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LISOWSKI, Olaf & GRAJEK, Mateusz. Social determinants of employee selection and interviewing. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(4):297-305.eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.04.035 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42454 https://zenodo.org/record/7688527 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received:07.02.2023. Revised: 22.02.2023. Accepted: 01.03.2023. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYEE SELECTION AND INTERVIEWING Olaf Lisowski1,2, Mateusz Grajek2 1Education and Training Association (pl. Towarzystwo Edukacyjno-Szkoleniowe – TES), Katowice (Poland) 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland) Abstract The problem of effective personnel planning was and is an indispensable part of the management of any enterprise. Every owner makes every effort to ensure that the people employed achieve the established goals and strategies of the organization, thereby contributing to the growth of prestige and expansion of capital. A significant capital of any organization is personnel, or human capital, which is why the proper selection of employees is such an important element. For some time now, organizations have been making every effort to ensure that employees are not only properly educated and trained, but are well aligned with the company's mission. Large corporations, want to have an employee as if "on their own," so the goals of both the employer and the employee are important. People for whom professional success is not the most important thing would not be able to find their way in a large international organization. The recruitment and selection process is therefore a key element to check whether a candidate is the right person and in the right place. Keywords: recruitment, selection, employee, qualification

GRAJEK, Mateusz, KRUPA-KOTARA, Karolina, SŁOMA-KRZEŚLAK, Małgorzata & SAS-NOWOSIELSKI, Krzysztof. Analysis of eating behavior of health science students in terms of emotional eating and restrained eating. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(12):317-322. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.12.048 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/41355 https://zenodo.org/record/7468747 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 12.11.2022. Revised: 21.12.2022. Accepted: 21.12.2022. ANALYSIS OF EATING BEHAVIOR OF HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS IN TERMS OF EMOTIONAL EATING AND RESTRAINED EATING Mateusz Grajek1,3, Karolina Krupa-Kotara2, Małgorzata Słoma-Krześlak1, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski3 1Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, mgrajek@sum.edu.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-8598; małgosia.sloma@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6047-4345 2Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, kkrupa@sum.edu.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-0771 3Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Sociology, Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, k.sas-nowosielski@awf.katowice.pl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-5954 Abstract Background.Two eating phenomena are associated with emotions and chronic stress: restrained eating and emotional eating. Restrained eating is defined as restricting food intake to control weight and mainly refers to the amount of food eaten. Emotional eating, on the other hand, focuses on eating in response to negative emotions. the literature emphasizes that people with orthorexia have significantly higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety and lower life satisfaction than healthy individuals. Objective.The purpose of the conducted research was to assess the prevalence of emotionally driven eating behavior and restrained eating among health science students. The premise of the study was also to test whether there was a significant relationship between emotional eating and restrained eating and orthorectic behavior. Material and methods.The study was conducted among 200 randomly selected students of health sciences (dietetics and physical education). The TFEQ-13 and DOS scales were used in the study. Results and conclusions.Based on the study, it was concluded that there is no relationship between the occurrence of emotional eating and orthorexia in the studied group of people associated with health sciences. However, the hypothesis of the existence of these associations between restrained eating and the occurrence of orthorexia was supported. The group of restrained eaters was shown to include individuals with severe behaviors indicative of orthorexic tendencies or a full picture of the disorder. Keywords: orthorexia, emotional eating, restrained eating, eating disorders

OLEKSIUK, Klaudia, KRUPA-KOTARA, Karolina, GRAJEK, Mateusz, WYPYCH-ŚLUSARSKA, Agata, GŁOGOWSKA-LIGUS,Joanna & SŁOWIŃSKI, Jerzy. Health risks of environmental exposure to microplastics.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(1):79-84. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.01.012 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40548 https://zenodo.org/record/7358305 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 19.10.2022. Revised: 20.11.2022. Accepted: 23.11.2022. Health risks of environmental exposure to microplastics Klaudia Oleksiuk1, Karolina Krupa-Kotara1, Mateusz Grajek2, Agata Wypych-Ślusarska1, JoannaGłogowska-Ligus1, Jerzy Słowiński1 1Department of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland; koleksiuk@sum.edu.pl; kkrupa@sum.edu.pl; awypych@sum.edu.pl; jglogowska@sum.edu.pl; jslowinski@sum.edu.pl 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Silesian Medical University in Katowice; Poland; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Plastics are materials widely used in all sectors. The subject of interest in recent years has become so-called microplastics, whose composition and structure are causing new environmental hazards. The presence and accumulation of microplastics in the environment threaten the ecological balance, the water environment, food sustainability and safety, and ultimately human health. Human exposure to microplastics is primarily through the oral route, so the main source of human exposure to microplastics is diet. Despite many studies focusing on microplastic contamination in seafood, fish, and shellfish, estimating total human exposure to microplastics via the oral route is difficult, due to the lack of research on other foods in this area. The risks to human health from inhaling microplastics remain unclear. According to the WHO, there is no reliable evidence of the harmful effects of microplastic on the human body, but the phenomenon requires further research. Likely health effects of human exposure to microplastic include respiratory and gastrointestinal effects, oxidative stress, and cancer. There is a need to raise public awareness about environmental exposure to microplastics and effective waste management. Keywords: health risks, exposure, microplastics

Helisz, Paulina, Gwioździk,Weronika, Kaczmarczyk,Natalia, Całyniuk,Beata,Kujawińska, Maria, Grajek,Mateusz,Krupa-Kotara,Karolina. The role of the dietitian in the hospital team. The current situation in Poland in relation to the needs of society. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(10):178-188. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.10.021 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40407 https://zenodo.org/record/7188271 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.09.2022. Revised: 30.09.2022. Accepted: 12.10.2022. The role of the dietitian in the hospital team. The current situation in Poland in relation to the needs of society Paulina Helisz 1, Weronika Gwioździk 1, Natalia Kaczmarczyk 2, Beata Całyniuk 2, Maria Kujawińska 2, Mateusz Grajek 3 and Karolina Krupa-Kotara 1,* 1 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;paulinahelisz@gmail.com, w.gwiozdzik@wp.pl,; kkrupa@sum.edu.pl 2 Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland nkaczmarczyk191@gmail.com; marysia.kujawinska@gmail.com; bcalyniuk@sum.edu.pl 3 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland. mgrajek@sum.edu.pl * Correspondence: kkrupa@sum.edu.pl Abstract: (1)Background: Nutrition that is adequate to the patient’s health status is a component of co-determining factors in improving the patient’s health. Moreover, appropriate activities of a dietician, such as assessing the nutritional status or educating patients, are counted among the determinants conditioning the effectiveness of the conducted treatment. The number of employed dietitians in hospitals is low, which results in 76-740 patients per one specialist, which in turn makes effective education impossible. The aim of this study was to compare the duties of dietitians working in Polish hospitals in relation to the needs of the society. (2) Material and methods: The research tool consisted of two original, anonymous questionnaires, addressed to the Polish public and to active dietitians. The analysis of results was based on 595 questionnaire results, including 93 from nutritionists. (3)Results: Of the respondents who were admitted to the hospital ward, 83.3% had no contact with a nutritionist (N=347). The surveyed dietitians most often declared that there were two dietitians working at the health care provider employing them, with the smallest number being 1 and the largest number being 55. Only one in three respondents received dietary recommendations upon discharge from the hospital (N=133; 32.1%). Nearly half of dietitians do not prepare menus (48.4%). According to the public, a dietitian should be involved in nutritional counseling, developing menus for the hospital kitchen or catering, and nutritional recommendations for patients discharged from the hospital. (4) Conclusions: Dietitians with the right qualifications and specialties, integrated into the health care workforce, can have a huge impact on the proper dietary therapy of patients. As a result, there is a high probability of increasing the effectiveness of treatment, resulting in health service savings and support for the medical community. Keywords: hospital team, dietitian, role of the dietitian

Tobor Dominika, Grajek Mateusz, Szlachet Patryka, Korzonek-Szlacheta Ilona. The impact of caries on human health - a review of knowledge. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):846-855. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.098 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39705 https://zenodo.org/record/7085437 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.09.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 16.09.2022. The impact of caries on human health - a review of knowledge Dominika Tobor1, Mateusz Grajek2, Patryk Szlacheta3, Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta1 1Department of Prevention of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland 3Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland *mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Dental caries is currently a huge social problem in many countries. Caries is a pathological process associated with the loss of minerals and the breakdown of the hard tissues of the tooth. The risk of its occurrence is very high, especially in children and adolescents. The development of caries is determined by the presence of plaque, the susceptibility of the tooth tissue, the substrate and the time factor. The state of oral health depends on a very age of factors, including hygiene habits, health-promoting education, prevention. Keywords: dental caries, oral cavity, teeth, dental prevention

Grajek, Mateusz, Krupa-Kotara, Karolina, Sobczyk, Karolina. Fear of COVID-19 among employees of large companies and vaccination against COVID-19 - a cross-sectional study (Silesia, Poland).Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(9):677-684. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.080 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/39837 https://zenodo.org/record/7066630 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.08.2022. Revised: 02.09.2022. Accepted: 10.09.2022. Fear of COVID-19 among employees of large companies and vaccination against COVID-19 - a cross-sectional study (Silesia, Poland) Mateusz Grajek1, Karolina Krupa-Kotara2, Karolina Sobczyk3 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland 2Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland 3Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41902 Bytom, Poland *Mateusz Grajek mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom Abstract Introduction and Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the functioning of the entire globe. By the end of December 2020, the disease had been diagnosed in more than 82 million people worldwide, and nearly 2 million people had died. The main preventive measure was to develop an effective vaccine as soon as possible, which Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Gamaleya Center managed to do in late 2020. The first vaccines arrived in Poland after the end of December 2020, but their appearance was not without controversy. The aim of this study was to compare respondents' opinions on COVID-19 vaccination with the results of the assessment of fear of infection. Material and methods. The opinions of 300 employees of large companies on COVID-19 vaccination and fear of SARS-CoV-2 (FCV-19S) infection according to Ahorsu were checked. Results. It was shown that 54% of the respondents express a willingness to vaccinate whenever possible, while 42% are not interested in vaccinating. In favor of the willingness to vaccinate is the option to return to the standard of living before the COVID-19 pandemic - 72%, and the desire to protect those around them from possible infection - 46%. Among opponents of vaccination, the predominant opinion is that the vaccine has not undergone enough testing and is not safe for health - 68%. Discussion. COVID-19 vaccination is one of the major medical successes of recent years and a safe way to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is worrying that those who opt out of vaccination indicate that they do not have enough information about vaccination (44%), and this is an issue that needs to be changed quickly. Conclusions. Those who express a willingness to vaccinate are more likely to have a higher level of fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection than those who have not expressed a willingness to vaccinate. Nearly half of non-vaccinators indicate that there is too little information about vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; immunization; prevention; fear of infection.

WolnowskaMonika, Górnik-Horn Karolina, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Grajek Mateusz. A review of current knowledge regarding insulin resistance among the pediatric population. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):1051-1073. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.090 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.090 https://zenodo.org/record/7020043 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.08.2022. Revised: 07.08.2022. Accepted: 24.08.2022. A review of current knowledge regarding insulin resistance among the pediatric population Monika Wolnowska1, Karolina Górnik-Horn2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz3, Mateusz Grajek4* 1Department of Pediatrics, Municipal Integrated Hospital, Częstochowa, Poland 2Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Poland 3Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 4Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland *correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract One of the key roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis is played by insulin. The presence of insulin receptors in almost all cells of the body reflects the importance of this hormone. Insulin resistance is a state of impaired glucose homeostasis resulting from a decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, despite normal or elevated serum levels. The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis, risk factors, and diagnosis of insulin resistance at developmental age. Key words: insulin resistance, insulin, children, childhood

GrajekMateusz, Sobczyk Karolina, Kurdyś Małgorzata, Szlacheta Patryk,Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof. Eating disorders as a consequence of improperly managed weight reduction - a study among women with moderate physical activity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):1074-1087. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.091 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.091 https://zenodo.org/record/7020163 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.08.2022. Revised: 07.08.2022. Accepted: 24.08.2022. Eating disorders as a consequence of improperly managed weight reduction - a study among women with moderate physical activity Mateusz Grajek1,2*, Karolina Sobczyk1,3, Małgorzata Kurdyś1, Patryk Szlacheta4, KrzysztofSas-Nowosielski1 1 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 2 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 3 Department of Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland 4 Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, Faculty of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland *Correspondence: Matthew Grajek, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Background: Eating disorders are a growing public health challenge. They are characterized by complexity, requiring a wide spectrum of treatment due to the diseases present, somatic complications, body dissatisfaction, and communication difficulties. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of eating disorder risk associated with poorly managed weight loss. Material and methods: the study was conducted on a group of 214 women using a questionnaire by indirect survey method through a form provided online. A proprietary survey questionnaire supplemented by two standardized questionnaires was used: EAT-26 and ORTO-15. Results: The body mass index of 149 respondents (70%) remained normal, while overweight and obese women accounted for a total of 23% - 14% (31 subjects) and 7% (19 subjects), respectively. The study using the EAT-26 questionnaire showed that among the 214 respondents, 98 women were at risk for eating disorders, accounting for 46% of the study group. A cutoff score of 20 was taken as the threshold. A statistically significant difference was noted between BMI and the risk of eating disorders (χ2=26.447; p Conclusions: The occurrence of eating disorders and symptoms indicative of orthorexia does not dependon sociodemographic factors. The appearance of ED may be influenced by the BMI of the subjects. The risk of eating disorders is influenced by relationships with food. There is an ongoing need to promote the role of the nutritionist as a specialist in health and nutrition counseling. Keywords: eating disorders, weight loss, diet, women

Piątek Małgorzata, Polaniak Renata, Kiciak Agata, Staśkiewicz Wiktoria, Grajek Mateusz. "Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy". Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):740-749. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.072 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.072 https://zenodo.org/record/6901323 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 25.07.2022. „Glukozyd -3- cyjanidyny (Cy3G) i jego znaczenie w terapii nowotworowej” "Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy" Małgorzata Piątek1*, Renata Polaniak1, Agata Kiciak2, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz2, Mateusz Grajek3 1 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 2 Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland 3 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland Małgorzata Piątek gosiaczekfp@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9587-8072 Renata Polaniak rpolaniak@sum.edu.pl ORCID: 0000- 0002-3371-1779 Agata Kiciak akiciak@sum.edu.pl ORCID:0000-0002-4531-2038 Wiktoria Staśkiewicz wstaskiewicz@sum.edu.pl ORCID: 0000-0003-2420-5935 Mateusz Grajek mgrajek@sum.edu.pl ORCID:0000-0001-6588-8598 *Correspondence: gosiaczekfp@gmail.com Streszczenie Analizując strukturę zachorowań na nowotwory w Polsce, niezwykle ważne jest jak najwcześniejsze podejmowanie działań chemoprewencyjnych, które ukierunkowane są na zmniejszenie zachorowalności na najczęściej występujące nowotwory, koncentrując się na profilaktyce i stosowaniu naturalnych czynników bioaktywnych zawartych w żywności. Antocyjany stanowią dużą grupę składników zawartych w roślinach, które nie pełnią funkcji odżywczej, ale odgrywają znaczącą rolę w regulacji procesów metabolicznych w organizmie człowieka, przez co wykazują różnokierunkowe działanie prozdrowotne i prewencyjne w stosunku do wielu chorób, a zwłaszcza chorób nowotworowych. Duże nadzieje w chemoprewencji wiązane są z aktywnością biologiczną najczęściej spotykanego przedstawiciela antocyjanów, czyli cyjanidyno-3-glukozydu (Cy3G). Większość badań dotyczących bioaktywności Cy3G pochodzi głównie z testów na liniach komórkowych in vitro i badań eksperymentalnych in vivo na gryzoniach. Badania aktywności biologicznej Cy3G obejmują najczęściej: proces pochłaniania wolnych rodników, działanie przeciwzapalne, przeciwzakrzepowe, insulinotropowe, przeciwdrobnoustrojowe, chemioterapeutyczne i epigenetyczne. W niniejszej publikacji podsumowano wyniki badań in vitro prowadzonych na różnych nowotworowych liniach komórkowych, które dowodzą aktywność antyproliferacyjną, przeciwzapalną oraz chemoprewencyjną Cy3G. Słowa kluczowe: Antocyjany; glukozyd-3-cyjanidyny; chemoprewencja; przeciwutleniacz Abstract When analyzing the structure of cancer incidence in Poland, it is extremely important to take chemopreventive actions as early as possible, which are aimed at reducing the incidence of the most common cancers, focusing on the prevention and use of natural bioactive factors contained in food. Anthocyanins are a large group of ingredients contained in plants that do not have a nutritional function, but play a significant role in the regulation of metabolic processes in the human body, which has a multidirectional pro-health and preventive effect in relation to many diseases, especially cancer. High hopes in chemoprevention are associated with the biological activity of the most common representative of anthocyanins, i.e. cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G). Most of the studies on Cy3G bioactivity come mainly from in vitro cell line tests and in vivo experimental studies on rodents. Studies of the biological activity of Cy3G most often include: the process of free radical absorption, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, insulinotropic, antimicrobial, chemotherapeutic and epigenetic effects. This publication summarizes the results of in vitro studies conducted on various cancer cell lines, which prove the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activity of Cy3G. Key words: Anthocyanins; glucoside-3-cyanidin; chemoprevention; antioxidant

Grot Martina, Szajdewig Magdalena, Grajek Mateusz, Białek-Dratwa Agnieszka, Sobczyk Karolina. Nutritional knowledge of patients diagnosed with endocrinopathies. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):596-607. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.059 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.059 https://zenodo.org/record/6879950 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.07.2022. Revised: 17.07.2022. Accepted: 22.07.2022. Nutritional knowledge of patients diagnosed with endocrinopathies Martina Grot1, Magdalena Szajdewig1, Mateusz Grajek2*, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa3, Karolina Sobczyk4 1 Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; 2 Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl 3 Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-7798-6424; abialek@sum.edu.pl 4 Department of Health Economics and Health Management, School of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41902 Bytom, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246; ksobczyk@sum.edu.pl *Correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl ABSTRACT: Background: Thyroid diseases including Hashimoto's chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis represent an increasing epidemiological problem of the 21st century. Thyroid disease is estimated to affect approximately 7.0-9.0 per cent of the population up to the age of 60 years, and as much as 10.0- 12.0 per cent after the age of 60 years. Hashimoto's disease is much more common among women of childbearing age, but it is also increasingly common among children and adolescents. The number of reported cases of autoimmune thyroiditis is steadily increasing. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of female patients with Hashimoto's disease in selected closed online support groups for patients with thyroid disease. Materials and methods: A self-administered online survey questionnaire was used to conduct the study. Results: 321 women were enrolled in the study. The largest group of respondents, aged between 20 and 40 years, lived in cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants and had a university education. Hypothyroidism along with Hashimoto's disease was declared by the largest number of respondents. The respondents' main source of nutritional knowledge was the media; the level of knowledge was assessed as insufficient. Conclusions: There is a need to increase nutritional education among patients in order to reduce the incidence of disease complications, the development of other comorbidities and will allow for health-promoting effects during the pharmacotherapy process. Keywords: nutritional knowledge; patients; endocrinopathies; thyroid gland

Sobczyk Karolina, Grajek Mateusz, Rozmiarek Mateusz, Sas-Nowosielski Krzysztof. Physical activity promotion at the local government level among the local community. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(8):170-178. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.016 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.08.016 https://zenodo.org/record/6790159 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.06.2022. Revised: 25.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. Physical activity promotion at the local government level among the local community Karolina Sobczyk*1, Mateusz Grajek*2, Mateusz Rozmiarek3, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski4 1 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246 2 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 3 Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-5955-0790 4 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-9569-5954 *Correspondence: Mateusz Grajek, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstract Physical inactivity is a major public health issue. For the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, and a number of malignancies, regular physical activity is a critical protective factor. Along with helping to maintain a healthy weight and overall wellbeing, physical activity has positive effects on mental health, including the avoidance of cognitive decline and the symptoms of despair and anxiety. Local governments all across the world have responded to this problem by launching population-level projects that give locals access to exercise opportunities. Local governments, through the implementation of their own tasks of health promotion and protection, carry out public health tasks as defined by the Law of 11 September 2015 on Public Health. These tasks include activities in the area of physical activity. The aim of the article was to show the role of local government in promoting physical activity among the local community. The article discusses such issues as WHO recommendations for physical activity as well as activities undertaken by local governments in the area of health promotion in the form of health policy programs and activities carried out in cooperation with NGOs. Keywords: physical activity, health policy programs, local government units, public health

Grajek Mateusz, Kujawińska Maria, Duszyńska Paulina, Grot Martina, Kobza Joanna. Changing health behaviors under lockdown: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult physical activity and well-being. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):277-285. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.027 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.027 https://zenodo.org/record/6791250 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2022. Revised: 20.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. Changing health behaviors under lockdown: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult physical activity and well-being Mateusz Grajek, Maria Kujawińska, Paulina Duszyńska, Martina Grot, Joanna Kobza Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice *Mateusz Grajek Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Abstracts: Introduction. Obesity is recognized as one of the increasingly common diseases of civilization. It poses a great threat to the health and life of every person. Overweight and obesity have also been called a worldwide epidemic. Obesity is most often caused by prolonged positive energy balance: bad eating habits, low physical activity and other problems such as emotional. The current pandemic situation also promotes the incidence of overweight and obesity. Aim of the study. The main aim of the study was to investigate the impact of lockdown on the occurrence of overweight and obesity in adult population, while the specific aim was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the level of physical activity among adults. Material and Methods. A total of 244 adults participated in the study on the impact of lockdown on overweight and obesity. The criterion for inclusion in the study was a correctly completed questionnaire. The questionnaire was properly completed by 237 respondents, who were then qualified for further analysis. The study was conducted during the fall and winter seasons using a proprietary survey questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2010, and the results and conclusions of the scientific study were obtained from it. Results and Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the respondents do not have enough knowledge about proper nutrition. In addition, it was found that their physical activity is decreasing and they are working more and more often remotely, which limits their movement during the day. Keywords: lockdown, lifestyle, physical activity, obesity, well-being

Sobczyk Karolina, Grajek Mateusz, Woźniak-Holecka Joanna. The role of local government units in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(7):207-216. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.020 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.07.020 https://zenodo.org/record/6790207 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2022. Revised: 20.06.2022. Accepted: 02.07.2022. The role of local government units in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases Karolina Sobczyk*1, Mateusz Grajek*2, Joanna Woźniak-Holecka3 1Department of Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 3Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-4468-063X *Correspondence: Karolina Sobczyk, PhD Piekarska 18 41902 Bytom, Poland ksobczyk@sum.edu.pl Abstract Chronic diseases of the osteoarticular and muscular system belong to a group of health problems that lead to a limitation of the organism's efficiency, making it difficult or impossible for individuals to function normally. Of the forms of treatment used for chronic diseases of the osteoarticular system, rehabilitation is by far the most common. These activities are mainly financed by the National Health Fund, as well as by social insurance. A complementary role is played by local governments that finance medical rehabilitation for their residents in the form of health policy programmes, implemented as public health tasks. An important argument in favour of rehabilitation at the self-governmental level is the long waiting time for medical rehabilitation services financed by the National Health Fund. The aim of the paper was to show the role of local government in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases. The paper discusses such issues as the importance of musculoskeletal diseases for the efficiency of individuals, organization and financing of guaranteed services in curative rehabilitation, as well as increasing access to these services at the local government level. Keywords: health policy programs, local government units, public health, health economics.

Kujawińska Maria, Kawulok Izabela, Szczyrba Anna, Grot Martina, Bielaszka Agnieszka, Nieć-Leśniak Joanna, Grajek Mateusz. Vitamin C content in orange juices obtained by different methods. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):253-267. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.025 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.025 https://zenodo.org/record/6726543 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.06.2022. Revised: 10.06.2022. Accepted: 24.06.2022. VITAMIN C CONTENT IN ORANGE JUICES OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT METHODS Maria Kujawińska1, Izabela Kawulok1, Anna Szczyrba1, Martina Grot1, AgnieszkaBielaszka2, Joanna Nieć-Leśniak3, Mateusz Grajek4 1Students' Research Club at the Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Deparment of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: Nie dotyczy; abielsaszka@sum.edu.pl 2 Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-5428-4211; abielaszka@sum.edu.pl 3Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-8592-3765; jnieć@sum.edu.pl 4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18 41-902 Bytom, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598; mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Correspondece: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom ABSTRACT Introduction Proper nutrition has the task of providing the right amount of energy and nutrients. A balanced diet should include vegetables and fruit at every meal. These products are rich in vitamin C, which is involved in many metabolic pathways in the body. A well-balanced diet will generally provide you with enough ascorbic acid. The content of vitamins in products depends on many factors, including the place of origin of the product, season, species, processing methods, or the conditions and time of storage. Vitamin C is easily destroyed by contact with oxygen, light radiation or metal ions. Aim of the study The aim of the study is to assess the content of vitamin C in juices squeezed from different types of oranges using various processing methods. Material and methods Three species of oranges were used for the study: Valencia, Saluciana and Novelina. Each type of orange was squeezed with 3 processing methods, using: a juicer, a slow-speed squeezer and a manual squeezer. The determination of vitamin C content in the obtained juices was performed by the Tillmans titration method with the use of standard, blue, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol dye. The vitamin C content in juices was determined: immediately after squeezing the juice, one hour after squeezing and 24 hours after squeezing. The juices were stored in the refrigerator between determinations. A pH meter was used to measure the pH, and a portable digital sucrose refractometer was used for the% sucrose measurement. Results The highest content of vitamin C immediately after pressing was observed in the juice of hand-squeezed oranges from the Salustiana variety. The decrease in vitamin C after 24 hours averaged 37.8%. Statistically significant differences were found between the method of squeezing and the time after squeezing the juice. Valencia variety was characterized by the highest pH, Navelina - the lowest. Significant differences were found in the mean level of the pH indicator and the type of orange. Keywords: vitamin C, orange, juice, processing methods

GrajekMateusz. The COVID-19 pandemic as a source of negative emotions and misconceptions - a theoretical analysis of the situation.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):184-191. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.019 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.019 https://zenodo.org/record/6657691 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2022. Revised: 05.06.2022. Accepted: 17.06.2022. The COVID-19 pandemic as a source of negative emotions and misconceptions - a theoretical analysis of the situation Mateusz Grajek Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland (Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom); mgrajek@sum.edu.pl; ORCID: 0000-0001-6588-8598 Abstract There has been a need to organize the information on COVID-19 that has accumulated in the few months since the emergence of this new disease entity. There are already thousands of scientific publications on COVID-19. On top of that, there are also tens of thousands of press releases, and millions of pieces of information on social media. Being attacked with such an overabundance of information, often contradictory, has confused the public and thus made them susceptible to irrational, false theories about the COVID-19 epidemic. This is a major setback in the fight against the COVID-19 epidemic, which, to be successful, must be conducted in a rational manner. In view of this, the purpose of this article is to gather theoretical knowledge about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of negative emotions and frustration in society. The article considers three spheres of consideration: information noise, conspiracy theories, and social risk. Keywords:pandemic; COVID-19; negative emotions; frustration

GrajekMateusz,RozmiarekMateusz,SobczykKarolina,Sas-NowosielskiKrzysztof. Electronic forms of entertainment in the context of physical activity and addiction risk – a knowledge review.Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(6):130-141. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.013 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.06.013 https://zenodo.org/record/6642802 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 12.05.2022. Revised: 25.05.2022. Accepted: 14.06.2022. Electronic forms of entertainment in the context of physical activity and addiction risk – a knowledge review Mateusz Grajek*1, Mateusz Rozmiarek2, Karolina Sobczyk3, Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski4 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. Correspondence: mgrajek@sum.edu.pl. ORCID:0000-0001-6588-8598. 2 Department of Sports Tourism, Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-5955-0790. 3 Department of Health Economics and Health Management, School of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0003-1632-7246. 4 Department of Humanistic Foundations of Physical Culture, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. ORCID: 0000-0002-9569-5954. Abstract A new way of spending leisure time browsing the Internet, using social networking sites, and playing games has created a new health problem: cell phone addiction. So-called phonoholism or netholism is most thriving among young people, who prioritize entertainment in the real world, which most often necessitates physical activity, over entertainment in the virtual world, which requires a more static approach. However, some companies have gone against the traditional use of phone games by creating multimedia city games that require a dynamic-movement approach. The aim of this review is to gather current theoretical knowledge about electronic forms of entertainment in the context of their influence on users' physical activity, creation of health potential and formation of risk of addiction to such forms of entertainment. Key words: physical activity, electronic entertainment, urban multimedia games, multimedia addiction