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Phyllomedusa tarsius External morphology. Description based on three tadpoles at Stages 36 and 39 (LCS 615, 652). Total length 54.7 ± 10.2 mm (N = 3). Body elongate oval in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (Fig. 70A, B). Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes small, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, oval, laterally positioned near to snout, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (Fig. 70C) anteroventral; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present lateroventrally. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P1 slightly longer than P2; P3 of about one third of the length of P2. Jaw sheaths moderately wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, ventrolateral, cylindrical, short and wide, posteriorly directed, with a large opening at the medial third of the body, and with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin shallow throughout its length, highest posteriorly, originating at the tail-body junction; ventral fin of moderate height, convex. Tail tip pointed. Lateral lines visible. Colour. In preservative dorsum light greyish brown; caudal musculature grayish brown; fins translucent. In life body transparent olive or whitish with a silver venter; tail transparent or whitish (Hero 1990) (Fig. 70D). Body silvery, caudal musculature pinkish, ventral fin with a black patch of variable width in the middle third of the tail. Natural history. Eggs are deposited in a gelatinous mass in leaf nests overhanging isolated ponds in terra-firme forest, forest edge and deforested land; upon hatching tadpoles hatch and fall in the water (Neckel-Oliveira 2004; Lima et al. 2012). Mean clutch size is 342 unpigmented eggs (Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004) Tadpoles are nektonic and form schools (Duellman 1978). Tail tip is capable of independent movement (Fig. 70D). Tadpoles are found in all months of the year. Eggs are preyed upon by phorid fly larvae, staphylinid beetles and the snake Leptodeira annulata (Martins & Oliveira 1998; Neckel-Oliveira 2004; Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004). In experiments tadpoles of P. tarsius were consumed by dragonflies and fish (Hero 1991; Azevedo-Ramos et al. 1992). Comments. These tadpoles were described by Duellman (1978) from Ecuador and illustrated by Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia. They differ from those herein characterized by presenting body ovoid in dorsal view, eyes large, oral disc without lateral emarginations, row of marginal papillae uniseriate laterally and biseriate ventrally, LTRF 2(2)/3 (Duellman 1978); and by presenting LTRF 2(2)/2-3[1], and anterior jaw sheat arch-shaped (Hero 1990)., Published as part of Schiesari, Luis, Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira, Menin, Marcelo & Hödl, Walter, 2022, Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura), pp. 1-149 in Zootaxa 5223 (1) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5223.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7517957, {"references":["Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp.","Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A","Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352.","Martins, M. & Oliveira, M. E. (1998) Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, Central Amazonian, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History, 6, 78 - 150.","Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp.","Azevedo-Ramos, C., Van Sluys, M., Hero, J. - M. & Magnusson, W. E. (1992) Influence of tadpole movement on predation by odonate nayads. Journal of Herpetology, 26, 335 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564891"]}

Phyllomedusa bicolor External morphology. Description based on nine tadpoles at Stages 36 and 37 (CZPB-LA 141/274 and 141/275). Total length 43.7 ± 1.7 mm (N = 9). Body elongate oval in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (Fig. 69A, B). Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes medium-sized, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, oval, laterally positioned near to snout, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (Fig. 69C) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present laterally. LTRF 2(2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P2 slightly longer than P1; P3 of about half the length of P2. Anterior jaw sheath moderately wide, posterior jaw sheat narrow, both finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath M-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, ventrolateral, cylindrical, short and wide, posteriorly directed, with a large opening at the medial third of the body, and with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin originating at the tail-body junction, shallow throughout its length, highest posteriorly, with a unique cord (thickening on the edge of the fin); ventral fin high, convex. Tail tip pointed. Colour. In preservative dorsum brownish gray; lateral side of body and belly gray; caudal musculature and the cord pale brown; fins translucent. In life dorsum and anterior part of the body orange; venter silver; caudal musculature with the unique cord pale orange; fins translucent orange; iris silver (Fig. 69D) (Pinto et al. 2013). Variation. LTRF 1(1)/2(1) at Stage 24, 2(2)/3(1) or 2(2)/3(1-2) at Stages 26, 27, 29 and 34 (Pinto et al. 2013). Metamorph. At metamorphosis froglets light grey, nearly white, with orange reflections over dorsum and flanks; sides of limbs and toes orange (Fig. 69E); later, body and limbs green with the presence of sparse white spots with dark outlines on the chest and hind limbs (Pinto et al. 2013). Natural history. Eggs are deposited in a gelatinous mass in leaf nests overhanging isolated or streamside temporary ponds in terra-firme forest and forest edge; upon hatching tadpoles fall in the water (Lima et al. 2012; Pinto et al. 2013). Mean clutch size is 859 unpigmented eggs (Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004). Tadpoles are found in all months of the year. Tadpoles are nektonic. Eggs are preyed upon by phorid fly larvae, staphylinid beetles and capuchin monkeys (Neckel-Oliveira 2004; Neckel-Oliveira & Wachlevski 2004). Tadpoles are preyed upon by Pipa arrabali (Buchacher 1993). In experiments tadpoles of P. bicolor were consumed by dragonflies and fish (Hero 1991). The bright orange color is presumably aposematic. Comments. These tadpoles were described by Rada de Martinez (1990) from Venezuela, from Colombia by Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2011), and by Hero (1990) and Pinto et al. (2013) from Central Amazonia. Tadpoles from Venezuela differ from those herein characterized by the absence of submarginal papillae (although Fig. 9 clearly shows submarginal papillae laterally on oral disc, as those herein characterized; Rada de Martinez 1990). Tadpoles illustrated by Hero (1990) and by Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2011) differ from those herein characterized for lacking a ventrally emarginate oral disc and submarginal papillae, which drove Pinto et al. (2013) to conclude that the tadpole illustrated in Hero (1990) is not P. bicolor. No morphological variation was observed between tadpoles herein characterized and those described by Pinto et al. (2013)., Published as part of Schiesari, Luis, Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira, Menin, Marcelo & Hödl, Walter, 2022, Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura), pp. 1-149 in Zootaxa 5223 (1) on pages 103-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5223.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7517957, {"references":["Pinto, R. C., Py-Daniel, S. S. & Menin, M. (2013) Redescription of the tadpole of Phyllomedusa bicolor (Anura: Hylidae) from Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 8, 67 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 13 - 00003.1","Lima, A. P., Magnusson, W. E., Menin, M., Erdtmann, L. K., Rodrigues, D. J., Keller, C. & H ˆ dl, W. (2012) Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central / Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. 2 nd Edition. Editora INPA, Manaus, 187 pp.","Neckel-Oliveira, S. & Wachlevski, M. (2004) Predation on the arboreal eggs of three Phyllomedusa frog species in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology, 38, 84 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 162 - 03 A","Buchacher, C. O. (1993) Field studies on the small Surinam toad, Pipa arrabali, near Manaus, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 14, 59 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853893 X 00192","Hero, J-M. (1991) Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon Rainforest. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, 234 pp.","Rada de Martinez, D. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de las larvas de anfibios de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 49, 391 - 403.","Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M. (2011) Clave ilustrada de los renacuajos de las tierras bajas al Oriente de los Andes, con enfasis en Hylidae. Caldasia, 33, 235 - 270."]}

Phyllomedusa burmeisteri (Boulenger) The only member of the family Phyllomedusidae, Phyllomedusa burmeisteri, was recorded only in Itatiaia National Park (PNI). The advertisement call is described based on 30 calls from five males (Table 2; Figure 18; SM I), presenting one note and a pulse-repetition sound (Köhler et al. 2017)., Published as part of Manzano, Maria Carolina Rodella, Takeno, Michele Fernandes & Sawaya, Ricardo J., 2022, Advertisement calls of 18 anuran species in the megadiverse Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil: review and update, pp. 453-472 in Zootaxa 5178 (5) on page 469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7033920, {"references":["Kohler, J., Jansen, M., Rodriguez, A., Kok, P. J. R., Toledo, L. F., Emmrich, M., Glaw, F., Haddad, C. F. B., Rodel, M. O. & Vences, M. (2017) The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice. Zootaxa 4251, 001 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4251.1.1"]}

Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772) TYPE LOCALITY. — Suriname. DISTRIBUTION. — Widespread in Amazonia. TAXONOMIC REMARKS. — The population of the Mitaraka massif unambiguously belongs to the nominal species. HABITAT IN MITARAKA. — A single individual has been heard calling from several meters above the ground and was collected. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — La Planète Revisitée Guyane 2015, MNHN-PNI, APA973-1: AF2835 (♂)., Published as part of Fouquet, Antoine, Vidal, Nicolas & Dewynter, Maël, 2019, The Amphibians of the Mitaraka massif, French Guiana, pp. 359-374 in Zoosystema 41 (19) on page 370, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a19, http://zenodo.org/record/3724809

Phyllomedusa vaillanti Boulenger, 1882 TYPE LOCALITY. — Brazil, Pará, Santarem. DISTRIBUTION. — Widespread in Amazonia. TAXONOMIC REMARKS. — This is likely a species complex and the populations of the Guiana Shield may represent a species distinct from Phyllomedusa vaillanti. HABITAT IN MITARAKA. — A single individual has been found wandering in the forest. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — La Planète Revisitée Guyane 2015, MNHN-PNI, APA973-1: AF2800., Published as part of Fouquet, Antoine, Vidal, Nicolas & Dewynter, Maël, 2019, The Amphibians of the Mitaraka massif, French Guiana, pp. 359-374 in Zoosystema 41 (19) on page 370, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a19, http://zenodo.org/record/3724809

Phyllomedusa venusta Duellman & Trueb, 1967 Phyllomedusa venusta Duellman and Trueb 1967: 128. In this study, males SVL = 80–87.9mm, females 86.3– 97.7 mm. A tree frog of medium size; vertical pupil; creamy venter with pink spots; Finger I is longer than Finger II. This species was recorded in Station 3, at 900 m, calling on a branch over a pond. Only found on the lowlands of northern Colombia and the Magdalena river valley, up to 1400 m elevation, with some records from the Darién region (Acosta-Galvis et al. 2006)., Published as part of Ovalle-Pacheco, Andrés, Camacho-Rozo, Claudia & Arroyo, Sandy, 2019, Amphibians from Serrania de Las Quinchas, in the mid-Magdalena river valley, Colombia, pp. 387-404 in Check List 15 (3) on pages 397-398, DOI: 10.15560/15.3.387, {"references":["Duellman WE, Trueb L (1967) Two new species of tree frogs (genus Phyllomedusa) from Panama. Copeia 1967: 125 - 131.","Acosta-Galvis AR, Huertas-Salgado C, Rada M (2006) Aproximacion al conocimiento de los Anfibios en una localidad del Magdalena Medio (Departamento de Caldas, Colombia). Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 30 (115): 291 - 301."]}

Kambo is the name of a complex mixture of a number of bioactive peptides, secreted via the skin of a tropical frog, Phyllomedusa bicolor. Since centuries this secretion is harvested from the living animal by members of tribes living in the Amazonian forest, and applied to little wounds in the arms or legs, in orderto enhance hunting skills.

Phyllomedusa azurea External morphology (Table 1). —The body shape is elliptical (Fig. 2), elongated in dorsal view and compressed in lateral view (BW/BH ¼ 0.98). Snout truncated in lateral and rounded in dorsal view. Eyes moderately sized (ED/BH ¼ 0.29), laterally positioned and directed. Nostrils small (ND/ BH ¼ 0.05), ovoid, anterolaterally positioned, and located near the snout tip. Spiracle ventral, directed posteriorly, with opening at the middle third of the body. The centripetal wall of the spiracle is totally fused to the body wall, and the external wall has a free distal margin that overlays the spiracle opening. Vent tube short, fused to the ventral fin and opening dextrally. Dorsal fin low, parallel to the caudal musculature, originating in the body–tail junction. Ventral fin wide, arch shaped, and higher than the dorsal fin. The tail tip is acute. Lateral line evident. The oral disc is anteroventral, with a uniseriate row of marginal papillae. The marginal papillae are longer than wide and with alternate disposition. A few rounded submarginal papillae are scattered throughout lateral portions of the oral disc, and these papillae are smaller than marginal papillae. Tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1), A1 slightly smaller than A2, P1 ¼ P2, and P3 smaller than P1 and P2. The upper jaw sheath is wider than the lower jaw sheath. The upper jaw sheath is M shaped and the lower jaw sheath V shaped. The caudal musculature is robust and gradually tapered. Internal oral morphology. —Buccal floor diamond shaped (Fig. 3A), longer than wide; oral aperture about 20% of buccal floor width; two large and strong conical infralabial papillae. Two large lingual papillae, longer than wide and with smooth apices. Buccal floor arena round with three to five conical papillae on each side, with smooth apices; numerous pustulations randomly distributed within buccal floor arena; anterior to the buccal pocket region, there are no papillae and few pustulations (zero to three); buccal pocket perforated, wider than long, transversely oriented on the middle region of the buccal floor; free velar surface, with distinct glandular zone, with pustulations at the bottom of the velum and pustulations on the region anterior to the glottis, which is notched, distinct, open, and fully exposed. Buccal roof rounded (Fig. 3B), with the prenarial arena possessing two broad pustulations anteriorly, parallel to the buccal opening, and three small ones posteriorly, forming a row. Nares elliptical, oriented parallel to the buccal opening and positioned on the anterior third of the buccal roof; internarial distance smaller than nare opening; narial valve distinct with anterior and posterior wall pustulate and flaplike; postnarial arena rectangular with four fringed papillae with the anteromedial pair triangular and larger than the posterolateral pair; the posterolateral papillae are broader than the anteromedial pair; no pustulations visible in the postnarial arena; median ridge triangular, wider than long. Buccal roof arena round in shape with one to five small papillae on each side; pustulations extensively distributed throughout the buccal roof arena; glandular zone conspicuous; dorsal velum uniform in width, with pustulated margins, except at the midline, which has smooth margins. Morphological variation (Fig. 4A,B). —Most of the variation that we observed in P. azurea tadpoles was related to the oral disc and spiracle, and this variation was observed in all studied populations. Eleven out of 25 tadpoles presented a narrow ventral gap, while two presented lateroventral emargination on the oral disc. Also, one tadpole had the marginal papillae biseriate laterally, and three tadpoles presented a wider upper jaw compared to the remaining individuals. The external wall of the spiracle did not have a free distal margin overlapping the spiracle opening in 10 tadpoles (Fig. 4C,D). Four tadpoles presented rounded snouts. We observed variation in the density of pustulations scattered throughout the buccal floor arena, with at least one individual having many pustulations in front of the buccal pockets, but few in the buccal floor arena. In one individual from Jataí, the papillae of the buccal floor arena were fused, forming large ones (Fig. 5A). Another individual from Mineiros had 29 papillae scattered throughout the buccal floor and less than 40 pustulations, grouped mainly in front of the buccal pockets, and a large infralabial papillae (Fig. 5B). In one individual from Barro Alto, the lingual papillae were fused together. The buccal roof was more consistent as we noted variation in only the number of papillae in the buccal roof arena, with at least two individuals from Mineiros not presenting papillae in the buccal roof arena (Fig. 5C). Color of fixed specimens. —Body silver-whitish with brown spots scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces, and on tail musculature; some individuals showed few or no spots in these body regions. Venter creamy and dorsal and ventral fins transparent with brown spots., Published as part of Santos, Danusy Lopes, de Morais, Alessandro Ribeiro, Signorelli, Luciana, Bastos, Rogério Pereira, Feio, Renato & Nomura, Fausto, 2018, Description of the Tadpole of Phŋllomedusa azurea from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a Description of the Internal Oral Morphology of Phŋllomedusa oreades, pp. 50-57 in Herpetologica 74 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-16-00050.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7712337

Phyllomedusa oreades Internal oral morphology. —Buccal floor diamond shaped (Fig. 6A), as wide as long; oral aperture about 20% of buccal floor width; two large and prominant conical infralabial papillae with pustulations on the apices. Two large lingual papillae, longer than wide, which might present pustulations on the apices. Buccal floor arena pentagonal with 10 to 12 conical papillae on each side; the papillae of the buccal floor arena could have pustulations on their apices; numerous pustulations randomly distributed within buccal floor arena; 20 to 22 pustulations and 0 to 3 conical papillae, smaller than buccal floor arena papillae, are found anterior to the buccal pocket region; buccal pocket perforated, wider than long, transversely oriented on the middle region of the buccal floor; free velar surface with distinct glandular zone, with pustulations at the bottom of the velum and pustulations on the region anterior to the glottis, which is notched, distinct, open, and fully exposed. Buccal roof triangular (Fig. 6B), prenarial arena with two broad pustulations anteriorly, parallel to the buccal opening, and three small ones posteriorly, forming a row. Nares elliptical, oriented parallel in relation to the buccal opening and positioned on the anterior third of the buccal roof; internarial distance smaller than nare opening; narial valve distinct with anterior and posterior wall pustulate and flaplike; postnarial arena rectangular with four fringed papillae; the anteromedial pair is conical and smaller than the posterolateral pair; the posterolateral papillae are broader than the anteromedial pair; six pustulations positioned in the center of the postnarial arena, in front of the median ridge, two pustulations on each side, located near the posterolateral papillae; median ridge triangular, wider than long. Buccal roof arena diamond shaped with 8 to 12 acute papillae on each side; pustulations extensively distributed throughout the buccal roof arena; glandular zone conspicuous; dorsal velum of uniform width, with pustulated margins, except at the midline, which has smooth margins. (C) Barro Alto. The arrow indicates fused lingual papillae. Morphological variation. —We observed a smaller amount of variation in the internal oral morphology of P. oreades compared to the variation observed in P. azurea. The length of the lingual papillae can vary among individuals, as can the shape of the papillae in the buccal floor arena, which can be fused as seen in individuals from Cavalcante. The median ridge in one individual was bifid., Published as part of Santos, Danusy Lopes, de Morais, Alessandro Ribeiro, Signorelli, Luciana, Bastos, Rogério Pereira, Feio, Renato & Nomura, Fausto, 2018, Description of the Tadpole of Phŋllomedusa azurea from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a Description of the Internal Oral Morphology of Phŋllomedusa oreades, pp. 50-57 in Herpetologica 74 (1) on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-16-00050.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7712337

Phyllomedusa chaparroi sp. nov. Holotype. MUBI 13986 (field number AJC 2613), adult male, from Shucshuyacu, 06°37'20.7'' S, 76°36'53.9'' W, 537 m above sea level, Departamento San Martín, Peru, collected on 25 March 2010 by S. Castroviejo-Fisher. Paratypes. MNCN 46650, 46651 (field numbers AJC 2682, 2683) and MUBI 13987, 13988 (field numbers AJC 2684, 2685), four adult males, from the road from Tarapoto to Tocachi, 07°41'26.5'' S, 76°39'53.9'' W, 650 m a.s.l., Departamento San Martín, Peru, collected on 26 March 2010 by S. Castroviejo-Fisher and M. Guerra Panijo. Generic placement. A species assigned to the genus Phyllomedusa based on phylogenetic analyses and presence of parotoid glands and toe I longer than toe II. We consider P. chaparroi a member of the P. tarsius species group (sensu this work, see Discussion) based on our phylogenetic analysis of combined DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Fig. 2) and because it shares a unique iris coloration with species of that group (see Discussion, Fig. 5). Diagnosis. (1) moderate size (adult males SVL 67.9–77.5 mm); (2) palpebral membrane transparent, not reticulated; (3) in life, dark reddish-brown iris without distinct reticulation; (4) vomerine odontophores present, bearing teeth; (5) parotoid glands present in sexually active males; (6) dorsal skin coarsely shagreen, lacking keratinized tubercles (Fig. 3 D); (7) first toe longer than second; (8) low dermal ridges on outer edge of forearm and tarsus, extending on outer edges of fourth finger and fifth toe, respectively; (9) in life, dorsal surfaces green; upper eyelid, upper lip and concealed surfaces of limbs and flanks yellow; ventral surfaces creamy-white (Fig. 3 A–C). Comparisons. (Characters of the new species are in parentheses.) Species in the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (sensu Barrio-Amorós 2006, P. coelestis, P. neildi, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis, and P. venusta) have a distinct iris reticulation in life (dark reddish-brown iris without obvious reticulation, see Fig. 5 E–H). In external morphology, the new species is most similar to P. boliviana and P. camba (both currently not included in any species group). Phyllomedusa boliviana has a red upper eyelid rim (yellow), a creamy white upper lip (yellow), cream flanks, sometimes with flat reddish tubercles or markings in life (yellow), and a black iris in life (dark reddish-brown). We were not able to detect any qualitative morphological character distinguishing the new species from P. camba. The PCA analysis of the raw measurements of males of P. camba and P. chaparroi (Fig. 1 A) show no overlap in morpho-space, but when corrected for the effect of body size (SVL), variation in measurements of both species completely overlap (Fig. 1 B) and the first two components only explained 43.6 % of the variance. Thus, morphometric differences among specimens of both species seem to be explained by overall size, which is likely dependent on age and environmental conditions (e.g., availability of food), and should not be used as evidence of species divergence. We relied on phylogenetic position to justify the recognition of the new species when compared to P. camba, as our phylogenetic analyses (both MP and ML) indicate that P. chaparroi is more closely related to species of the P. tarsius group (sensu Barrio-Amorós 2006) than to P. boliviana or P. camba. Genetic distances between P. chaparroi and species of the P. tarsius group and P. camba range between 2.8–5.5 % (Table 3). We identified 25 molecular transformations diagnosing P. chaparroi (Appendix 3). Species in the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri species group (P. bahiana, P. burmeisteri, P. distincta, P. iheringii, P. sauvagii, and P. tetraploidea) lack a dark reddish iris (dark reddish-brown), and present distinct orange flecks on flanks— P. burmeisteri, P. distincta, P. iheringii —or blue flanks— P. burmeisteri and P. bahiana —(absent). Phyllomedusa bicolor (not assigned to a species group) is a large species with a SVL in adult males of 91.0–103.0 mm (SVL 67.9–77.5 mm), has a silver iris (dark reddish-brown), a dorsolateral line made of white spots surrounded by dark blackish-brown pigments (absent), and larger parotoid glands (smaller parotoid glands). Phyllomedusa vaillanti (not assigned to a species group) has a dorsolateral row of enlarged tubercles (absent), orange/black pattern on flanks (absent), and iris pale gray in life (dark reddish-brown). Species of Callimedusa (the P. perinesos species group sensu Ron et al. 2013) have purple colors on hands, feet, and concealed surfaces of limbs, and a purple venter with white granules in life (purple colors absent in life). Callimedusa atelopoides shows a purple dorsum (green in the new species), is terrestrial (arboreal); adult males in C. tomopterna are 40.0–48.0 mm in SVL, present calcar tubercles, and orange-black striped pattern on flanks (males SVL 67.9–77.5 mm, calcars absent, and orange-black striped pattern on flanks absent). Additionally, species of Callimedusa do not have a reddish iris (dark reddish-brown). Species of Pithecopus (the P. hypochondrialis species group sensu Faivovich et al. 2010) mainly differ from P. chaparroi by smaller size, maximum SVL of adult males Description of the holotype. An adult male of medium-size, right tarsus medially cut and preserved as tissue sample (Fig. 4; see Table 3 for measurements). Head about as wide as body width; snout short, rounded in dorsal view, inclined in lateral view; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in profile; loreal region concave; lips thin and not flared; nostrils protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region flat; eyes protuberant; pupil vertically elliptical; palpebral membrane transparent, without reticulation, upper margin with a dark brown line; parotoid glands weakly developed, extending from eyelid to a level slightly posterior to insertion of forearm; supratympanic fold present, barely obscuring the upper edge of tympanum; tympanum distinct, oval, its anterior edge separated from eye by 2 mm; tongue large, suboval, posterior third free; vomerine odontophores present, prominent, located medially at midlevel between elliptical choanae, separated from each other medially by a distance equal to two thirds the width of one odontophore, each bearing five vomerine teeth; vocal slits short; vocal sac single, median, subgular, not distinct. Upper arm slender (width 2.2 mm), forearm robust, wider (width 4.6 mm) than upper arm, with low lateral ridge extending to outer edge of fourth finger; ulnar fold distinct; relative length of fingers I Hind limb slender, moderately long, TL 44 % of SVL, without calcar or dermal ornamentation; inner tarsal fold absent; outer tarsal fold low, barely distinct; relative length of toes II Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at midlevel of thighs, unornamented; supra-cloacal fold present; skin of dorsal surfaces smooth in preservative (coarsely shagreen in life), tubercles absent; ventral skin, flanks, and inferior surfaces of thighs tubercular. In life, dorsal surfaces and upper half of flanks (dorsum, head, tympanum, and upper parts of limbs) leaf green (Fig. 3 A, B). Dorsal surfaces of fingers and toes cream to yellowish. Border of upper eyelid lemmon yellow. Upper lip yellow from level of posterior edge of eye to tip of snout, creamy white below tympanum. Inner concealed surfaces of limbs lemon yellow. Flanks green with irregular lemon yellow flecks and markings, extending from insertion of forearm to level of thighs (Fig. 1 B); irregular white flecking at lower flanks. Dermal ridges on outer arm and tarsus whitish. Gular skin pinkish creamy white, with some irregular brownish marbling; two small rounded cream-colored flecks on gular region; a longitudinal row of three larger, more irregular cream flecks at central level of chest. Thin cream-colored supracloacal line. Venter creamy white with pinkish tint (Fig. 3 C). One rounded fleck on each side at ventral surfaces of thighs, close to cloaca. Palmar and plantar surfaces fleshy with a pinkish tint. Iris dark reddish-brown with fine irregular black flecking and tiny orange spots. In preservative, same pattern as described above, but green dorsal surfaces faded to bluish-grey, with a violet tint (Fig. 4). Yellow colors on flanks and lips faded to cream with some pinkish tint. Throat and chest brown, with cream spots exhibiting pinkish tint. Posterior surfaces of thighs and region around cloaca brown with fine cream spotting. Variation. For variation in measurements see Table 1. Generally, the four available male paratypes exhibit the same morphology and color pattern as the holotype. However, the parotoid glands are more prominent in the largest male (MUBI 13988) and posteriorly reach a point at a level where the elbow touches the body, when forelimb is adpressed posteriorly. Furthermore, MUBI 13988 exhibits a more contrasting coloration of the flanks, with well-defined cream-colored blotches, as well as few scattered elevated warts on the posterior part of the dorsum and additional cream flecking on the ventral surfaces of thighs. MUBI 13987 exhibits distinct cream spots on the posterior surfaces of thighs, lacking in all other specimens. In contrast to the holotype, all four paratypes exhibit a single cream fleck on chest, and lack additional flecks on the throat. However, this fleck on chest is divided by a thin brown line in MUBI 13987. Natural history. All specimens were collected between dusk (19:00h) and midnight near temporary ponds on the side of roads. The vegetation surrounding the ponds was disturbed secondary forest, although in the vicinity there was primary or old grown secondary forest. Specimens were found active and perching on branches at 0.5– 1.5 m above the ground. The holotype was collected after a partially cloudy day with no rain. No vocal activity was observed. The paratypes were collected after a day of continuous rain. All of them were vocalizing (no recordings available) and to the human ear their calls superficially resembled those of Phyllomedusa tarsius from Amazonian Venezuela or P. camba. Distribution. Although our type series only includes specimens from two sites, this species seems to occur at various localities in the area of Tarapoto in the Peruvian Amazon (E. Twomey and P. Venegas, personal communication). Nonetheless, it seems that this species has been confused with Phyllomedusa camba and the distributional range of both species needs to be thoroughly evaluated, especially at the northernwestern limits of the known distribution of P. camba (i. e., the Peruvian departments of Madre de Dios and Ucayali, and the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas; see De la Riva 1999). Etymology. The name is a patronym for Juan Carlos Chaparro Auza, a Peruvian herpetologist from Cusco, Peru, and is used as a noun in the genitive case. We name this species after our dear friend in recognition of his scientific contributions to the knowledge of the amphibians and reptiles of Peru and as a tribute to the good moments shared in the field.

Phyllomedusa chaparroi sp. nov. Holotype. MUBI 13986 (field number AJC 2613), adult male, from Shucshuyacu, 06��37'20.7'' S, 76��36'53.9'' W, 537 m above sea level, Departamento San Mart��n, Peru, collected on 25 March 2010 by S. Castroviejo-Fisher. Paratypes. MNCN 46650, 46651 (field numbers AJC 2682, 2683) and MUBI 13987, 13988 (field numbers AJC 2684, 2685), four adult males, from the road from Tarapoto to Tocachi, 07��41'26.5'' S, 76��39'53.9'' W, 650 m a.s.l., Departamento San Mart��n, Peru, collected on 26 March 2010 by S. Castroviejo-Fisher and M. Guerra Panijo. Generic placement. A species assigned to the genus Phyllomedusa based on phylogenetic analyses and presence of parotoid glands and toe I longer than toe II. We consider P. chaparroi a member of the P. tarsius species group (sensu this work, see Discussion) based on our phylogenetic analysis of combined DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Fig. 2) and because it shares a unique iris coloration with species of that group (see Discussion, Fig. 5). Diagnosis. (1) moderate size (adult males SVL 67.9���77.5 mm); (2) palpebral membrane transparent, not reticulated; (3) in life, dark reddish-brown iris without distinct reticulation; (4) vomerine odontophores present, bearing teeth; (5) parotoid glands present in sexually active males; (6) dorsal skin coarsely shagreen, lacking keratinized tubercles (Fig. 3 D); (7) first toe longer than second; (8) low dermal ridges on outer edge of forearm and tarsus, extending on outer edges of fourth finger and fifth toe, respectively; (9) in life, dorsal surfaces green; upper eyelid, upper lip and concealed surfaces of limbs and flanks yellow; ventral surfaces creamy-white (Fig. 3 A���C). Comparisons. (Characters of the new species are in parentheses.) Species in the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (sensu Barrio-Amor��s 2006, P. coelestis, P. neildi, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis, and P. venusta) have a distinct iris reticulation in life (dark reddish-brown iris without obvious reticulation, see Fig. 5 E���H). In external morphology, the new species is most similar to P. boliviana and P. camba (both currently not included in any species group). Phyllomedusa boliviana has a red upper eyelid rim (yellow), a creamy white upper lip (yellow), cream flanks, sometimes with flat reddish tubercles or markings in life (yellow), and a black iris in life (dark reddish-brown). We were not able to detect any qualitative morphological character distinguishing the new species from P. camba. The PCA analysis of the raw measurements of males of P. camba and P. chaparroi (Fig. 1 A) show no overlap in morpho-space, but when corrected for the effect of body size (SVL), variation in measurements of both species completely overlap (Fig. 1 B) and the first two components only explained 43.6 % of the variance. Thus, morphometric differences among specimens of both species seem to be explained by overall size, which is likely dependent on age and environmental conditions (e.g., availability of food), and should not be used as evidence of species divergence. We relied on phylogenetic position to justify the recognition of the new species when compared to P. camba, as our phylogenetic analyses (both MP and ML) indicate that P. chaparroi is more closely related to species of the P. tarsius group (sensu Barrio-Amor��s 2006) than to P. boliviana or P. camba. Genetic distances between P. chaparroi and species of the P. tarsius group and P. camba range between 2.8���5.5 % (Table 3). We identified 25 molecular transformations diagnosing P. chaparroi (Appendix 3). Species in the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri species group (P. bahiana, P. burmeisteri, P. distincta, P. iheringii, P. sauvagii, and P. tetraploidea) lack a dark reddish iris (dark reddish-brown), and present distinct orange flecks on flanks��� P. burmeisteri, P. distincta, P. iheringii ���or blue flanks��� P. burmeisteri and P. bahiana ���(absent). Phyllomedusa bicolor (not assigned to a species group) is a large species with a SVL in adult males of 91.0���103.0 mm (SVL 67.9���77.5 mm), has a silver iris (dark reddish-brown), a dorsolateral line made of white spots surrounded by dark blackish-brown pigments (absent), and larger parotoid glands (smaller parotoid glands). Phyllomedusa vaillanti (not assigned to a species group) has a dorsolateral row of enlarged tubercles (absent), orange/black pattern on flanks (absent), and iris pale gray in life (dark reddish-brown). Species of Callimedusa (the P. perinesos species group sensu Ron et al. 2013) have purple colors on hands, feet, and concealed surfaces of limbs, and a purple venter with white granules in life (purple colors absent in life). Callimedusa atelopoides shows a purple dorsum (green in the new species), is terrestrial (arboreal); adult males in C. tomopterna are 40.0���48.0 mm in SVL, present calcar tubercles, and orange-black striped pattern on flanks (males SVL 67.9���77.5 mm, calcars absent, and orange-black striped pattern on flanks absent). Additionally, species of Callimedusa do not have a reddish iris (dark reddish-brown). Species of Pithecopus (the P. hypochondrialis species group sensu Faivovich et al. 2010) mainly differ from P. chaparroi by smaller size, maximum SVL of adult males Description of the holotype. An adult male of medium-size, right tarsus medially cut and preserved as tissue sample (Fig. 4; see Table 3 for measurements). Head about as wide as body width; snout short, rounded in dorsal view, inclined in lateral view; canthus rostralis slightly concave in dorsal view, rounded in profile; loreal region concave; lips thin and not flared; nostrils protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region flat; eyes protuberant; pupil vertically elliptical; palpebral membrane transparent, without reticulation, upper margin with a dark brown line; parotoid glands weakly developed, extending from eyelid to a level slightly posterior to insertion of forearm; supratympanic fold present, barely obscuring the upper edge of tympanum; tympanum distinct, oval, its anterior edge separated from eye by 2 mm; tongue large, suboval, posterior third free; vomerine odontophores present, prominent, located medially at midlevel between elliptical choanae, separated from each other medially by a distance equal to two thirds the width of one odontophore, each bearing five vomerine teeth; vocal slits short; vocal sac single, median, subgular, not distinct. Upper arm slender (width 2.2 mm), forearm robust, wider (width 4.6 mm) than upper arm, with low lateral ridge extending to outer edge of fourth finger; ulnar fold distinct; relative length of fingers IVariation. For variation in measurements see Table 1. Generally, the four available male paratypes exhibit the same morphology and color pattern as the holotype. However, the parotoid glands are more prominent in the largest male (MUBI 13988) and posteriorly reach a point at a level where the elbow touches the body, when forelimb is adpressed posteriorly. Furthermore, MUBI 13988 exhibits a more contrasting coloration of the flanks, with well-defined cream-colored blotches, as well as few scattered elevated warts on the posterior part of the dorsum and additional cream flecking on the ventral surfaces of thighs. MUBI 13987 exhibits distinct cream spots on the posterior surfaces of thighs, lacking in all other specimens. In contrast to the holotype, all four paratypes exhibit a single cream fleck on chest, and lack additional flecks on the throat. However, this fleck on chest is divided by a thin brown line in MUBI 13987. Natural history. All specimens were collected between dusk (19:00h) and midnight near temporary ponds on the side of roads. The vegetation surrounding the ponds was disturbed secondary forest, although in the vicinity there was primary or old grown secondary forest. Specimens were found active and perching on branches at 0.5��� 1.5 m above the ground. The holotype was collected after a partially cloudy day with no rain. No vocal activity was observed. The paratypes were collected after a day of continuous rain. All of them were vocalizing (no recordings available) and to the human ear their calls superficially resembled those of Phyllomedusa tarsius from Amazonian Venezuela or P. camba. Distribution. Although our type series only includes specimens from two sites, this species seems to occur at various localities in the area of Tarapoto in the Peruvian Amazon (E. Twomey and P. Venegas, personal communication). Nonetheless, it seems that this species has been confused with Phyllomedusa camba and the distributional range of both species needs to be thoroughly evaluated, especially at the northernwestern limits of the known distribution of P. camba (i. e., the Peruvian departments of Madre de Dios and Ucayali, and the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas; see De la Riva 1999). Etymology. The name is a patronym for Juan Carlos Chaparro Auza, a Peruvian herpetologist from Cusco, Peru, and is used as a noun in the genitive case. We name this species after our dear friend in recognition of his scientific contributions to the knowledge of the amphibians and reptiles of Peru and as a tribute to the good moments shared in the field., Published as part of Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, K��hler, J��rn, Riva, Ignacio De La & Padial, Jos�� M., 2017, A new morphologically cryptic species of Phyllomedusa (Anura: Phyllomedusidae) from Amazonian forests of northern Peru revealed by DNA sequences, pp. 245-264 in Zootaxa 4269 (2) on pages 250-254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4269.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/582021, {"references":["Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2006) A new species of Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) from northwestern Venezuela. Zootaxa, 1309, 55 - 68.","Ron, S. R., Almendariz, A. & Cannatella, D. C. (2013) The Phyllomedusa perinesos group (Anura: Hylidae) is derived from a Miocene Amazonian Lineage. Zootaxa, 3741 (2), 289 - 294.","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Baeta, D., Jungfer, K. - H., Alvares, G. F. R., Brandao, R. A., Sheil, C., Barrientos, L. S., Barrio- Amoros, C. L., Cruz, C. A. G. & Wheeler, W. C. (2010) The phylogenetic relationships of the charismatic poster frogs, Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae). Cladistics, 26, 227 - 261.","De la Riva, I. (1999) A new Phyllomedusa from southwestern Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Revista Espanola de Herpetologia, 13, 123 - 131."]}

Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830: 201. Type species: Rana bicolor Boddaert, 1772, by monotypy. Definition. Large frogs (SVL to 130 mm in Phyllomedusa bicolor; Fig. 13 B), little or no webbing on feet, none on hand; vomerine teeth present; palpebral membrane not reticulated; tadpoles having moderately small oral discs directed anteroventrally. Content. Fifteen species: Phyllomedusa bahiana Lutz, bicolor (Boddaert), boliviana Boulenger, burmeisteri Boulenger, camba De la Riva, coelestis * (Cope), distincta Lutz, iheringii Boulenger, neildi Barrio-Amor��s, sauvagii Boulenger, tarsius (Cope), tetraploidea Pombal & Haddad, trinitatis Mertens, vaillantii Boulenger, and venusta * Duellman & Trueb. Distribution. Amazon Basin, Chacoan Region in Paraguay, eastern Brazil southward to Uruguay and northeastern Argentina, Guianan Region, Trinidad and northern Venezuela, Cordillera Occidental and Magdalena Valley in Colombia, and extreme eastern Panama. Etymology. According to Duellman (2001), the generic name is derived from the Greek phyll, meaning leaf, and the Greek Medousa. The name alludes to the gelatinous egg masses deposited on leaves of trees. The gender is feminine. Remarks. Our analysis shows a 100 % support for the monophyly of this genus, within which are three strongly supported clades. The first of these contains only Phyllomedusa bicolor and P. vaillantii that are unique Among phyllomedusids by having osteoderms in the skin on the dorsum (Ruibal & Shoemaker 1984). Although recognition of the P. burmeisteri and P. tarsius groups, as proposed by Faivovich et al. (2010), is strongly supported in our analysis, there are no known morphological features that distinguish the two groups. Throughout the overlapping parts of their ranges, the diploid Phyllomedusa distincta and the tetraploid P. tetraploidea hybridize to produce triploids that are sterile or have low fertility (Haddad et al. 1994). Hybridization also occurs between P. bahiana and P. burmeisteri; putative hybrids are fertile (Pombal & Haddad 1992)., Published as part of Duellman, William E., Marion, Angela B. & Hedges, Blair, 2016, Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae), pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 4104 (1) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265809, {"references":["Wagler, J. (1830) Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Saugthiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G. Cotta, Munchen, Stuttgart and Tubingen, 354 pp.","Duellman, W. E. (2001) Hylid frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, xvi + 1159 pp.","Ruibal, R. & Shoemaker, V. (1984) Osteoderms in anurans. Journal of Herpetology, 18, 313 - 328. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564085","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Baeta, D., Jungfer, K. - H., Alvares, G. F. R., Brandao, R. A., Sheil, C., Barrientos, L. S., Barrio- Amoros, C. L., Cruz, C. A. G. & Wheeler, W. C. (2010) The phylogenetic relationships of the charismatic poster frogs, Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae). Cladistics, 26, 227 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2009.00287. x","Haddad, C. F. B., Pombal Jr., J. P. & Batistic, R. F. (1994) Natural hybridization between diploid and tetraploid species of leaffrogs, genus Phyllomedusa (Amphibia). Journal of Herpetology, 28, 425 - 430. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564953"]}

This note reports the presence of Phyllomedusa camba in the municipality of Cotriguaçu (Amazon forest) and P. boliviana in the municipality of Poxoréu (Cerrado), state of Mato Grosso, central Brazil. This represents the first record for Phyllomedusa boliviana and a distribution extension of P. camba in the state Mato Grosso.

Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966). (Figure 4) Pithecopus ayeaye B. Lutz, 1966. Holotype: MNRJ 3722. Type locality: Morro do Ferro, Po��os de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phyllomedusa ayeaye ��� Duellman, 1968. Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006. Holotype: MNRJ 34650. Type locality: Lagoa Seca, Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. New synonymy. Diagnosis. A small species of Phyllomedusa included in the P. hypochondrialis species group, diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) small to medium size (SVL 34.0���42.5 mm in males, 44.4 mm in female); (2) body moderately robust; (3) snout acuminate in dorsal view, slightly rounded in profile; (4) blackish reticulations on flanks, arms, and legs; (5) reticulate pattern on the upper lip and borders of eyelids present; (6) ventral surfaces cream white with black reticulations; (7) blotches yellow���orange delimited by black reticulations; (8) dorsal surfaces uniformly green, without spots; (9) dorsal surfaces smooth without granules; (10) palpebral membrane transparent. Description. The species was described and characterized by B. Lutz (1966; as Pithecopus ayeaye) and Caramaschi et al. (2006; as Phyllomedusa itacolomi). Remarks. The holotype is a male is generally in good condition. The specimen has its arms bent over the chest and hands and fingers closed; the left arm is apparently broken; legs shrunk from the body, feet slightly closed. The reticulate pattern on the upper lip and borders of eyelids, blackish reticulations (cells) on flanks, arms, legs, and chest are visible (Figure 5). Geographic distribution. Phyllomedusa ayeaye is associated with the Espinha��o, Mantiqueira, and Canastra mountain ranges at Southeastern Brazil. The species is known from the following municipalities of the State of Minas Gerais: Po��os de Caldas (type-locality), Arantina, Congonhas do Campo (Felipe Leite pers. comm.), Carrancas, Lavras and Lumin��rias (Felipe Fernandes pers. comm.), Ouro Preto (type-locatilty of P. itacolomi), Ouro Branco, and S��o Roque de Minas; and from the State of S��o Paulo, in the Municipality of Pedregulho (Figure 6). Conservation status. Since its description, few specimens of Phyllomedusa ayeaye have been observed in nature. Giaretta & Oliveira (2007) observed the presence of a calling male perched on vegetation in locality 10 km from the area studied by Cardoso et al. (1989). According to those authors, this observation was the first reported in the last 26 years. Phyllomedusa ayeaye is considered critically endangered in the Brazilian Red List of threatened species and in the IUCN Red List (Caramaschi et al. 2008; Haddad & Sazima 2008). Criteria used for inclusion of this species in these lists include the restrict area, loss, alteration and fragmentation of habitat, fire, pollution by pesticides, and siltation. The IUCN also comments that this species does not occur within any protected areas. The ecological modeling used by Giovanelli et al. (2008) indicated nine potential Conservation Units where this species may occur in the States of Minas Gerais and S��o Paulo. All the new municipalities where P. ayeaye occur are in the areas indicated by these authors: Arantina, Congonhas do Campo, Carrancas, Lavras, Lumin��rias, Ouro Preto, and Ouro Branco. The synonymization of P. itacolomi with P. ayeaye increases to four the number of Conservation Units where this species is found: (1) Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEI), (2) Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus (PEFBJ), (3) Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC), and (4) Reserva Particular do Patrim��nio Natural Ov��dio Pires (RPPN-Ov��dio Pires). Similar to PEFBJ (Ara��jo et al. 2007), the population size of P. ayeaye recorded the PEI is low. Despite the low density, adult individuals found in PEI are frequently found between the months of September and December when the first rains fill temporary ponds in which they occur followed by the presence of young newly metamorphosed in March (Drummond 2006; D.B. pers. obs.) Many Brazilian frog species have been reported as declining (Heyer et al. 1988; Weygoldt 1989; Eterovick et al. 2005). However, in recent years some threatened amphibian species had their status reevaluated. Based on specimens recently collected in new localities, Pimenta et al. (2007) considered that Brachycephalus hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya, 1998) (Brachycephalidae) cannot be categorized as threatened, since it occurs in protected areas and data on its geographic range are still being gathered. Pimenta et al. (2008) showed that the apparent decline of topotypic populations of Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi & Sazima, 1995 (Hylodidae) was related to the lack of collections on poorly sampled regions and lack of taxonomic knowledge, not to a decline itself. Phyllomedusa ayeaye was included in Brazilian Red List and IUCN Red List by its insufficient knowledge, restricted geographic distribution, and questionable taxonomic designations (see discussion in Pimenta et al. 2005). Based on new data presented here, particularly the evidence for a wider distribution than previously thought (including many preserved areas), we suggest the exclusion of Phyllomedusa ayeaye from Brazilian Red List and IUCN Red List of threatened species., Published as part of Ba��ta, D��lio, Caramaschi, Ulisses, Cruz, Carlos Alberto G. & Pombal, Jos�� P., 2009, Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae), pp. 58-65 in Zootaxa 2226 on pages 60-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190221, {"references":["Lutz, B. (1966) Pithecopus ayeaye, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966, 236 - 237.","Duellman, W. E. (1968) The genera of phyllomedusine frogs (Anura: Hylidae). University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 18, 1 - 10.","Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Feio, R. (2006) A new species of Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 524, 1 - 8.","Giaretta, A. A. & Oliveira, L. E. (2007) Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Reticulate Leaf Frog). Habitat and conservation. Herpetological Review, 38, 441.","Cardoso, A. J., Andrade, G. V. & Haddad, C. F. B. (1989) Distribuicao espacial em comunidades de anfibios (Anura) no sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 241 - 249.","Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Lima, R. (2008) Phyllomedusa ayeaye. In: Stuart, S., Hoffmann, M., Cox, N., Berridge, R., Ramani, P. & Young, B. (2008) Threatened Amphibians of the World. Barcelona: IUCN and Conservation International. xv + 758 p.","Haddad, C. F. B. & Sazima, I. (2008) Phyllomedusa ayeaye. Pp. 304 - 305. In: Machado, A. B., Drummond, G. M. & Paglia, A. P. (ed.) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao. Belo Horizonte: Fundacao Biodiversitas.","Giovanelli, J. G. R., Araujo, C. O. Haddad, C. F. B. & Alexandrino, J. (2008) Modelagem do nicho ecologico de Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae): previsao de novas areas de ocorrencia para uma especie rara. Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 3, 59 - 65.","Araujo, C. O., Condez, T. H. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966): distribution extension, new state record, and geographic distribution map. Check List, 3, 156 - 158.","Drummond, L. O. (2006) Distribuicao espacial e temporal de anfibios anuros em uma lagoa temporaria no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi. Monografia. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 46 p.","Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Peixoto. O. L. (1988) Decimations, extinctions, and colonizations of frog populations in southeastern Brazil and their evolutionary implications. Biotropica, 20, 230 - 235.","Weygoldt, P. (1989) Changes in the composition of mountain stream frog communities in the Atlantic mountains of Brazil: frogs as indicators of environmental deteriorations? Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 243, 249 - 255.","Eterovick, P. C., Carnaval, A. C. Q., Borges-Nojosa, D. M., Silvano, D. L., Segalla, M. V. & Sazima, I. (2005) Amphibian declines in Brazil: an overview. Biotropica, 37, 166 - 179.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Bernils, R. S. & Pombal Jr., J. P. (2007) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalidae, Brachycephalus hermogenesi: filling gap and geographic distribution map. Check List, 3, 277 - 279.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Wachlevski, M. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2008) Morphological and acoustical variation, geographic distribution, and conservation status of the spinythumb frog Crossodactylus bokermanni Caramaschi and Sazima, 1985 (Anura, Hylodidae). Journal of Herpetology, 42, 481 - 492.","Pimenta, B. V. S., Haddad, C. F. B., Nascimento, L. B., Cruz, C. A. G. & Pombal Jr., J. P. (2005) Comments on '' Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide. '' Science, 309, 1999."]}

Status of Phyllomedusa ayeaye and P. itacolomi Caramaschi et al. (2006) distinguished Phyllomedusa itacolomi from P. a y e a y e by the following combination of characters: (1) reticulate pattern on the upper lip and (2) borders of eyelids; (3) reticulated ventral surfaces; (4) size of blotches in hidden surfaces of flanks and limbs. According to these authors, P. itacolomi has a reticulate pattern less conspicuous in the upper lip and in the borders of eyelids than P. a y e a y e, which has this more conspicuous pattern. The ventral surfaces of P. itacolomi have gray reticulations, whereas individuals of P. ayeaye have black reticulations. The blotches in hidden surfaces of flanks and limbs of P. itacolomi are large and poorly defined in, while P. a y e a y e have small, well-defined blotches. After comparing the type specimens and topotypes of the two species, we observed that the characters used to differentiate them are present in both P. ayeaye and P. itacolomi. For instance, the reticulate pattern on the upper lip and borders of eyelids, more or less conspicuous, is present in specimens of P. ayeaye and P. itacolomi (Figure 1). Although both species also have gray or black reticulations on their ventral surfaces, in preservative the reticulations are similar in color but vary in intensity and distribution among specimens. The pattern of blotches on hidden surfaces of flanks and limbs, pointed out by Caramaschi et al. (2006) as large and less distinct versus small and well-defined, are variable in both species as illustrated in Figure 2. Other characters observed in the forelimbs of both species also showed variation, such as the blue stripe on the dorsal arms and the size and distribution of blotches (Figure 3). Due to the lack of characters supporting these taxa as two different species, we consider Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio 2006 as a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966)., Published as part of Ba��ta, D��lio, Caramaschi, Ulisses, Cruz, Carlos Alberto G. & Pombal, Jos�� P., 2009, Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae), pp. 58-65 in Zootaxa 2226 on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190221, {"references":["Caramaschi, U., Cruz, C. A. G. & Feio, R. (2006) A new species of Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia, 524, 1 - 8.","Lutz, B. (1966) Pithecopus ayeaye, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966, 236 - 237."]}

Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. (Figures 1 A–B, 2, and 3 A–C right) Holotype: ZUEC 12880 (formerly AAG-UFU 2598), an adult male from the Estação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ambiental Galheiro (± 19 o 12 ’S, 47 o 10 ’W; 900 m altitude), municipality of Perdizes, Minas Gerais, Brazil, collected by M. N. de C. Kokubum, J. C. de Oliveira Filho, and A. A. Giaretta, on December 5, 2003. Paratopotypes: Two adult males. AAG-UFU 2576, November 22, 2003; AAG-UFU 2597, December 5, 2003; same collectors of the holotype. Diagnosis: Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. is like some other species in the P. hypochondrialis group by having a distinct reticulated pattern on flanks, as P. ayeaye (Figures 1 D and 3 B left), P. centralis, P. itacolomi, P. megacephala (Figures 1 C and 3 A left), and P. oreades (Figure 3 C left). Phyllomedusa oreades Brandão 2002 topotypes and P. megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro 1926) are distinct from P. araguari sp. n. by lacking a reticulate pattern bordering the upper jaw and encircling the eyes. In P. ayeaye Lutz 1966 and P. itacolomi Caramaschi et al. 2006 the pattern on the hidden parts of legs tends to form large circles whereas in P. araguari sp. n. the legs are barred. Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. emits short pulsed notes, whereas P. megacephala emits relatively longer notes (see call description below). Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. is slightly smaller than P. c e n t r a l i s, P. megacephala, and P. itacolomi. From topotypic P. oreades, P. araguari sp. n. differs also by having a broader reticulated stripe on flanks, a better-defined reticulated pattern on the throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of hind limbs, and less protuberant nostrils. In life, P. araguari sp. n. has a white belly; this is in contrast to the pink venter of P. ayeaye, P. centralis and P. oreades, and with the yellow or orange venter of P. megacephala and P. itacolomi. In life, the mottled pattern of the concealed body parts of P. araguari sp. n. are orange, not salmon, as in P. centralis and the reticulation is dark blue, not black as in P. centralis, gray as in P. ayeaye, or deep purple as in P. itacolomi. The new species is a pond breeder, whereas P. c e n t r a l i s, P. megacephala (Eterovick and Sazima, 2004; AAG, pers. obs.) and P. o re a d e s (Brandão, 2002) breed in streams. Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. can be distinguished from the remainder species of the P. hypochondrialis group (P. azurea, P. hypochondrialis, P. nordestina, P. rohdei, and P. palliata) by having a reticulate pattern bordering the upper jaw and eyes and with orange cells with dark blue reticulations on flanks, additionally from P. rohdei and P. palliata by not having white stripes along the lateral part of body. Description of the holotype: Description of the holotype: (ZUEC 12880, adult male, Figures 1 A, 2, and 3 A and C right). Measurements in Table 1. Proportions of body parts in relation to SVL (37.4 mm): HW – 31.8 %, HL – 24.1 %, ED – 11.2 %, TD – 4.8 %, FL – 32.9 %, HAL – 27.5 %, SL – 39.6 %, TL – 41.4 %. General aspect slender; snout round in dorsal view (Figure 2 A) and vertical in lateral view (Figure 2 B); loreal region slightly concave; nostrils and eyes laterofrontally positioned; tympanum nearly circular, annuli undefined at the superior border; parotoids undistinguished; no vocal slits or external vocal sac; tongue nearly circular, free posteriorly; choanae small, nearly circular; rudimentary vomerine teeth bordering choanae antero-medially; arm thin; forearm robust; no finger webbing; comparative finger length I Variation: Variation in size in Table 1. The paratopotypes AAG-UFU 2576 and 2597 have a more rounded snout (less vertical) in lateral view than the holotype. The paratype AAG-UFU 2576 has a discrete thin white vertebral stripe from between nostrils to vent (Figure 3 B right). Coloration in life (N = 3 types, adult males, Figure 1 A–B): Dorsum and dorsal surfaces of forearm, shank, tarsus, and foot green or brownish green; flanks with dark blue reticulation encircling large vivid orange mottles from corner of mouth to groin; tympanic membrane green as the dorsum; dorsal surface of upper arms, fingers and toes reticulated as the flanks; hidden portions of shank, thigh, and tarsus with blue transversal stripes on a vivid orange background; border of maxillae and eyes circled by a fine light stripe with fine dark reticulations; throat and belly whitish; ventral surface of thighs discretely reticulated; iris silver with fine dark reticulation; pupil black. Color in preservative (all three types): dorsal surfaces of body, forearms, tarsus and shank, bluish gray; blackish purple reticulations (cells) on flanks and irregular transverse bars (3–4, sometimes anostomosed) on hidden parts of thigh and ventral surface of shank; flank reticules increasing in size from the angle of mouth to groin; belly and chest discretely reticulated; lateral groin reticulations encircling large whitish mottles (vivid colors vanished). A thin light stripe with fine dark reticulations encircling the eyes and bordering the maxillae. Tadpoles (N = 8, AAG-UFU 4200): Examined specimens at Gosner stage 25–33. Maximum observed total length– 45.7 mm (stage 33); body 31–32 % of total length. Body ovoid in lateral and dorsal views, acuminated anteriorly. Labial tooth row formula– 2 (2)/ 3 (1), anterior gap broader than the posterior; third posterior tooth row 1 / 3 the length of the others. Oral apparatus– frontal. Medial marginal papillae gaps– one broad anterior and one short posterior (posterior gap absent in small (length . Behavior and habitat: Males were found calling during the night along a narrow (0.5 m wide) deep (2 m) erosive trench (100 m) bordered by short (Ameerega flavopicta (Lutz) and Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima & Bokermann. Advertisement call: Figure 4 A–D. Call (N = 1 male, 6 analyzed calls) composed of 5–9 notes (Mean = 7, SD = 1.7) emitted around one time per minute; call duration 980–2480 ms (Mean = 1900, SD = 570) with a time interval of 23100–47400 ms (Mean = 32100, SD = 11140). Note duration 30–50 ms (Mean = 40, SD = 6), duration of inter-note intervals 260–310 ms (Mean = 280, SD = 30). Notes with three to five pulses (Mean = 4.2, SD = 0.75), pulse duration 4–10 ms (Mean = 8, SD = 2); inter-pulse intervals 1–8 ms (Mean = 3, SD = 2). The dominant and fundamental are coincident, whit an energy maximum at 1722 Hz. Phyllomedusa megacephala advertisement call: Figure 5 A–D. One male recorded (N = 10 analyzed calls). Call composed of 6–7 notes (Mean = 6.70, SD = 0.48) emitted around 13 times per minute; call duration 1370–1800 ms (Mean = 1610, SD = 150) with an interval of 1330–2740 ms (Mean = 1760, SD = 400). Note duration 90–140 ms (Mean = 110, SD = 20), duration of inter-note intervals 100–230 ms (Mean = 130, SD = 40). Notes with six to ten pulses, pulse duration 10–30 ms (Mean = 20, SD = 7); inter-pulse intervals 5– 40 ms (Mean = 10, SD = 10). The frequency raises from the beginning to the end of the call. The dominant and fundamental frequencies coincide, with an energy maximum at 1722 Hz. Etymology: The specific epithet “ araguari ” is an indigenous Tupi word for the white-eyed parakeet (Aratinga leucophthalmus), it is also the name of the dammed river bordering the type locality of the new species and the name of a municipality at its margins. It is used as a noun in apposition. The new species is named after the formerly beautiful Araguari River, now severely damaged by the human activities. At the time of writing this paper two other dams were built at sites further downstream. Distribution: Just known from the type locality. Additional remarks. Phyllomedusa azurea is a ubiquitous species in the Brazilian Cerrados and is known to occur along the Araguari River in Uberlândia municipality (MG), about 150 km down the type locality of P. araguari sp. n.. We predict that both species may not overlap extensively in distribution since, similar to the other species of the P. hypochondrialis group with a reticulate pattern on flanks, the new species appears to be restricted to sites at relatively high elevations (> 900 m alt.) (Caramaschi et al., 2006). The tadpole of Phyllomedusa ayeaye was originally studied by Lutz (1966) and, based on the same specimens, re-described by Cruz (1982). None of these works mentions a gap in the posterior row of papillae; in our sample (seven tadpoles; Gosner 25–41) of topotypes this gap is well defined. As observed in the new species, this feature appears to vary ontogenetically, being better noticed in larger (> 25 mm TL) and advanced (Gosner> 25) specimens. The holotype of P. oreades is referred as having “vocal slits circular”, we have re-examined the holotype and five other adult male paratopotypes and did not found any sign of vocal slits. The holotype of P. oreades is also an exceptionally small male, with a shank length significantly (t = 3.20, p Phyllomedusa oreades has been referred as occurring, in addition to the type locality (Serra da Mesa, Goiás), in localities around Brasília (DF) (Figure 2 in Brandão, 2002). The large finger discs, broad reticulated pattern on flanks and reticulated border of maxillae of the individuals of this southern population renders their assignation to this species problematic. Actually, these last two features of the specimens from Brasília make them more similar to the new species described herein than to P. o re a d e s. Further studies and call analyses of specimens of P. oreades from the type locality, and of specimens from Brasília, are needed to elucidate this question. The frog fauna of Galheiro shares identity with that of the Serra da Canastra (Haddad et al., 1988; Oliveira Filho & Kokubum, 2003), which lays about 120 km to southeast. Recently Araújo et al. (2007) reported the presence of Pyllomedusa ayeaye there. We recommend studies on acoustics of the population of Serra da Canastra because to altitudinal restricted species, such as those of the P. hypochondrialis group with reticulated pattern on flanks, it is expected that the Rio Grande River may represent a major barrier to dispersion. As the new species is a grass/shrub environment dweller, it probably is not threatened of extinction by local human activities such as damming, deforestation, and cattle farming. Potential threats appear to include fires, exotic grasses (Melinis minutiflora Beauv) over-shadowing trenches/ponds, and removal of natural vegetation for agriculture.

Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. (Figures 1 A���B, 2, and 3 A���C right) Holotype: ZUEC 12880 (formerly AAG-UFU 2598), an adult male from the Esta����o de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ambiental Galheiro (�� 19 o 12 ���S, 47 o 10 ���W; 900 m altitude), municipality of Perdizes, Minas Gerais, Brazil, collected by M. N. de C. Kokubum, J. C. de Oliveira Filho, and A. A. Giaretta, on December 5, 2003. Paratopotypes: Two adult males. AAG-UFU 2576, November 22, 2003; AAG-UFU 2597, December 5, 2003; same collectors of the holotype. Diagnosis: Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. is like some other species in the P. hypochondrialis group by having a distinct reticulated pattern on flanks, as P. ayeaye (Figures 1 D and 3 B left), P. centralis, P. itacolomi, P. megacephala (Figures 1 C and 3 A left), and P. oreades (Figure 3 C left). Phyllomedusa oreades Brand��o 2002 topotypes and P. megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro 1926) are distinct from P. araguari sp. n. by lacking a reticulate pattern bordering the upper jaw and encircling the eyes. In P. ayeaye Lutz 1966 and P. itacolomi Caramaschi et al. 2006 the pattern on the hidden parts of legs tends to form large circles whereas in P. araguari sp. n. the legs are barred. Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. emits short pulsed notes, whereas P. megacephala emits relatively longer notes (see call description below). Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. is slightly smaller than P. c e n t r a l i s, P. megacephala, and P. itacolomi. From topotypic P. oreades, P. araguari sp. n. differs also by having a broader reticulated stripe on flanks, a better-defined reticulated pattern on the throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of hind limbs, and less protuberant nostrils. In life, P. araguari sp. n. has a white belly; this is in contrast to the pink venter of P. ayeaye, P. centralis and P. oreades, and with the yellow or orange venter of P. megacephala and P. itacolomi. In life, the mottled pattern of the concealed body parts of P. araguari sp. n. are orange, not salmon, as in P. centralis and the reticulation is dark blue, not black as in P. centralis, gray as in P. ayeaye, or deep purple as in P. itacolomi. The new species is a pond breeder, whereas P. c e n t r a l i s, P. megacephala (Eterovick and Sazima, 2004; AAG, pers. obs.) and P. o re a d e s (Brand��o, 2002) breed in streams. Phyllomedusa araguari sp. n. can be distinguished from the remainder species of the P. hypochondrialis group (P. azurea, P. hypochondrialis, P. nordestina, P. rohdei, and P. palliata) by having a reticulate pattern bordering the upper jaw and eyes and with orange cells with dark blue reticulations on flanks, additionally from P. rohdei and P. palliata by not having white stripes along the lateral part of body. Description of the holotype: Description of the holotype: (ZUEC 12880, adult male, Figures 1 A, 2, and 3 A and C right). Measurements in Table 1. Proportions of body parts in relation to SVL (37.4 mm): HW ��� 31.8 %, HL ��� 24.1 %, ED ��� 11.2 %, TD ��� 4.8 %, FL ��� 32.9 %, HAL ��� 27.5 %, SL ��� 39.6 %, TL ��� 41.4 %. General aspect slender; snout round in dorsal view (Figure 2 A) and vertical in lateral view (Figure 2 B); loreal region slightly concave; nostrils and eyes laterofrontally positioned; tympanum nearly circular, annuli undefined at the superior border; parotoids undistinguished; no vocal slits or external vocal sac; tongue nearly circular, free posteriorly; choanae small, nearly circular; rudimentary vomerine teeth bordering choanae antero-medially; arm thin; forearm robust; no finger webbing; comparative finger length IVariation: Variation in size in Table 1. The paratopotypes AAG-UFU 2576 and 2597 have a more rounded snout (less vertical) in lateral view than the holotype. The paratype AAG-UFU 2576 has a discrete thin white vertebral stripe from between nostrils to vent (Figure 3 B right). Coloration in life (N = 3 types, adult males, Figure 1 A���B): Dorsum and dorsal surfaces of forearm, shank, tarsus, and foot green or brownish green; flanks with dark blue reticulation encircling large vivid orange mottles from corner of mouth to groin; tympanic membrane green as the dorsum; dorsal surface of upper arms, fingers and toes reticulated as the flanks; hidden portions of shank, thigh, and tarsus with blue transversal stripes on a vivid orange background; border of maxillae and eyes circled by a fine light stripe with fine dark reticulations; throat and belly whitish; ventral surface of thighs discretely reticulated; iris silver with fine dark reticulation; pupil black. Color in preservative (all three types): dorsal surfaces of body, forearms, tarsus and shank, bluish gray; blackish purple reticulations (cells) on flanks and irregular transverse bars (3���4, sometimes anostomosed) on hidden parts of thigh and ventral surface of shank; flank reticules increasing in size from the angle of mouth to groin; belly and chest discretely reticulated; lateral groin reticulations encircling large whitish mottles (vivid colors vanished). A thin light stripe with fine dark reticulations encircling the eyes and bordering the maxillae. Tadpoles (N = 8, AAG-UFU 4200): Examined specimens at Gosner stage 25���33. Maximum observed total length��� 45.7 mm (stage 33); body 31���32 % of total length. Body ovoid in lateral and dorsal views, acuminated anteriorly. Labial tooth row formula��� 2 (2)/ 3 (1), anterior gap broader than the posterior; third posterior tooth row 1 / 3 the length of the others. Oral apparatus��� frontal. Medial marginal papillae gaps��� one broad anterior and one short posterior (posterior gap absent in small (length Behavior and habitat: Males were found calling during the night along a narrow (0.5 m wide) deep (2 m) erosive trench (100 m) bordered by short (Ameerega flavopicta (Lutz) and Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima & Bokermann. Advertisement call: Figure 4 A���D. Call (N = 1 male, 6 analyzed calls) composed of 5���9 notes (Mean = 7, SD = 1.7) emitted around one time per minute; call duration 980���2480 ms (Mean = 1900, SD = 570) with a time interval of 23100���47400 ms (Mean = 32100, SD = 11140). Note duration 30���50 ms (Mean = 40, SD = 6), duration of inter-note intervals 260���310 ms (Mean = 280, SD = 30). Notes with three to five pulses (Mean = 4.2, SD = 0.75), pulse duration 4���10 ms (Mean = 8, SD = 2); inter-pulse intervals 1���8 ms (Mean = 3, SD = 2). The dominant and fundamental are coincident, whit an energy maximum at 1722 Hz. Phyllomedusa megacephala advertisement call: Figure 5 A���D. One male recorded (N = 10 analyzed calls). Call composed of 6���7 notes (Mean = 6.70, SD = 0.48) emitted around 13 times per minute; call duration 1370���1800 ms (Mean = 1610, SD = 150) with an interval of 1330���2740 ms (Mean = 1760, SD = 400). Note duration 90���140 ms (Mean = 110, SD = 20), duration of inter-note intervals 100���230 ms (Mean = 130, SD = 40). Notes with six to ten pulses, pulse duration 10���30 ms (Mean = 20, SD = 7); inter-pulse intervals 5��� 40 ms (Mean = 10, SD = 10). The frequency raises from the beginning to the end of the call. The dominant and fundamental frequencies coincide, with an energy maximum at 1722 Hz. Etymology: The specific epithet ��� araguari ��� is an indigenous Tupi word for the white-eyed parakeet (Aratinga leucophthalmus), it is also the name of the dammed river bordering the type locality of the new species and the name of a municipality at its margins. It is used as a noun in apposition. The new species is named after the formerly beautiful Araguari River, now severely damaged by the human activities. At the time of writing this paper two other dams were built at sites further downstream. Distribution: Just known from the type locality. Additional remarks. Phyllomedusa azurea is a ubiquitous species in the Brazilian Cerrados and is known to occur along the Araguari River in Uberl��ndia municipality (MG), about 150 km down the type locality of P. araguari sp. n.. We predict that both species may not overlap extensively in distribution since, similar to the other species of the P. hypochondrialis group with a reticulate pattern on flanks, the new species appears to be restricted to sites at relatively high elevations (> 900 m alt.) (Caramaschi et al., 2006). The tadpole of Phyllomedusa ayeaye was originally studied by Lutz (1966) and, based on the same specimens, re-described by Cruz (1982). None of these works mentions a gap in the posterior row of papillae; in our sample (seven tadpoles; Gosner 25���41) of topotypes this gap is well defined. As observed in the new species, this feature appears to vary ontogenetically, being better noticed in larger (> 25 mm TL) and advanced (Gosner> 25) specimens. The holotype of P. oreades is referred as having ���vocal slits circular���, we have re-examined the holotype and five other adult male paratopotypes and did not found any sign of vocal slits. The holotype of P. oreades is also an exceptionally small male, with a shank length significantly (t = 3.20, p Phyllomedusa oreades has been referred as occurring, in addition to the type locality (Serra da Mesa, Goi��s), in localities around Bras��lia (DF) (Figure 2 in Brand��o, 2002). The large finger discs, broad reticulated pattern on flanks and reticulated border of maxillae of the individuals of this southern population renders their assignation to this species problematic. Actually, these last two features of the specimens from Bras��lia make them more similar to the new species described herein than to P. o re a d e s. Further studies and call analyses of specimens of P. oreades from the type locality, and of specimens from Bras��lia, are needed to elucidate this question. The frog fauna of Galheiro shares identity with that of the Serra da Canastra (Haddad et al., 1988; Oliveira Filho & Kokubum, 2003), which lays about 120 km to southeast. Recently Ara��jo et al. (2007) reported the presence of Pyllomedusa ayeaye there. We recommend studies on acoustics of the population of Serra da Canastra because to altitudinal restricted species, such as those of the P. hypochondrialis group with reticulated pattern on flanks, it is expected that the Rio Grande River may represent a major barrier to dispersion. As the new species is a grass/shrub environment dweller, it probably is not threatened of extinction by local human activities such as damming, deforestation, and cattle farming. Potential threats appear to include fires, exotic grasses (Melinis minutiflora Beauv) over-shadowing trenches/ponds, and removal of natural vegetation for agriculture., Published as part of Giaretta, Ariovaldo A., De, J��lio C., Filho, Oliveira & De, Marcelo N., 2007, A new Phyllomedusa Wagler (Anura, Hylidae) with reticulated pattern on flanks from Southeastern Brazil, pp. 31-41 in Zootaxa 1614 on pages 32-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179025, {"references":["Brandao, R. A. (2002) A new species of Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 (Anura: Hylidae) from Central Brasil. Journal of Herpetology, 36 (4), 571 - 578.","Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1926) Notas para servirem ao estudo dos Gymnobatrachios (Anura) brasileiros. Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 27, 1 - 227 + 22 plates.","Lutz, B. (1966) Pithecopus ayeaye, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966 (2), 236 - 240.","Eterovick, P. C. & Sazima, I. (2004) Anfibios da Serra do Cipo - Minas Gerais, Brasil. PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, 150 pp.","Cruz, C. A. G. da (1982) Conceituacao de grupos de especies de Phyllomedusa brasileiras com base em caracteres larvarios (Amphibian, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 5 (2), 147 - 171.","Haddad, C. F. B., Andrade, G. V. & Cardoso, A. J. (1988) Anfibios Anuros no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Estado de Minas Gerais. Brasil Florestal, 64, 9 - 20.","Oliveira Filho, J. C. & Kokubum, M. N. C. (2003) Scinax canastrensis. Geographic distribution. Herpetological Review, 34 (2), 163.","Araujo, C. de O., Condez, T. H. & Haddad C. F. B. (2007). Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966): Distribution extension, new state record, and geographic distribution map. Check List: 3 (2), 156 - 158."]}

Phyllomedusa neildi sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 2) Holotype: MBUCV 6684, adult male, from the vicinity of Murucusa, Municipio Petit (11 �� 02��� N, 69 �� 35 ��� W), 550 masl, spurs of Sierra de San Lu��s, Estado Falc��n, Venezuela, collected by C. Mor��n in August 1994. Paratypes: CVULA 6500, 6502, adult males; CVULA 6501, 6503, adult females; EBRG 4754 ��� 5, adult males; MBUCV 6685 ��� 6, adult males (6685 cleared and stained). All with the same data as the holotype. Referred material: MHNLS 1503 Estado Falc��n: Curimagua, distrito Petit. Etymology: The specific name is a patronym for Andrew Neild, lepidopterologist associated with the Natural History Museum of London (UK) in recognition of his productive work in Venezuela (Neild 1996). Diagnosis: A member of the genus Phyllomedusa sensu stricto (Gon��alves da Cruz 1990; Faivovich et al. 2005) and of the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (defined below), with the following combination of characters: (1) moderate size (= 59.8 in males; = 73.3 in females); (2): snout of males strongly sloping in lateral profile, rounded to truncate in females; (3) Finger I longer than, and opposable to FII; (4) parotoid glands not apparent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers present; (6) calcars and dermal appendages absent; (7) palpebral membrane not reticulated; (8) iris golden with black reticulations in life; (9) dorsal coloration green; concealed surfaces of hind limbs pink with white transverse bars or spots. Comparison with other species: Compared with other species in the Phyllomedusa tarsius group, P. neildi is similar to P. trinitatis, P. tarsius and P. venusta, but can be easily distinguished by its significantly smaller size; SVL in Phyllomedusa trinitatis (Fig 3) males is from 70 to 81 mm (= 76.3); in females is from 90 to 95.5 (= 92 mm) [own data]; SVL in Phyllomedusa tarsius (Fig 4) ranges in males from 81 to 90 mm (= 84.1 mm); in females from 99.1 to 111.8 mm (= 104.0 mm) (Duellman 1974); SVL in Phyllomedusa venusta ranges in males from 69 to 86.3 mm (= 77.4 mm); the mean in females is 97.7 mm (Duellman and Trueb 1967, and own data combined). On the other hand, P. neildi has the concealed surfaces of the hind limbs coloured with white transverse bars or spots on a pink background (absent or very ill defined in other species). Phyllomedusa venusta has long and prominent parotoid glands (absent or not well developed in P. neildi). Males of P. coelestis, a rare species in the upper Amazon of Peru and Ecuador, are similar in size to those of P. neildi (53.3���64.8 mm; Duellman and Mendelson III 1995), but P. neildi also differs from P. coelestis in coloration of the flanks and concealed surfaces of hind limbs. Phyllomedusa boliviana and P. c a m b a from the south western Amazon Basin lack a golden iris with black reticulation and have conspicuous parotoid glands. Description of the type series: Phyllomedusa of moderate size (males 55.2���63.8, 59.8; females 70.5���76, 73.2). Head (Fig. 5 B) longer than wide; top of head flat; snout short, oval in males, rounded in females in dorsal view; sloping in males, and rounded to truncate in females in lateral profile; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region slightly concave; lips thin, not flared; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region flat; eyes protuberant; palpebral membrane transparent; parotoid glands indistinct; supratympanic fold apparent only in females, barely developed; tympanum vertically oval, distinct, except dorsally, hidden by supratympanic fold. Tongue enormous, round or cordiform, �� to 2 / 3 free distally; maxillary teeth present; dentigerous processes of vomers small, transverse between choanae, separated by a distance equal to 2 / 3 of one process; each bearing 2���6 teeth (usually 4���6); vocal slits absent; vocal sac single, medial, not distinct. Axillary membranes absent; arms slender, forearms moderately robust in males; ulnar fold indistinct; indistint row of protuberances, in some specimens; relative length of fingers IColoration: In life, dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs green (Fig 1); flanks changing from green dorsally to pale brown ventrally through diffuse series of flat white warts; throat and chest greyish brown; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs yellowish brown; irregular white spot, approximately at juncture of each forelimb, in some individuals extending from anterior part of chest to posterior part of throat, bordered or not by smaller white spots; large, round white spots on ventral surface of each thigh proximal to cloaca; (Fig 2); concealed surfaces of hind limbs pink with white bars or spots (Fig 1); inner surfaces of forearm and Fingers II and III pink with white bars; white line on outer edge of forearm, extending to end of Finger IV, serves to separate the dorsal green coloration of the upper surface of the forearm from ventral gray surfaces; a similar tarsal line, not always well defined. The iris is golden with black reticulations. In preservative, the dorsum is pale blue; the venter is gray, and the belly whitish; concealed surfaces of hind limbs change to grayish pink. Measurements of Holotype: SVL: 60.2; TL: 28.2; FL: 19.9; HeL: 22; HW: 20; ED: 5.7; TD: 3; IOD: 6; UEW: 6; 1 FiL: 8.5; 2 FiL: 10; FD: 2; 4 TD: 2; InD: 5. Variation: The pattern on the concealed surfaces of the hind limbs varies from white transverse bars to white spots on a pink background. The subarticular tubercles on the hands and feet are rounded or conical, but they always are protuberant. The shape, number and disposition of the white spots on the chest and ventral surfaces of the thighs also are variable. The variation in measurements is given in Table 1. Distribution and habitat: In addition to the type locality, one specimen assigned to Phyllomedusa neildi (MHNLS 1503) comes from Curimagua, distrito Petit, in the Sierra de San Luis. Thus, P. n e i l d i is known definitely only from xeric localities on a spur of the Sierra de San Luis, at an elevation of 550 m. The dominant vegetation consists of low trees (to 8 m) called locally ���cuj��es���, spiny bushes, and cacti, composing a dry semi��deciduous dwarf forest (bosque muy seco tropical "bms��T" of Holdridge 1967). This species may be endemic to the low, dry lands of the Sierra de San Luis and vicinity, but it also could be more widespread through similar habitats in northwestern Venezuela in the states of Falc��n, Lara, Yaracuy and Zulia. Previously, all known species of what is going to be the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (defined below) were reported to occur from lowland rainforest to cloud forest (bmh��T to bmh��P of Holdridge 1967), which are the habitats of P. t a r s i u s and P. trinitatis in Venezuela, although the latter can be also found in deciduous forest (bs��P). Phyllomedusa venusta is known from rainforest in Dari��n, Panam�� (Duellman and Trueb, 1967) and northern Colombia to the middle Magdalena Valley, although it inhabits also some localities with a drier climate in Atl��ntico and Luriza (John D. Lynch, pers. com.). Phyllomedusa coelestis occurs in rainforests in the upper Amazon in Peru and Ecuador. Natural History: At the type locality, on 22 August 2001, several egg clutches were observed. These were like those described by Kenny (1966) for Phyllomedusa trinitatis in Trinidad. One clutch was encased on the upper surface of a single leaf, about 12 cm wide. Other nests were encased in two or more leaves. Two nests contained 255 and 282 white eggs, surrounded by transparent jelly capsules. Adult males called from bushes at heights of 1.5 m to trees to> 4 m, around ponds. Amplectant pairs were observed in vegetation at various heights above water, but never in the water, as Langone et al. (1985) observed for P. i h e r i n g i. The same night, while in some lagoons many adults were in reproductive activity, in other pools only a few males were calling sporadically. Other species of anurans typical of savannas and xeric habitats of northern South America that were found in the pond where P. neildi was breeding include Chaunus marinus, C. granulosus complex, Dendropsophus microcephalus, D. minutus, Hypsiboas crepitans, Scinax ���xsignatus���, Engystomops pustulosus, Pleurodema brachyops, and Leptodactylus insularum. Vocalization: Three types of notes can be recognized. In the audiospectrogram (Fig 7), each call corresponds to a different individual, but all were recorded at the same time (21: 30 h) from a single position (air temperature 22 ��C). The first (Fig 7 A) consist of a single note of 104 ms of length and 707 Hz of dominant frequency (fundamental frequency of 168 Hz). The second (Fig 7 B) is a series of eight notes of 871 ms, with a dominant frequency of 736 Hz (fundamental 140 Hz). The third (Fig 7 C) was the most common (that night) and consists of two notes, one principal with a duration of 164 ms and a dominant frequency of 843 Hz, (fundamental 252 Hz), and a secondary of 104 ms. The length of the complete sequence is 302 ms. Rivero & Esteves (1969) showed an audioespectrogram of the call of Phyllomedusa trinitatis, but they did not described it. In their spectrogram, there is a principal note, followed by five secondary notes; as can be extrapolated, the dominant frequency is approximately at 800 Hz, while the fundamental is at 500 Hz; the duration of the sequence is of 1.1 sec. Phyllomedusa neildi can emit up to fifteen consecutive secondary notes. Kenny (1966) described a distress call for P. trinitatis that was not heard in P. n e i l d i. Calls of the Phyllomedusa tarsius group species have been never well analyzed. We cannot conclude any important difference among them. The call of P. c a m b a (out of the P. t a r s i u s group in this paper) has also a dominant frequency of 860 Hz., Published as part of Barrio-Amor��s, C��sar L., 2006, A new species of Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) from northwestern Venezuela, pp. 55-68 in Zootaxa 1309 on pages 57-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173822, {"references":["Neild, A. F. E. (1996) The Butterflies of Venezuela. A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae. Part 1: Nymphalidae I (Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). Meridian Publications, Greenwich. 144 pp., 32 pls., 18 figs, 4 maps.","Goncalves Da Cruz, C. A. (1990) Sobre as relacoes intergenericas de Phyllomedusinae da floresta Atlantica (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasilera de Biologia, 50 (3), 709 - 726.","Faivovich, J., C. E. B. Haddad, P. Garcia, D. R. Frost, J. A. Campbell, and W. C. Wheeler. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Duellman, W. E. (1974) Taxonomic notes on Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) from the Upper Amazon basin. Herpetologica, 30 (2), 105 - 112.","Duellman, W. E. & L. Trueb (1967) Two new species of tree frogs (genus Phyllomedusa) from Panama. Copeia, 1967 (1), 125 - 131.","Duellman, W. E. & J. R. Mendelson III. (1995) Amphibians and Reptiles from Northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: Taxonomy and Biogeography. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55 (19), 329 - 376.","Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology Tropical Science Center. San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp.","Kenny, J. S. (1966) Nest building in Phyllomedusa trinitatis Mertens. Caribbean Journal of Science, 6 (1 - 2), 15 - 22.","Langone, J., C. Prigioni and L. Venturino (1985) Informe preliminar sobre el comportamiento reproductor y otros aspectos de la biologia de Phyllomedusa iheringi, Boulenger, 1885 (Anura, Hylidae). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 152, 1 - 12.","Rivero, J. A. and A. E., Esteves. (1969) Observations on the agonistic and breeding behavior of Leptodactylus pentadactylus and other amphibian species in Venezuela. Breviora, 321, 1 - 14."]}

Phyllomedusa tarsius group De la Riva (1999) comments on the poorly defined tarsius group, which to him consisted in the following species: Phyllomedusa boliviana, P. camba, P. coelestis, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis and P. venusta. Faivovich et al. (2005) only tested (based on 5100 base pairs from four mithochondrial and five nuclear genes) P. t a r s i u s of the group. Creating a new Hylidae taxonomy, they included P. sauvagii in the same group with P. tarsius, P. boliviana and P. c a m b a. However, P. boliviana and P. c a m b a (which are definitely very similar to each other) differs considerably from P. coelestis, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis and P. venusta, especially in appearance of the eye (see below), and P. sauvagii is clearly not assignable to this group (it is one of the most distinctive Phyllomedusa, and probably it deserves its own species group, Cannatella 1980; De la Riva 1999). I propose the following definition of the P. tarsius group (osteological and larval characters not considered: the larvae of P. coelestis, P. neildi, and P. v e n u s t a are unknown): moderate to large phyllomedusines with sexual dimorphism in size (males from 53.3 to 97 mm ��smallest measurement corresponding to P. coelestis, the biggest to P. t a r s i u s from Ecuador��; females from 63 to 111.8 mm ���smallest measurement corresponding to P. n e i l d i, the biggest to P. t a r s i u s ��): (1) Foot and hands without webbing; (2) parotoid glands indistinct (in P. neildi, P. tarsius from Venezuela and some P. trinitatis), moderately developed (P. coelestis, P. trinitatis) to well developed (some P. t a r s i u s and P. venusta); (3) dorsal skin smooth with fine and scattered small tubercles (P. neildi, P. trinitatis), pustules (P. venusta), shagreen (P. tarsius), or posteriorly tuberculate (P. coelestis); (4) males with vocal slits (P. coelestis) or without (P. n e i l d i, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis); (5) Toe I longer than II; (6) iris golden, orange or reddish, with black fine reticulations (P. coelestis, P. neildi, P. tarsius, P. trinitatis, P. venusta); (7) vomerine processes present. I propose to exclude P. boliviana and P. c a m b a (included in the group by De la Riva 1999) and P. sauvagii (included in the group by Faivovich et al. 2005) because they do not share the most striking character (herein considered as a synapomorphy) of the group, the golden iris with black reticulations., Published as part of Barrio-Amor��s, C��sar L., 2006, A new species of Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) from northwestern Venezuela, pp. 55-68 in Zootaxa 1309 on page 64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173822, {"references":["De la Riva, I. (1999) A new Phyllomedusa from southwestern Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). Revista Espanola de Herpetologia, 13, 123 - 131.","Faivovich, J., C. E. B. Haddad, P. Garcia, D. R. Frost, J. A. Campbell, and W. C. Wheeler. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Cannatella, D. (1980) A review of the Phyllomedusa buckleyi group (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional. Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 87, 1 - 40."]}

A new species of the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (Anura: Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) from northwestern Venezuela can be differentiated from other species in the group by its small size, white and pink bars on the concealed surfaces of legs, and distinctive mating call; it is known only from xeric areas in the vicinity of Serranía de San Luis, Estado Falcón, Venezuela. The call is described, and some natural history data is also provided. The Phyllomedusa tarsius group includes five species and is defined by morphological characters (with one putative synapomorphy).

Phyllomedusa neildi sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 2) Holotype: MBUCV 6684, adult male, from the vicinity of Murucusa, Municipio Petit (11 º 02’ N, 69 º 35 ’ W), 550 masl, spurs of Sierra de San Luís, Estado Falcón, Venezuela, collected by C. Morón in August 1994. Paratypes: CVULA 6500, 6502, adult males; CVULA 6501, 6503, adult females; EBRG 4754 – 5, adult males; MBUCV 6685 – 6, adult males (6685 cleared and stained). All with the same data as the holotype. Referred material: MHNLS 1503 Estado Falcón: Curimagua, distrito Petit. Etymology: The specific name is a patronym for Andrew Neild, lepidopterologist associated with the Natural History Museum of London (UK) in recognition of his productive work in Venezuela (Neild 1996). Diagnosis: A member of the genus Phyllomedusa sensu stricto (Gonçalves da Cruz 1990; Faivovich et al. 2005) and of the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (defined below), with the following combination of characters: (1) moderate size (= 59.8 in males; = 73.3 in females); (2): snout of males strongly sloping in lateral profile, rounded to truncate in females; (3) Finger I longer than, and opposable to FII; (4) parotoid glands not apparent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers present; (6) calcars and dermal appendages absent; (7) palpebral membrane not reticulated; (8) iris golden with black reticulations in life; (9) dorsal coloration green; concealed surfaces of hind limbs pink with white transverse bars or spots. Comparison with other species: Compared with other species in the Phyllomedusa tarsius group, P. neildi is similar to P. trinitatis, P. tarsius and P. venusta, but can be easily distinguished by its significantly smaller size; SVL in Phyllomedusa trinitatis (Fig 3) males is from 70 to 81 mm (= 76.3); in females is from 90 to 95.5 (= 92 mm) [own data]; SVL in Phyllomedusa tarsius (Fig 4) ranges in males from 81 to 90 mm (= 84.1 mm); in females from 99.1 to 111.8 mm (= 104.0 mm) (Duellman 1974); SVL in Phyllomedusa venusta ranges in males from 69 to 86.3 mm (= 77.4 mm); the mean in females is 97.7 mm (Duellman and Trueb 1967, and own data combined). On the other hand, P. neildi has the concealed surfaces of the hind limbs coloured with white transverse bars or spots on a pink background (absent or very ill defined in other species). Phyllomedusa venusta has long and prominent parotoid glands (absent or not well developed in P. neildi). Males of P. coelestis, a rare species in the upper Amazon of Peru and Ecuador, are similar in size to those of P. neildi (53.3–64.8 mm; Duellman and Mendelson III 1995), but P. neildi also differs from P. coelestis in coloration of the flanks and concealed surfaces of hind limbs. Phyllomedusa boliviana and P. c a m b a from the south western Amazon Basin lack a golden iris with black reticulation and have conspicuous parotoid glands. Description of the type series: Phyllomedusa of moderate size (males 55.2–63.8, 59.8; females 70.5–76, 73.2). Head (Fig. 5 B) longer than wide; top of head flat; snout short, oval in males, rounded in females in dorsal view; sloping in males, and rounded to truncate in females in lateral profile; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region slightly concave; lips thin, not flared; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region flat; eyes protuberant; palpebral membrane transparent; parotoid glands indistinct; supratympanic fold apparent only in females, barely developed; tympanum vertically oval, distinct, except dorsally, hidden by supratympanic fold. Tongue enormous, round or cordiform, ½ to 2 / 3 free distally; maxillary teeth present; dentigerous processes of vomers small, transverse between choanae, separated by a distance equal to 2 / 3 of one process; each bearing 2–6 teeth (usually 4–6); vocal slits absent; vocal sac single, medial, not distinct. Axillary membranes absent; arms slender, forearms moderately robust in males; ulnar fold indistinct; indistint row of protuberances, in some specimens; relative length of fingers I Hind limbs slender, moderately long, without calcars or other dermal ornaments; anterior edge of tibia with a row of nearly indistinct tubercles, white; interior tarsal fold indistinct; exterior tarsal fold indistinct; relative length of toes II Cloacal opening directed posteroventrally, at upper level of thighs, not ornamented. Skin on dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs smooth with small white warts scattered irregularly on dorsum, dorsal parts of flanks (Fig. 5 A) and posterior surfaces of thighs; skin on venter, flanks and ventral surfaces of hind limbs slightly tuberculate. Coloration: In life, dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs green (Fig 1); flanks changing from green dorsally to pale brown ventrally through diffuse series of flat white warts; throat and chest greyish brown; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs yellowish brown; irregular white spot, approximately at juncture of each forelimb, in some individuals extending from anterior part of chest to posterior part of throat, bordered or not by smaller white spots; large, round white spots on ventral surface of each thigh proximal to cloaca; (Fig 2); concealed surfaces of hind limbs pink with white bars or spots (Fig 1); inner surfaces of forearm and Fingers II and III pink with white bars; white line on outer edge of forearm, extending to end of Finger IV, serves to separate the dorsal green coloration of the upper surface of the forearm from ventral gray surfaces; a similar tarsal line, not always well defined. The iris is golden with black reticulations. In preservative, the dorsum is pale blue; the venter is gray, and the belly whitish; concealed surfaces of hind limbs change to grayish pink. Measurements of Holotype: SVL: 60.2; TL: 28.2; FL: 19.9; HeL: 22; HW: 20; ED: 5.7; TD: 3; IOD: 6; UEW: 6; 1 FiL: 8.5; 2 FiL: 10; FD: 2; 4 TD: 2; InD: 5. Variation: The pattern on the concealed surfaces of the hind limbs varies from white transverse bars to white spots on a pink background. The subarticular tubercles on the hands and feet are rounded or conical, but they always are protuberant. The shape, number and disposition of the white spots on the chest and ventral surfaces of the thighs also are variable. The variation in measurements is given in Table 1. Distribution and habitat: In addition to the type locality, one specimen assigned to Phyllomedusa neildi (MHNLS 1503) comes from Curimagua, distrito Petit, in the Sierra de San Luis. Thus, P. n e i l d i is known definitely only from xeric localities on a spur of the Sierra de San Luis, at an elevation of 550 m. The dominant vegetation consists of low trees (to 8 m) called locally “cujíes”, spiny bushes, and cacti, composing a dry semi­deciduous dwarf forest (bosque muy seco tropical "bms­T" of Holdridge 1967). This species may be endemic to the low, dry lands of the Sierra de San Luis and vicinity, but it also could be more widespread through similar habitats in northwestern Venezuela in the states of Falcón, Lara, Yaracuy and Zulia. Previously, all known species of what is going to be the Phyllomedusa tarsius group (defined below) were reported to occur from lowland rainforest to cloud forest (bmh­T to bmh­P of Holdridge 1967), which are the habitats of P. t a r s i u s and P. trinitatis in Venezuela, although the latter can be also found in deciduous forest (bs­P). Phyllomedusa venusta is known from rainforest in Darién, Panamá (Duellman and Trueb, 1967) and northern Colombia to the middle Magdalena Valley, although it inhabits also some localities with a drier climate in Atlántico and Luriza (John D. Lynch, pers. com.). Phyllomedusa coelestis occurs in rainforests in the upper Amazon in Peru and Ecuador. Natural History: At the type locality, on 22 August 2001, several egg clutches were observed. These were like those described by Kenny (1966) for Phyllomedusa trinitatis in Trinidad. One clutch was encased on the upper surface of a single leaf, about 12 cm wide. Other nests were encased in two or more leaves. Two nests contained 255 and 282 white eggs, surrounded by transparent jelly capsules. Adult males called from bushes at heights of 1.5 m to trees to> 4 m, around ponds. Amplectant pairs were observed in vegetation at various heights above water, but never in the water, as Langone et al. (1985) observed for P. i h e r i n g i. The same night, while in some lagoons many adults were in reproductive activity, in other pools only a few males were calling sporadically. Other species of anurans typical of savannas and xeric habitats of northern South America that were found in the pond where P. neildi was breeding include Chaunus marinus, C. granulosus complex, Dendropsophus microcephalus, D. minutus, Hypsiboas crepitans, Scinax “xsignatus”, Engystomops pustulosus, Pleurodema brachyops, and Leptodactylus insularum. Vocalization: Three types of notes can be recognized. In the audiospectrogram (Fig 7), each call corresponds to a different individual, but all were recorded at the same time (21: 30 h) from a single position (air temperature 22 °C). The first (Fig 7 A) consist of a single note of 104 ms of length and 707 Hz of dominant frequency (fundamental frequency of 168 Hz). The second (Fig 7 B) is a series of eight notes of 871 ms, with a dominant frequency of 736 Hz (fundamental 140 Hz). The third (Fig 7 C) was the most common (that night) and consists of two notes, one principal with a duration of 164 ms and a dominant frequency of 843 Hz, (fundamental 252 Hz), and a secondary of 104 ms. The length of the complete sequence is 302 ms. Rivero & Esteves (1969) showed an audioespectrogram of the call of Phyllomedusa trinitatis, but they did not described it. In their spectrogram, there is a principal note, followed by five secondary notes; as can be extrapolated, the dominant frequency is approximately at 800 Hz, while the fundamental is at 500 Hz; the duration of the sequence is of 1.1 sec. Phyllomedusa neildi can emit up to fifteen consecutive secondary notes. Kenny (1966) described a distress call for P. trinitatis that was not heard in P. n e i l d i. Calls of the Phyllomedusa tarsius group species have been never well analyzed. We cannot conclude any important difference among them. The call of P. c a m b a (out of the P. t a r s i u s group in this paper) has also a dominant frequency of 860 Hz.

Phyllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. (Figs.12-16) Holótipo − BRASIL: BAHIA: Município de Maracás (13 o 26’S, 40 o 26’W, 960m de altitude), MNRJ 1 3 6 0 7, a d u l t o (F i g. 1 2), 1 4-1 6/I I/1 9 8 7, U.Caramaschi col. Parátipos − Todos coletados na localidade-tipo: MNRJ 13602-13606, 13608-13611, nove machos, coletados com o holótipo; MNRJ 34303-34312, JJ 7042-7043, 7044-7053, dezoito machos e quatro fêmeas, 07-08/ I/1975, J.Jim, U.Caramaschi, L.A.Toledo, C.M.Carvalho & S.A.Mioni cols.; MNRJ 13597-13601, 34228-34302, JJ 7054-7061, dezessete machos e quatro fêmeas, 09/I/1975, J.Jim, U.Caramaschi, L.A.Toledo, C.M.Carvalho & S.A.Mioni cols.; MNRJ 34283-34287, JJ 7062-7066, oito machos e duas fêmeas, 12/I/1975, J.Jim, U.Caramaschi, L.A.Toledo, C.M.Carvalho & S.A.Mioni cols.; JJ 7084, fêmea, 17- 19/I/1978, U.Caramaschi & M.Soma cols.; MNRJ 35223-35228, UFBA 2076-2095, dezesseis machos e dez fêmeas, 17-20/I/2004, M.F.Napoli, M.Camardelli e I.Cruz cols. Diagnose − Espécie pertencente ao grupo de P. hypochondrialis, caracterizada por: (1) tamanho médio para o grupo (CRC 32,1-42,1mm em machos, 38,6-43,7mm em fêmeas); (2) ausência ou apenas uma faixa branca muito estreita no lábio superior; (3) presença de barras verticais pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado nas faces ocultas dos flancos e membros locomotores; (4) presença de uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior da coxa; (5) ausência de padrão de desenho reticulado nas pálpebras, lábios e faces inferiores do corpo e membros locomotores; (6) ausência de faixa esbranquiçada na lateral do corpo e na face posterior da tíbia. Comparação com outras espécies − A presença de padrão de barras verticais pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros aproxima P. nordestina sp.nov. de P. azurea, P. centralis e P. hqpochondrialis. Phqllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. difere de P. azurea pela ausência ou apenas por uma faixa branca muito estreita no lábio superior (faixa branca presente em P. azurea), maior número de faixas pretas, mais estreitas, nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros (menor número de faixas pretas, mais largas, em P. azurea) e pelo focinho truncado em vistas dorsal e lateral (arredondado em P. azurea). Distingue-se de P. centralis por possuir as barras pretas das partes ocultas dos flancos e membros bem definidas (barras menos definidas, tendendo a formar células em P. centralis) e faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da coxa (faixa estreita apenas nos 2 / 3 distais da coxa em P. centralis). Separa-se de P. hqpochondrialis pela ausência ou apenas uma faixa branca muito estreita no lábio superior, que não atinge a borda da pálpebra superior e não é visível em aspecto dorsal da cabeça (faixa branca larga, que atinge a borda da pálpebra inferior e é visível em vista dorsal da cabeça em P. hqpochondrialis), discos adesivos pequenos, menores que o tímpano (discos adesivos grandes, maiores que o tímpano em P. hqpochondrialis) e por possuir uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior da coxa (faixa verde estreita em apenas 2 / 3 a 3 / 4 distais da face superior da coxa em P. hqpochondrialis). Phqllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. distingue-se de P. aqeaqe, P. megacephala e P. oreades por apresentar padrão de faixas ou barras pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros (padrão formado por células vermelhoalaranjado contornadas de roxo-escuro ou preto naquelas espécies), por não possuir desenho reticulado nos lábios superior e inferior, pálpebras e faces inferiores do corpo e membros (reticulado presente nos lábios, pálpebras e faces inferiores de P. ayeaye, no lábio inferior, pálpebras e faces inferiores dos membros de P. oreades e na pálpebra inferior de P. megacephala) e por possuir uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior da coxa (estreita faixa verde apenas no terço distal da face superior da coxa naquelas espécies). O padrão de barras pretas sobre fundo vermelhoalaranjado na região ingüinal e partes ocultas dos membros, ausência de uma faixa lateral esbranquiçada e ausência de uma faixa esbranquiçada na face posterior da tíbia de P. nordestina sp.nov. a separam de P. palliata (padrão de manchas irregulares pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado e presença de uma faixa lateral e de uma faixa na face posterior da tíbia esbranquiçadas em P. palliata). O padrão de barras pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado na região ingüinal e partes ocultas dos membros e a ausência de uma faixa lateral esbranquiçada em P. nordestina sp.nov. a distingue de P. rohdei (que apresenta padrão de manchas e faixas arroxeadas pouco definidas e uma faixa lateral esbranquiçada). Descrição do holótipo − Aspecto robusto (Fig.12); cabeça mais larga que longa, largura da cabeça cabendo 3,2 vezes no CRC; focinho truncado em vistas dorsal e lateral (Figs.13-14); narinas pequenas, subcantais, dirigidas lateralmente e mais próximas da ponta do focinho que dos olhos; distância internasal maior que a distância narinaolho, que a largura da pálpebra superior e que o diâmetro do tímpano, mas menor que o diâmetro do olho e que o espaço interorbital; canto rostral distinto, arredondado; região loreal vertical, ligeiramente côncava; lábios não espessados; olhos grandes, pouco protuberantes; espaço interorbital plano; cristas cefálicas ausentes; tímpano pequeno, aproximadamente circular; diâmetro do tímpano pouco maior que metade do diâmetro do olho; fraca prega dérmica supratimpânica presente; glândulas parotóides e saco vocal indistintos; língua longa, piriforme, inteira, extensivamente livre e não entalhada atrás; dentes vomerianos ausentes; coanas pequenas, amplamente separadas. Braços robustos; antebraços ligeiramente hipertrofiados, sem cristas. Mão (Fig.15) com tubérculo palmar grande, aproximadamente circular; dedos esbeltos, não palmados e não fimbriados, com discos apicais pouco desenvolvidos, menores que o tímpano; dedo I espessado na base, provido de asperezas nupciais córneas e em oposição aos outros dedos; tubérculos subarticulares únicos, grandes, arredondados; tubérculos supranumerários presentes, grandes e arredondados. Pernas curtas, moderadamente robustas; comprimento da coxa ligeiramente maior que o comprimento da tíbia e ambos menores que o comprimento do tarso-pé; soma dos comprimentos da coxa e da tíbia 86,5% do CRC; calcanhar atingindo o tímpano quando a perna é adpressa ao corpo; calcanhares se sobrepondo quando as pernas são flexionadas em ângulo reto em relação ao corpo; apêndice calcar e prega tarsal ausentes. Pé (Fig.16) com artelhos esbeltos, não palmados e não fimbriados, com discos adesivos apicais pouco desenvolvidos, menores que o tímpano; artelhos I e II em oposição aos demais; tubérculos subarticulares únicos, arredondados; tubérculos supranumerários grandes, arredondados. Pele do dorso lisa; região gular e superfícies ventrais do corpo e membros, rugosa; região cloacal moderadamente glandulosa; abertura cloacal não modificada. Colorido − Em vida, dorso da cabeça e do corpo, verde; uma linha verde-clara pouco evidente longitudinal, mediana, do focinho até a região do uróstilo; região loreal verde, sem faixa branca nem areolado na borda do maxilar, ou apenas presença de uma faixa branca muito estreita; pálpebra inferior brancacenta, sem areolado. Uma linha branca dorsolateral, delimitando o verde do dorso, estendendo-se do canto da boca à virilha; abaixo dessa linha branca há uma linha preta, do canto da boca até o início do terço posterior do corpo, delimitando a face ventral do corpo. Região ingüinal vermelho-alaranjada com barras verticais pretas bem definidas. Braço com faces anterior e posterior vermelho-alaranjadas com barras transversais pretas; face dorsal percorrida por uma faixa verde; face ventral amarelo-avermelhada. Antebraço com face anterior vermelho-alaranjada com barras transversais pretas; face dorsal verde, que é continuação da faixa de mesma cor do braço que percorre o cotovelo, todo o antebraço, metade externa do dorso da mão, dedo IV até a base do disco adesivo e dedo III até metade de seu comprimento; metade dorsal interna da mão e dedos I e II, amarelo-avermelhado; na linha dorsolateral do antebraço, uma linha branca que vai do cotovelo até a base do disco adesivo do dedo IV; abaixo dessa linha branca há uma faixa cinzaescura com tubérculos brancos; face ventral do antebraço e palma da mão amarelo-avermelhadas. Faces anterior e posterior da coxa vermelhoalaranjadas com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; face dorsal verde, sendo que esse colorido se estende desde o dorso, pela coxa, joelho, face dorsal da tíbia, calcanhar, face dorsolateral posterior do tarso e pé, até a metade do artelho V e um terço do dedo IV; face ventral amareloavermelhada. Faces interna e inferior da tíbia vermelho-alaranjadas com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; linha dorsolateral da tíbia com uma linha branca em cima de uma outra linha preta, ambas contornando o joelho e indo até a articulação interna tíbio-tarsal. Face interna do tarso, pé e artelhos I, II e III, vermelho-alaranjado com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; linha externa do tarso com uma linha branca superior e uma linha preta infelior, ambas contornando o calcanhar, tarso e pé, atingindo a base do disco adesivo do artelho V; face ventral do tarso e pé cinza-escuro com manchas irregulares brancacentas. Regiões gular, peitoral e abdominal, brancacentas; borda da mandíbula sem areolado preto, mas delimitada inferiormente por uma linha preta. Região cloacal cinza, delimitada superiormente por curta linha branca em cima de outra preta. Em preservativo, as partes verdes em vida tornamse azul-esverdeadas e as partes vermelhoalaranjadas e amarelo-avermelhadas tornam-se brancacentas. Linhas pretas e brancas, bem como as barras pretas, se mantêm inalteradas. Medidas do holótipo − CRC 34,6; CC 10,2; LC 10,9; DIN 3,4; DNO 2,6; DO 3,8; LPS 2,6; DIO 4,1; DT 1,9; CCX 15,4; CTB 14,9; CTP 21,1. Variação − Os exemplares examinados são congruentes quanto aos caracteres morfológicos e colorido. Machos são ligeiramente menores que as fêmeas. Amplitude, média e desvio-padrão das medidas de machos e fêmeas são apresentadas na tabela 3. Girino − CRUZ (1982) descreveu e figurou o girino de P. nordestina sp.nov., identificado como P. hypochondrialis, com base em exemplares obtidos em Itagibá, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Distribuição geográfica − Nordeste do Brasil, na região da Caatinga e suas áreas de influência, nos Estados do Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia e Minas Gerais (Fig.6). Etimologia − O nome da espécie, um adjetivo, refere-se à sua distribuição no nordeste do Brasil. Comentários − Phyllomedusa nordestina sp.nov. foi encontrada consistentemente confundida com P. hypochondrialis em todas as coleções examinadas e é provável que o mesmo ocorra em outras coleções., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on pages 170-174, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059, {"references":["CRUZ, C. A. G., 1982. Conceituacao de grupos de especies de Phyllomedusinae brasileiras com base em caracteres larvarios (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 5 (2): 147 - 171."]}

Phyllomedusa palliata − BRASIL: ACRE: Cruzeiro do Sul (ZUEC 5392); Cruzeiro do Sul, Mata do L e p r o s á r i o (Z U E C 5 3 8 8); C r u z e i r o d o S u l, Colocação Alegria Rio Tejo, cerca de 2km da foz do rio Bagé (ZUEC 8490); Marechal Thaumaturgo, boca do rio Tejo (ZUEC 9519); Xapuri, caminho para Vila Boa Vista (ZUEC 5685-5695, 5741, 5754, 5760). ECUADOR: NAPO: Santa Cecilia (MNRJ 32018)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on page 177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa oreades − BRASIL: GOIÁS: Minaçu, Serra da Mesa (CHUNB 12510, holótipo; CHUNB 12511-12516, parátipos); Pirenópolis (CHUNB 21907-21908, 30510-30511); Vila de São Jorge, Chapada dos Veadeiros (CHUNB 12517, parátipo). DISTRITO FEDERAL: Brasília, ARIE do Córrego Capetinga, Fazenda Água Limpa (MNRJ 23680, parátipo); Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (MNRJ 23679, parátipo)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on page 177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa rohdei − BRASIL: MINAS GERAIS: Caratinga (ZUEC 6640); Marliéria, Parque Florestal Estadual do Rio Doce (MNRJ 17880-17881, 17882, MZUFV 1557, 1559, 1723); Santana do Paraíso, Fazenda Macedônia (MNRJ 17068-17071, PUCMG 1227- 2 exs.). ESPÍRITO SANTO: (MNRJ 3080, 1 3 2 8 5); L i n h a r e s (M N R J 3 4 4 9 1- 3 4 4 9 2, diafanizados, MNRJ 40413-40419, 40858-40868); Linhares, Estação Experimental de Linhares (MNRJ 13594-13596, JJ 7017-7018, 7073-7081); Santa Teresa, São Lourenço (MNRJ 30436-30438); Santa Teresa, Sítio do Bozza (MNRJ 30450-30451); Santa Teresa (MNRJ 1293, 40409-40410, 40411-40412; 40869-40873); Vargem Alta (MNRJ 26035). RIO DE JANEIRO: Baixada Fluminense (MNRJ 0 561, 0 691, 5763-5766, 2225, 10883-10884, 13591); Duque de Caxias (MNRJ 0 591, 7079, 1425, 8000-8022, 1437, 8023-8029, 1438, 1571, 8223-8224, 1642, 1646, 8495-8497, 1935, 10373-10383, 2208, 10843-10845, 3118, 13416-13420, 13589-13590; 0 606, girinos, AL-MN2984); Niterói, São Gonçalo (MNRJ 17052-17058); Nova Iguaçu (EI 6074-6092, JJ 169-178); Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá (EI 6460-6462); Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ 0 259, 2067, 0 560, 7139, 1455, 2220, 10868-10869, 2888, 2315; 13588, girinos); São Pedro d’Aldeia (MNRJ 17059); Saquarema, Palmital (MNRJ 30281, 30282-30284); Seropédica, FLONA Mário Xavier (CFBH 0 135, JJ 7020, 7082-7083, 168, ZUEC 1223, 7716, 5229- 5230, MNRJ 34489-34490 - diafanizados); Seropédica, Km 47 da Antiga Rodovia Rio-São Paulo (JJ 6944); Tanguá, Ipitangas (MNRJ 34890); Teresópolis (MNRJ 0 258, 5239-5244, síntipos de Bradymedusa moschata, Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on page 177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa megacephala − B R A S I L: s e m localidade (MNRJ 0 257, holótipo). MINAS GERAIS: Jaboticatubas, Serra do Cipó (ZUEC 3640, ZUEC 1647-1648, 1655, ZUEC 2830-2832, ZUEC 3007- 3009, MNRJ 11307, MNRJ 11308, JJ 7019, MZUSP 56889-56891, MNRJ 34488, diafanizado); Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó (CFBH 0793)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on page 176, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa nordestina − BRASIL: PIAUÍ: Picos (JJ 7113-7116); São Raimundo Nonato (ZUEC 8816, 8817). CEARÁ: Barbalha (UFCE A2898, A2899, A2900); Crato, Araripe (MNRJ 13630, 32870); Maranguape (UFCE A042); Maranguape, Açude Amanari (MZUSP 13574-13575); Pacoti (UFCE A2885, A2886); Santana do Cariri (MZUSP 54751, EI 7452-7457); Tianguá (MNRJ 36645, UFCE A2733, A2734, A2814, A2815); Ubajara (UFCE A2825). RIO GRANDE DO NORTE: Natal (AL-MN 1687-1688); São Paulo do Potengi (MNRJ 13622-13624, 13625-13627, MZUSP 3613); Serra Negra do Norte (CHUNB 30573-30577). PARAÍBA: Cabaceiras (MZUSP 63128, UFPB 2232, 2235, 2200-2203, 2080-2082, 2170-2171, 1937-1938, 1826, 1831-1833, 1837, 1960-1961, 1970, 2175- 2176, 2213); Cabedelo (UFPB 1ex. s/ no.); Campina Grande (UFPB 2334-2336); Gurinhém (MZUSP 6 3 0 1 5-6 3 0 1 6); João Pessoa (UFPB 2 2 7 5); Mamanguape (CHUNB 29020-29021, UFPB 1ex. s/ no.); Juazeirinho, Soledade (MNRJ 13629). PERNAMBUCO: Bom Conselho (MZUSP 51698); Caruaru, Serra dos Pintos (MNRJ 38571-38580); Casinhas (MNRJ 0 263, 5247-5248); Exu, Serrote das Lajes (MZUSP 58789); Exu (MZUSP 51759- 51765, 51959-51960, 54529, 58835); Floresta do Navio, Fazenda Campos Bons (MZUSP 36857); Limoeiro (MNRJ 3040); Poção (MNRJ 0 264, 5249- 5251); Recife (MNRJ 3032, 13039-13040, CFBH 2530); Recife, Estação Biológica de Tapacurá (ZUEC 6121); Rio Branco (MNRJ 0265); São Gonçalo (M N R J 3 0 2 5); T a p e r a (A L -M N 1 6 0 1-1 6 0 4). ALAGOAS: Maceió (MNRJ 3526-3529, 13628); Passo do Camaragibe, Fazenda Santa Justina (MNRJ 9845-9846, 9880-9889); Rio Largo (MNRJ 38630); São José da Lage, Usina Serra Grande (CHBEZ 159-160, 479-481); São Miguel dos Campos, Fazenda Prata (MNRJ 9550-9551); São Miguel dos Campos e Pilar, Fazenda Varela (MNRJ36725-36727, 36744). SERGIPE: Areia Branca (MZUSP 38040-38049); Santo Amaro das Brotas (MZUSP 63183-63184); 7 km SE de Brejo Grande, Fazenda Capivara (MNRJ 17072, 17073). BAHIA: (MNRJ 0823); Barreiras (MNRJ 1412, 7917- 7919, MZUFV 2025); Bom Jesus da Lapa (MNRJ 3138, 13474); Caetité (MNRJ 13621); Campo Formoso (MZUSP 38845-38846); Cocorobó (MZUSP 38426-38427); Conde (MNRJ 13619-13620); Gandu (ZUEC 8703-8704); Ibirapitanga (MNRJ 27257); Irecê (ZUEC 3320); Itagibá (JJ 7028, 7029, 7030, 7031-7034, 7035-7041, 7067-7070, 7071- 7072); Itagibá, Fazenda Pedra Branca (MNRJ 34484-34485, diafanizados); Itamari, Fazenda Alto São Roque (MNRJ 28949); Itiuba (MZUSP 38768- 38779); Jacobina (UFBA 0177-0194); Jequié (ZUEC 1198-1199, JJ 6945, 6946-6949, 6950-7016, 7021-7026, 7027); Jeremoabo (MZUSP 38212- 38215); Juazeiro (MNRJ 1732, 9311); Maracás, Nascente do rio Jiquiriçá (MNRJ 34486-34487, diafanizados); Paulo Afonso (MNRJ 3530-3531); Poções (UFBA 0500); São José do Bonfim (ZUEC 8772-8773, 8795); Uruçuca, Serra Grande (MNRJ 35571); Valença (MNRJ 13612-13618). MINAS GERAIS: Itacarambi (MNRJ 17074-17075); Mocambinho (MNRJ 13631-13644, 13645-13646, MZUFV 2847-2849, 2933); Januária (MNRJ 1807, 10125); Jequitinhonha (MZUFV 8961); Nova Ponte, UHE de Miranda (MNRJ 39641-39642); Salto da Divisa, Fazenda Santana (MNRJ 35138-35147); Unaí, AHE Queimado (MNRJ 40405)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa azurea Cope, 1862, revalidada (Figs.1-5) Phyllomedusa azurea COPE, 1862. Pithecopus azureus − COPE, 1866. Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis azurea − MERTENS, 1926. Pithecopus hypochondrialis azureus − B. LUTZ, 1966. Tipos e localidade-tipo − C OPE (1862) não designou exemplares-tipo para a espécie, mas referiu-se a um exemplar “No. 5832”. COCHRAN (1961), no catálogo dos exemplares-tipo do United States National Museum, Washington, DC (USNM), referiu-se a um exemplar “Cotype: 5832, Paraguay, T. J. Page.” FROST (2004) citou esse exemplar como síntipo da espécie, mas informou que outros síntipos não são conhecidos. Com relação à localidade-tipo, COPE (1862) não mencionou q u a l q u e r i n f o r m a ç ã o e x p l í c i t a q u a n t o à proveniência do material estudado, mas FROST (2004) informou que a Expedição Page visitou muitas localidades atualmente no Brasil, nordeste da Argentina e sul do Paraguai, ao longo das drenagens dos rios Paraná e Paraguai. Entretanto, aqui considera-se a citação de COCHRAN (1961) de “P a r a g u a y” c o m o u m a r e s t r i ç ã o v á l i d a d a localidade-tipo da espécie. Diagnose − Espécie pertencente ao grupo de P. hypochondrialis, caracterizada por: (1) tamanho médio para o grupo (CRC 31,2-43,3mm em machos, 42,4-44,4mm em fêmeas); (2) presença de uma faixa branca estreita no lábio superior, que não atinge a borda da pálpebra inferior e não é visível em aspecto dorsal da cabeça; (3) presença de barras verticais pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado n a s f a c e s o c u l t a s d o s f l a n c o s e m e m b r o s locomotores; (4) presença de uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior das coxas; (5) ausência de padrão de desenho reticulado nas pálpebras, lábios e faces inferiores do corpo e membros locomotores; (6) ausência de faixa esbranquiçada na lateral do corpo e na face posterior da tíbia. Comparação com outras espécies − A presença de padrão de barras verticais pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros aproxima P. azurea de P. hypochondrialis, P. centralis e P. nordestina sp.nov. P h y l l o m e d u s a a z u r e a s e p a r a -s e d e P. hypochondrialis por possuir uma faixa branca estreita no lábio superior, que não atinge a borda da pálpebra inferior e não é visível em aspecto dorsal da cabeça (faixa branca larga, que atinge a borda da pálpebra inferior e é visível em vista dorsal da cabeça em P. hypochondrialis), discos adesivos pequenos, menores que o tímpano (discos adesivos grandes, maiores que o tímpano em P. hypochondrialis) e por possuir uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior da coxa (faixa verde estreita em apenas 2 / 3 a 3 / 4 d i s t a i s d a f a c e s u p e r i o r d a c o x a e m P. hypochondrialis). Distingue-se de P. centralis por possuir as barras pretas das partes ocultas dos flancos e membros bem definidas (barras menos definidas, tendendo a formar células em P. centralis), presença de uma faixa branca no lábio superior (ausente em P. centralis) e faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da coxa (faixa estreita apenas nos 2 / 3 distais da coxa em P. centralis). Difere de P. nordestina sp.nov. pela presença de uma faixa branca no lábio superior (faixa branca ausente ou muito estreita em P. nordestina sp.nov.), maior número de faixas pretas, mais estreitas, nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros (menor número de faixas pretas, mais largas, em P. nordestina sp.nov.), perfil do focinho arredondado em vista dorsal (truncado em P. nordestina sp.nov.) e em vista lateral (oblíquo em P. nordestina sp.nov.), e tubérculos subarticulares palmares e plantares maiores e em menor número (menores e mais n u m e r o s o s e m P. n o r d e s t i n a s p. n o v.). Phyllomedusa azurea distingue-se de P. ayeaye, P. megacephala e P. oreades por apresentar padrão de faixas ou barras pretas sobre fundo vermelhoalaranjado nas partes ocultas dos flancos e membros (padrão formado por células vermelhoalaranjado contornadas de preto naquelas espécies), por não possuir desenho reticulado nos lábios superior e inferior, pálpebras e faces inferiores do corpo e membros (reticulado presente nos lábios, pálpebras e faces inferiores do corpo e membros de P. ayeaye, no lábio inferior, pálpebras e faces inferiores dos membros de P. oreades e na pálpebra inferior de P. megacephala) e por possuir uma faixa verde larga em todo o comprimento da face superior da coxa (faixa verde estreita apenas no terço distal da face superior da coxa naquelas espécies). O padrão de barras pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado na região ingüinal e partes ocultas dos membros, ausência de uma faixa esbranquiçada na lateral do corpo e ausência de uma faixa esbranquiçada na face posterior da tíbia de P. azurea a separam de P. palliata (padrão de manchas irregulares pretas sobre fundo vermelhoalaranjado e presença de uma faixa lateral e de uma faixa na face posterior da tíbia esbranquiçadas em P. palliata). O padrão de barras pretas sobre fundo vermelho-alaranjado na região ingüinal e partes ocultas dos membros e a ausência de uma faixa lateral esbranquiçada em P. azurea a distinguem de P. rohdei (padrão de manchas e faixas arroxeadas pouco definidas e presença de faixa lateral esbranquiçada nesta espécie). Descrição − Aspecto robusto (Fig.1); cabeça mais larga que longa, largura da cabeça cabendo cerca de 3,5 vezes no CRC; focinho arredondado em vistas dorsal e lateral (Figs.2-3); narinas pequenas, subcantais, dirigidas lateralmente, mais próximas da ponta do focinho que dos olhos; distância internasal maior que a distância narina-olho, largura da pálpebra superior e diâmetro do tímpano, mas menor que o diâmetro do olho e o espaço interorbital; canto rostral distinto, arredondado; região loreal vertical, ligeiramente côncava; lábios não espessados; olhos grandes, moderadamente protuberantes; espaço interorbital plano; cristas cefálicas ausentes; tímpano pequeno, aproximadamente circular; diâmetro do tímpano pouco maior que metade do diâmetro do olho; fraca prega dérmica supratimpânica presente; glândulas parotóides e saco vocal indistintos; língua longa, piriforme, inteira, extensivamente livre, não entalhada atrás; dentes vomerianos ausentes; coanas pequenas, amplamente separadas. B r a ç o s r o b u s t o s; a n t e b r a ç o s l i g e i r a m e n t e hipertrofiados, sem cristas. Mão (Fig.4) com tubérculo palmar grande, aproximadamente circular; dedos robustos, não palmados, não f i m b r i a d o s, c o m d i s c o s a p i c a i s p o u c o desenvolvidos, menores que o tímpano; dedo I espessado na base, em oposição aos outros dedos; almofada de asperezas nupciais córneas evidente nos machos, dorsalmente visível na base do dedo I; tubérculos subarticulares e supranumerários únicos, grandes, arredondados. P e r n a s c u r t a s, m o d e r a d a m e n t e r o b u s t a s; comprimento da coxa ligeiramente menor que o comprimento da tíbia e ambos menores que o comprimento do tarso-pé; soma dos comprimentos da coxa e da tíbia próximo de 80% do CRC; calcanhar atinge o tímpano quando a perna é adpressa ao corpo; calcanhares se sobrepõem quando as pernas são flexionadas em ângulo reto em relação ao corpo; apêndice calcar e prega tarsal ausentes; tubérculo metatarsal interno grande, circular; tubérculo metatarsal externo ausente. Pé (Fig.5) com artelhos robustos, não palmados, não fimbriados, com discos adesivos apicais pouco desenvolvidos, menores que o tímpano; artelhos I e I I e m o p o s i ç ã o a o s d e m a i s; t u b é r c u l o s subarticulares e supranumerários únicos, grandes, arredondados. Pele do dorso lisa; região gular e superfícies ventrais do corpo e membros, rugosa; região cloacal moderadamente glandulosa; abertura cloacal não modificada. Colorido − Em vida, dorso da cabeça e do corpo, verde; região loreal verde; maxilar com faixa branca estreita, que não atinge a borda da pálpebra inferior; ausência de areolado preto no maxilar; pálpebra inferior brancacenta, sem areolado preto. Uma linha branca dorsolateral, delimitando o verde do dorso, do canto da boca à virilha; abaixo dessa linha branca há uma linha preta, do canto da boca até o início do terço posterior do corpo, delimitando sua face ventral. Região ingüinal vermelhoalaranjado, com barras verticais pretas bem definidas. Braço vermelho-alaranjado com barras transversais pretas; face dorsal do braço sem faixa verde; face ventral brancacenta. Antebraço com face a n t e r i o r v e r m e l h o - a l a r a n j a d o c o m b a r r a s transversais pretas; face dorsal verde, desde o cotovelo, todo o antebraço, metade externa do dorso da mão, dedo IV até próximo à base do disco adesivo e base do dedo III; metade dorsal interna da mão e dedos I e II, vermelho-alaranjado; na linha dorsolateral do antebraço, uma linha branca do cotovelo até a base do disco adesivo do dedo IV; abaixo dessa linha branca há uma faixa cinzaescuro, com tubérculos brancos; face ventral do antebraço e palma da mão, amarelo-avermelhado. Faces anterior e posterior da coxa vermelhoalaranjado, com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; face dorsal com uma faixa verde larga, sendo que esse colorido se inicia no dorso, passa pela coxa, cobre o joelho, continua pela face dorsal da tíbia, cobre o calcanhar, segue pela face dorsolateral posterior do tarso e pé, até cerca da metade do artelho V e a base do artelho IV; face ventral da coxa amarelo-avermelhado. Faces interna e inferior da tíbia vermelho-alaranjado com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; linha dorsolateral da tíbia com uma linha branca em cima de uma outra linha preta, ambas contornado o joelho e indo até a articulação interna tíbio-tarsal. Face interna do tarso, pé e artelhos I, II e III, vermelho-alaranjado, com barras verticais pretas bem definidas; linha externa do tarso com uma linha branca acima e uma linha preta abaixo, que contornam o calcanhar, seguem pelo tarso, pé e atingem a base do disco adesivo do artelho V; face ventral do tarso e pé cinza-escuro com manchas irregulares avermelhadas. Regiões gular, peitoral e abdominal, amarelo-avermelhado; borda da mandíbula sem areolado preto, mas delimitada inferiormente por uma linha preta. Região cloacal cinza, delimitada superiormente por curta linha branca em cima de outra preta. Íris prateada, com fino vermiculado preto. Em preservativo, as partes verdes em vida tornamse azul-esverdeado e as partes vermelho-alaranjado e amarelo-avermelhado tornam-se creme ou esbranquiçadas. Linhas pretas e brancas, bem como as barras pretas, mantêm-se inalteradas. Variação − Os exemplares examinados são congruentes quanto aos caracteres morfológicos e colorido. Machos são ligeiramente menores que as fêmeas. Amplitude, média e desvio-padrão das medidas de machos e fêmeas são apresentadas na tabela 1. Girino − O desenvolvimento embrionário e larvário foi detalhadamente descrito por BUDGETT (1899), com base em material obtido no Paraguai e referido como pertencente a P. hypochondrialis. O girino foi também descrito e figurado por CEI (1980), com base em exemplares de Santa Fe, Argentina, referido como P. hypochondrialis azurea. Distribuição geográfica − Áreas de influência chaquenha na Bolívia (Províncias Beni e Santa Cruz; DE LA R IVA et al., 2000), Paraguai e norte da Argentina (Provincias Salta, leste de Jujuy, Formosa, Chaco, norte de Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe e Corrientes; CEI, 1980) e áreas de influência das regiões do pantanal e cerrados no Brasil Central (Estados de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Tocantins, Goiás, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais) (Fig.6). Comentários − A combinação Phyllomedusa azurea foi usada por NORMAN (1994), que apresentou notas sobre a morfologia, habitat, hábitos e reprodução da espécie com base em exemplares do Paraguai. Entretanto, nada comentou sobre sua taxonomia, nem apresentou justificativa para utilização daquela combinação. Segundo DE LA RIVA et al. (2000), P. hypochondrialis azurea Cope, 1862, aqui reconhecida como espécie plena, parece possuir distribuição disjunta da subespécie nominal e, pelo menos no que diz respeito às populações bolivianas, necessitaria ser estudada quanto a variação e posição taxonômica., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on pages 162-166, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059, {"references":["COPE, E. D., 1862. Catalogues of the reptiles obtained during the Exploration of the Parana, Paraguay, Vermejo and Uruguay Rivers, by Capt. Thos. J. Page, U. S. N.; and of those procured by Lieut. N. Michler, U. S. Top. Eng., Commander of the Expedition conducting the Survey of the Atrato River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 346 - 359.","COPE, E. D., 1866. On the structures and distribution of the genera of arciferous Anura. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Series 2, 6: 67 - 112.","MERTENS, R., 1926. Herpetologische Mitteilungen VIII- XV. Senckenbergiana, 8 (3 / 4): 137 - 155.","LUTZ, B., 1966. Pithecopus aqeaqe, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966 (2): 36 - 240.","COCHRAN, D. M., 1961. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the United States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin, 220: xv + 291 p.","FROST, D. R., 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3. 0 (22 August 2004). Disponivel: . American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Acessado: 2 / III / 2006.","BUDGETT, J. S., 1899. Notes on the batrachians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with observations upon their breeding habits and development, especially with regard to Phqllomedusa hqpochondrialis, Cope. Also a description of a new genus. The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 42: 305 - 333.","CEI, J. M., 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (New Series), Monograph, 2: 609 p.","NORMAN, D. R., 1994. Anfibios y Reptiles del Chaco Paraguayo. Tomo I. San Jose, Costa Rica: Edicao do Autor. 281 p.","DE LA RIVA, I.; KOHLER, J.; LOTTERS, S. & REICHLE, S., 2000. Ten years of research on Bolivian amphibians: updated checklist, distribution, taxonomic problems, literature and iconography. Revista Espanola de Herpetologia, 14 (2000): 19 - 164."]}

Grupo de Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis D e f i n i ç ã o − C o m p o s t o p o r e s p é c i e s d e P h y l l o m e d u s i n a e d e p e q u e n o p o r t e (C RC combinado das espécies entre 31,0-46,5mm em m a c h o s, 4 0,0- 5 3, 0m m e m f ê m e a s); d e n t e s vomerianos ausentes; glândulas parotóides pequenas, indistintas; pele lisa no dorso, granulosa no ventre; apêndice calcâneo e “flap” anal ausentes; dedos, em ordem de tamanho crescente, I P. ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966); P. azurea Cope, 1862 (revalidada); P. centralis Bokermann, 1965; P. hypochondrialis (Daudin, 1801); P. megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926); P. nordestina sp.nov; P. oreades Brandão, 2002; P. palliata Peters, 1873 “1872” (nova inclusão); P. rohdei Mertens, 1926. D i s t r i b u i ç ã o g e o g r á f i c a − C o m b i n a ç ã o d a s distribuições geográficas das espécies do grupo inclui a América do Sul a leste dos Andes, na Venezuela, Guianas, Peru, Equador, Brasil, Bolívia, Paraguai e norte da Argentina. Comentários − A primeira tentativa de agrupamento de espécies foi feita por B.LUTZ (1950), que reconheceu a validade de um subgênero, Pithecopus Cope, 1866, dentro do gênero Phyllomedusa. Esse subgênero incluiria espécies com discos adesivos pequenos, membranas interdigitais ausentes, dedos internos oponíveis, artelho I mais longo e mais robusto que o II, glândulas parotóides presentes (formas grandes, no “ciclo de P. burmeisteri ”) ou ausentes (formas pequenas, no “ciclo de P. hypochondrialis ”) e desova envolta em uma ou mais folhas. As “formas pequenas” seriam Phyllomedusa (Pithecopus) hypochondrialis e P.(P.) rohdei; sem maiores comentários, B.LUTZ (1950) incluiu P. palliata Peters, 1873 nesse mesmo agrupamento, apesar de, na tradução para a língua inglesa do mesmo trabalho, ter mencionado que Peters havia separado P. palliata de P. hypochondrialis após tê-las considerado idênticas. Phyllomedusa palliata nunca mais foi associada ao grupo de P. hypochondrialis (cf. F ROST, 1985, 2004; FAIVOVICH et al., 2005). Apenas DUELLMAN (1974), ao apresentar notas taxonômicas sobre as espécies de Phyllomedusa da Alta Bacia Amazônica, comparou P. palliata a P. hypochondrialis e P. rohdei, mas não as agrupou formalmente. Entretanto, P. palliata apresenta os caracteres diagnósticos do grupo de P. hypochondrialis, tendo sido agrupada com P. hypochondrialis na análise filogenética de FAIVOVICH et al. (2005). Assim sendo, a proposta de sua inclusão nesse grupo é aqui apresentada. O grupo foi formalmente proposto pela primeira vez por BOKERMANN (1965), como “grupo rohdeihypochondrialis ”, para incluir espécies pequenas, c o m f o c i n h o r e t o, d i s c o s a d e s i v o s p o u c o desenvolvidos, dedo I não maior que o dedo II e artelho I maior que o II; nesse grupo foram incluídas P. rohdei, P. hypochondrialis e P. centralis. Pouco depois, B. LUTZ (1966) propôs a revalidação do gênero Pithecopus Cope, 1866, redefinindo-o e incluindo, no que chamou de “grupo de formas pequenas sem dentes vomerianos e com parotóides indistintas”, P. ayeaye, P. hypochondrialis hypochondrialis, P. h. azureus e P. rohdei. Com base em caracteres larvários, CRUZ (1982) incluiu no mesmo agrupamento aquelas espécies que constroem ninhos enrolando ou reunindo uma ou mais folhas nas quais depositam seus ovos acima da superfície da água e cujos girinos possuem boca em posição anterior, circundada por papilas em uma franja dérmica amplamente interrompida na margem anterior e às vezes também ligeiramente interrompida na margem posterior, fórmula dentária 2(2)/3(1), sendo a terceira série inferior de dentículos menor que as demais e tubo anal curto, preso à nadadeira ventral. Foram assim agrupadas, P. hypochondrialis, P. burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882, P. rohdei, P. distincta B. Lutz, 1950, P. centralis e P. ayeaye. Posteriormente, POMBAL JR. & HADDAD (1992) retiraram P. burmeisteri (abrangendo P. burmeisteri burmeisteri e P. b. bahiana A.Lutz, 1925) e P. distincta daquele agrupamento e estas, juntamente com P. iheringi Boulenger, 1885 e P. tetraploidea Pombal- Jr. & Haddad, 1992, foram incluídas no grupo de P. burmeisteri. Por sua vez, P. megacephala, ainda que não tenha sido formalmente revalidada, foi considerada distinta de P. hypochondrialis por BRANDÃO (2002) e associada a P. ayeaye e P. centralis; além disso, BRANDÃO (2002) referiu-se a uma espécie não descrita, proveniente da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil, como Phyllomedusa aff. megacephala. Desta forma, BRANDÃO (2002) estabeleceu o grupo de P. hypochondrialis incluindo P. hypochondrialis, P. rohdei, P. ayeaye, P. centralis, P. megacephala, P. oreades e Phyllomedusa aff. megacephala. No presente trabalho, com a revalidação de P. azurea, reconhecimento de P. megacephala (abrangendo Phyllomedusa aff. megacephala de BRANDÃO, 2002), inclusão de uma espécie (P. palliata) e a descrição de uma nova espécie, o grupo de P. hypochondrialis é composto por nove espécies válidas. Caso seja necessária a distinção genérica do grupo de P. hypochondrialis, o nome Pithecopus Cope, 1866 (espécie-tipo, Phyllomedusa azurea Cope, 1862, por designação original) é perfeitamente aplicável., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on pages 160-162, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059, {"references":["LUTZ, B., 1966. Pithecopus aqeaqe, a new Brazilian hylid with vertical pupils and grasping feet. Copeia, 1966 (2): 36 - 240.","COPE, E. D., 1862. Catalogues of the reptiles obtained during the Exploration of the Parana, Paraguay, Vermejo and Uruguay Rivers, by Capt. Thos. J. Page, U. S. N.; and of those procured by Lieut. N. Michler, U. S. Top. Eng., Commander of the Expedition conducting the Survey of the Atrato River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14: 346 - 359.","BOKERMANN, W. C. A., 1965. Tres novos batraquios da regiao central de Mato Grosso, Brasil (Amphibia, Salientia). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 25 (3): 257 - 264.","MIRANDA-RIBEIRO, A., 1926. Notas para servirem ao estudo dos gymnobatrachios (Anura) brasileiros. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 27: 1 - 227, 22 pls.","BRANDAO, R. A., 2002. A new species of Phqllomedusa Wagler, 1830 (Anura: Hylidae) from Central Brazil. Herpetologica, 36 (4): 571 - 578.","MERTENS, R., 1926. Herpetologische Mitteilungen VIII- XV. Senckenbergiana, 8 (3 / 4): 137 - 155.","LUTZ, B., 1950. Anfibios anuros da Colecao Adolpho Lutz do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. V. Locomocao e estrutura das extremidades. V. a Phqllomedusa (P.) burmeisteri distincta A. Lutz. V. b Aplastodiscus perViridis A. Lutz. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 48: 599 - 637.","COPE, E. D., 1866. On the structures and distribution of the genera of arciferous Anura. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Series 2, 6: 67 - 112.","FROST, D. R. (Ed.), 1985. Amphibian Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. Lawrence: Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections. v + 732 p.","FROST, D. R., 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3. 0 (22 August 2004). Disponivel: . American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Acessado: 2 / III / 2006.","FAIVOVICH, J.; HADDAD, C. F. B.; GARCIA, P. C. A.; FROST, D. R.; CAMPBELL, J. A. & WHEELER, W. C., 2005. Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, (294): 1 - 240.","CRUZ, C. A. G., 1982. Conceituacao de grupos de especies de Phyllomedusinae brasileiras com base em caracteres larvarios (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 5 (2): 147 - 171.","POMBAL JR., J. P. & HADDAD, C. F. B., 1992. Especies de Phqllomedusa do grupo burmeisteri do Brasil Oriental, com descricao de uma especie nova (Amphibia, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52 (2): 217 - 229."]}

Phyllomedusa ayeaye − BRASIL: MINAS GERAIS: Poços de Caldas, Morro do Ferro (MNRJ 3722, holótipo; MNRJ 3723, 3726-3727, parátipos; MNRJ 3730, girinos parátipos; ZUEC 4161, 4289, 4290, 4293, 4470, 4481, CFBH 0 94, 850)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on page 175, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa azurea − BOLÍVIA: SANTA CRUZ: San José de Chiquitos (MZUSP 21317-21318). BRASIL: MATO GROSSO: (MNRJ 2773); Alto Araguaia (MZUSP 66784, CHUNB 25731-25732); Bela Vista (EI 1129-1131, JJ 163-167); Carandasal (MNRJ 13647-13648); Chapada dos Guimarães, Serra da Esperança (CFBH 0169); Cuiabá (MZUSP 22937- 22938, 22940, CHUNB 17176); Mato Grosso (MZUSP 52098); Nioaque (EI 7458-7596); Poconé, Base do IBDF (ZUEC 6362, CFBH 0202); Porto Esperança (MNRJ 0 634, 13650-13656, MZUSP 3617); Porto Esperidião (MZUSP 60553-60554, 59756-59757); Santa Teresinha (ZUEC 7457- 7458). TOCANTINS: Caseara (CHUNB 13909- 13912); Palmas (CHUNB 22077). DISTRITO FEDERAL: Brasília (CHUNB 14197-14201, 14209- 142110, 14221-14222). GOIÁS: Alto Paraíso de Goiás (MNRJ 27787); Caldas Novas (CHUNB 12650); Corumbá de Goiás (CHUNB 14202-14205); Goiânia (JJ 7085); Luziânia (CHUNB 14001- 14002); Mambaí (MNRJ 27839-27841); Minaçu, Serra da Mesa (MNRJ 17060-17067, 20251-20255, CHUNB 4911-4919, 14215-142217, 14219-14220, 24067-24069, 29526-29532); Mineiros (CHUNB 28139); Monte Alegre de Goiás (MZUSP 66461- 66471); Paranã (ZUEC 2687); Pirenópolis (CHUNB 14211-14214, 29390-29394, 30503); Próximo à e s c a r p a d a S e r r a D o u r a d a (Z U E C 7 5 0 3); Serranópolis (CHUNB 14218); São Domingos (CHUNB 33778-33781, 35421, 35424-35451); Silvânia, EFLEX (MNRJ 18242, 18243, 34472). MATO GROSSO DO SUL: Corumbá (CFBH 2575- 2576); Corumbá, Passo do Lontra (MNRJ 17861- 17879); Miranda, Estância Caiman (MZUSP 65156- 65160); Miranda (MNRJ 17861-17879); Santa Luzia (MZUSP 33785). MINAS GERAIS: Cabeceira Grande, Distrito de Palmital de Minas (MNRJ 40406-40408). PARAGUAY: Assunción (AL-MN 5054-5067, MNRJ 0 262,13649, 13657-13670, MZUSP 3614). ARGENTINA: FORMOSA: Ingeniero Juarez (MZUSP 13766-13769); Pilcomayo (AL-MN 4884). CORRIENTES: Dr. Montana (MNRJ 39995). Phyllomedusa centralis, Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, 2006, Redefinição Do Grupo De Phyllomedusa Hypochondrialis, Com Redescrição De P. Megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), Revalidação De P. Azurea Cope, 1862 E Descrição De Uma Nova Espécie (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), pp. 159-179 in Arquivos do Museu Nacional 64 (2) on pages 175-176, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2580059

Phyllomedusa perinesos Group DIAGNOSIS: A possible synapomorphy of this group is the purple coloration on the hands, feet, flanks, and concealed surfaces, as well as the purple venter with white granules (Cannatella, 1982). COMMENTS: We did not include any exemplar of this group in the analysis. Its monophyly is tentatively assumed following Cannatella (1982) and is based on the evidence mentioned above. CONTENTS: Four species. Phyllomedusa baltea Duellman and Toft, 1979; Phyllomedusa duellmani Cannatella, 1982; Phyllomedusa ecuatoriana Cannatella, 1982; Phyllomedusa perinesos Duellman, 1973., Published as part of FAIVOVICH, JULIÁN, HADDAD, CÉLIO F. B., GARCIA, PAULO C. A., FROST, DARREL R., CAMPBELL, JONATHAN A. & WHEELER, WARD C., 2005, Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision, pp. 1-240 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (294) on page 117, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/5363218

Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Group DIAGNOSIS: We are not aware of any synapomorphy of this group. COMMENTS: We included only a single species of this group in our analysis, and as such we did not test its monophyly, but we recognize it following Pombal and Haddad (1992), pending a rigorous test of its monophyly. CONTENTS: Four species. Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882; Phyllomedusa distincta B. Lutz, 1950; Phyllomedusa iheringii Boulenger, 1885; Phyllomedusa tetraploidea Pombal and Haddad, 1992., Published as part of FAIVOVICH, JULIÁN, HADDAD, CÉLIO F. B., GARCIA, PAULO C. A., FROST, DARREL R., CAMPBELL, JONATHAN A. & WHEELER, WARD C., 2005, Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision, pp. 1-240 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (294) on page 117, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/5363218

Phyllomedusa tarsius Group DIAGNOSIS: We are not aware of any synapomorphy supporting the monophyly of this group. COMMENTS: We included a single species of this group, and as such we did not test its monophyly, but we continue to recognize it following De la Riva (1999) until its monophyly is rigorously tested. CONTENTS: Four species. Phyllomedusa boliviana Boulenger, 1902; Phyllomedusa camba De la Riva, 2000; Phyllomedusa sauvagii Boulenger, 1882; Phyllomedusa tarsius (Cope, 1868). Species of Phyllomedusa Unassigned to Group There are several species that are currently not assigned to any group. These are: Phyllomedusa atelopoides Duellman, Cadle, and Cannatella, 1988; Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772); Phyllomedusa coelestis (Cope, 1874); Phyllomedusa palliata Peters, ‘‘1872’’ [1873]; Phyllomedusa tomopterna (Cope, 1868); Phyllomedusa trinitatis Mertens, 1926; Phyllomedusa vaillanti Boulenger, 1882; and Phyllomedusa venusta Duellman and Trueb, 1967., Published as part of FAIVOVICH, JULIÁN, HADDAD, CÉLIO F. B., GARCIA, PAULO C. A., FROST, DARREL R., CAMPBELL, JONATHAN A. & WHEELER, WARD C., 2005, Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision, pp. 1-240 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (294) on pages 117-118, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:SROTFF]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/5363218