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Poecillastra macquariensis Kelly & Cárdenas sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 78B12A37-93E0-4CA9-9317-81F835B112FE Fig. 5 Etymology Named for the type location of this species, the Macquarie Ridge. Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Seamount 5, Macquarie Ridge, NIWA Station TAN0803/48; 51.096° S, 161.976° E; depth 462–524 m; 4 Apr. 2008; NIWA 52640 leg.; epibenthic sled; NIWA. Description Solid stalk of sponge of unknown morphology, 15 mm in diameter, 20 mm high, expanding on the broken, upper surface, sides of stalk sculpted, attachment base contains patches of substrate (Fig. 5A). Surface hispid and scratchy to the touch; texture firm, incompressible. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Stalk composed of huge swathes of contort oxeas and triaenes between which are abundant microscleres. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 5 D–E) Abundant contort to sinuous oxeas (Fig. 5D) with slightly rounded tips, 3725(2125‾5750) × 53(30‾70) µm; medium-shafted triaenes (Fig. 5E), rhabd slightly curved, tapering to a sharp tip, 852(550‾1225) µm, clads of slightly uneven length, slightly curved downwards, 578(450‾680) µm, overall cladome width, about 900‾1360 µm long, ranging to pseudocalthrops. Broken true oxeas are evident but unmeasurable. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 5 B–C, F–G) Microxeas (Fig. 5 B–C), straight to slightly curved, roughened, abundant, 332(260‾420) × 7(5‾8) µm, n = 20; plesiasters (Fig. 5F), with 3‾5 microspined blunt-tipped rays, overall 67(50‾100), ray length 37(25‾60) µm, n = 10; metaster- to amphiaster- to spiraster-like streptasters (Fig. 5G), with long, microspined rays, abundant, 19(15‾20) µm long. Distribution Macquarie Ridge. Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached to rock substrate; depth 462– 524 m. Remarks The specimen is the attachment base of a sponge of unknown morphology, but it clearly differs from the holotype of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in having a very hispid, crisp, scratchy surface, indicating a reduction of the ectosomal crust of microscleres, and the abundance of large megascleres. It is similar to Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in the possession of abundant contort oxeas in the stalk, but differs in the lack of straight oxeas in the stalk and the much larger dimensions of all the spicules: the contort oxeas are up to 2000 µm longer, on average, in Poecillastra macquariensis sp. nov., and the triaenes are about double the size of those in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov., and much more abundant, the microxeas are about ten times larger, and the sponge contains plesiasters, absent in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. Because our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable (see above), we have made the decision to record and name this second Poecillastra species, despite our lack of information on the body shape, and because surface texture, spicule types and dimensions are so different from those of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov.

Poecillastra ducitriaena Kelly & Cárdenas sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E3C570FA-832A-4FDB-97D3-5CDA250A3797 Figs 1, 4, 6 Etymology Named for the possession of triaenes in addition to the apparent spiculation of Lamellomorpha, and their guide to the phylogenetic origins of this species (‘ duci -’ in the sense of a guide). Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND • Subantarctic region of New Zealand, east of Snares Island Platform, NIWA Station TRIP3072 /8; 48.5° S, 168.0° E; depth 125–213 m; 21 Oct. 2010; NIWA 61944 leg.; fish bottom trawl; UPSZTY 178604 (a small piece of the holotype preserved in 70% ethanol, as well as a spicule preparation), NIWA. Type locality Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Snares Island Platform, depth 125– 213 m. Description Multilamellate, foliose, fan sponge (Fig. 4A), 160 mm high, 104 mm wide, with a short thick stalk about 2 cm thick. Lamella up to 2 cm thick in places, attenuating to curled margins. Oscules were not visible on the holotype. Cribriporal pore areas are widespread between parallel tangential tracts of oxeas; individual pores 80–160 µm in diameter, on both sides of the lamella. Texture firm, compressible, flexible, granular and smooth to the touch. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Choanosome composed of huge swathes of long straight oxeas, radiating through the lamella, terminating below the surface (Fig. 6E). Contort oxeas are found in the stalk. Ectosome, relatively thick, packed with microxeas and perforated by ostia. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 4 B–C) Oxeas with long fine attenuated tips, 1725(1150‾2271) × 16(8‾22) µm; contort oxeas in the stalk, 1801(1095‾2671) × 13(5‾17) µm; short-shafted triaenes, relatively uncommon, rhabd straight, attenuating, 290(260‾300) µm, clads curved or acutely bent, occasionally with bifurcating tips, 232(200‾250) µm, cladome width 400‾500 µm long. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 4 D–F) Microxeas, heavily microspined, sometimes faintly centrotylote and acutely centrally bent, sharp ended, abundant, 38(28‾46) × 3(2‾4) µm; metaster- to amphiaster-like streptasters with long, microspined rays, rare, 8(5‾12) µm long; spirasters with dense, short rays, rare, 5‾7 µm long. Distribution East of Snares Island Platform. Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached by a thick stalk to sediment covered rocky substrate, depth 125‾ 213 m. DNA barcodes COI. Holotype (MK033626); 28 bp difference with the COI of L. strongylata; 24 bp difference with the COI of Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) (HM592675). 28S (C1-C2). Holotype (MK 033144); 5 bp difference with the 28S (C1-C2) of L. strongylata; 3 bp difference with the 28S (C1-C2) of Poecillastra compressa (HM592757). Remarks This remarkable sponge was first identified as a third species of Lamellomorpha, as it appeared to have an almost identical form (stalked, multilamellar fan), a megasclere complement of straight and contort oxeas (more or less restricted to the stalk), small centrotylote microxeas, and metasters (albeit rare). Because the short-shafted triaenes were relatively uncommon, it was initially hypothesised that this was a species of Lamellomorpha with rudimentary triaenes that ‘showed the way’ to the true affinity of the genus with other triaene-bearing Tetractinellida. However, molecular sequencing consistently linked Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. with other Poecillastra species (Fig. 7). Despite its consistency with two independent markers, we note that this grouping is not supported (bootstrap of 60 for COI, of 10 with 28S). This may be due to the absence of other subantarctic Poecillastra species in our sampling which Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. may be closer to (P. Cárdenas, unpublished results). Although not fully documented (Kelly et al. 2009), our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable and includes what we consider to be Poecillastra laminaris (Sollas, 1886) (Zeng et al. 2016) and Poecillastra schulzei (Sollas, 1886). While several undescribed species are known from the New Zealand EEZ, no specimens are known that contain the characteristic contort oxeas of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov.

Poecillastra macquariensis Kelly & C��rdenas sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 78B12A37-93E0-4CA9-9317-81F835B112FE Fig. 5 Etymology Named for the type location of this species, the Macquarie Ridge. Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND ��� Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Seamount 5, Macquarie Ridge, NIWA Station TAN0803/48; 51.096�� S, 161.976�� E; depth 462���524 m; 4 Apr. 2008; NIWA 52640 leg.; epibenthic sled; NIWA. Description Solid stalk of sponge of unknown morphology, 15 mm in diameter, 20 mm high, expanding on the broken, upper surface, sides of stalk sculpted, attachment base contains patches of substrate (Fig. 5A). Surface hispid and scratchy to the touch; texture firm, incompressible. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Stalk composed of huge swathes of contort oxeas and triaenes between which are abundant microscleres. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 5 D���E) Abundant contort to sinuous oxeas (Fig. 5D) with slightly rounded tips, 3725(2125���5750) �� 53(30���70) ��m; medium-shafted triaenes (Fig. 5E), rhabd slightly curved, tapering to a sharp tip, 852(550���1225) ��m, clads of slightly uneven length, slightly curved downwards, 578(450���680) ��m, overall cladome width, about 900���1360 ��m long, ranging to pseudocalthrops. Broken true oxeas are evident but unmeasurable. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 5 B���C, F���G) Microxeas (Fig. 5 B���C), straight to slightly curved, roughened, abundant, 332(260���420) �� 7(5���8) ��m, n = 20; plesiasters (Fig. 5F), with 3���5 microspined blunt-tipped rays, overall 67(50���100), ray length 37(25���60) ��m, n = 10; metaster- to amphiaster- to spiraster-like streptasters (Fig. 5G), with long, microspined rays, abundant, 19(15���20) ��m long. Distribution Macquarie Ridge. Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached to rock substrate; depth 462��� 524 m. Remarks The specimen is the attachment base of a sponge of unknown morphology, but it clearly differs from the holotype of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in having a very hispid, crisp, scratchy surface, indicating a reduction of the ectosomal crust of microscleres, and the abundance of large megascleres. It is similar to Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. in the possession of abundant contort oxeas in the stalk, but differs in the lack of straight oxeas in the stalk and the much larger dimensions of all the spicules: the contort oxeas are up to 2000 ��m longer, on average, in Poecillastra macquariensis sp. nov., and the triaenes are about double the size of those in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov., and much more abundant, the microxeas are about ten times larger, and the sponge contains plesiasters, absent in Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. Because our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable (see above), we have made the decision to record and name this second Poecillastra species, despite our lack of information on the body shape, and because surface texture, spicule types and dimensions are so different from those of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov., Published as part of Kelly, Michelle, C��rdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike & Bell, Lori J., 2019, Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 506 on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506, http://zenodo.org/record/2612959

Poecillastra ducitriaena Kelly & C��rdenas sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E3C570FA-832A-4FDB-97D3-5CDA250A3797 Figs 1, 4, 6 Etymology Named for the possession of triaenes in addition to the apparent spiculation of Lamellomorpha, and their guide to the phylogenetic origins of this species (��� duci -��� in the sense of a guide). Type material Holotype NEW ZEALAND ��� Subantarctic region of New Zealand, east of Snares Island Platform, NIWA Station TRIP3072 /8; 48.5�� S, 168.0�� E; depth 125���213 m; 21 Oct. 2010; NIWA 61944 leg.; fish bottom trawl; UPSZTY 178604 (a small piece of the holotype preserved in 70% ethanol, as well as a spicule preparation), NIWA. Type locality Subantarctic region of New Zealand, Snares Island Platform, depth 125��� 213 m. Description Multilamellate, foliose, fan sponge (Fig. 4A), 160 mm high, 104 mm wide, with a short thick stalk about 2 cm thick. Lamella up to 2 cm thick in places, attenuating to curled margins. Oscules were not visible on the holotype. Cribriporal pore areas are widespread between parallel tangential tracts of oxeas; individual pores 80���160 ��m in diameter, on both sides of the lamella. Texture firm, compressible, flexible, granular and smooth to the touch. Colour in preservative tan. Skeleton Choanosome composed of huge swathes of long straight oxeas, radiating through the lamella, terminating below the surface (Fig. 6E). Contort oxeas are found in the stalk. Ectosome, relatively thick, packed with microxeas and perforated by ostia. Spicules MEGASCLERES (Fig. 4 B���C) Oxeas with long fine attenuated tips, 1725(1150���2271) �� 16(8���22) ��m; contort oxeas in the stalk, 1801(1095���2671) �� 13(5���17) ��m; short-shafted triaenes, relatively uncommon, rhabd straight, attenuating, 290(260���300) ��m, clads curved or acutely bent, occasionally with bifurcating tips, 232(200���250) ��m, cladome width 400���500 ��m long. MICROSCLERES (Fig. 4 D���F) Microxeas, heavily microspined, sometimes faintly centrotylote and acutely centrally bent, sharp ended, abundant, 38(28���46) �� 3(2���4) ��m; metaster- to amphiaster-like streptasters with long, microspined rays, rare, 8(5���12) ��m long; spirasters with dense, short rays, rare, 5���7 ��m long. Distribution East of Snares Island Platform. Substrate, depth range and ecology Attached by a thick stalk to sediment covered rocky substrate, depth 125��� 213 m. DNA barcodes COI. Holotype (MK033626); 28 bp difference with the COI of L. strongylata; 24 bp difference with the COI of Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) (HM592675). 28S (C1-C2). Holotype (MK 033144); 5 bp difference with the 28S (C1-C2) of L. strongylata; 3 bp difference with the 28S (C1-C2) of Poecillastra compressa (HM592757). Remarks This remarkable sponge was first identified as a third species of Lamellomorpha, as it appeared to have an almost identical form (stalked, multilamellar fan), a megasclere complement of straight and contort oxeas (more or less restricted to the stalk), small centrotylote microxeas, and metasters (albeit rare). Because the short-shafted triaenes were relatively uncommon, it was initially hypothesised that this was a species of Lamellomorpha with rudimentary triaenes that ���showed the way��� to the true affinity of the genus with other triaene-bearing Tetractinellida. However, molecular sequencing consistently linked Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. with other Poecillastra species (Fig. 7). Despite its consistency with two independent markers, we note that this grouping is not supported (bootstrap of 60 for COI, of 10 with 28S). This may be due to the absence of other subantarctic Poecillastra species in our sampling which Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov. may be closer to (P. C��rdenas, unpublished results). Although not fully documented (Kelly et al. 2009), our knowledge of Poecillastra in the New Zealand region is reasonable and includes what we consider to be Poecillastra laminaris (Sollas, 1886) (Zeng et al. 2016) and Poecillastra schulzei (Sollas, 1886). While several undescribed species are known from the New Zealand EEZ, no specimens are known that contain the characteristic contort oxeas of Poecillastra ducitriaena sp. nov., Published as part of Kelly, Michelle, C��rdenas, Paco, Rush, Nicola, Sim-Smith, Carina, Macpherson, Diana, Page, Mike & Bell, Lori J., 2019, Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 506 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.506, http://zenodo.org/record/2612959, {"references":["Kelly M., Edwards A. R., Wilkinson M. R., Alvarez B., Cook S. de C., Bergquist P. R., Buckeridge St. J., Campbell H. J., Reiswig H. M., Valentine C. & Vacelet J. 2009. Phylum Porifera: Sponges. In: Gordon D. P. (ed.) New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia: 23 - 46. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch."]}

Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) (Figure 11���13, Table 4) Synonymy. Ecionemia compressa Bowerbank, 1866: Bowerbank 1866, p. 55; Bowerbank 1874, p. 19. Pachastrella compressa: von Lendenfeld 1903 p. 76; Babi�� 1922, p. 284; Russ & R��tzler 1959, p. 759; Sar�� 1964, p. 304; L��vi 1967, p. 244. Poecillastra compressa: Sollas, 1888 p. 98; Topsent 1890 a, p. 203; Topsent 1894, p. 384; Topsent 1904, p. 89; Ferrer- Hern��ndez 1912, p. 586; Topsent 1913 a, p. 12; Stephens 1915, p. 14; Topsent 1928, p. 131; Burton 1930, p. 487; Burton 1931, p. 2; Burton 1932, p. 263; L��vi & Vacelet 1958, p. 229; Burton 1959 b, p. 8; Burdon-Jones & Tambs-Lyche 1960, p. 6; Vacelet 1961, p. 23; Vacelet 1969, p. 167; Uriz 1981, p. 45; Pulitzer-Finali 1983, p. 471; Pansini 1987 a, p. 157; Pansini 1987 b, p. 43; Pansini & Musso 1991, Table 2; Maldonado 1992, p. 1133; Boury-Esnault et al. 1994, p. 47; Chombard et al. 1998, p. 355; Maldonado 2002, p. 154; Voultsiadou 2005, p. 57; Longo et al. 2005, p. 1343; van Soest et al. 2007, p. 129; C��rdenas et al. 2010, Table 1; C��rdenas et al. 2011, Table S 1; Bo et al. 2012. ? Poecillastra compressa parvistellata Topsent, 1913 b: Topsent 1913 b, p. 611. ? Poecillastra compressa antarctica Koltun, 1964: Koltun 1964, p. 18. Poecillastra compressa compressa Koltun, 1966: Koltun 1966, p. 32. Poecilastra compressa (misspelling): K��nnecker 1973, p. 455, Table II. Hymeniacidon placentula Bowerbank, 1874: Bowerbank 1874, pp. 185, 189, 353. Normania crassa Bowerbank, 1874: Bowerbank 1874, p. 258; Bowerbank 1882, p. 29. Stelletta scabra Schmidt, 1868: Schmidt 1868, p. 19. Poecillastra scabra: Sollas 1888, p. 99. ? Normania crassiuscula Sollas, 1886: Sollas 1886, p. 185. ? Poecillastra crassiuscula: Sollas 1888, p. 83; Topsent 1892, p. 37. ? Poecillastra incrustans Sollas, 1888: Sollas 1888, p. 105; Topsent 1913 b, p. 610. Poecillastra fragilis Vosmaer, 1894: Vosmaer 1894, p. 285. Poecillastra cumana Vosmaer, 1894: Vosmaer 1894, p. 286. Pachastrella stylifera von Lendenfeld, 1897: von Lendenfeld 1897, p. 82. Pachastrella tenuipilosa von Lendenfeld, 1907: von Lendenfeld 1907, p. 234. Not Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866): Boury-Esnault & van Beveren 1982, p. 19 = Poecillastra schulzei (Sollas, 1888) (this study). Material. ZMBN 77932, Steinneset, Langenuen, western Norway, 59 �� 53 'N, 05�� 3 'E, 175 - 25 m, triangular dredge; ZMBN 87919, Sognesj��en, north of Jutevikneset, Western Norway, 61 ��05.8'N, 5 ��05'E, 240���243 m, shrimp trawl; NTNU-VM 54879, three specimens, T��mmerdalen, Trondheimsfjorden, western Norway, 63 �� 36 ' 46.8 ''N, 10 �� 35 ' 20.4 ''E, 200���250 m; ZMBN 85246, R��st Reef, northern Norway, 450 m, van Veen Grab; ZMBN 85247, R��st Reef, northern Norway, 252���299 m, manned-submersible; ZMBN 85248, Traenadjupet, northern Norway, 320 m, large box corer. Comparative material examined. Poecillastra compressa, ZMBN 86300, Rockall Bank, 55 �� 26 ' 40.6 ''N, 16 �� 4 ' 18.4 ''W, field # BX 173 -B 2005, 629 m; ZMAPOR 7290, Ilh��us do Rombo, Cape Verde, 580 m; ZMAPOR 6661, off Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, 500 m; ZMAPOR 4457, Grand Bassam, Ivory Coast; MNHN-DCL 682, slide, South Africa, 37 �� 53.3 'S, 17 �� 30 'E, 309 m. Poecillastra schulzei, MNHN-DNBE 1055, slide made from holotype BMNH- 1889: 1: 1:34, 52��04���S, 71 �� 22 ���E, near Heard Island on the Kerguelen Plateau; MNHN-DNBE 1280���1300, slides, originally identified as P. compressa (Boury-Esnault & van Beveren 1982), Kerguelen Islands, 172��� 315 m. Outer morphology. ZMBN 77932 is a massive fan-shaped fragment 9 cm wide, 9 cm high and 1 cm thick (Fig. 11 A). External color and choanosome of specimen alive and in ethanol was grayish. Northern Norway specimens (Fig. 11 D) were white, whitish or yellowish, and either fan-shaped or massive encrusting on dead parts of the coral Lophelia pertusa. Specimens are compressible. Surface is regular and slightly hispid, northern Norway specimens were more hispid than the other specimens examined. There is no visible cortex. In ZMBN 77932, uniporal oscules (0.5���1.2 mm) with a conspicuous sphincter are found on the concave side of the plate and cribriporal pores on the other (each cribriporal area has a diameter of ca 2 mm). In ZMBN 85246, this arrangement is reversed: pores are on the concave side (Fig. 11 D). Skeleton (Fig. 11 B). Very thin cortex (23���45 ��m) that is barely visible to the naked eye: accumulation of spirasters/metasters reinforced by paratangential triaenes, oxeas and microxeas. The cortex is crossed by some oxeas I and II; they are responsible of the local hispidity. Ortho/dichotriaenes and deformed triaenes are present, more or less positioned radially with their cladomes tangential to the cortex. There are very few triaenes in the choanosome. Apart from bundles of oxeas mainly parallel to the surface, the arrangement of the spicules in the choanosome is confused. The position of microxeas is random. Streptasters are abundant and can be found in the whole choanosome. Oxeas II are absent in the choanosome. Spicules (ZMBN 77932) (Fig. 12). (a) oxeas I, stout, most are curved, sometimes modified to styles, length: 409- 1068.4 - 2256 ��m; width: 7.0- 17.4 -33.0 ��m. (b) oxeas II, thin and pointy, bent or straight, length: more than 1200 ��m; width: 2.5- 2.7 -5.0 ��m. (c) ortho- and dicho- short-shafted triaenes (= pseudocalthrops), often irregular with deformities such as additional clads, rhabdome length: 223- 297.3 - 420 ��m (N= 16); rhabdome width: 16.0- 20.0 -25.0 ��m (N= 16); clad length: 146.0- 221.8 -297.0 ��m (N= 16). (d) microxeas, in high numbers, microspiny, straight or bent, rarely centrotylote, length: 141- 184.2 - 211 ��m; width: 2.5- 4.5 -6.0 ��m. (e) spiraster (most abundant) to metaster, microspiny actines, length: 11.5- 16.3 -23.0 ��m; width: 9.0- 12.6 -21.0 ��m. (f) plesiaster, 4-8 actines, microspiny actines, diameter: 22.0- 36.9 -51.0 ��m. Distribution (Fig. 13). NEA: Iceland (Burton 1959 b); Norway (Topsent 1913 b; Burton 1930; 1931; Burdon- Jones & Tambs-Lyche 1960); Shetland and Hebrides Islands (Bowerbank 1866; 1874; von Lendenfeld 1907); Rockall bank (von Lendenfeld 1897); Porcupine Bank (van Soest et al. 2007); Ireland (Stephens 1915; K��nnecker 1973); France (Topsent 1890 a); Spain (Ferrer-Hern��ndez 1912); Ibero-Moroccan Gulf (Boury-Esnault et al. 1994); Azores Islands (Topsent 1904; Topsent 1928; L��vi & Vacelet 1958); Canary Islands (Topsent 1928); Cape verde (Sollas 1888, as P. crassiuscula); Mauritania and Ivory Coast (this study). Mediterranean Sea: Spain (Topsent 1894; Uriz 1981); Alboran Islands (Pansini 1987 a; Maldonado 1992); France (Vacelet 1969); Corsica (Vacelet 1961); Italy (Russ & R��tzler 1959; Sar�� 1964; Pulitzer-Finali 1983; Pansini & Musso 1991; Longo et al. 2005); Adriatic Sea (Babi�� 1922; Pansini 1987 b; Bo et al. in press); Aegean Sea (Voultsiadou 2005); Algeria (Schmidt, 1868, as Stelletta scabra). South Atlantic: Gough Island (Topsent 1913 b, as P. compressa var. parvistella, as P. incrustans), Tristan da Cunha (Sollas 1888, as P. incrustans; Burton 1932), South Africa (L��vi 1967). Depth. 0 (in a cave, Gulf of Naples)��� 1740 m (Topsent 1928; S��ra 1964). Discussion. Spicules of ZMBN 77932 are identical to those of the holotype, illustrated by Maldonado (2002). The occasional presence of styles in this species had already been noticed (von Lendenfeld 1897; Topsent 1928). There is however, one important difference: the presence of a second category of oxeas in ZMBN 77932. These are not characteristic of the Norwegian population since we found similar ectosomal oxeas II in the specimen from Mauritania (ZMAPOR 06661). According to Maldonado (2002), the main difference between P. schulzei from the southern Indian Ocean and P. compressa is a second category of oxea in P. schulzei: isodiametric ectosomal oxeas. Since we found those in P. compressa from Norway, this difference does not stand anymore. However, we suggest here a new difference to discriminate both species: when we examined spicule slides of P. s c h u l z e i (including the holotype), we noted that microxeas were often sharply bent or even toxa-like; this was never observed in P. compressa. Therefore, the holotype of P. s c h u l z e i should be carefully reexamined for such new specific characters, as well as its possible synonyms from the Indo-Pacific: Poecillastra laminaris (Sollas, 1886) and Poecillastra eccentrica Dendy & Burton, 1926 (Maldonado 2002). Oxeas II are easy to overlook because they are only found at the surface, and may be easily scraped off during collection. Molecular data suggest that Vulcanella spp. and P. compressa are sister-groups (C��rdenas et al. 2011). We can therefore argue that these oxeas II are homologous to the atrial oxeas of Vulcanella, since they share a similar morphology and position. Indeed, these thin and long oxeas are often found around the oscule area of Poecillastra species (e.i. on the fringe of the plate specimens); this is especially striking in young specimens which can have long fringes around a few oscules (Rockall Bank specimen), making them look like Vulcanella gracilis (Sollas, 1888). Following this, we can suggest that the atrial area of Vulcanella is homologous to the oscule side of Poecillastra. The colors of the Norwegian specimens are whitish, grayish to light yellowish, but in Scotland (Fig. 11 E, F) and in some parts of the Mediterranean, yellow or orange specimens are common (Topsent 1894; Uriz 1981; Bo et al. 2012). This does not seem to be due to light since orange specimens were found deeper than 100 m in the Mediterranean. Since white and orange P. compressa were observed living next to each other (J. Vacelet, pers. comm.) and that bi-colored specimens exist (Fig. 11 F), they are in our opinion probably just color varieties. P. compressa, like P. monilifera, has been considered to be a single cosmopolitan species. It shares similar environments (hard-bottoms, deep-sea coral reefs and fjords), same depth ranges and a similar distribution in the Eastern Atlantic, but unlike P. monilifera, hardly any morphological variations were observed between the Norwegian and Mediterranean/southern specimens, by us or previous authors (Table 4). Specimens of P. compressa from the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea and the Azores have identical spicules and vary only slightly in the relative sizes of these (Topsent 1928). Sollas (1888) could not see any difference of specific value with P. compressa in a specimen from Queen Charlotte Islands (western Canada). However, one noticeable difference concerned pore morphology. We observed like Topsent (1913 a) that the mesh size of the cribriporal pores is smaller in the Norwegian specimens than in the specimens from the Azores, Cape Verde or Ivory Coast (Fig. 11 C��� D). Additional data is needed to confirm the taxonomical relevance of this character. As for P. monilifera, genetic data is greatly needed to enlighten the status of this potential species complex., Published as part of C��rdenas, Paco & Rapp, Hans Tore, 2012, A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3253 on pages 23-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280590, {"references":["Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2. Ray Society, London, i - xx, 1 - 388 pp.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3. Ray Society, London, i - xvii, 1 - 367, pls I - XCII pp.","von Lendenfeld, R. (1903) Porifera. Tetraxonia. In: Schulze, F. E. (Ed.) Das Tierreich., Friedlander: Berlin, pp. vi - xv, 1 - 168.","Babic, K. (1922) Monactinellida und Tetractinellida des Adriatischen Meeres. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 46, 217 - 302, pls 8 - 9.","Russ, K. & Rutzler, K. 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