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Polyipnus aff. indicus (Figure 20) 1995 Polyipnus indicus Smale MJ, Watson G, Hecht T, p. 30, plate 11, fig. 11–12 Material: 2 specimens in total. Anda1 (1) RGM 962124; Tiep2 (1) RGM 962125. Two specimens—including one well preserved otolith except for its rostral extension—have a relatively high OL:OH body ratio (= 0.79) as compared to the other specimens. The posterior rim is smooth, also in the better preserved specimen. The high OL:OH body ratio is also observed in the extant species Polyipnus indicus (depicted in Smale etal., 1995) and the Chattian species Polyipnus weitzmani (Steurbaut, 1984). The spine at the onset of the (broken) rostrum is pointed in our specimens, while that depicted by Smale etal. (1995) is larger and blunt. This latter publication also shows shape variation between two specimens of P. indicus; both contain a smooth posterior rim. More material should be available for drawing more definitive conclusions. On basis of the available material, we consider these specimens closer to P. indicus rather than P. aquavitus., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Polyipnus aquavitus Baird, 1971 (Figures 18���19) 1999 Polyipnus aquavitus Rivaton J, Bourret P, pp. 208���209, pl.95 fig. 18���24 Material: 9 specimens in total. Anda1 (3) RGM 962117; Anda2 (1) RGM 962118; Anda4 (1) RGM 962119; AndaDeVos (1) RGM 962120; Roxas (2) RGM 962121, RGM 962122; Tiep2 (1) RGM 962123. Nine otoliths with the typical characteristics of Polyipnus were encountered (OL:OH=0.59���0.74 for the body). Fossil specimens of Polyipnus always have lost the long, very thin rostral part. The posterior rim of the better- preserved specimen has a lobed outline, a characteristic that has disappeared in eroded specimens. Comparison of the specimens with a range of different Polyipnus species (courtesy of D. Nolf) suggested that the specimens match with P. aquavitus, which is also known form the western Pacific Ocean., Published as part of Van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. & Helwerda, Renate A., 2019, Fish Otoliths from the Cabarruyan Piacenzian-Gelasian fauna found in the Philippines, pp. 401-443 in Zootaxa 4563 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2601295

Polyipnus laruei new species (English common name: Bigeye Hatchetfish; French name: Poisson hache �� gros yeux) Fig. 2���5; Tables 1���3 Holotype. MNHN ���IC��� 2014���2817 (National Museum of Natural History, France); 45.6 mm SL, 57.0 mm TL, July 30, 2014, off Reef Tombo (S 22��33.885��� latitude, E 166��25.370��� longitude), New Caledonia, western South Pacific (the only specimen of Polyipnus laruei sp. nov. was found off the southwest coast of New Caledonia, about 29 km from the nearest coastline and around 2.5 km from the barrier reef. Fishermen found the specimen dead, although in excellent condition, floating on the surface. There was no visible evidence of the cause of death). Diagnosis. A member of the Polyipnus spinosus species group with the following unique characters: presence of a single OVB photophore, as compared to other Polyipnus in which there are three. VAV, ACA and ACB photophores form a nearly continuous series in the form of a shallow, sigmoidal curve along the ventral margin of the body from the pelvic-fin base to near the insertion of the posteriormost anal-fin ray, compared with other species of the group in which there is a noticeable space between the VAV and ACA photophores (except P. fraseri in which the ACA photophores are absent but there is a gap between the VAV and ACB photophores); ACA photophores separate from each other, not united in a common organ. The combination of the following features further serve to distinguish the new species: eye relatively large (eye diameter 22.4 % SL), presence of spines on photophore scales of PV, VAV, ACB, and ACC clusters; presence of bifurcated posttemporal spines with prominent serration; 6 ACB photophores; gill rakers 25 on left side, and 26 on right side; one long and broad lateral pigment bar extending below the lateral midline. Description. Meristic and morphometric character values and the configuration of the photophores are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Body size moderate for a species of Polyipnus at 45.6 mm SL, based on the single known specimen. Dorsal-fin rays 11; anal-fin rays 15; pectoral rays 15; pelvic-fin rays 6; gill rakers 8 + 18 = 26, on right side and 8 + 17 = 25, on left side. Total vertebrae 32. Body profile anterior of dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins deep and broadly elliptical; posteriorly, body profile to caudal peduncle approximating an isosceles triangle, tapering at about 45�� angle to caudal peduncle. Body very compressed, almost as deep as long. Caudal peduncle slightly elongate and rectangular, as in P. limatulus. Fin rays segmented; dorsal fin with single unbranched ray anteriorly, posteriormost ray divided to base; anal fin with three unbranched rays anteriorly; pectoral fin extending posteriorly beyond pelvic-fin base as far as third VAV photophore, and with single unbranched ray laterally; caudal fin with 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays, 9 + 8 branched rays, 10 + 8 procurrent fin rays. Adipose fin present, with long base, occupying about 61 % of dorsum between posterior dorsal-fin ray and first dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Eye large, diameter 22.4 % SL (59.0 % HL); pupils elliptical with pronounced aphakic space located ventrally to lens. Ventral margin of dentary with two keels: ventrolateral keel smooth and ventral keel with 18 serrae. Dentary teeth minute and conical to recurved anteriorly, conical on posterior portion, and differentiated as follows: four rows anteriorly, near symphysis, with number of rows decreasing posteriorly, first to three rows, then two and ultimately in a single series. Premaxillary teeth minute and conical with up to four rows anteriorly, near symphysis, with the longest row containing 28 teeth. Maxillary teeth minute, conical and uniserial with 32 teeth. Vomerine teeth in two anterolateral patches, each comprising a short, longitudinal row of four teeth. Palatines each bearing a small patch of four conical to slightly recurved teeth anteriorly. Vomerine and palatine teeth similar in size and shape, and slightly larger than adjacent premaxillary teeth. Character Abbreviation Holotype MNHN���IC��� 2014���2817 Left side Right side Dorsal-fin rays D 11 11 Anal-fin rays A 15 15 Pectoral-fin rays P 15 15 Pelvic-fin rays V 6 6 Caudal-fin rays C Upper Lower Segmented fin rays 10 9 Branched fin rays 9 8 Procurrent fin rays 10 8 Left side Right side Gill-rakers GR 25 26 Lower gill-rakers LGR 8 8 Upper gill-rakers UGR 17 18 Total vertebrae 32 Posterior preopercular spine absent. Dorsal limb of posttemporal smooth; two prominent posttemporal spines present: dorsal spine posterodorsally directed and longest, approaching but not reaching dorsal fin origin, smooth dorsally and with distinct serration on basal two thirds of ventral margin (i.e., unarmed on upper third near apex) and basal spine a little more than half the length of dorsal spine, curving towards anterior, with serrate dorsal margin. Two preopercular spines (Figure 3): ventral spine long, about half orbit length, directed and curved anteroventrally, one serration on each side; dorsal spine short (not longer than one preopercular serration), directed laterally, without serration; posterior propercular spine absent. Vertical and anteroventral ridges of preoperculum serrate. Dorsal spinous process present but reduced and indistinct with a bony extension of the first pterygiophore of the dorsal fin and with two approximately parallel dorsal ridges developed posteriorly as a small conical spine. Anal-fin pterygyiophore spine absent; small knob-like cartilage on each side of head of the pterygiophore. IP (5) + 1, usually (6) in other Polyipnus species; BR (6); PV (10) each ventral margin of photophores scales with numerous minute spines; ORB 1; OP 3; OVA (2) + 1, stepped dorsally from anterior to posterior, second photophore very slightly above first and the third clearly elevated to the level of ACC photophores, with each OVA photophore associated with sequential myotomes; OVB 1, with only the anterior photophore present in comparison with three OVB, as occurs in other congenerics, and separate of the third OVA by one myotome; L 1, at level slightly below third OVA; VAV, ACA and ACB phot ophores form a nearly continuous series in the form of a shallow, sigmoidal curve along the ventral margin of the body from the pelvic fin based to near the insertion of the posteriormost anal-fin ray. VAV (5), follow arc of ventral body margin, first elevated above second in cluster and fifth elevated above fourth at almost same level of first (Figure 4 a); ACA 1 + 1 + 1, separate, not united in a common organ, increasing in elevation from anterior to posterior. First ACA dorsally to second and third anal-fin rays, second ACA dorsally to fifth anal-fin ray, third ACA dorsally to sixth anal-fin ray (Figure 4 b); ACB (4) + 1 + 1, with a dorsal step between third and fourth photophore, a narrow gap between fourth and fifth, and fifth and sixth, neither fifth nor sixth photophore fully developed (Figure 4 c); ACC (4), compact, lacking gaps between individual photophores (Figure 4 d). ACB and ACC separated by broad gap equal in length to about five ACC photophores. Ventral margins of PV, VAV, ACB and ACC clusters bearing numerous spines (Figure 4); ACA photophore scales smooth, lacking spines, and in a posteriorly ascending row (Figure 4). % SL % HL ...Continued on next page Terminology Photophores location Polyipnus laruei sp. nov. Holotype MNHN���IC��� 2014���2817 In this In Schultz Total Configuration publication (1961) Color in preservative. Dark brown pigment covering dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of head and extending posteriorly as a saddle terminating near base of caudal fin. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment bearing undulations characteristic of most species of Polyipnus: lateral pigment bar broad-based dorsally, extending ventrally, beyond lateral midline, to a tapered point; elongated predorsal inflection present. Silvery guanine pigment covering lateral surfaces of body, and extending dorsally on either side of lateral dark pigment bar. Numerous isolated melanophores delineating myosepta and lateral midline, and on the caudal peduncle, dorsal- and caudal-fin rays. Lightly pigmented or unpigmented patch area encircled by dark chromatophores located on dorsum between the adipose fin and dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Etymology. Polyipnus laruei is named after William Larue who collected the holotype. Remarks. The new species Polyipnus laruei is distinguished from all other species of Polyipnus by the unique presence of only one OVB photophore (the anterior photophore of the group of three that are typically present in congeners).We also report an unusual lightly pigmented patch of tissue encircled by dark chromatophores on the dorsum between the adipose fin and dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. This tissue is at least superficially similar to caudal glands in other stomiiforms, such as Gonostoma (Herring & Morin 1978; Copeland 1991), although such structures are not known to occur in the Sternoptychidae. Species of Polyipnus have been placed in four species groups: the P. asteroides, P. meteori, P. omphus and P. spinosus species groups (Harold 1994). Polyipnus laruei is considered a member of the P. spinosus species group, based on the following combination of characters: multiple posttemporal spines (two in this case) and presence of spines on the PV photophore scales. The posttemporal spines on both sides of the holotype were damaged after it was collected, however, a photograph taken by William Larue (Figure 5) shortly after capture clearly shows the presence of two, serrated spines on left posttemporal bone. This observation is confirmed by the radiograph which shows the posttemporal to be bifurcated posteriorly into the bases of two spines. This configuration, with two posttemporal spines, is different from P. fraseri (Fowler 1934), P. tridentifer (McCulloch 1914), P. inermis (Borodulina 1981), P. parini (Borodulina 1979), P spinifer (Borodulina 1979), P. soelae (Harold 1994), P. stereope (Jordan & Starks 1904), P. spinosus (G��nter 1887), P. elongatus (Borodulina 1979), P. paxtoni (Harold 1989) which have three and P. latirastrus which has one. Five species of the P. spinosus species group have posttemporals with two spines: P. asper (Harold 1994), P. indicus (Schultz 1961), P. limatulus, P. nuttingi (Gilbert 1905) and P. oluolus (Baird 1971). Polyipnus laruei differs from P. indicus, P. limatulus, P. nuttingi and P. oluolus by the presence of spines on ACB photophore scales, and by the lack of the second and third OVB photophores. P. laruei is most similar to P. asper in regards to the structure of the preopercle, which has one long ventral spine, anteriorly curved, directed anteroventrally, and one short dorsal spine, laterally directed. These two species also share the presence of a compact ACC photophore cluster. The new species is distinguished from P. asper by a greater number of gill rakers on the first arch (25���26 versus 17���20, respectively), a much larger eye (eye diameter 22.4 % SL, as compared with 13.7���18.4), a lower vertebral count (32 versus 33), a smaller number of ACB photophores (6 in P. laruei and 8���10 in P. asper), and ACA separated from ACB photophores. The comparison of meristic characters and photophores between holotype Polyipnus laruei and Polyipnus asper are given in Table 4. Polyipnus laruei also bears some similarities with P. oluolus from the Marshall Islands, in particular a large eye (22.4 % SL in P. laruei and 22.0 % SL in P. oluolus, versus approximatively 13���19 % SL in other Polyipnus spp.), and the presence of only 6 ACB photophores (4 in P. fraseri, and 7���13 in the remaining species in the genus). The single specimen of Polyipnus laruei has some features that suggest paedomorphosis. These features include a large eye (22.4 % SL eye diameter) and a low count of ACB photophores (6). A relatively large eye (20.3 % SL) in P. fraseri (40.4 mm SL, holotype and 32.4 mm SL non-type) and low counts of ACB photophores were interpreted by Harold (1990b) to be paedomorphic. Among other Polyipnus species, only P. fraseri has a lower value (4 ACB) and only one other species has the same value as P. laruei (P. oluolus; 6 ACB). The remaining species have a range of ACB counts from 7 to 14. In sternoptychids individual photophores are added to the ventral clusters during development by a budding process (Ahlstrom et al., 1984), which continues throughout most of the juvenile stage, although in P. laruei, P. fraseri and P. oluolus the evidence suggests that the rate of ACB photophore addition is retarded. Juvenilized morphology has been reported in other fishes, with examples from shallow water marine (Gobiiformes, Schindleria; Johnson & Brothers, 1993), deep-sea (Stomiiformes, Cyclothone; Ahlstrom et al., 1984), and freshwater environments (Cypriniformes, Paedocypris spp.; Kottelat et al., 2006) and is probably common throughout much of organismal diversity (Gould, 1977)., Published as part of Vourey, Elodie, Dupoux, Cyndie & Harold, Antony Scott, 2017, A new species of Polyipnus (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) from the Western South Pacific, pp. 567-577 in Zootaxa 4263 (3) on pages 568-575, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/573682, {"references":["Herring, P. J. & Morin, J. G. (1978) Bioluminescence in fishes. In: Herring, P. J. (Ed.), Bioluminescence in Action. Academic Press, London, pp. 273 - 329.","Copeland, D. E. (1991) Fine structure of photophores in Gonostoma elongatum: detail of a dual gland complex. Biological Bulletin, 181 (1), 144 - 157.","McCulloch, A. R. (1914) Report on Some Fishes Obtained by the FIS \" Endeavour \" on the Coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South and South-Western Australia. Zoological results of the fishing experiments carried out by the F. I. S. Endeavour, 1909 - 1914. Biological Results Endeavour, 2 (3), 77 - 199.","Borodulina, O. D. (1981) Polyipnus inermis (Sternoptychidae) a new species from the south East Pacific, 21 (3), 556 - 558.","Borodulina, O. D. (1979) Composition of the \" Polyipnus spinosus species complex \" (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes) with a description of three new species of this group. Foprosy Ikhtiologii, 19 (2), 198 - 208.","Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. (1904) List of fishes dredged by the Steamer Albatross Off the coast of Japan in the summer of 1900, with descriptions of new species and a review of the Japanese Macrouridae. Bulletin of the United States fish commission for 1902, 577 - 630.","Gunther, A. (1887) Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. In: Majesty's stationery office (Ed.), The Zoological Series of Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition. Fol. XXII. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R. N., F. R. S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle. Neill and compagny, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513","Harold, A. S. (1989) A new species of Polyipnus (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) from the Coral Sea, with a revised key to the species of the P. spinosus complex. Copeia, 1989 (4), 871 - 876.","Schultz, L. P. (1961) Revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112 (3449), 587 - 649.","Gilbert, C. H. (1905) The deep-sea fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 23, 575 - 713. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12624","Baird, R. C. (1971) The systematics, distribution and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 142 (1), 1 - 128.","Harold, A. S. (1990 b) Redescription of Polyipnus fraseri Fowler, 1934 (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae), with remarks on paedomorphosis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103 (3), 509 - 515.","Ahlstrom, E. H., Richards, W. J. & Weitzman, S. H. (1984) Families Gonostomatidae, Sternoptychidae, and associated stomiiform groups: development and relationships. In: Moser, H. G., Richards, W. J., Cohen, D. M., Fahay, M. P., Kendall Jr., A. W. & Richardson, S. L. (Eds.), Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Amerercan Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologist, Special Publication 1, pp. 184 - 198.","Johnson, G. D. & Brothers, E. B. (1993) Schindleria: A paedomorphic goby (Teleostei: Gobioidei). Bulletin of Marine Science, 52, 441 - 471.","Kottelat, M., Britz, R., Hui, T. H. & Witte, K. - E. (2006) Paedocypris, a new genus of Southeast Asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism, comprises the world's smallest vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273 (1589), 895 - 899. http: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3419","Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 501 pp."]}

Polyipnus notatus new species Fig. 2, Table 1 Polyipnus triphanos (non Schultz): Harold, 1994: 495 (in part, CAS 56034 only, and map, fig. 30). Polyipnus triphanos Schultz 1938. In part (USNM 103028, one specimen, 21.2 mm SL, Celebes Sea, P. triphanos paratype). Holotype: USNM 361926 (27.7 mm), 22 ° 17 ’N, 120 ° 21 ’E, South China Sea, SW of Taiwan, (0–) 200 m, 1000– 1200 h, R/V Jen-Ming-Fa, coll. by J. Ta-Ming Wang, 0 5 Feb 1995. Paratypes. (22, 17.6–30.7 mm). ASIZP 62376 (10, 21.8–30.7 mm), 22 ° 44 'N, 120 ° 55 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan. CAS 56034 (10, 17.6 –30.0 mm; one specimen, 29.5 mm, cleared and counter-stained), 22 ° 23 'N 120 ° 25 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan, coll. by Weise Chang, field number WC 18 -XI-83, 18 Nov 1983. USNM 427221 (2, 18.3–26.2 mm), collected with holotype. Non-types. USNM 103028 (1 of 2, 21.2 mm), 0 8 ° 37 ' 45 "N 124 ° 36 ' 45 "E, Celebes Sea, (0–) 488 m, R/V Albatross Sta. 5500, 0 4 Aug 1909, Polyipnus triphanos paratype (17.6 mm specimen in this lot cannot be reliably identified to species). ZMUC P 206962 (1, 28.9 mm), off Batangas, Philippines, 13 ° 32 ’N, 121 ° 21 ’E, 600 mwo, depth 450 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3733 -2, 15 Oct 1929. ZMUC P 206963 (2, 26.5–30.4 mm; 30.4 mm specimen cleared and counter-stained), north of Mindanao, Philippines, 0 9 ° 17 ’N, 123 ° 58 ’E, 600 mwo, depth 1770 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3736 -6, 28 Jun 1929. Diagnosis. Unique pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation, with narrow, distinctly triangular vertical lateral bar extending ventrally of predorsal blade to near midline (Fig. 2), compared with a typically broad lateral pigment bar in the other members of the P. asteroides species group, P. as t e ro i d e s Schultz, 1938, P. bruuni Harold, 1994, P. clarus Harold, 1994, P. l aternat us Garman, 1899, P. po l l i Schultz, 1961, and P. triphanos Schultz, 1938 (Harold, 1994: figs. 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, respectively). Ventral margin of dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2), not arched as in other members of the species group. Very small gap between ACB and ACC photophore clusters in most specimens (mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, range 0.9–3.2 % SL, in specimens greater than 20 mm SL), compared with mean 5.6 left side, 5.5 right side, range 2.4–7.8 % SL in P. triphanos (sensu stricto) and 2.2–5.8 combined range for other members of the P. as t e ro i de s species group. Other characters in combination: ACB photophores 9–10 (7 and 8 observed in 17.6 mm specimen); 7–9 in P. triphanos species complex (Table 2), values of 10 or higher present only in Atlantic species P. asteroides, P. c l ar u s and P. laternatus, and gill rakers 14–15 (16–24 total range for remaining members of group) (Table 3). Description. 23 specimens: (27.7 mm) 17.6–30.7 mm. Maximum observed body size 30.7 mm SL. D (11) 10– 12 [23]. A (18) 17–18 [22]. Posteriormost ray of both dorsal and anal fins divided completely to its base. P (14) 12– 14 [22]. V (7) 6–7 [6]. C 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays. Dorsal adipose fin present. GR (4) 4–5 + (10) 9– 11 = (14) 14–15 [16]. Branchiostegal rays 10 (7 anterior ceratohyal + 3 posterior ceratohyal). Total vertebrae (33) 33–34 [22]. Scales deciduous. Remaining scales thickened and modified in association with photophores. Body profile anterior of dorsal fin and pelvic fin broadly elliptical, although dorsal profile of head from premaxilla to occiput nearly straight, from that point to dorsal-fin origin nearly straight, with a broadly obtuse angle, its apex located at occiput. Profile from dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle nearly straight, but with slight convexity posteriorly; ventral margin of abdomen (PV photophore outline) slightly convex, profile from pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin (ventral margin of VAV photophore scales) slightly convex, profile of anal-fin base gently sinusoidal with slight concavity anteriorly; caudal peduncle slightly elongate and tapered posteriorly. ACB photophores Dorsal-fin Rays Anal-fin Rays Pectoral-fin Rays Vertebrae Orbit slightly ovate, with elongation in anterodorsal to posteroventral direction. Dentition characters based on one cleared and counter-stained specimen (CAS 56034, 29.5 mm): premaxillary teeth uniserial, 39 left and 36 right, conical to slightly recurved; maxillary teeth minute and conical, biserial with 19 left to 22 right teeth in lateral series on margin of bone and about 6 in medial series scattered along length of bone. Ventral margin of dentary gently convex, with lower jaw terminating posteriorly in acute ventrally directed angle. Dentary teeth slightly larger than maxillary teeth, conical to slightly recurved, 14 in main series along length of bone, two additional series of 5 or 6 recurved teeth near symphysis. Palatine teeth 2, anteriormost tooth conical and about half the length of medial premaxillary teeth, posterior tooth about a quarter the length of other tooth (both sides of cleared and stained specimen). Endopterygoid teeth absent. Vomerine teeth about equal in size to medial premaxillary teeth, recurved, 3 on left lateral process, 2 medially, and 2 on right lateral process, no teeth present on elongate posteromedian process. Gill rakers moderately elongate, with 3–5 longitudinal series of minute conical teeth confined to medial and lateral surfaces. Pseudobranch present, with 10 filaments. Parietal crest discontinuous; anterior portion a laterally compressed, sheet-like ridge, posterior region with two conical spines in the median plane, directed anteriorly and posteriorly; gap between anterior and posterior portions of crest variously occluded by ossification. Parietal with small conical spine posteriorly. Posttemporal spine relatively short, (5.9) 4.8–13.1 % HL), acutely triangular, non-serrate, posterodorsally directed. Exserted anteroventral margin of cleithrum (pectoral shield) with three or four posteroventrally-directed small conical spines. Preopercular rami smooth, lacking serration; one short preopercular spine, (3.8) 5.0– 9.8 % HL, in posteroventral angle. Dorsal spinous process with smooth exterior surfaces, terminating posterodorsally in bilateral conical posterodorsally-directed spines. Pelvic (iliac) spine single, acutely triangular but with slight concavity on anterior surface, directed posteroventrally. Anal-fin pterygiophore spine absent, with rounded body of cartilage present only. Gill Rakers Ventral margins of photophore scales lacking spines or denticles. ACA 1 + 2 with # 2 and # 3 highly elevated with respect to # 1. ACB (10) 7–10 [23], 9 or 10 in all but smallest specimen (17.6 mm SL), with dorsal step between # 3 and # 4, very small gap between ACB and ACC, mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, (2.4) 0.9–3.2 % SL in specimens greater than 20 mm SL (Fig. 3), appearing in some specimens as a nearly continuous series from ACB to ACC. OVB 1+1+1, in a V configuration but with anteriormost photophore (#1) elevated with respect to #3. Counts of remaining photophore series/clusters consistent with other species of Polyipnus: BR 6, IP 6, L 1, OP 1+1+1, ORB 1, OVA 3. PV 10, VAV 5. Pigmentation in preservative. Ventral margin of dark brown dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to fin base, not extended ventrally in the form of a saddle (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment with a distinct predorsal inflection or notch extending dorsally towards but not reaching anterior base of dorsal fin; ventral margin of dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to base of fin, not forming a ventrally extended saddle-like pattern. Moderately long, typically acutely triangular (occasionally rounded termination), lateral pigment bar extending ventrally from near anterior portion of predorsal blade, not reaching lateral midline. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment also with areas of concentrated dark chromatophores in series along base of dorsal fin, continuing posteriorly to dorsal surface of caudal peduncle where pigment is most concentrated as a blotch. Dark brown to black chromatophores delineating pattern of body segments, including pleural ribs and posterior myosepta, and passing through lateral midline where pigment is most concentrated, creating effect of midlateral row of pigment spots, most visible in posterior half of body. Other dark pigment associated with glandular portion of photophores and photophore reflectors (modified scales), dorsal margin of orbit, frontal and parietal crests, cheek and opercular region, lateral surface of head immediately posterodorsally to orbit and immediately anterior to external rami of posttemporal, posteriormost ventral margin of lower jaw, and exterior surfaces of eye. Dorsal surface of caudal peduncle with a concentration of dark pigment in the form of a blotch; bases of caudal-fin rays, unpigmented or with only one or two dark chromatophores. Etymology. The specific epithet notatus is a Latin adjective meaning marked, or having been marked, in reference to the distinctive shape of the lateral pigment bar. Distribution. Polyipnus notatus is known almost entirely from collections from off Taiwan in the South China Sea. Other occurrences are restricted to the Celebes Sea (USNM 103028) and two localities off the Philippines (ZMUC P 206962 and ZMUC P 206963). Precise depth of capture is unknown because the specimens were all collected by open tow. Available collection data show the maximum depth of capture to be 200 m for the holotype (USNM 361926), and 450, 488 and 1770 m for the three non-type lots, indicating a position in the upper water column at the transition between the meso- and epipelagic zones.

Polyipnus notatus new species Fig. 2, Table 1 Polyipnus triphanos (non Schultz): Harold, 1994: 495 (in part, CAS 56034 only, and map, fig. 30). Polyipnus triphanos Schultz 1938. In part (USNM 103028, one specimen, 21.2 mm SL, Celebes Sea, P. triphanos paratype). Holotype: USNM 361926 (27.7 mm), 22 �� 17 ���N, 120 �� 21 ���E, South China Sea, SW of Taiwan, (0���) 200 m, 1000��� 1200 h, R/V Jen-Ming-Fa, coll. by J. Ta-Ming Wang, 0 5 Feb 1995. Paratypes. (22, 17.6���30.7 mm). ASIZP 62376 (10, 21.8���30.7 mm), 22 �� 44 'N, 120 �� 55 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan. CAS 56034 (10, 17.6 ���30.0 mm; one specimen, 29.5 mm, cleared and counter-stained), 22 �� 23 'N 120 �� 25 'E, South China Sea, off Tungkang, Taiwan, coll. by Weise Chang, field number WC 18 -XI-83, 18 Nov 1983. USNM 427221 (2, 18.3���26.2 mm), collected with holotype. Non-types. USNM 103028 (1 of 2, 21.2 mm), 0 8 �� 37 ' 45 "N 124 �� 36 ' 45 "E, Celebes Sea, (0���) 488 m, R/V Albatross Sta. 5500, 0 4 Aug 1909, Polyipnus triphanos paratype (17.6 mm specimen in this lot cannot be reliably identified to species). ZMUC P 206962 (1, 28.9 mm), off Batangas, Philippines, 13 �� 32 ���N, 121 �� 21 ���E, 600 mwo, depth 450 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3733 -2, 15 Oct 1929. ZMUC P 206963 (2, 26.5���30.4 mm; 30.4 mm specimen cleared and counter-stained), north of Mindanao, Philippines, 0 9 �� 17 ���N, 123 �� 58 ���E, 600 mwo, depth 1770 m, R/V Dana, Sta. 3736 -6, 28 Jun 1929. Diagnosis. Unique pattern of dark dorsal pigmentation, with narrow, distinctly triangular vertical lateral bar extending ventrally of predorsal blade to near midline (Fig. 2), compared with a typically broad lateral pigment bar in the other members of the P. asteroides species group, P. as t e ro i d e s Schultz, 1938, P. bruuni Harold, 1994, P. clarus Harold, 1994, P. l aternat us Garman, 1899, P. po l l i Schultz, 1961, and P. triphanos Schultz, 1938 (Harold, 1994: figs. 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, respectively). Ventral margin of dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2), not arched as in other members of the species group. Very small gap between ACB and ACC photophore clusters in most specimens (mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, range 0.9���3.2 % SL, in specimens greater than 20 mm SL), compared with mean 5.6 left side, 5.5 right side, range 2.4���7.8 % SL in P. triphanos (sensu stricto) and 2.2���5.8 combined range for other members of the P. as t e ro i de s species group. Other characters in combination: ACB photophores 9���10 (7 and 8 observed in 17.6 mm specimen); 7���9 in P. triphanos species complex (Table 2), values of 10 or higher present only in Atlantic species P. asteroides, P. c l ar u s and P. laternatus, and gill rakers 14���15 (16���24 total range for remaining members of group) (Table 3). Description. 23 specimens: (27.7 mm) 17.6���30.7 mm. Maximum observed body size 30.7 mm SL. D (11) 10��� 12 [23]. A (18) 17���18 [22]. Posteriormost ray of both dorsal and anal fins divided completely to its base. P (14) 12��� 14 [22]. V (7) 6���7 [6]. C 10 dorsal and 9 ventral segmented rays. Dorsal adipose fin present. GR (4) 4���5 + (10) 9��� 11 = (14) 14���15 [16]. Branchiostegal rays 10 (7 anterior ceratohyal + 3 posterior ceratohyal). Total vertebrae (33) 33���34 [22]. Scales deciduous. Remaining scales thickened and modified in association with photophores. Body profile anterior of dorsal fin and pelvic fin broadly elliptical, although dorsal profile of head from premaxilla to occiput nearly straight, from that point to dorsal-fin origin nearly straight, with a broadly obtuse angle, its apex located at occiput. Profile from dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle nearly straight, but with slight convexity posteriorly; ventral margin of abdomen (PV photophore outline) slightly convex, profile from pelvic-fin base to anal-fin origin (ventral margin of VAV photophore scales) slightly convex, profile of anal-fin base gently sinusoidal with slight concavity anteriorly; caudal peduncle slightly elongate and tapered posteriorly. ACB photophores Dorsal-fin Rays Anal-fin Rays Pectoral-fin Rays Vertebrae Orbit slightly ovate, with elongation in anterodorsal to posteroventral direction. Dentition characters based on one cleared and counter-stained specimen (CAS 56034, 29.5 mm): premaxillary teeth uniserial, 39 left and 36 right, conical to slightly recurved; maxillary teeth minute and conical, biserial with 19 left to 22 right teeth in lateral series on margin of bone and about 6 in medial series scattered along length of bone. Ventral margin of dentary gently convex, with lower jaw terminating posteriorly in acute ventrally directed angle. Dentary teeth slightly larger than maxillary teeth, conical to slightly recurved, 14 in main series along length of bone, two additional series of 5 or 6 recurved teeth near symphysis. Palatine teeth 2, anteriormost tooth conical and about half the length of medial premaxillary teeth, posterior tooth about a quarter the length of other tooth (both sides of cleared and stained specimen). Endopterygoid teeth absent. Vomerine teeth about equal in size to medial premaxillary teeth, recurved, 3 on left lateral process, 2 medially, and 2 on right lateral process, no teeth present on elongate posteromedian process. Gill rakers moderately elongate, with 3���5 longitudinal series of minute conical teeth confined to medial and lateral surfaces. Pseudobranch present, with 10 filaments. Parietal crest discontinuous; anterior portion a laterally compressed, sheet-like ridge, posterior region with two conical spines in the median plane, directed anteriorly and posteriorly; gap between anterior and posterior portions of crest variously occluded by ossification. Parietal with small conical spine posteriorly. Posttemporal spine relatively short, (5.9) 4.8���13.1 % HL), acutely triangular, non-serrate, posterodorsally directed. Exserted anteroventral margin of cleithrum (pectoral shield) with three or four posteroventrally-directed small conical spines. Preopercular rami smooth, lacking serration; one short preopercular spine, (3.8) 5.0��� 9.8 % HL, in posteroventral angle. Dorsal spinous process with smooth exterior surfaces, terminating posterodorsally in bilateral conical posterodorsally-directed spines. Pelvic (iliac) spine single, acutely triangular but with slight concavity on anterior surface, directed posteroventrally. Anal-fin pterygiophore spine absent, with rounded body of cartilage present only. Gill Rakers Ventral margins of photophore scales lacking spines or denticles. ACA 1 + 2 with # 2 and # 3 highly elevated with respect to # 1. ACB (10) 7���10 [23], 9 or 10 in all but smallest specimen (17.6 mm SL), with dorsal step between # 3 and # 4, very small gap between ACB and ACC, mean 1.9 left side, 1.8 right side, (2.4) 0.9���3.2 % SL in specimens greater than 20 mm SL (Fig. 3), appearing in some specimens as a nearly continuous series from ACB to ACC. OVB 1+1+1, in a V configuration but with anteriormost photophore (#1) elevated with respect to #3. Counts of remaining photophore series/clusters consistent with other species of Polyipnus: BR 6, IP 6, L 1, OP 1+1+1, ORB 1, OVA 3. PV 10, VAV 5. Pigmentation in preservative. Ventral margin of dark brown dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to fin base, not extended ventrally in the form of a saddle (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment with a distinct predorsal inflection or notch extending dorsally towards but not reaching anterior base of dorsal fin; ventral margin of dorsal pigment below dorsal fin nearly parallel to base of fin, not forming a ventrally extended saddle-like pattern. Moderately long, typically acutely triangular (occasionally rounded termination), lateral pigment bar extending ventrally from near anterior portion of predorsal blade, not reaching lateral midline. Ventral margin of dark dorsal pigment anterior of lateral pigment bar nearly straight and horizontal (Fig. 2). Dorsal pigment also with areas of concentrated dark chromatophores in series along base of dorsal fin, continuing posteriorly to dorsal surface of caudal peduncle where pigment is most concentrated as a blotch. Dark brown to black chromatophores delineating pattern of body segments, including pleural ribs and posterior myosepta, and passing through lateral midline where pigment is most concentrated, creating effect of midlateral row of pigment spots, most visible in posterior half of body. Other dark pigment associated with glandular portion of photophores and photophore reflectors (modified scales), dorsal margin of orbit, frontal and parietal crests, cheek and opercular region, lateral surface of head immediately posterodorsally to orbit and immediately anterior to external rami of posttemporal, posteriormost ventral margin of lower jaw, and exterior surfaces of eye. Dorsal surface of caudal peduncle with a concentration of dark pigment in the form of a blotch; bases of caudal-fin rays, unpigmented or with only one or two dark chromatophores. Etymology. The specific epithet notatus is a Latin adjective meaning marked, or having been marked, in reference to the distinctive shape of the lateral pigment bar. Distribution. Polyipnus notatus is known almost entirely from collections from off Taiwan in the South China Sea. Other occurrences are restricted to the Celebes Sea (USNM 103028) and two localities off the Philippines (ZMUC P 206962 and ZMUC P 206963). Precise depth of capture is unknown because the specimens were all collected by open tow. Available collection data show the maximum depth of capture to be 200 m for the holotype (USNM 361926), and 450, 488 and 1770 m for the three non-type lots, indicating a position in the upper water column at the transition between the meso- and epipelagic zones., Published as part of Harold, Antony S., Kemp, Iris M. & Shore, Sarah K., 2016, A new species of Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) from the western Pacific, with comments on the P. triphanos species complex, pp. 555-564 in Zootaxa 4111 (5) on pages 556-562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/256215, {"references":["Harold, A. S. (1994) A taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54 (2), 428 - 524.","Schultz, L. P. (1938) Review of the fishes of the genera Polyipnus and Argyropelecus (Family Sternoptychidae), with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 86, 135 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.86 - 3047.135","Schultz, L. P. (1961) Revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes (Family Sternoptychidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 587 - 649. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.112 - 3449.587"]}

Polyipnus polli Schultz, 1961 – No common name; ②③, Published as part of Carneiro, Miguel, Martins, Rogélia, Landi, Monica & Costa, Filipe O., 2014, Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf, pp. 1-73 in European Journal of Taxonomy 73 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.73, http://zenodo.org/record/3866515

Polyipnus sp. (Fig. 1 I) Material examined. 801 specimens (17.5 ���43.0 mm SL); MNRJ 30127, 775 (17.5���34.7 mm), D-0396; MNRJ 30137, 2(33.3���37.2 mm), E-0495; MNRJ 30145, 5(29.0��� 38.2 mm), E-0515; MNRJ 30148, 17(33.9 ���43.0 mm), E-0521; MNRJ 30150, 2(32.3 ���33.0 mm), E-0522. Additional material. 2 specimens (18.1���18.2 mm SL): USU 0 1379, 2(18.1���18.2 mm), MD-55, 19�� 34 ���S, 38 �� 55 ���W, 29.v. 1987. Diagnosis. Specimens examined most likely belong to an undescribed species, which will be dealt in detail in a subsequent paper. Distribution. Known only off eastern Brazil, between 11 �� and 19 ��S, at depths from 360 to 1275 m. Remarks. These specimens represent the first record of genus Polyipnus from the western South Atlantic. Polyipnus sp. is very similar to Polyipnus laternatus Garman 1899 from the western North Atlantic, but differs from that species by the number of gill-rakers (19���21 [19] vs. 16���19 [18]); photophores in the AN series (6���10 [10] vs. 11���13 [11]); and post-temporal spine length (6.6���11.7 vs. 5.7���8.6 % SL) (Harold 1994). Two specimens reported by S��ret & Andreata (1992) as Argyropelecus aculeatus (USU 01379) were also examined and have been re-identified as Polyipnus sp., Published as part of Lima, Adriano T., Costa, Paulo A. S., Braga, Adriana C., Nunan, Gustavo W. A. & Mincarone, Michael M., 2011, Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11 �� and 23 �� S, pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 2742 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206673, {"references":["Harold, A. S. (1994) A taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus Polyipnus (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54 (2), 428 - 534.","Seret, B. & Andreata, J. V. (1992) Deep-sea fishes collected during the oceanographic cruise MD- 55 off Brazil. Cybium, 16 (1), 81 - 100."]}

Polyipnus sp. (Fig. 1 I) Material examined. 801 specimens (17.5 –43.0 mm SL); MNRJ 30127, 775 (17.5–34.7 mm), D-0396; MNRJ 30137, 2(33.3–37.2 mm), E-0495; MNRJ 30145, 5(29.0– 38.2 mm), E-0515; MNRJ 30148, 17(33.9 –43.0 mm), E-0521; MNRJ 30150, 2(32.3 –33.0 mm), E-0522. Additional material. 2 specimens (18.1–18.2 mm SL): USU 0 1379, 2(18.1–18.2 mm), MD-55, 19° 34 ’S, 38 ° 55 ’W, 29.v. 1987. Diagnosis. Specimens examined most likely belong to an undescribed species, which will be dealt in detail in a subsequent paper. Distribution. Known only off eastern Brazil, between 11 ° and 19 °S, at depths from 360 to 1275 m. Remarks. These specimens represent the first record of genus Polyipnus from the western South Atlantic. Polyipnus sp. is very similar to Polyipnus laternatus Garman 1899 from the western North Atlantic, but differs from that species by the number of gill-rakers (19–21 [19] vs. 16–19 [18]); photophores in the AN series (6–10 [10] vs. 11–13 [11]); and post-temporal spine length (6.6–11.7 vs. 5.7–8.6 % SL) (Harold 1994). Two specimens reported by Séret & Andreata (1992) as Argyropelecus aculeatus (USU 01379) were also examined and have been re-identified as Polyipnus sp.