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Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) ( Figs 45, 46) Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. Diagnosis. Dorsum with anal plates each with 4 apical setae (Figs 45D, 46E); and preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates (Fig. 46D). Marginal setae with broadly fimbriate apices (Fig. 46K). Venter with multilocular disc-pores usually each with 10 loculi, mainly present around vulvar area (Fig. 46F); tubular ducts each with a narrow inner ductule (Fig. 46G); antenna 7 or 8 segmented (partially adopted from Williams & Watson 1990). Material examined. 2 ♀♀, LAOS, Hadsayfong Dist., Vientiane Capital, 16.ii.2017, coll. P.P. Soysouvanh, on Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. (Euphorbiaceae). Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), P. nigra has been recorded from plants belonging to 242 genera in 92 families. In Laos, it has been found on Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Musa sp. (Musaceae) (Hodgson 1994). Distribution. All zoogeographical regions; Oriental Region (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) (García Morales et al. 2016). Economic importance. Hamon & Williams (1984) and Hodgson (2000) considered P. nigra to be a pest on diverse ornamental plants in tropical regions; it was also regarded as a potential pest of citrus and avocado (Persea americana) in California (Smith 1944). Remarks. Parasaissetia nigra is easily recognized by the following morphological combination: (i) dorsum with reticulated pattern; (ii) having 3 stigmatic spines; and (iii) lacking ventral tubular ducts in the medial area of the abdomen (Hodgson 1994)., Published as part of Choi, Jinyeong, Soysouvanh, Pheophanh, Lee, Seunghwan & Hong, Ki-Jeong, 2018, Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4460 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaXa.4460.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459506, {"references":["Nietner, J. (1861) Observations on the Enemies of the Coffee Tree in Ceylon. Ceylon Times, Ceylon, 31 pp.","Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 267 pp.","Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp.","Hamon, A. B. & Williams, M. L. (1984) The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agricultural & Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, 194 pp.","Hodgson, C. J. & Henderson, R. C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41, 1 - 259.","Smith, R. H. (1944) Bionomics and control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra. Hilgardia, 16 (5), 225 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 16 n 05 p 225"]}

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) This species was listed as being present in Malta by Pellizzari & Germain (2010) in error (G. Pellizzari (University of Padova, Italy) and J-F. Germain (Laboratoire National de la Protection des V��g��taux, Station de Montpellier, France), pers. comm.). The species is regulated in the European Union but has never been collected in the archipelago., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Pellizzari, G. & Germain, J-F. (2010) Scales (Hemiptera, superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9. 3. In: Roques, A., Kenis, M., Lees, D., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J. - Y. & Roy, D. (Eds.), Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk, 4 (1), 475 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / biorisk. 4.45"]}

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861). Material examinado. Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Ficus membranacea, 4 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Parasaissetia nigra constituye una especie polífaga con distribución cosmopolita, (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005). Se considera de origen oriental o afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Particularmente incide sobre 23 especies de Ficus (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b). Se ha registrado para Cuba en Topes de Collantes, grupo montañoso Guamuhaya, sobre Guarea guidonia (Mestre et al. 2001b). Se citó como plaga del cafeto en África y como plaga moderada de ornamentales y cítricos en California, EE. UU (Gill 1988, Ben-Dov 1993 y 2003, Miller et al. 2005). Se ha referido sobre ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Asimismo, se menciona como plaga del guayabo y del cafeto en áreas del Pacífico Sur (Williams y Watson 1990)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001 b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59 - 61.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}