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Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 51 Plate 2 H, distribution map Fig. 70 B) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. Field characteristics: Found on aerial plant parts. Body of adult female 1.5‒4.0 mm long, pink to reddish brown but coated in mealy white wax; sometimes with 2 longitudinal stripes of thinner wax cover; with 17 pairs of wax filaments on margins, the posteriormost pair up to 0.6x body length. When disturbed, the ostiolar fluid released is colourless. At maturity an ovisac is produced, containing yellow eggs. Microscopic diagnosis: Slide-mounted adult female oval to broadly oval. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae usually each with 8 segments. Legs well developed; hind leg with numerous translucent pores on coxa, femur and tibia; tarsal digitules pointed at tio and longer than claw. Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; anal lobe cerarii each with 2 enlarged conical setae, about 6–8 auxiliary setae and a concentration of trilocular pores, all situated on an oval sclerotized area smaller than anal ring; anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller conical setae, 2–4 auxiliary setae and some trilocular pores; some cerarii on head each with 3 or (rarely) 5 conical setae. Circulus divided by an intersegmental line. Ostioles well developed. Anal ring with pores and 6 setae. Dorsum with long flagellate setae, almost as long as ventral setae. Multilocular disc pores absent in Iranian specimens, specimens from elsewhere occasionally with a few. Trilocular pores and minute discoidal pores scattered throughout. Oral rim tubular ducts rarely with a discoidal pore next to rim margin (not seen in Iranian specimens); present singly next to some cerarii, and always with 1 behind each frontal cerarius; also present submedially on abdominal and thoracic segments, except prothorax. Oral collar tubular ducts all same size, present singly or in small numbers on margins of posterior abdominal segments. Venter with long flagellate setae. Multilocular disc pores each with 10 loculi, present on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments IV– VII, a few on segments 1–III, and posterior to vulva, not reaching to margins; a few pores also present medially on thorax. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Discoidal pores sparse throughout, but absent from next to eyes. Oral rim ducts slightly smaller than those on dorsum, present in small numbers on margins of thorax and segments I and II. Oral collar ducts of 2 sizes: larger type, similar to those on dorsum, fairly numerous around margins from anal lobes forwards to area between antennal bases; smaller type present across medial areas of segments III – VII. Distribution: Pseudococcus comstocki is known from 34 countries in the Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic Regions (García Morales et al. 2016) including Iran, where it has been recorded from Azarbaijan -e Garbi, Ghazvin, Gilan, Mazandaran and Tehran provinces (Moghaddam, 2013b). Host-plants: The species has been found on host-plants in 76 genera belonging to 46 families (García Morales et al. 2016). In Iran, it has been recorded on Fabaceae: Glycine max and Robinia pseudoacaciae, and Moraceae: Morus alba (Moghaddam 2013b). Economic importance: None in Iran. Natural enemies: None recorded in Iran., Published as part of MOGHADDAM, MASUMEH & WATSON, GILLIAN W., 2022, The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 2 The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae And Rhizoecidae) And Putoidae, pp. 1-169 in Zootaxa 5126 (1) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5126.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6460412, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3, 43 - 98.","Garcia Morales M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 30 January 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Moghaddam, M. (2013 b) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818"]}

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 11–13) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902: 52. Sintipo: Japón: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Depositado en: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, EEUU, y en Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japón. Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald 1903: 100.Cambio de combinación. Seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam 2009: 34. Error de escritura del nombre del género. Pseudococcus cosmtocki; Germain 2011: 8. Error de escritura del epíteto específico (tomado de García Morales et al. 2016). Material examinado. Argentina: Mendoza, Tunuyán, Junín, 17-I-1990, sobre Pyrus sp., Lanati col., 1(3) 1159; mismos datos excepto 24-XI-2005, 3(4)1160, 1161, 1162; mismos datos excepto 9-XII-2005, 3(5)1163, 1164, 1165; Mendoza, Tunuyán, 1–VIII–2005, sobre Morus sp. (morera), Lanati col.,1(2) 1166; Mendoza, Tunuyán, V-2005, sobre vid, Lanati col., 1(2) 1167; Río Negro, I-2011, sobre Fraxinus excelsior L., Garrido y MCGWillink cols., 4(5) 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171; Tucumán, Burruyacú, XII-1994, sobre Ficus sp., Saez col., 2 (7) 1172, 1173. Todos depositados en IFML. EEUU: N.J. North Bergen, 8-XII-1939, sobre Catalpa sp., Rau col., 1(3) INTA. Diagnosis. Poros translúcidos en coxa, fémur y tibia; ojos sin poros discoidales; con 17 pares de cerarios; cerario anal sobre superficie esclerosada amplia; conductos tubulares con borde oral dorsales, algunos asociados a poros discoidales, uno en zona frontal, uno submedial entre los ostíolos, escasos en tórax y abdomen; conductos con collar oral dorsales, numerosos, en tórax y abdomen; conductos con borde oral ventrales entre C5 y C11; conductos con collar oral ventrales de tres tamaños; poros multiloculares numerosos en abdomen y tórax (basado en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992). Discusión. Williams (2004) considera a Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus odermatti Miller y Williams y Pseudococcus apodemus Williams, de Filipinas e Indonesia, muy próximos entre sí y señala a Japón como posible centro de diversificación de P. comstocki; hasta el momento solamente las dos primeras especies se han encontrado en la región Neotropical. Pseudococcus odermatti se diferencia de P. comstocki porque carece de poros translúcidos en coxas y posee menor número de conductos con borde oral entre C5 y C11. Pseudococcus comstocki es tambien similar a P. cryptus Hempel (relaciones y diferencias en discusión de esa especie). Comentarios. García Morales et al. (2016) citan numerosos artículos sobre P. comstocki, los que aportan datos sobre su biología y control biológico. Heidari (2001) estudió la biología de esta especie sometida a diferentes temperaturas y encontró alteraciones en el desarrollo, longevidad, reproducción y determinación del sexo, sin discusión sobre las posibles variaciones en su morfología externa. Sin embargo, ejemplares de P. comstocki de Tucumán y Río Negro (Argentina), poseen 0–21 poros translúcidos en trocánter de patas posteriores; mayor número de setas cisvulvares y de conductos con borde oral en la superficie dorsal (ver Fig. 12 y 13); conductos ventrales con collar oral presentes o ausentes en zona cefálica; en tórax y abdomen algunos conductos con collar oral poseen borde difuso poco conspicuo (Fig. 12). A pesar de estas variaciones, la similitud en los caracteres diagnósticos y en las medidas de patas y antenas de estos ejemplares, nos lleva a ubicarlos en P. comstocki, redescripto en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992. Distribución. Zona sudamericana de Transición y región Andina: Argentina. Región Neotropical: Brasil, Colombia. Región Neártica: México.

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 11���13) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902: 52. Sintipo: Jap��n: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Depositado en: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, EEUU, y en Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Jap��n. Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald 1903: 100.Cambio de combinaci��n. Seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam 2009: 34. Error de escritura del nombre del g��nero. Pseudococcus cosmtocki; Germain 2011: 8. Error de escritura del ep��teto espec��fico (tomado de Garc��a Morales et al. 2016). Material examinado. Argentina: Mendoza, Tunuy��n, Jun��n, 17-I-1990, sobre Pyrus sp., Lanati col., 1(3) 1159; mismos datos excepto 24-XI-2005, 3(4)1160, 1161, 1162; mismos datos excepto 9-XII-2005, 3(5)1163, 1164, 1165; Mendoza, Tunuy��n, 1���VIII���2005, sobre Morus sp. (morera), Lanati col.,1(2) 1166; Mendoza, Tunuy��n, V-2005, sobre vid, Lanati col., 1(2) 1167; R��o Negro, I-2011, sobre Fraxinus excelsior L., Garrido y MCGWillink cols., 4(5) 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171; Tucum��n, Burruyac��, XII-1994, sobre Ficus sp., Saez col., 2 (7) 1172, 1173. Todos depositados en IFML. EEUU: N.J. North Bergen, 8-XII-1939, sobre Catalpa sp., Rau col., 1(3) INTA. Diagnosis. Poros transl��cidos en coxa, f��mur y tibia; ojos sin poros discoidales; con 17 pares de cerarios; cerario anal sobre superficie esclerosada amplia; conductos tubulares con borde oral dorsales, algunos asociados a poros discoidales, uno en zona frontal, uno submedial entre los ost��olos, escasos en t��rax y abdomen; conductos con collar oral dorsales, numerosos, en t��rax y abdomen; conductos con borde oral ventrales entre C5 y C11; conductos con collar oral ventrales de tres tama��os; poros multiloculares numerosos en abdomen y t��rax (basado en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992). Discusi��n. Williams (2004) considera a Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus odermatti Miller y Williams y Pseudococcus apodemus Williams, de Filipinas e Indonesia, muy pr��ximos entre s�� y se��ala a Jap��n como posible centro de diversificaci��n de P. comstocki; hasta el momento solamente las dos primeras especies se han encontrado en la regi��n Neotropical. Pseudococcus odermatti se diferencia de P. comstocki porque carece de poros transl��cidos en coxas y posee menor n��mero de conductos con borde oral entre C5 y C11. Pseudococcus comstocki es tambien similar a P. cryptus Hempel (relaciones y diferencias en discusi��n de esa especie). Comentarios. Garc��a Morales et al. (2016) citan numerosos art��culos sobre P. comstocki, los que aportan datos sobre su biolog��a y control biol��gico. Heidari (2001) estudi�� la biolog��a de esta especie sometida a diferentes temperaturas y encontr�� alteraciones en el desarrollo, longevidad, reproducci��n y determinaci��n del sexo, sin discusi��n sobre las posibles variaciones en su morfolog��a externa. Sin embargo, ejemplares de P. comstocki de Tucum��n y R��o Negro (Argentina), poseen 0���21 poros transl��cidos en troc��nter de patas posteriores; mayor n��mero de setas cisvulvares y de conductos con borde oral en la superficie dorsal (ver Fig. 12 y 13); conductos ventrales con collar oral presentes o ausentes en zona cef��lica; en t��rax y abdomen algunos conductos con collar oral poseen borde difuso poco conspicuo (Fig. 12). A pesar de estas variaciones, la similitud en los caracteres diagn��sticos y en las medidas de patas y antenas de estos ejemplares, nos lleva a ubicarlos en P. comstocki, redescripto en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992. Distribuci��n. Zona sudamericana de Transici��n y regi��n Andina: Argentina. Regi��n Neotropical: Brasil, Colombia. Regi��n Ne��rtica: M��xico., Published as part of Willink, Mar��a Cristina Granara de & Gonz��lez, Patricia, 2018, Revisi��n taxon��mica de Pseudococcus Westwood (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) de Centro y Sud Am��rica con descripciones de especies nuevas, pp. 1-117 in Insecta Mundi 673 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3713533, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. 1902. Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 3: 43 - 98.","Fernald, M. E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1 - 360.","Moghaddam, M. 2009. Insects of Iran: The List of Coccoidea in the Hayk Mirzayans insect Museum of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (2). Hemiptera: Coccoidea. Publications, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Insect Taxonomy Research Department No. 16: 1 - 45.","Germain, J. F. 2011. Les cochenilles, voyageuses au long cours. (Scale Insects, long term travelers). Phytoma 647: 31 - 34.","Garcia Morales, M., B. D. Denno, D. R. Miller, G. L. Miller, Y. Ben-Dov, y N. B. Hardy. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available at http: // scalenet. info /. (Ultimo acceso febrero 2018.)","Williams, D. J. 2004. Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur: Southdene SDN. BHD. 896 p.","Heidari, M. 2001. The intrinsic rate of increase and temperature co-efficients of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Entomologica 33: 297 - 303."]}

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 39) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. DIAGNOSIS. Adult female broadly oval. Antennae 8 segmented. Legs well developed; translucent pores numerous on hind coxa, femur and tibia. Cerarii numbering 17 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 enlarged conical setae, plus about 7 or 8 auxiliary setae and some trilocular pores, all on an oval sclerotized area, smaller in area than anal ring. Anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller conical setae, plus 2���4 auxiliary setae and a few trilocular pores, except on mesothorax (C 12) and head, where each cerarius with 3 conical setae. Circulus divided by an intersegmental line. Both pairs of ostioles well developed. Dorsal and ventral surface with long, slender setae. Multilocular disc pores absent on dorsum; ventrally present on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments IV���VII, a few on segments 1 ���III, and posterior of vulva; not reaching margins; a few pores also present medially on thorax. Trilocular pores evenly distributed on dorsum and venter. Discoidal pores scattered on dorsum and venter, but absent from next to eyes. Dorsal oral rim ducts often with a discoidal pore next to rim margin, near a few cerarii, and always with 1 behind each frontal cerarius; also present submarginally on abdomen, and on midline of abdominal segments VI and VII; ventral oral rim ducts slightly smaller than those on dorsum, present in small numbers on margins of thorax and abdominal segments I and II. Dorsal oral collar ducts normally of 2 sizes: long ducts on margins of posterior segments, and slightly shorter ducts around margins and across thoracic segments. Ventral oral collar ducts of 3 main sizes: a large type, similar to dorsal medial ducts, fairly mumerous around margins from anal lobes forwards to area between antennal bases; narrower type present across medial areas of abdominal segments III���VII, anterior to multilocular disc pores, and laterally next to inner edges of large type, and a minute duct across middle of abdominal segments, plus a few scattered medially on head and thorax. DISTRIBUTION. Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In Iran, P. c o m s t o c k i occurs in Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Mazandaran, Tehran and Yazd. This mealybug is known from 40 plant families (Ben-Dov et al., 2012). EXAMINED MATERIAL: Ghazvin: Ghazvin, 5 adult ��, on Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae), 25.i. 2008 (Gharaii). Gilan: Rasht, Shaft, Chouber, 2 adult ��, unknown plant, 21.vii. 2009 (Hoseini); Rasht, Pesikhan, 3 adult ��, on Morus alba (Moraceae), 29.vii. 2009 (Hoseini). Mazandaran: Sari, Neka, 2 adult ��, on Glycine sp. (Fabaceae), 4.xi. 2002 (Keyhanian). Tehran: Tehran, 3 adult ��, on M. nigra, 22.ix. 2012 (Z. Ghanbari). COMMENTS. P. comstocki occurs on the aerial parts of the host plants and, although known as a pest of ornamentals and fruit trees elsewhere, has not been reported as causing damage in Iran. A molecular identification of three of the most important mealybug species, including P. comstocki, has been undertaken in the north of Iran (Hosseini & Hajizadeh, 2011). The accompanying illustration first appeared in Mealybugs of Central and South America, Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) with kind permission from the authors., Published as part of Moghaddam, Masumeh, 2013, A review of the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae, Putoidae and Rhizoecidae) of Iran, with descriptions of four new species and three new records for the Iranian fauna, pp. 1-107 in Zootaxa 3632 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3632.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/217619

6.Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana). Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 3 (3): 52, 1902. On cotton, Usinger., Published as part of Fullaway, D. T., 1946, Coccidae of Guam, pp. 157-162 in Insects of Guam II, Honolulu, Hawaii :Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 189 on page 157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5164252