in the Indian Ocean and New Caledonia in the south-west Pacific., Published as part of Monniot, Fran��oise, 2012, Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the " AtimoVatae " survey, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3197 on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182, {"references":["Millar, R. H. (1967) A new ascidian of the genus Pseudodistoma from Madagascar. Journal of Natural History, 1, 359 - 361.","Monniot, F. (1987) Ascidies de Nouvelle Caledonie. III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (4), 9 A (3), 499 - 535."]}

Pseudodistoma fragile Tokioka, 1958 (Figure 1) Pseudodistoma fragile Tokioka, 1958: 316 Fig.3. Monniot F. 1987: 508 Fig 5. Monniot F. & Monniot C. 2001: 226 Fig. 19, 114E and synonymy. Material. Viet Nam, coll. N.J. Pilcher et al., Con Dao Isl., Bai Canh Isl. Bai Giong, 08°40.55’N – 106°41.16’E, 8m, 25/VII/2008, 0PHG 1653-G (MNHN A1 PSE 77); Con Dao Isl., Bai Canh Isl., Quam Café, 08°40.01’N – 106°40.02’E, 8m, 25/VII/2008, 0PHG 1653-G (MNHN A1 PSE 78). When fixed the colonies are totally disorganised remaining in mucous sheets and isolated zooids. The zooids are colourless and transparent with a wide square thorax (Fig. 1). The oral siphon is short, the cloacal siphon tubular. The first row of stigmata is dorsally curved, with about 35 openings per side. A brood pouch is appended to the dorsal and posterior angle of the thorax (Fig. 1). It contains one well developed larva at a time and a young embryo. The thoracic musculature is weak with few spaced longitudinal fibres. The abdomen is narrow, smaller than the thorax with the stomach at mid-length. The length of the post-abdomen varies but is always longer than the thorax plus abdomen; the testis vesicles are grouped in a cluster at the posterior extremity. The larvae 1.6mm long are as previously described (Monniot & Monniot 2001 Fig. 19) with 3 adhesive papillae and 4 ampullae on each side. The geographic distribution covers the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Viet Nam but P. fragile is also recorded from Mozambique., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise, 2010, Some new data on tropical western Pacific Ascidians, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2561 (1) on page 2, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2561.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5304193, {"references":["Tokioka, T. (1958) Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna XII. Sporadic memoranda (3). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 6, 313 - 325."]}

Numerous collections of ascidians have been made in the Pacific and Indian Oceans but the inventory is far from complete. Each sampling provides new species. Two new didemnids are described here from Palau and Vanuatu. New records are given for 22 additional species with complementary descriptions and underwater photographs. The tropical ascidian fauna is highly diverse and successive new collections show that many of the species are not only widely distributed from the central to western Pacific but also common to the Indian Ocean.

Pseudodistoma nigrum n. sp. (Fig. 49) SYNTYPES. — Nouvelle-Calédonie. 18°07.013’S, 162°52.926’E, 16.VIII.2003 (UA 406 st 736), coll. Laboute, 2 colonies (MNHN A1 PSE 74). ÉTYMOLOGIE. — Du latin niger: noir. DESCRIPTION Les colonies forment des masses arrondies mamelonnées portées par un pédoncule court incrusté de sable. La plus grande colonie mesure 3,5 cm de haut. La partie supérieure est constituée de lobes soudés dont la surface est lisse sans incrustation. La couleur in vivo est crème et devient noire après fixation, mais la tunique du pédoncule n’est pas pigmentée. Les zoïdes (Fig. 49A) fixés sont incolores et mesurent jusqu’à 15 mm de long. Des prolongements vasculaires font suite au long post-abdomen. Les deux siphons sont courts à 6 lobes arrondis (Fig. 49A). De chaque côté on compte 10 à 12 faisceaux musculaires longitudinaux sur le thorax qui se prolongent en restant très forts sur l’abdomen qui est généralement très contracté. La branchie a 3 rangs d’une vingtaine de stigmates de chaque côté. L’oesophage est long (Fig. 49D) et l’estomac, avec 4 côtes bien marquées se situe aux ⅔ de la longueur de l’abdomen. Le post-estomac est étroit suivi d’un court segment peu renflé qui forme le fond de la boucle intestinale. Le rectum débute par un renflement net. Le post-abdomen est long et mince (Fig. 49A, C). L’ovaire est très éloigné de l’abdomen et suivi d’une rangée irrégulière de vésicules testiculaires. Le coeur est terminal. L’extrémité du post-abdomen porte quelques protubérances arrondies entre lesquelles part un long appendice vasculaire (Fig. 49C). Une larve (Fig. 49E) est incubée dans une poche incubatrice qui se développe très tôt, à la jonction thorax abdomen. Le tronc mesure 1 mm. Les 3 vésicules adhésives sont divergentes, larges, sur des pédoncules étroits. Elles sont entourées de chaque côté du corps par 6 prolongements digitiformes disposés de la façon suivante: 1 dorsal, 1 ventral et 2 de chaque côté entre les vésicules adhésives. Deux petites ampoules sont accolées à la partie ventrale de la masse viscérale. L’une des larves montre de très nombreux stigmates. REMARQUES Par ses colonies nues sur un court pédondule ensablé, Pseudodistoma nigrum n. sp. se rapproche de P. pilatum Kott, 1992 du sud de l’Australie. Il en diffère par la couleur noire de la tunique due à des cellules pigmentaires très denses et moins de zoïdes par lobe. Les larves de P. pilatum sont inconnues, mais il n’est pas fait mention dans la description de cette espèce de la dilatation de la paroi thoracique qui apparaît très tôt et qui formera la poche incubatrice de P. nigrum n. sp., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2008, Compléments sur la diversité des ascidies (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) de l'ouest Pacifique tropical, pp. 799-872 in Zoosystema 30 (4) on page 836, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4690007, {"references":["KOTT P. 1992. - Th e Australian Ascidiacea. Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 375 - 620."]}

Monniot, Françoise, Monniot, Claude (2008): Compléments sur la diversité des ascidies (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) de l'ouest Pacifique tropical. Zoosystema 30 (4): 799-872, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4690007, {"references":["BREWIN B. I. 1950. - Ascidians of New Zealand part V. Ascidians from the east coast of Great Barrier Island. Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 78 (2-3): 354-362.","BREWIN B. I. 1952. - Ascidians of New Zealand part 7. Ascidians from Otago coastal waters, Part 2. Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 79 (3-4): 452-458.","HASTINGS A. B. 1931. -Tunicata. Scientific Report of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29 4 (3): 69-109.","HELLER C. 1878. - Beitrage zur nahern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien 37 (1): 241-275.","HERDMAN W. A. 1906. - Report on theTunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries suppl. 39: 295-348.","KOTT P.1957. - Th e ascidians of Australia. II. Aplouso- branchiata Lahille: Clavelinidae Forbes & Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8 (1): 64-110.","KOTT P.1963. - The ascidians of Australia. IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14 (1): 70-118.","KOTT P.1972. - Th e ascidian of South Australia. II. Eastern sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investigator Strait. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 96 (4): 165-196.","KOTT P. 1985. - Th e Australian Ascidiacea. Part 1. Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 23: 1-440.","KOTT P. 1990a. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 (1): 1-266.","KOTT P.1990b. - Th e Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 (1): 267-298.","KOTT P. 1992. - Th e Australian Ascidiacea. Part 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 375-620.","KOTT P. 1995. - A new colonial Styela (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) from an isolated marine habitat, Kakaban Island, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 43 (2): 469-474.","KOTT P. 2001. - Th e Australian Ascidiacea. Part 4, Aplousobranchia (3), Didemnidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47 (1): 1-407.","KOTT P.2002. - Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 18: 19-55.","KOTT P. 2003. - New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. Journal of Natural History 37 (13): 1611-1653.","KOTT P.2004a. - Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura seas. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20: 37-81.","KOTT P. 2004b. - New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). Journal of Natural History 38: 2455-2526.","KOTT P.2005. - Ascidians from the Solomon Islands. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 21: 53-66.","KOTT P.&GOODBODY I. 1982. -Th e ascidians of Hong Kong, in MORTON B. S. & TSENG C. K. (eds), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong: 503-554.","LAMBERT G. 2007. - Th e nonindigenous ascidian Molgula ficus in California. Cahiers de Biologie marine 48: 95-102.","MACDONALD J. D. 1859. - On the anatomical characters of three Australian species of Tunicata referable to Savigny's subgenus Caesira. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London 22: 367-371.","MICHAELSEN W. 1904. - Revision der kompositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Mittelungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg 21: 1-124.","MICHAELSEN W.1914. - Uber einige westafrikanische Ascidien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 43: 426-432.","MICHAELSEN W.1915. - Tunicata, in Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas 1 (3): 322-518.","MILLAR R. H. 1953. - On a collection of ascidians from the Gold Coast. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 123 (2): 27-325.","MILLAR R. H. 1975. - Ascidians from the Indo-west- Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3: 205-336.","MONNIOT C. 1972. - Ascidies stolidobranches des Bermudes. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3e serie, 57, Zoologie 43: 617-643.","MONNIOT C. 1983. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. IV. Styelidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 5 (2): 423-456.","MONNIOT C. 1987. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. I. Phlebobranches du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 9 (1): 3-31.","MONNIOT C. 1988. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. IV : Styelidae (suite). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 10 (2): 163-196.","MONNIOT C. 1989. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 11 (3): 475-507.","MONNIOT C. 1997a. - Ascidies phlebobranches du canal du Mozambique. Zoosystema 19 (4): 557-571.","MONNIOT C. 1997b. - Records of ascidians from Bahrain, Arabian Gulf with three new species.Journal of Natural History 31: 1623-1643.","MONNIOT C. 2002. - Stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western Indian Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135: 65-120.","MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F.1987. - Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, serie A, 136: 1-155.","MONNIOT F.1983. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. I. Didemnidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 5 (1): 5-49.","MONNIOT F.1987. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e serie, sect. A, 9 (3): 499-535.","MONNIOT F.1988. - Ascidies de Nouvelle Caledonie. V. Polycitoridae du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 10 (2): 197-235.","MONNIOT F.1991. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. IX : Le genre Trididemnum. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 12 (3-4): 517-529.","MONNIOT F.1995. - Ascidies de Nouvelle Caledonie. XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e serie, sect. A, 16 (2-4): 299-344.","MONNIOT F.&MONNIOT C. 1996. - New collections of ascidians from the Western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Micronesica 29 (2): 133-279.","MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 1999. - Ascidians collected in Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 86: 1-35.","MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 2001. - Ascidians from the western tropical Pacific. Zoosystema 23 (2): 201- 383.","MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 2003. - Ascidies de la pente externe et bathyales de l'ouest Pacifique. Zoosystema 25 (4): 681-749.","MONNIOT F.&MONNIOT C. 2006. - Ascidies (Polyclinidae, Pseudodistomidae et Polycitoridae) de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Zoosystema 28 (1): 113-156.","NISHIKAWA T.1984. - Ascidians from the Truk Islands, Ponape Island and Majuro Atoll (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 27: 107-140.","NISHIKAWA T. 1986. - Ascidians from the Gilbert and Solomon Islands and Nauru. I. Perophoridae, Ascidiidae and Corellidae. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 32: 30-78.","NISHIKAWA T.1991. - Th e ascidians of the Japan Sea. II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 35 (1-3): 25-170.","REDIKORZEV V. 1913. - Neue Ascidien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 43: 204-213.","REDIKORZEV V.1927. - Zehn neue Ascidien aus dem fernen Osten. Zoologische Jahrbucher 53: 373-404.","RENGANATHAN T. K. 1983. - First record of a simple ascidian Microcosmus curvus Tokioka, 1954 from Indian waters. Current Science 52 (19): 929-930.","ROCHA R. M. & MONNIOT F. 1995. - Taxonomic and ecological notes on some Didemnum species (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Sao Sebastao channel, south-eastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 55 (4): 639-649.","SANAMYAN K. 1998. - Ascidians from the north-western Pacific region 4. Polyclinidae and Placentelidae.Ophelia 48 (2): 103-135.","SLUITER C. P. 1885. - Uber einige einfache Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Natuurvetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor Nerderlandsch Indie 45: 160-232.","SLUITER C. P. 1895. - Tunicaten, in SEMON R., Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malagischen Archipel. Jenaische Denkschriften 8: 161-186.","SLUITER C. P. 1898. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fauna von Sudafrica. Ergebnisse einer Reise von Prof. Max Weber in Jahre 1894. II. Tunicaten von Sud Africa. Zoologischen Jahrbuscher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 11: 1-64.","SLUITER C. P. 1900. - Tunicaten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zoologische Jahrbuch (Systematik) 13: 1-35.","SLUITER C. P. 1904. - Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Pt.I. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expedition 56A: 1-139.","SLUITER C. P. 1909. - Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expedition 56B: 1-112.","STIMPSON W. 1852. - Several new ascidians from the coast of the United States. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 4: 228-232.","TOKIOKA T. 1950. - Ascidians from the Palao Islands. I. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 1 (3): 115-150.","TOKIOKA T.1953. - Ascidians of Sagami Bay, in HATTORI H. (ed). Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo: 1-313.","TOKIOKA T.1954. - Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone of the Tokara Islands. VII. Ascidians. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 3: 239-264.","TOKIOKA T.1955. - Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. XI. Sporadic memoranda (2). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 4 (2-3): 205-218.","TOKIOKA T.1959. - Contributions to japanese Ascidian fauna XIII.Sporadic memoranda (4). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 7 (2): 223-239.","TOKIOKA T. 1967. - Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum.Bulletin of the United States National Museum 251: 1-242.","VAN NAME W.1945. - Th e north and south American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 84: 1-476."]}

Seventy‐eight species of Ascidiacea, including 21 new species from deeper waters (about 100 m and occasionally to about 500 m) off Western Australia appear to represent a diverse fauna not previously sampled. The relatively few solitary species taken include two possibly introduced (Styela plicata and S. clava). Large aplousobranch colonies dominate the collections. Aplousobranch species with numerous, small, deeply embedded zooids in massive three‐dimensional, vertical and often branched or stalked inflexible colonies supported by embedded sand (Polyclinindae) or calcareous spicules (Didemnidae) are common. Species with flexible stalks (enabling them to respond to prevailing currents) such as Clavelina meridionalis, Sigillina australis and S. cyanea were not taken often. Some known species (e.g. Synoicum chrysanthemum, and Atriolum tubiporum) previously considered rare were taken at these depths in significant numbers. Other unusual taxa (Pseudodiazona longigona and Condominium spp.) are recorded from ne...

Pseudodistoma gracile Kott, 1992a (Figure 9A) Pseudodistoma gracilum Kott 1992a, p 433 and synonymy. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Investigator Group, Kangaroo I.); Victoria (Beachport, Western Port); New South Wales (Jervis Bay, Port Jackson); Queensland (Great Barrier Reef); New Caledonia. New records: South Australia (Kangaroo Is, 8–10 m, SAM E3270); Tasmania (Maria Is; Port Davey, 4– 6 m, SAM E3269). The new records from Tasmania are the most southerly locations yet recorded for this species. Description The colonies have the robust, contractile zooids of the usual form entangled in the soft, disintegrating mucus-like test as described previously. Remarks Although colonies and zooids resemble those of the Japanese P. fragile Tokioka, 1958, the present species broods only a single embryo at a time, while the Japanese species has a long brood pouch with up to five embryos being brooded at a time and a significantly longer larval trunk (see Kott 1992a). Like other species in this genus it is more often recorded from temperate locations than from tropical ones., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 192, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Tokioka T. 1958. Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna XII. Sporadic memoranda (3). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 6: 313 - 325."]}

Pseudodistoma australe Kott, 1957 Pseudodistoma australis Kott 1957, p 101. Pseudodistoma australe: Kott 1992a, p 428 and synonymy; 2003, p 1625 [not 1985 (sic) = 1992a]. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 2003): Western Australia (Exmouth Gulf to Cockburn Sound); South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Cape Jaffa); Victoria (Port Phillip Heads); Queensland (Swain Reefs). New record: Tasmania (Port Davey, 8–10 m, SAM E3231). Description The colony is soft and translucent, its upper surface expanded into four short conical lobes like a crown. It converges slightly toward the base, where it appears to have been fixed to a wide, flat surface about 4 cm in diameter. Zooids extend up the colony parallel to one another and the independently opening six-lobed apertures are around the outside of the terminal lobes. Thorax and abdomen are, together, relatively short. Three rows, each of about 12 branchial stigmata, are in each half row and a short gut loop with a smooth-walled stomach is about halfway down the short abdomen. The posterior abdomen is very long, with strong bands of muscles along each side. Gonads were not detected in the newly recorded colonies, which appear to be in a vegetative stage, although there is a large embryo in the brood pouch (at the postero-dorsal end of the thorax) in a few of the zooids. Remarks These gelatinous, translucent rose-coloured colonies with a thick, soft stalk consisting of one or more terminal lobes, are characteristic of this wide-ranging apparently indigenous species. The new record is the most southern location known and confirms its wide range, often from temperate localities albeit extending into the tropics on both sides of the continent., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1957. Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8: 64 - 110.","Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620.","Kott P. 2003. New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. Journal of Natural History 37: 1611 - 1653."]}

Pseudodistoma inflatum Kott, 1992 (Figure 9B) Pseudodistoma inflatum Kott 1992a, p 435. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): New South Wales (South Solitary Is, Byron Bay, Coff’s Harbour); Queensland (Mooloolaba). New record: New South Wales (Coff’s Harbour, 5–7 m, SAM E3297). The new record is from the restricted geographic range previously recorded for this species (from northern New South Wales to the Queensland / New South Wales border). Description The colony is small, sessile, its upper surface divided into two rounded lobes that narrow toward the base, where some sand is embedded, although there is none in the gelatinous and translucent test of the upper part of the colony., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 192, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Pseudodistoma pilatum Kott, 1992 (Figures 3A–C, 9C) Pseudodistoma pilatum Kott 1992a, p 439. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Gulf St Vincent). New records: Tasmania (Tasman Peninsula, 12–14 m, SAM E3244; 10–14 m, E3296). The newly recorded location is the most southerly recorded for this species. Description The colonies are as previously described, with the long, narrow, cylindrical sandy stalks arising from a common base and a terminal cylindrical glassy, transparent head with the relatively crowded zooids opening all around it. The sand becomes less crowded toward the top of the stalk and is only sparse in the head. In this species the oesophagus is long and the four-chambered pseudodistomid stomach is in the distal one-third of the relatively long abdomen. The posterior abdomen is long and narrow, about twice to three times the length of the abdomen, with two broad bands of muscles and a short row of gonads at the posterior end (in the base of the stalk)., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 193, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1992 a. The Australian Ascidiacea, Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32: 377 - 620."]}

Kott, Patricia (2006): Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1). Journal of Natural History 40 (3-4): 169-234, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600621601

Genus Pseudodistoma Michaelsen, 1924 Pseudodistoma aureum (Brewin, 1957) (Figs 17; 114C) Sigillinaria aurea Brewin, 1957: 580. Type locality: New Zealand. Synonymy: see Pseudodistoma aureum – Kott 1992a: 426. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tonga. Vava’u Fotula, small rock off west coast of Vava’u, 18°38.92’S, 174°04.12’W, 30 m, 13.XI.1997 (MNHN A1 PSE 50). DESCRIPTION The colonies are bulbous and pale yellow. The surface is slippery and without sand (Fig. 114C). A colony with a diameter of 25 mm has a length of 20 mm. There are no systems. The superficial layer of the tunic is very soft, the internal tunic tougher. When preserved, a white pigment makes the tunic opaque. Both siphons are of equal length, with six lobes. The thorax is shorter than the abdomen (Fig. 17A). The gut loop is long. The stomach, with four folds (Fig. 17A, C) lies well posteriorly, followed by a short conical poststomach. The mid-intestine is short and transverse, and the rectum begins with caeca. The post-abdomen (Fig. 17B) has a variable length; when the testis and ovary are fully mature, it is about twice as long as the abdomen. The ovary is far from the gut and is followed by a string of testis follicles that reaches the heart. The larvae (Fig. 17D) are incubated in the abdomen, alongside the oesophagus. The trunk measures 0.5 mm. The larva’s three rows of stigmata are already differentiated. The three long, diverging adhesive papillae alternate with four pairs of digitiform ampullae. REMARKS This species is characterised mainly by the balllike shape of its sand-free, yellow colonies, as well as by their translucent tunic and the zooid’s long oesophagus. It is distributed through the whole tropical western Pacific Ocean., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2001, Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific, pp. 201-383 in Zoosystema 23 (2) on pages 224-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5391440, {"references":["MICHAELSEN W. 1924. - Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn 77: 263 - 264.","BREWIN B. I. 1957. - Ascidians of New Zealand. X: Ascidians from North Aukland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84 (3): 577 - 580.","KOTT P. 1992 a. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 3: Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 375 - 620."]}

Monniot, Françoise, Monniot, Claude (2001): Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23 (2): 201-383, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391440, {"references": ["BREWIN B. I. 1950. - Ascidians of New Zealand. Part V: Ascidians from the East coast of Great Barrier Island. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 78 (2-3): 354-362.", "BREWIN B. I. 1953. - Australian ascidians of the subfamily Holozoinae and a review of the subfamily. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 81 (1): 53-64.", "BREWIN B. I. 1957. - Ascidians of New Zealand. X: Ascidians from North Aukland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84 (3): 577-580.", "DRASCHE R. VON 1882. - Oxycorynia, eine neue Synascidien-Gattung. Verhandlungen der zoologisch botanischen Gesellschaft Wien Osterreich 32: 175-178.", "GOSLINER T. M., BEHRENS D. W. & WILLIAMS G. C. 1996. - Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challenger, Monterey, California, 314 p.", "GOTTSCHALDT R. 1898. - Synascidien von Ternate. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24: 641-660.", "HARTMEYER R. 1919. - Ascidien, in Results of Dr E. Mjobergs Swedish scientific expedition in Australia 1910-13. Kunglinga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 60 (4): 1-150.", "HARTMEYER R. & MICHAELSEN W. 1928. - Ascidiae Dictyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-Australiens 5 (6): 251-460.", "HASTINGS A. B. 1931. - Tunicata. Scientific Report of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29 4 (3): 69- 109.", "HELLER C. 1878. - Beitrage zur nahern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien 37 (1): 241-275.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1880. - Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg 10: 714- 726.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1881. - Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part III: Cynthiadae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburg 11: 52-88.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1882. - Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part I: Ascidiae simplices. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger 6: 1-285.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1886. - Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Part. II: Ascidiae compositae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger 14: 1-399.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1891. - A revised classification of the Tunicata with definitions of the orders, suborders, families, subfamilies and genera, and analytical keys to the species. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, London 23: 558-652.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1899. - Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum Sydney N. S. W. Australian Museum, Sydney- Catalogue 17: 1-139.", "HERDMAN W. A. 1906. - Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries suppl. 39: 295-348.", "KOTT P. 1957a. - The ascidians of Australia. II: Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Clavelinidae Forbes & Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8 (1): 64-110.", "KOTT P. 1957b. - The sessile Tunicata. Scientific Report of the John Murray Expedition 1933-1934 10 (4): 129-149.", "KOTT P. 1963. - The ascidians of Australia. IV: Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14 (1): 70-118.", "KOTT P. 1964. - Stolidobranch and phlebobranch ascidians of the Queensland coast. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology 2 (2): 127-152.", "KOTT P. 1966. - Ascidians from Northern Australia. University of Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology 2 (15): 279-304.", "KOTT P. 1972a. - Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata), in The fauna of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Fisheries Notes Queensland new series 2 (3): 39-54.", "KOTT P. 1972b. - The ascidians of South Australia. I: Spencer Gulf, Vincent Gulf and Encounter Bay. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 96 (1): 1-52.", "KOTT P. 1972c. - The ascidians of South Australia. II: Eastern sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investigator Strait. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 96 (4): 165-196.", "KOTT P. 1976. - The ascidian fauna of Western Port, Victoria, and a comparison with that of Port Phillip Bay. Memoirs of the National Museum, Victoria 37: 53-96.", "KOTT P. 1980. - Algal-bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-West-Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20 (1): 1-47.", "KOTT P. 1981. - The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 105 (3): 147-212.", "KOTT P. 1983. - Two new genera of didemnid ascidians from tropical Australian waters. Beagle 1 (2): 13-19.", "KOTT P. 1985. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 1: Phlebobranchiata and Stolidobranchiata. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 23: 1-440.", "KOTT P. 1990. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 2: Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 (1): 1-266.", "KOTT P. 1992a. - The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 3: Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 375-620.", "KOTT P. 1992b. - The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 32 (2): 621-655.", "KOTT P. 1998. - Tunicata, in WELLS A. & HOUSTON W. W. K (eds), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne: 51-215.", "KOTT P. & GOODBODY I. 1982. - The ascidians of Hong Kong, in MORTON B. S. & TSENG C. K (eds), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong: 503-554.", "KOWALEVSKY A. 1874. - Ueber die knospung der Ascidien. Archiv fur mikroscopische Anatomie 10: 441-470.", "LAFARGUE F. & VASSEUR P. 1989. - Ascidies des recifs coralliens du N. E. du canal de Mozambique (Campagne BENTEDI du N. Suroit, 17 mars-14 avril 1977). Mesogee 49: 59-66.", "LAMBERT G. & LAMBERT C. C. 1987. - Spicule formation in the solitary ascidian, Herdmania momus. Journal of Morphology 192: 145-159.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1904. - Revision der kompositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Mittelungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg 21: 1-124.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1905. - Revision von Hellers Ascidientypen aus dem Museum Godeffroy. Zoologische Jahrbucher suppl. 8: 71-120.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1908. - Die Pyuriden \"Halocynthiiden\" des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Mittelungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 25: 225-287.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1918 - Die Ptychobranchien und Diktyobranchien Ascidien des Westlichen Indischen Ozeans. Mittelungen aus dem Zoologishen Museum Hamburg 35: 1-68.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1919a. - Die Krikobranchien Ascidien des Westlichen Indischen Ozeans: Claveliniden und Synoiciden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 36: 71- 102.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1919b. - Expedition S. M. Schiff Pola in das Roten Meer nordliche und sudliche halfte 1895/96-1897/98 zoologische Ergebnisse. XXXII Ascidia Ptychobranchia und Dictyobranchia des Roten Meeres. Denkschriften der Akademie der wissenschaften Wien 95: 1-120.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1920. - Die Krikobranchien Ascidien des Westlichen Indischen Ozeans: Didemniden. Mittelungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 37: 1-74.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1921. - Ascidien Westlichen Indischen Ozean aus dem Reichsmuseum zu Stockholm. Arkiv for Zoology 13 (23): 1-18.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1924. - Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn 77: 263-264.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1927. - Einige neue Westaustraliche Ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 71: 193-203.", "MICHAELSEN W. 1930. - Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Sudwest-Australiens 5: 463-558.", "MILLAR R. H. 1956. - Ascidians from Mozambique, east Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12 (7): 913-932.", "MILLAR R. H. 1963. - Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoological Society London 141 (4): 689-746.", "MILLAR R. H. 1966. - Ascidiacea, in Port Phillip survey 1957-1963. Memoirs of the National Museum Melbourne 27: 357-384.", "MILLAR R. H. 1975. - Ascidians from the Indowest-Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3: 205-336.", "MILLAR R. H. 1982. - The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 85: 1-117.", "MILLAR R. H. 1988. - Ascidians collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Journal of Natural History 22: 823-848.", "MILNE- EDWARDS H. 1841. - Observations sur les ascidies composees des cotes de la Manche. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences 18: 217-326.", "MONNIOT C. 1972. - Ascidies stolidobranches des Bermudes. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (3) 57 (Zool. 43): 617-643.", "MONNIOT C. 1973. - Redescription de six ascidies du golfe d'Elat recoltees par H. Schuhmacher. Israel Journal of Zoology 22: 51-62.", "MONNIOT C. 1983. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. IV: Styelidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 5 A (2): 423-456.", "MONNIOT C. 1987a. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. I: Phlebobranches du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 9 A (1): 3-31.", "MONNIOT C. 1987b. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. II: Les genres Polycarpa et Polyandrocarpa. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 5 A (2): 275-310.", "MONNIOT C. 1991a. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. VIII: Phlebobranches (suite). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 12 A (3-4): 491-515.", "MONNIOT C. 1991b. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. X: Stolidobranches (suite). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 13 (1-2): 3-37.", "MONNIOT C. 1992. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. XI: Phlebobranches et Stolidobranches du plateau du Chesterfield. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 14 A (1): 3-22.", "MONNIOT C. 1997a. - Les genres Archidistoma et Clavelina (Ascidiacea, Clavelinidae) dans le canal du Mozambique. Zoosystema 19 (2-3): 193-209.", "MONNIOT C. 1997b. - Ascidies phlebobranches du canal du Mozambique. Zoosystema 19 (4): 557-571.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1984. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. VII: Especes nouvelles et complementaires a l'inventaire. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 6 A (3): 567-582.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1985. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. IX: Caracteristiques des populations, ecologie, rapports avec la faune mondiale. Tethys 11 (3-4): 203-213.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1987. - Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 136 (A): 1-155.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1989. - Ascidies (MUSORSTOM 1 & 2), in FOREST J. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 4. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 143 (A): 229-245.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1991. - Tunicata: peuplements d'ascidies profondes en Nouvelle- Caledonie. Diversite des strategies adaptatives, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 8. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 151 (A): 357-448.", "MONNIOT C. & MONNIOT F. 1997. - Records of ascidians from Bahrain, Arabian gulf with three new species. Journal of Natural History 31: 1623-1643.", "MONNIOT C., MONNIOT F. & LABOUTE P. 1991. - Coral Reef Ascidians of New Caledonia. Collection Faune tropicale 30, ORSTOM, Paris, 247 p.", "MONNIOT C., MONNIOT F., GRIFFITHS C. & SCHLEYER M. in press. - South African Ascidians. Annals of the South African Museum.", "MONNIOT F. 1969. - Sur une collection d'ascidies composees de Dakar. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (2), 41 (2): 426-457.", "MONNIOT F. 1983. - Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe. I: Didemnidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4) 5 A (1): 5-49.", "MONNIOT F. 1987. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. III: Polyclinidae du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 9 A (3): 499-535.", "MONNIOT F. 1988. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. V: Polycitoridae du lagon. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 10 A (2): 197-235.", "MONNIOT F. 1990a. - Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie. IX: Le genre Trididemnum. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 12 A (3-4): 517-529.", "MONNIOT F. 1990b. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. VII: les genres Atriolum et Leptoclinides dans le lagon sud. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 11 A (4): 673-691.", "MONNIOT F. 1992. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. XII: Le genre Lissoclinum (Didemnidae) dans le lagon sud. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 14 A (3-4): 565-589.", "MONNIOT F. 1993. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. XIII: Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 15 A (1-4): 3-17.", "MONNIOT F. 1994. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. XIV: Le genre Diplosoma. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 16 A (1): 3-11.", "MONNIOT F. 1995. - Ascidies de Nouvelle- Caledonie. XV: Le genre Didemnum. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4), 16 A (2-4): 299-344.", "MONNIOT F. 1998. - An enigmatic filiform organism in the epicardium cavity of a new polycitorid ascidian. Zoosystema 20 (3): 429-438.", "MONNIOT F. & MILLAR R. H. 1988. - A new genus and species of an aplousobranchiate ascidian (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from New Caledonia, of uncertain systematic position. Indo-Malayan Zoology 5: 321-327.", "MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 1996. - New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Micronesica 29 (2): 133-279.", "MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 1999. - Ascidians collected in Tanzania. Journal of East African Natural History 86: 1-35.", "MONNIOT F. & MONNIOT C. 2000. - Ascidiacea, Plurellidae collected in the Pacific Ocean by the cruises Musorstom, Karubar and the Coral Reef Research Foundation, in CROSNIER A. (ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 21. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 184: 703- 721.", "NISHIKAWA T. 1980. - Contribution to the Japanese ascidian fauna. XXXIII: Ascidians from the coast of Kii Peninsula, Middle Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 13: 97-111.", "NISHIKAWA T. 1984. - Ascidians from the Truk Islands, Ponape Island and Majuro Atoll (Tunicata - Ascidiacea). Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 27: 107-140.", "N I S H I K A W A T. 1986. - Ascidians from the Gilbert and Solomon Islands and Nauru. I: Perophoridae, Ascidiidae and Corellidae. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 32: 30-78.", "NISHIKAWA T. 1990. - The ascidians of the Japan Sea. I. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 34 (4-6): 73-148.", "NISHIKAWA T. 1991. - The ascidians of the Japan Sea. II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 35 (1-3): 25-170.", "NISHIKAWA T. & TOKIOKA T. 1976. - Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna. XXIX: Notes on some clavelinids from the japanese waters. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 13 (1-2): 63-82.", "NOTT J.T. 1892. - On the composite ascidians of the North Shore Reef. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 24: 305-334.", "QUOY J. & GAIMARD J.-P. 1834. - Mollusques, in Voyage de decouvertes de L'Astrolabe. Zoologie 3: 559-626.", "RHO B. J. & HUH M.-K. 1984. - A systematic study on the ascidians in Korea. The Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living 33: 99-136.", "RHO B. J. & LEE J.-E. 1989. - A systematic study on the ascidians from Cheju Island, Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 5 (1): 59-76.", "RITTER W. E. & FORSYTH R. A. 1917. - Ascidians of the littoral zone of Southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology 16 (24): 439- 512.", "ROCHA R. M. & MONNIOT F. 1993. - Didemnum rodriguesi sp. nov., a new didemnid tunicate common to South-eastern Brazil and New Caledonia. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique de Paris 69 (2): 261-265.", "ROCHA R. M. & MONNIOT F. 1995. - Taxonomic and ecological notes on some Didemnum (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Sao Sabastio Channel, South-eastern Brazil. Revista Brasilera de Biologia 55 (4): 639-649.", "ROWE F. W. E. 1966. - A review of the genus Diplosoma Macdonald, 1959 (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) with the description of the proposed neotype of Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 (13): 457-467.", "SAVIGNY J. C. 1816. - Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composees et les ascidies simples. Systeme de la classe des Ascidies, in Memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. Part 2. G. Dufour, Paris, 239 p.", "SLUITER C. P. 1885. - Uber einige einfache Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Natuurvetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor Nerderlandsch Indie 45: 160-232.", "SLUITER C. P. 1890. - Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Kgl. naturw. Vereins in Neiderl. Ind. in Batavia. Zugleich eine Skizze der Fauna des Java-Meeres mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten. Ascidiae simplices. Natuurvetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie 50: 329-348.", "SLUITER C. P. 1895. - Tunicaten, in SEMON R (ed.), Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malagischen Archipel. Jenaische Denkschriften 8: 161-186.", "SLUITER C. P. 1900. - Tunicaten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zoologische Jahrbuch (Systematik) 13: 1-35.", "SLUITER C. P. 1904. - Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Part I: Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expedition 56 (A): 1-139.", "SLUITER C. P. 1905. - Tuniciers recueillis en 1904 par Mr Ch. Gravier dans le golfe de Tadjourah (Somalie francaise). Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France 18: 5-21.", "SLUITER C. P. 1909. - Die Tunicaten der Siboga - Expedition. II: Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expedition 56 (B): 1-112.", "SLUITER C. P. 1919. - Uber einige alte und neue Ascidien aus dem Zoologischen Museum von Amsterdam. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 21: 1-21.", "STIMPSON W. 1855. - Descriptions of some new marine Invertebrata. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7: 385-394.", "TOKIOKA T. 1949. - Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. I: Ascidians collected by Prof. Miyachi and Mr Masui during the bottom survey 1939-40. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 1 (1): 1-17.", "TOKIOKA T. 1950. - Ascidians from the Palao Islands. I. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 1 (3): 115-150.", "TOKIOKA T. 1952. - Ascidians collected by Messrs. Renzi Wada with Seiza Wada from the pearl-oyster bed in the Arafura Sea in 1940. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 2 (2): 91-142.", "TOKIOKA T. 1953. - Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Iwanami Shoten,Tokyo, 313 p.", "TOKIOKA T. 1954. - Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone of the Tokara Islands. VII: Ascidians. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 3: 239-264.", "TOKIOKA T. 1955. - Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. XI: Sporadic memoranda (2). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 4 (2-3): 205-218.", "TOKIOKA T. 1958. - Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. XII: Sporadic memoranda (3). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 6 (3): 313-325.", "TOKIOKA T. 1961. - Ascidians collected during the Melanesia expedition of the Osaka Museum of Natural History. I: Ascidians presented by Dr R. L. A. Catala of the Aquarium of Noumea. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 9 (1): 103-138.", "TOKIOKA T. 1967. - Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 251: 1-242.", "TOKIOKA T. 1970. - Ascidians from Mindoro Island, the Philippines. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 18 (2): 75-107.", "TRAUSTEDT M. P. A. 1885. - Ascidiae simplicies fra det stille Ocean. Aftryk af Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn: 1-60.", "VAN NAME W. G. 1918. - Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Mu

Pseudodistoma coronatum Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1996 (Figs 48; 77B) Pseudodistoma coronatum Monniot F.& Monniot C., 1996: 145, fig. 6A-E, pl. 1H (Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée). MATÉRIEL EXAMINÉ. — Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. NW New Ireland, 2°45.06’S, 150°42.84’E, 20 m, 29.X.1993, coll. P. L. Colin, 0CDN1845-P (MNHN A1 PSE 40). — SE Normanby Island, 10°06.43’S, 150°57.84’E, 7 m, 20.I.2002, coll. CRRF, 0CDN8495-S (MNHN A1 PSE 62). — Milne Bay Province, Egum Atoll lagoon, 9°24.95’S, 151°50.34’E, 6 m, 12.I.2002, coll. P. L. Colin, CRCHO521 (MNHN A1 PSE 63). — Sud de New Hanover, south side Enang Island, 2°40.68’S, 150°28.23’E, 43 m, 3.VII.2003, coll. CRRF, 0CDN9100-Z (MNHN A1 PSE 69). DESCRIPTION Les colonies (Fig. 77B) sont constituées de coussins parfois fixés par une base étroite, ou bien elles se développent en lobes pendants, certains de 40 cm de long pour un diamètre de 0,5 à 1,5 cm. La tunique est opaque, blanc verdâtre, de consistance gélatineuse. Les ouvertures buccales sont réunies en groupes irréguliers. Les zoïdes (Fig. 48A, B) sont allongés selon l’axe de la colonie et atteignent parfois 2 cm, les post-abdomens sont entrecroisés. Les 2 siphons, en position apicale, ont 6 lobes arrondis (Fig. 48D). Le premier des 3 rangs de stigmates est relevé dorsalement et compte environ 20 perforations de chaque côté. L’abdomen (Fig. 48D) est aussi long que le thorax. L’estomac est court avec 4 plis saillants; il est placé aux ⅔ de l’abdomen. Le postestomac est mince, nettement délimité de l’intestin moyen qui est d’abord large puis aminci au fond de la boucle. L’intestin postérieur débute par 2 caeca. Le thorax et l’abdomen sont exactement semblables dans les zoïdes des colonies basses ou digitées. Dans les colonies allongées, les post-abdomens très longs contiennent 1 ovaire à mi-longueur suivi de lobes testiculaires, en 1 ou 2 rangs irréguliers, jusqu’au coeur (Fig. 48C). Une larve est incubée contre l’oesophage, sans dilatation en poche (Fig. 48D). Le tronc mesure 500 µm, la queue décrit un demi-tour. Il y a 3 papilles adhésives courtes et 4 paires de vésicules épidermiques peu saillantes. La forme allongée pendante des colonies vivant le plus profondément est la seule différence trouvée entre les échantillons des différentes récoltes., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2008, Compléments sur la diversité des ascidies (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) de l'ouest Pacifique tropical, pp. 799-872 in Zoosystema 30 (4) on pages 835-836, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4690007

Citorclinum laboutei Monniot F. & Millar, 1988 (Fig. 116B) Citorclinum laboutei Monniot F. & Millar, 1988: 321, fig. 1, pl. 1. Type locality: New Caledonia. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Papua New Guinea. Coral Sea, eastern Fields, 10°00.66’S, 145°39.90’E, 10 m, 14. VI.1998 (MNHN A3 CIT 4). DESCRIPTION As in New Caledonia, the colonies of this polycitorid species form round heads, from 2 to 5 cm in diameter raised on peduncles. The tunic is white, vitreous, smooth and naked (Fig. 116B). Both siphons of the zooids are obvious at the colony surface, but they are not circled here with white rings. The zooids are well apart, perpendicular to the colony surface. The characters of the zooids are very consistent with six lobes at each siphon, about 16 longitudinal muscles on each side, three rows of numerous stigmata, a smooth stomach wall, and a long post-abdomen. The ovary lies in the intestinal loop, the testis in the posterior part of the post-abdomen. The heart lies to one side of the gut loop. A few embryos are being incubated in the cloacal cavity, but no tadpole is fully developed. REMARKS This monospecific genus is recorded again, and here for the first time. This extends its geographical distribution to the north., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2001, Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific, pp. 201-383 in Zoosystema 23 (2) on page 235, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5391440, {"references":["MILLAR R. H. 1988. - Ascidians collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Journal of Natural History 22: 823 - 848."]}