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A taxonomic revision and the first phylogenetic hypothesis of the Neotropical genus Ameromyia Banks (Myrmeleontidae: Brachynemurini) is herein presented. The phylogeny is based on 45 morphological characters and recovered the traditional Ameromyia as paraphyletic in respect to the monotypic genus Venezueleon Stange, which is here synonymized under Ameromyia. Three species are synonymized (A. hirsuta Navás and A. stevensi Navás under A. nigriventris (Walker), and A. pentheri Navás under A. strigosa (Banks)) and two new species are described (A. clepsydra sp. nov. and A. explicata sp. nov.). Ameromyia sensu novo is a valid genus with 12 species restricted to South America, and divided into two species groups. Taxonomic keys are also presented to adults and larvae, as well as a discussion on the genus biology.

Bittacus rafaeli Machado & Ramos-Pastrana sp. nov. (Figs. 1–12) Diagnosis. Wings maculated, 1 costal crossvein, pterostigma elongated, forewing origin of Rs 1+2 much basal to the level of Sc end, hind wing with Rs 1+2 not forked. Head with frons and vertex light brown. Male epandrial lobe in dorsal view with the internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long and robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view, shorter than basistylus. Description. Male holotype (Figs. 1–7): Body length 15.6 mm, forewing length 18.9 mm, hind wing length 15.6 mm. Head with frons and vertex light brown; ocellar triangle, gena, clypeus, and labrum dark brown (Fig. 2). Mouth parts light brown, except for the two basal palpomeres of the maxillary and labial palpi. Three distinctive ocelli, lateral ones slightly larger than median. Antennae long, filiform, covered with yellowish pubescence, light brown at the basal half, darkening in the distal half towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres 30 or more. Thorax (Fig. 3) dark brown with some lighter areas, particularly at the pleural region, pronotum, and medial area of the meso and metanotum, covered with yellowish pubescence. Legs (Fig. 1) With coxa and trochanter dark brown in all legs. Femur, tibia and tarsi of fore and mid legs mostly light brown, except for some dark areas on femur apex, tibia base and apex, and distal three tarsomeres. Hind leg slightly darker than anterior legs, particularly the femur and tarsi. Femur and tibia with sparse short black setae. Tibia with two long apical spurs; spurs dark brown and shorter than basitarsus. Fore and mid tarsi with tarsomere II longer than tarsomeres III‒V, basal tarsomere twice length of tarsomere II, tarsomere V prehensile. Hind tarsus dark brown, less than half the length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about same length, basitarsus about twice as long as tarsomere II and slightly lighter than the others; tarsomere V prehensile. Wings (Fig. 4) Narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline but with many dark brown marks surrounding some of the transversal veins and major longitudinal bifurcations. Pterostigma dark brown, elongate; thyridium present. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at level of M 1+2 and M 3+4; one pterostigmal crossvein; M origin basal to Rs origin; Cu 1 ending beyond the apex of Sc; A 1 ending near the level of Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing, except Rs 1+2 not forked. Male abdominal tergites I‒VI brown to light brown medially and dark brown laterally, remaining tergites dark brown (Fig. 1). Sternites mostly light brown except distal sternites dark brown. Terminalia (Figs. 5–7) with epandrium light brown except dorsal margins black, covered with yellowish pubescence. In dorsal view epandrium with a basal medial lobe covered with small setae; epandrial lobe internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long, robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view shorter than basistylus; straight ventrally, but in dorsal view with the posterior half expanded dorsally. Epandrial lobe in posterior view with ventral margin expanding inwards, and apex covered by long, robust black setae. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown, with yellowish setae. Basystilus in lateral view light brown ventrally and dark brown dorsally; with long yellowish setae; posterior margin with a small concavity at the dorsal half. Penisfilum broad at base, narrowed medially, tapering towards apex, curving backwards at medial region. Holotype male. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda. [Vereda] Villa Rica, Fca.[Finca] La Gabela, 01º36′59″N / 75º09′55″W, 294 m [eters], 17.vii.2021, Captura manual en Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae), Y. Carreño (1♂, LEUA –00000035892). Holotype condition very good, with only the apical ventral margin of the right forewing missing. Female paratype (Figs. 8–10): Body length 17.2 mm, forewing length 19.2 mm, hind wing length 16.8 mm. Identical to the male holotype, except abdomen (Figs. 9–10) with basal segments brown, distal segments mostly dark brown, medial tergites lighter. Terminalia (Figs. 9–10) with cercus shorter than subanal plate and tergite XI in lateral view, dark brown, covered with yellow setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI dark brown, with short yellow setae. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, with yellowish setae, those in the posterior margin longer; gonocoxosternite not fused ventrally, in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Paratype female. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda.[Vereda] Maguaré, Fca.[Finca] Parcela No.[Número] 4, 01º38′40″N / 75º09′34″W, 287 m [eters], 17.vi.2021, Captura manual en dosel de Theobroma cacao, M. Bermúdez (1♀, LEUA –00000035891). In perfect condition. Type locality. Colombia: Caquetá: El Doncello (Fig. 11). Etymology. Named after the entomologist and friend Dr. José Albertino Rafael, for his valuable mentoring to the authors and his significant contribution to the development of Neotropical entomology. Habitat. The specimens were collected with forceps on a cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao) in the Colombian Amazon foothills at the Departament of Caquetá (Fig. 12)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Higinio, María Fernanda Bermúdez, Guevara, Yennifer Andrea Carreño & Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, 2022, A new species of Bittacus Latreille (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the Andean-Amazonian foothills, Caquetá, Colombia, pp. 476-482 in Zootaxa 5209 (4) on pages 477-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7333954

Bittacus rafaeli Machado & Ramos-Pastrana sp. nov. (Figs. 1–12) Diagnosis. Wings maculated, 1 costal crossvein, pterostigma elongated, forewing origin of Rs 1+2 much basal to the level of Sc end, hind wing with Rs 1+2 not forked. Head with frons and vertex light brown. Male epandrial lobe in dorsal view with the internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long and robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view, shorter than basistylus. Description. Male holotype (Figs. 1–7): Body length 15.6 mm, forewing length 18.9 mm, hind wing length 15.6 mm. Head with frons and vertex light brown; ocellar triangle, gena, clypeus, and labrum dark brown (Fig. 2). Mouth parts light brown, except for the two basal palpomeres of the maxillary and labial palpi. Three distinctive ocelli, lateral ones slightly larger than median. Antennae long, filiform, covered with yellowish pubescence, light brown at the basal half, darkening in the distal half towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres 30 or more. Thorax (Fig. 3) dark brown with some lighter areas, particularly at the pleural region, pronotum, and medial area of the meso and metanotum, covered with yellowish pubescence. Legs (Fig. 1) With coxa and trochanter dark brown in all legs. Femur, tibia and tarsi of fore and mid legs mostly light brown, except for some dark areas on femur apex, tibia base and apex, and distal three tarsomeres. Hind leg slightly darker than anterior legs, particularly the femur and tarsi. Femur and tibia with sparse short black setae. Tibia with two long apical spurs; spurs dark brown and shorter than basitarsus. Fore and mid tarsi with tarsomere II longer than tarsomeres III‒V, basal tarsomere twice length of tarsomere II, tarsomere V prehensile. Hind tarsus dark brown, less than half the length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about same length, basitarsus about twice as long as tarsomere II and slightly lighter than the others; tarsomere V prehensile. Wings (Fig. 4) Narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline but with many dark brown marks surrounding some of the transversal veins and major longitudinal bifurcations. Pterostigma dark brown, elongate; thyridium present. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at level of M 1+2 and M 3+4; one pterostigmal crossvein; M origin basal to Rs origin; Cu 1 ending beyond the apex of Sc; A 1 ending near the level of Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing, except Rs 1+2 not forked. Male abdominal tergites I‒VI brown to light brown medially and dark brown laterally, remaining tergites dark brown (Fig. 1). Sternites mostly light brown except distal sternites dark brown. Terminalia (Figs. 5–7) with epandrium light brown except dorsal margins black, covered with yellowish pubescence. In dorsal view epandrium with a basal medial lobe covered with small setae; epandrial lobe internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long, robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view shorter than basistylus; straight ventrally, but in dorsal view with the posterior half expanded dorsally. Epandrial lobe in posterior view with ventral margin expanding inwards, and apex covered by long, robust black setae. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown, with yellowish setae. Basystilus in lateral view light brown ventrally and dark brown dorsally; with long yellowish setae; posterior margin with a small concavity at the dorsal half. Penisfilum broad at base, narrowed medially, tapering towards apex, curving backwards at medial region. Holotype male. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda. [Vereda] Villa Rica, Fca.[Finca] La Gabela, 01º36′59″N / 75º09′55″W, 294 m [eters], 17.vii.2021, Captura manual en Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae), Y. Carreño (1♂, LEUA –00000035892). Holotype condition very good, with only the apical ventral margin of the right forewing missing. Female paratype (Figs. 8–10): Body length 17.2 mm, forewing length 19.2 mm, hind wing length 16.8 mm. Identical to the male holotype, except abdomen (Figs. 9–10) with basal segments brown, distal segments mostly dark brown, medial tergites lighter. Terminalia (Figs. 9–10) with cercus shorter than subanal plate and tergite XI in lateral view, dark brown, covered with yellow setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI dark brown, with short yellow setae. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, with yellowish setae, those in the posterior margin longer; gonocoxosternite not fused ventrally, in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Paratype female. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda.[Vereda] Maguaré, Fca.[Finca] Parcela No.[Número] 4, 01º38′40″N / 75º09′34″W, 287 m [eters], 17.vi.2021, Captura manual en dosel de Theobroma cacao, M. Bermúdez (1♀, LEUA –00000035891). In perfect condition. Type locality. Colombia: Caquetá: El Doncello (Fig. 11). Etymology. Named after the entomologist and friend Dr. José Albertino Rafael, for his valuable mentoring to the authors and his significant contribution to the development of Neotropical entomology. Habitat. The specimens were collected with forceps on a cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao) in the Colombian Amazon foothills at the Departament of Caquetá (Fig. 12).

SPELEOBEROTHA MINEIRA SP. NOV. FIGS 8–11 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A658A43A-C144-43C2-85A5-3FAF6B84CD02. Etymology: Mineira is a Brazilian gentilic term for people from Minas Gerais State, where all specimens were collected. Diagnosis Slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae. Male: sternite 9 with a medial lobe covered by long setae and placed between two small lobes; gonapophyses 10 absent; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Identical to Speleoberotha palomae except for the following characteristics. Measurements (N = 5): Body length average (Figs 8A–C), 3.53 mm (variation, 2.8–3.9 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 8D), 5.7 mm (variation, 5.3–6.0 mm); hindwing length average, 4.73 mm (variation, 4.4–5.1 mm). Male genitalia (Figs 9, 10): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci and with posterior margins turning outward in dorsal view. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view, with three lobes: a large medial one covered with long setae and two smaller lateral lobes. Gonocoxites 11 as a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the posterior ending curving upward. Gonocoxites 9 also a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the anterior half wider than the posterior half. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, and longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 1 1): Gonocoxites and gonapophyses of segment 8 absent; tergite 9 not fused with ectoproct; tergite 9 ventrally e l o n g a t e d; g o n o c o x i t e s 9 o v o i d, h y p o c a u d a e lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion elongated opening in a median and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Varjão de Minas: 18°17′33″S, 46°06′03″W, cavernas, 5 July 2018, Carlos Sena, DZUP 381916 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (4 ♂, 1 ♀ ): BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Pains: 20°26′45″S, 45°26′32″W: gruta Cinderela, 18 September 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381917 (two ♂, one ♀; DZUP); idem (one ♂; RPSP); Doresópolis: 20°18′35″S, 45°50′47″W: gruta Helinho II, 26 August 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381918 (one ♂; DZUP). Remarks All six specimens of Speleoberotha mineira presented here were collected near the entrances of caves; they were not found deeper inside. The specimens came from three different limestone caves situated in three municipalities in Minas Gerais State (Doresópolis, Pains and Varjão de Minas), all located in the Cerrado Biome (Brazilian savanna). This region of Minas Gerais is famous for the large number of caves, with> 1000 caves known in this area. Some of the specimens shown here were collected in caves nearly 300 km apart, suggesting that the species might be widespread in this caverich region of Minas Gerais. See the Remarks section under Speleoberotha palomae for features differentiating the two new species., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1434-1438, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557

FAMILY BEROTHIDAE HANDLIRSCH, 1908 SUBFAMILY CYRENOBEROTHINAE MACLEOD & ADAMS, 1967 Putative synapomorphies: Large eyes; elongation of the head, frons and mouthparts; female tergite 9 folded or divided. Included genera: Cyrenoberotha MacLeod & Adams, 1967, Manselliberotha Aspöck & Aspöck, 1988, Microberotha Archibald & Makarkin, 2004, Protoberotha Huang, Ren & Wang, 2019, Sibelliberotha Azar & Nel, 2013, and Speleoberotha., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1425-1426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557, {"references":["MacLeod EG, Adams PA. 1967. A review of the taxonomy and morphology of the Berothidae, with the description of a new subfamily from Chile (Neuroptera). Psyche 74: 237 - 265.","Aspock U, Aspock H. 1988. Die Subfamilie Cyrenoberothinae - ein Gondwana-Element? Manselliberotha neuropterologorum n. g. et n. sp. aus S. W. A. / Namibia (Neuropteroidea: Planipennia: Berothidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 40: 1 - 13.","Archibald SB, Makarkin VN. 2004. New genus of minute Berothidae (Neuroptera) from Early Eocene amber of British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist 136: 61 - 76.","Huang S, Ren D, Wang Y. 2019. A new basal beaded lacewing (Neuroptera: Berothidae) from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Cretaceous Research 95: 1 - 7.","Azar D, Nel A. 2013. A new beaded lacewing from a new Lower Cretaceous amber outcrop in Lebanon (Neuroptera: Berothidae). In: Azar D, Engel MS, Jarzembowski E, Krogmann L, Nel A, Santiago-Blay J, eds. Insect evolution in an amberiferous and stone alphabet, Proceedings of the 6 th International Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber. Leiden: Brill, 111 - 130."]}

SPELEOBEROTHA PALOMAE SP. NOV. FIGS 4–7 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 85F50233-3FC4-4C1D-AB75-42C460A1221C. Etymology: Named after friend and researcher Dr Paloma H. F. Shimabukuro, who collected most of the type series. Diagnosis Slightly smaller than Speleoberotha mineira. Male: sternite 9 simple, without lobes; gonapophyses 10 as two small, hooked structures; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 shorter or about the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Measurements (N = 10): Body length average (Fig. 4A), 1.98 mm (variation, 1.7–2.5 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.96 mm (variation, 3.7–4.2 mm); hindwing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.42 mm (variation, 3.2–3.7 mm). Head (Fig. 4C, D): Pale yellow, with amber marks. Vertex elevated above compound eyes, pale yellow without tubercles, with thin, medium-sized brown setae. Antennae moniliform, scape subrectangular, ~2.5 times as long as wide, pale yellow, bearing long and pale setae; pedicel subrectangular, approximately twice as long as wide, with medium-sized pale setae; flagellum pale brown with 45–49 articles; flagellomeres subquadrangular, bearing two rings of brown, long setae interspersed with small setae; apical flagellomere triangular. Compound eyes subspherical, black. Frons elongated, pale yellow, bearing small, pale setae. Clypeus pale yellow on medial region, amber on lateral margin, entire surface with scattered, fine, long, brown setae. Labrum narrow, amber, trapezoidal, with anterior margin concave; a group of preapical, tapered, amber setae is present, two of them longer and located on the lateral edge. Gena and postgena amber. Mandible triangular, with tapered apical tooth and one preapical and triangular tooth. Maxilla with cardo quadrangular and yellow, stipes rectangular and yellow; galea narrow, longer than stipes, pale amber, tapering at apex, bearing medium-sized amber setae, especially at interior margin; lacinia dark amber base and pale amber apex, apical part narrow, bearing medium-sized amber setae; maxillary palpus five-articulated; articles elongated and amber, with apex pale yellow, bearing dark amber setae; distal palpomere tapered apically. Labium with amber mentum, bearing small amber setae; ligula amber, with tapered triangular yellow apex, bearing long and tapered pale setae; labial palpus three-articulated; articles elongated and amber with apex pale yellow, bearing amber setae; distal palpomere tapered at apex. Thorax (Fig. 4A, D): Pronotum subquadrangular, wider than long, with one transverse furrow; median region pale yellow, bearing small amber setae; lateral region dark amber, covered with abundant long and thin setae, with projected bases. Pleural region pale yellow interspersed with blackish marks, especially at anterior and posterior regions. Ventral region of prothorax pale yellow, with long and pale setae. Mesonotum slightly wider than long, bearing long amber setae; almost all surface is pale yellow except for the median line and anterolateral margins, which are blackish. Metanotum slightly smaller than mesonotum, similar to mesonotum in colour and shape, bearing amber setae. Pteropleurae mostly pale yellow, with blackish marks below wing bases; entire surface with long, amber setae. Legs (Fig. 4A): All the legs pale yellow. Foreleg: coxa elongated, subcylindrical; entire surface with long and thin setae; trochanter and femur with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long, fine and pale setae; tibial spurs absent; first tarsomere as long as the following three together; last tarsomere slightly shorter and darker than other tarsomeres; the whole surface with thick, long, yellow setae; tarsal claws amber. Midleg with coxa bearing some long setae; trochanter and femur covered with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long and fine setae, tibial spurs absent; tarsi similar to foreleg tarsi. Hindleg similar to midleg in colour and shape. Wings (Fig. 4A, B); forewing: Broadened, with posterodistal margin convex.Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle, margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with about six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with radius anterior (RA). Subcostal area with two single crossveins, one of which is brown and located near the wing base, the other one is located at two-thirds of the wing length, brown and surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RA running parallel to subcostal (Sc). Radial area with one brown crossvein, surrounded by a suffused dark mark. Radius posterior (RP) with three branches forking at wing margin (two branches in a few smaller specimens); all radial forks with suffused dark marks. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP forked apically. Presence of two brown RP–media anterior (MA) crossveins: the basal one is located right after the origin of RP basal branch, and the distal one is located after the fork of the RP basal branch. M forking basally to R forks; each branch of M with a secondary fork. MA and media posterior (MP) ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; only one medial crossvein is present between MA and MP. One M–CuA and one MP–CuA crossvein are present near wing base. Cu forking near wing base, before M and R forks; CuA simple, ending in two main branches with some ramifications at wing margin, before the mid-length of the wing; CuP simple, ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. CuA– CuP crossveins absent. One basal CuP–A1 crossvein is present near wing base. Anal veins A1, A2 and A3 ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. A1–A2 and A2–A3 crossveins present near wing base. Hindwing: Broadened, shorter and narrower than forewing, with posterodistal margin convex. Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle; margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding some forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with ~25 unforked subcostal veinlets. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with approximately six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with RA. Two Sc–RA are present near two-thirds of wing length. RA running parallel to SC. Radial area with one brown crossvein surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RP with three branches ending forked at wing margin; RP forks with small, suffused dark mark. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP straight and forking apically. Presence of one brown RP–MA crossvein, located near MA bifurcation. M forking origin of the basal branch of RP, near one-third of wing length; MA ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; MP ending in two main branches with small ramifications; only one medial crossvein is present, located before the forks of MA and MP. One MP–Cu crossvein is located near Cu apex. Cu forks inconspicuous, making the difference between CuA and CuP difficult to see. One long and sinuous Cu–A1 crossvein is located near the wing base. A1 bifurcated; A2 and A3 simple. Abdomen (Fig. 4A): Tergites and pleural membrane yellow, with spotted small dark brown marks. Sternites yellow. The entire abdominal surface covered with abundant long, fine, yellowish setae. Male genitalia (Figs 5, 6): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci, distally extending in lateral view; in dorsal view, the distal extensions curving outward. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view and not bearing any lobes, but bearing four large, modified and clavate setae. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 as two simple, unpaired bows, connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, but shorter or of the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 as two small ventral hooked structures. Female genitalia (Fig. 7): Gonocoxites and g o n a p o p h y s e s o f s e g m e n t 8 a b s e n t; t e r g i t e 9 n o t f u s e d w i t h e c t o p r o c t; t e r g i t e 9 v e n t r a l l y elongated; gonocoxites 9 ovoid, hypocaudae lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion opening in a large and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Ceará: Ubajara: Parque Nacional de Ubajara: 03°50′04″S, 40°54′29″W, 24 November–1 December 2017, CDC trap, Shimabukuro P.H.F. & Lopes T.A., DZUP 381919 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (23 ♂, 22 ♀ ): S ame data as holotype, DZUP 381920–381923 (ten ♂, nine ♀; DZUP); (two ♂, two ♀; NHMW); (one ♂, one ♀; RPSP); same data as holotype but Serra do Ibiapaba, 03°50′40.8″S, 40°54′35″W, 799 m, 23 October 2011, light trap, Silva-Neto, A., Xavier, M. & Lima, E. (eight ♂, nine ♀; UFBA); Pernambuco: Triunfo: Riacho do Pinga, Cachoeira do Pinga, 07°52′03″S, 38°07′13″W, 890 m, light pan trap, Cavalcante, A. (two ♂, one ♀; UFBA). Remarks Speleoberotha palomae and Speleoberotha mineira are almost identical eidonomically; body colour and wing venation are basically the same in both species. However, Speleoberotha mineira is slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae and their male terminalia are different, particularly in the shape of sternite 9, length of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 and the presence of the gonapophyses 10 in Speleoberotha palomae. Female genitalia of both species are similar, but Speleoberotha palomae has larger gonapophyses 9 and bursa copulatrix than Speleoberotha mineira. The paired hooked structures located apically in the male terminalia of Speleoberotha palomae are interpreted here as the gonapophyses 10. These structures are clearly located internally and are not related to sternite IX. They seem to be unique in Berothidae, because no other species have something similar to them. In Mantispoidea, the only structures that could somehow be related to these paired structures of Speleoberotha palomae are traditionally called the hypomeres in Mantispidae, which were interpreted as gonapophyses 10 by Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021). In Symphrasinae, the gonapophyses 10 are a pair of elongated rods located near the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10, whereas in Mantispinae they are reduced and located near the apex of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. No other paired structures besides the gonapophyses 10 have been described in the male terminalia of Mantispoidea, and for this reason we tentative call these structures in Speleoberotha palomae the gonapophyses 10. We suggest that these paired structures are a plesiomorphic character retained by this new species, which could be reinforced by the position of Cyrenoberothinae in our phylogeny and by the fact the members of the subfamily are known to retain plesiomorphic characters, such as the tergite IX and ectoproct not fused, the presence of the recurrent humeral in the forewing and the lack of bristles in the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. Most of the type series of Speleoberotha palomae was collected at the Ubajara National Park, a protected area in the wider Caatinga Biome, the most xeric biome of Brazil. However, the park is located on the Ibiapaba ridge, an elevated area (950 m a.s.l. at the highest point) with higher precipitation, supporting some forested areas with many elements shared with the Atlantic rainforest biome, usually classified as ‘brejo de altitude’ (Queiroz et al., 2017). Ubajara National Park contains a total of 11 caves, and the specimens presented here were collected close to one of these (P. H. F. Shimabukuro, personal communication), suggesting that the species might live inside caves, as its congeneric species does. The specimens from Pernambuco State were collected at Triunfo, a municipality located at the highest point of the state and also surrounded by Atlantic forest of a ‘brejo de altitude’ type (Fig. 3C). However, the location of these collected specimens lacks any known nearby caves and/or grottos, but has a 15 m waterfall and rocky formations, which includes many rock overhangs and similar sheltered sites that this species might prefer., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 1426-1433, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557, {"references":["Ardila-Camacho A, Martins CC, Aspock U, Contreras- Ramos A. 2021. Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily. Zootaxa 4992: 1 - 89.","Queiroz LP, Cardoso D, Fernandes MF, Moro MF. 2017. Diversity and evolution of flowering plants of the Caatinga Domain. In: Silva JMC, Leal IR, Tabarelli M, eds. Caatinga, the largest tropical dry forest region in South America. New York: Springer, 23 - 63."]}

SPELEOBEROTHA MINEIRA SP. NOV. FIGS 8–11 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A658A43A-C144-43C2-85A5-3FAF6B84CD02. Etymology: Mineira is a Brazilian gentilic term for people from Minas Gerais State, where all specimens were collected. Diagnosis Slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae. Male: sternite 9 with a medial lobe covered by long setae and placed between two small lobes; gonapophyses 10 absent; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Identical to Speleoberotha palomae except for the following characteristics. Measurements (N = 5): Body length average (Figs 8A–C), 3.53 mm (variation, 2.8–3.9 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 8D), 5.7 mm (variation, 5.3–6.0 mm); hindwing length average, 4.73 mm (variation, 4.4–5.1 mm). Male genitalia (Figs 9, 10): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci and with posterior margins turning outward in dorsal view. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view, with three lobes: a large medial one covered with long setae and two smaller lateral lobes. Gonocoxites 11 as a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the posterior ending curving upward. Gonocoxites 9 also a simple unpaired bow, in lateral view with the anterior half wider than the posterior half. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, and longer than gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 1 1): Gonocoxites and gonapophyses of segment 8 absent; tergite 9 not fused with ectoproct; tergite 9 ventrally e l o n g a t e d; g o n o c o x i t e s 9 o v o i d, h y p o c a u d a e lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion elongated opening in a median and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Varjão de Minas: 18°17′33″S, 46°06′03″W, cavernas, 5 July 2018, Carlos Sena, DZUP 381916 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (4 ♂, 1 ♀ ): BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Pains: 20°26′45″S, 45°26′32″W: gruta Cinderela, 18 September 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381917 (two ♂, one ♀; DZUP); idem (one ♂; RPSP); Doresópolis: 20°18′35″S, 45°50′47″W: gruta Helinho II, 26 August 2009, Zampaulo R.A., DZUP 381918 (one ♂; DZUP). Remarks All six specimens of Speleoberotha mineira presented here were collected near the entrances of caves; they were not found deeper inside. The specimens came from three different limestone caves situated in three municipalities in Minas Gerais State (Doresópolis, Pains and Varjão de Minas), all located in the Cerrado Biome (Brazilian savanna). This region of Minas Gerais is famous for the large number of caves, with> 1000 caves known in this area. Some of the specimens shown here were collected in caves nearly 300 km apart, suggesting that the species might be widespread in this caverich region of Minas Gerais. See the Remarks section under Speleoberotha palomae for features differentiating the two new species.

SPELEOBEROTHA PALOMAE SP. NOV. FIGS 4–7 Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 85F50233-3FC4-4C1D-AB75-42C460A1221C. Etymology: Named after friend and researcher Dr Paloma H. F. Shimabukuro, who collected most of the type series. Diagnosis Slightly smaller than Speleoberotha mineira. Male: sternite 9 simple, without lobes; gonapophyses 10 as two small, hooked structures; complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 shorter or about the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Description Measurements (N = 10): Body length average (Fig. 4A), 1.98 mm (variation, 1.7–2.5 mm); forewing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.96 mm (variation, 3.7–4.2 mm); hindwing length average (Fig. 4B), 3.42 mm (variation, 3.2–3.7 mm). Head (Fig. 4C, D): Pale yellow, with amber marks. Vertex elevated above compound eyes, pale yellow without tubercles, with thin, medium-sized brown setae. Antennae moniliform, scape subrectangular, ~2.5 times as long as wide, pale yellow, bearing long and pale setae; pedicel subrectangular, approximately twice as long as wide, with medium-sized pale setae; flagellum pale brown with 45–49 articles; flagellomeres subquadrangular, bearing two rings of brown, long setae interspersed with small setae; apical flagellomere triangular. Compound eyes subspherical, black. Frons elongated, pale yellow, bearing small, pale setae. Clypeus pale yellow on medial region, amber on lateral margin, entire surface with scattered, fine, long, brown setae. Labrum narrow, amber, trapezoidal, with anterior margin concave; a group of preapical, tapered, amber setae is present, two of them longer and located on the lateral edge. Gena and postgena amber. Mandible triangular, with tapered apical tooth and one preapical and triangular tooth. Maxilla with cardo quadrangular and yellow, stipes rectangular and yellow; galea narrow, longer than stipes, pale amber, tapering at apex, bearing medium-sized amber setae, especially at interior margin; lacinia dark amber base and pale amber apex, apical part narrow, bearing medium-sized amber setae; maxillary palpus five-articulated; articles elongated and amber, with apex pale yellow, bearing dark amber setae; distal palpomere tapered apically. Labium with amber mentum, bearing small amber setae; ligula amber, with tapered triangular yellow apex, bearing long and tapered pale setae; labial palpus three-articulated; articles elongated and amber with apex pale yellow, bearing amber setae; distal palpomere tapered at apex. Thorax (Fig. 4A, D): Pronotum subquadrangular, wider than long, with one transverse furrow; median region pale yellow, bearing small amber setae; lateral region dark amber, covered with abundant long and thin setae, with projected bases. Pleural region pale yellow interspersed with blackish marks, especially at anterior and posterior regions. Ventral region of prothorax pale yellow, with long and pale setae. Mesonotum slightly wider than long, bearing long amber setae; almost all surface is pale yellow except for the median line and anterolateral margins, which are blackish. Metanotum slightly smaller than mesonotum, similar to mesonotum in colour and shape, bearing amber setae. Pteropleurae mostly pale yellow, with blackish marks below wing bases; entire surface with long, amber setae. Legs (Fig. 4A): All the legs pale yellow. Foreleg: coxa elongated, subcylindrical; entire surface with long and thin setae; trochanter and femur with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long, fine and pale setae; tibial spurs absent; first tarsomere as long as the following three together; last tarsomere slightly shorter and darker than other tarsomeres; the whole surface with thick, long, yellow setae; tarsal claws amber. Midleg with coxa bearing some long setae; trochanter and femur covered with long, pale setae; tibia narrow, with abundant long and fine setae, tibial spurs absent; tarsi similar to foreleg tarsi. Hindleg similar to midleg in colour and shape. Wings (Fig. 4A, B); forewing: Broadened, with posterodistal margin convex.Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle, margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with about six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with radius anterior (RA). Subcostal area with two single crossveins, one of which is brown and located near the wing base, the other one is located at two-thirds of the wing length, brown and surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RA running parallel to subcostal (Sc). Radial area with one brown crossvein, surrounded by a suffused dark mark. Radius posterior (RP) with three branches forking at wing margin (two branches in a few smaller specimens); all radial forks with suffused dark marks. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP forked apically. Presence of two brown RP–media anterior (MA) crossveins: the basal one is located right after the origin of RP basal branch, and the distal one is located after the fork of the RP basal branch. M forking basally to R forks; each branch of M with a secondary fork. MA and media posterior (MP) ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; only one medial crossvein is present between MA and MP. One M–CuA and one MP–CuA crossvein are present near wing base. Cu forking near wing base, before M and R forks; CuA simple, ending in two main branches with some ramifications at wing margin, before the mid-length of the wing; CuP simple, ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. CuA– CuP crossveins absent. One basal CuP–A1 crossvein is present near wing base. Anal veins A1, A2 and A3 ending in some small ramifications at wing margin. A1–A2 and A2–A3 crossveins present near wing base. Hindwing: Broadened, shorter and narrower than forewing, with posterodistal margin convex. Wing venation alternating pale and dark brown, with abundant long and fine setae of the same colour as cuticle; margins beaded; trichosors present along wing margin. Membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding some forks and crossveins. Costal area narrow, with ~25 unforked subcostal veinlets. Pterostigma suffused, weakly marked, with approximately six crossveins. Sc ending after the pterostigma and before the wing apex, not fused with RA. Two Sc–RA are present near two-thirds of wing length. RA running parallel to SC. Radial area with one brown crossvein surrounded by a suffused dark mark. RP with three branches ending forked at wing margin; RP forks with small, suffused dark mark. Gradate series inconspicuous. Basal branch of RP straight and forking apically. Presence of one brown RP–MA crossvein, located near MA bifurcation. M forking origin of the basal branch of RP, near one-third of wing length; MA ending in four main branches with some ramifications at wing margin; MP ending in two main branches with small ramifications; only one medial crossvein is present, located before the forks of MA and MP. One MP–Cu crossvein is located near Cu apex. Cu forks inconspicuous, making the difference between CuA and CuP difficult to see. One long and sinuous Cu–A1 crossvein is located near the wing base. A1 bifurcated; A2 and A3 simple. Abdomen (Fig. 4A): Tergites and pleural membrane yellow, with spotted small dark brown marks. Sternites yellow. The entire abdominal surface covered with abundant long, fine, yellowish setae. Male genitalia (Figs 5, 6): Tergite 9 wider ventrally and not fused with ectoproct. Ectoproct without callus cerci, distally extending in lateral view; in dorsal view, the distal extensions curving outward. Sternite 9 subtriangular in ventral view and not bearing any lobes, but bearing four large, modified and clavate setae. Gonocoxites 11 and 9 as two simple, unpaired bows, connected basally. Complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 long and acute apically, but shorter or of the same length as gonocoxites 11 in lateral view. Gonapophyses 10 as two small ventral hooked structures. Female genitalia (Fig. 7): Gonocoxites and g o n a p o p h y s e s o f s e g m e n t 8 a b s e n t; t e r g i t e 9 n o t f u s e d w i t h e c t o p r o c t; t e r g i t e 9 v e n t r a l l y elongated; gonocoxites 9 ovoid, hypocaudae lacking; gonapophyses 9 as tiny curved sclerites; spermatheca elongated and coiled, becoming narrower and sclerotized in the medial and final portions; proximal portion opening in a large and membranous bursa copulatrix. Holotype: BRAZIL: Ceará: Ubajara: Parque Nacional de Ubajara: 03°50′04″S, 40°54′29″W, 24 November–1 December 2017, CDC trap, Shimabukuro P.H.F. & Lopes T.A., DZUP 381919 (male; DZUP). Paratypes (23 ♂, 22 ♀ ): S ame data as holotype, DZUP 381920–381923 (ten ♂, nine ♀; DZUP); (two ♂, two ♀; NHMW); (one ♂, one ♀; RPSP); same data as holotype but Serra do Ibiapaba, 03°50′40.8″S, 40°54′35″W, 799 m, 23 October 2011, light trap, Silva-Neto, A., Xavier, M. & Lima, E. (eight ♂, nine ♀; UFBA); Pernambuco: Triunfo: Riacho do Pinga, Cachoeira do Pinga, 07°52′03″S, 38°07′13″W, 890 m, light pan trap, Cavalcante, A. (two ♂, one ♀; UFBA). Remarks Speleoberotha palomae and Speleoberotha mineira are almost identical eidonomically; body colour and wing venation are basically the same in both species. However, Speleoberotha mineira is slightly larger than Speleoberotha palomae and their male terminalia are different, particularly in the shape of sternite 9, length of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10 and the presence of the gonapophyses 10 in Speleoberotha palomae. Female genitalia of both species are similar, but Speleoberotha palomae has larger gonapophyses 9 and bursa copulatrix than Speleoberotha mineira. The paired hooked structures located apically in the male terminalia of Speleoberotha palomae are interpreted here as the gonapophyses 10. These structures are clearly located internally and are not related to sternite IX. They seem to be unique in Berothidae, because no other species have something similar to them. In Mantispoidea, the only structures that could somehow be related to these paired structures of Speleoberotha palomae are traditionally called the hypomeres in Mantispidae, which were interpreted as gonapophyses 10 by Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021). In Symphrasinae, the gonapophyses 10 are a pair of elongated rods located near the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10, whereas in Mantispinae they are reduced and located near the apex of the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. No other paired structures besides the gonapophyses 10 have been described in the male terminalia of Mantispoidea, and for this reason we tentative call these structures in Speleoberotha palomae the gonapophyses 10. We suggest that these paired structures are a plesiomorphic character retained by this new species, which could be reinforced by the position of Cyrenoberothinae in our phylogeny and by the fact the members of the subfamily are known to retain plesiomorphic characters, such as the tergite IX and ectoproct not fused, the presence of the recurrent humeral in the forewing and the lack of bristles in the complex gonocoxites + gonostyli 10. Most of the type series of Speleoberotha palomae was collected at the Ubajara National Park, a protected area in the wider Caatinga Biome, the most xeric biome of Brazil. However, the park is located on the Ibiapaba ridge, an elevated area (950 m a.s.l. at the highest point) with higher precipitation, supporting some forested areas with many elements shared with the Atlantic rainforest biome, usually classified as ‘brejo de altitude’ (Queiroz et al., 2017). Ubajara National Park contains a total of 11 caves, and the specimens presented here were collected close to one of these (P. H. F. Shimabukuro, personal communication), suggesting that the species might live inside caves, as its congeneric species does. The specimens from Pernambuco State were collected at Triunfo, a municipality located at the highest point of the state and also surrounded by Atlantic forest of a ‘brejo de altitude’ type (Fig. 3C). However, the location of these collected specimens lacks any known nearby caves and/or grottos, but has a 15 m waterfall and rocky formations, which includes many rock overhangs and similar sheltered sites that this species might prefer.

SPELEOBEROTHA GEN. NOV. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A60A28A2-C57B-4BD7-A040-B2519BF4ABE9. E t y m o l o g y: S p e l e o (f r o m G r e e k σ Π ηλαίων, spelaion = cave) and Berotha, type genus of Berothidae, a common suffix for genera in this group of animals. Type species: Speleoberotha palomae sp. nov. Autapomorphies: Antennae longer than body; Sc and RA not fused apically; male gonocoxites 9 as an unpaired bow. Description Head with frons elongated; antennae moniliform and longer than body length. Pronotum wider than long, with one transversal furrow. Legs cursorial. Wings with membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins; margins beaded; Sc and RA not fused apically; RP with two or three major forks. Forewing with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Hindwing with CuP extremely reduced. Abdomen with ninth tergite separated from the ectoproct. Male genital sclerites without bristles; gonocoxites and gonostyli 10 (mediuncus) fused and forming an elongate and acute structure; gonocoxites 11 and 9 (gonarcus and parameres, respectively) are two unpaired bows fused basally. Female genitalia with tiny curved sclerites representing gonapophyses 9; gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 absent, and spermatheca elongated and coiled. Remarks The two species included in the new genus seem to be cave dwelling, because both species were collected in or nearby caves and rock overhangs, probably living around the sheltered cave entrance area, not deep into it. This is the first record of any Berothidae living in this type of habitat. In some of the dissected specimens of both species presented here, the abdomen is full of pollen (Fig. 2A,B), indicating an herbivorous diet. Pollen feeding has been reported before for different species of Berothidae, such as Berothimerobius reticulatus Monserrat & Deretsky, 1999, Nyrma kervillea Navás, 1933 (Monserrat, 2006), the Cyrenoberothinae C. penai as reported by MacLeod & Adams (1967), and Manselliberotha, as verified here by the dissection of a few specimens. This feeding behaviour suggests that the adults of the new genus can fly outside the caves to feed on nearby plants from the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 2C) and return to the safety of the cave entrances. The unpaired male gonocoxites 9 seems to be an autapomorphy of Speleoberotha in Mantispoidea. Among the superfamily, this particular genital piece is generally constituted by a pair of rods that are associated basally with the gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) (Aspöck & Aspöck, 2008) and are generally important for species determination, particularly in Symphrasinae (ArdilaCamacho et al., 2021). In the new genus, these two rods are fused, forming a bow similar to gonocoxite 11, representing a unique characteristic of Speleoberotha. The long and acute structure in the male terminalia (formerly mediuncus) is interpreted here as the fusion of the unpaired gonocoxites and gonostyli 10. This interpretation follows Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021), who demonstrated that in Mantispoidea the structure traditionally called the mediuncus is formed by the gonocoxite and the gonostyli and that these are sometimes clearly distinguishable, as in Symphrasinae, or fused, as in Cyrenoberotha and Manselliberotha. In Speleoberotha, this elongated structure shows a small central hollow that is considered here as the fusion point between the gonocoxites and the gonostyli. Distribution (Fig. 3B, C): Brazil (Ceará, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais).

SPELEOBEROTHA GEN. NOV. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A60A28A2-C57B-4BD7-A040-B2519BF4ABE9. E t y m o l o g y: S p e l e o (f r o m G r e e k σ Π ηλαίων, spelaion = cave) and Berotha, type genus of Berothidae, a common suffix for genera in this group of animals. Type species: Speleoberotha palomae sp. nov. Autapomorphies: Antennae longer than body; Sc and RA not fused apically; male gonocoxites 9 as an unpaired bow. Description Head with frons elongated; antennae moniliform and longer than body length. Pronotum wider than long, with one transversal furrow. Legs cursorial. Wings with membrane mostly hyaline but with dark markings surrounding the major forks and crossveins; margins beaded; Sc and RA not fused apically; RP with two or three major forks. Forewing with humeral recurrent vein; subcostal veinlets forked. Hindwing with CuP extremely reduced. Abdomen with ninth tergite separated from the ectoproct. Male genital sclerites without bristles; gonocoxites and gonostyli 10 (mediuncus) fused and forming an elongate and acute structure; gonocoxites 11 and 9 (gonarcus and parameres, respectively) are two unpaired bows fused basally. Female genitalia with tiny curved sclerites representing gonapophyses 9; gonocoxites 8 and gonapophyses 8 absent, and spermatheca elongated and coiled. Remarks The two species included in the new genus seem to be cave dwelling, because both species were collected in or nearby caves and rock overhangs, probably living around the sheltered cave entrance area, not deep into it. This is the first record of any Berothidae living in this type of habitat. In some of the dissected specimens of both species presented here, the abdomen is full of pollen (Fig. 2A,B), indicating an herbivorous diet. Pollen feeding has been reported before for different species of Berothidae, such as Berothimerobius reticulatus Monserrat & Deretsky, 1999, Nyrma kervillea Navás, 1933 (Monserrat, 2006), the Cyrenoberothinae C. penai as reported by MacLeod & Adams (1967), and Manselliberotha, as verified here by the dissection of a few specimens. This feeding behaviour suggests that the adults of the new genus can fly outside the caves to feed on nearby plants from the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 2C) and return to the safety of the cave entrances. The unpaired male gonocoxites 9 seems to be an autapomorphy of Speleoberotha in Mantispoidea. Among the superfamily, this particular genital piece is generally constituted by a pair of rods that are associated basally with the gonocoxites 11 (gonarcus) (Aspöck & Aspöck, 2008) and are generally important for species determination, particularly in Symphrasinae (ArdilaCamacho et al., 2021). In the new genus, these two rods are fused, forming a bow similar to gonocoxite 11, representing a unique characteristic of Speleoberotha. The long and acute structure in the male terminalia (formerly mediuncus) is interpreted here as the fusion of the unpaired gonocoxites and gonostyli 10. This interpretation follows Ardila-Camacho et al. (2021), who demonstrated that in Mantispoidea the structure traditionally called the mediuncus is formed by the gonocoxite and the gonostyli and that these are sometimes clearly distinguishable, as in Symphrasinae, or fused, as in Cyrenoberotha and Manselliberotha. In Speleoberotha, this elongated structure shows a small central hollow that is considered here as the fusion point between the gonocoxites and the gonostyli. Distribution (Fig. 3B, C): Brazil (Ceará, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on page 1426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557, {"references":["Monserrat VJ, Deretsky Z. 1999. New faunistical, taxonomic and systematic data on brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Journal of Neuropterology 2: 45 - 66.","Monserrat VJ. 2006. Nuevos datos sobre algunas especies de la familia Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Heteropterus Revista de Entomologia 6: 173 - 207.","MacLeod EG, Adams PA. 1967. A review of the taxonomy and morphology of the Berothidae, with the description of a new subfamily from Chile (Neuroptera). Psyche 74: 237 - 265.","Aspock U, Aspock H. 2008. Phylogenetic relevance of the genital sclerites of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). Systematic Entomology 33: 97 - 127.","Ardila-Camacho A, Martins CC, Aspock U, Contreras- Ramos A. 2021. Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily. Zootaxa 4992: 1 - 89."]}

Wings: Sc and RA not fused apically............................................................................................................... 52. Forewing: subcostal veinlets forking apically; five or six RP branches. Extant............................................ 3- Forewing: subcostal veinlets not forking apically; two or three RP branches. Extinct................................. 4 3. Forewing with dark marks surrounding the major forks and crossveins. Male gonocoxites 11 with thin dorsal arc connecting the two main pieces. Female with stubby hypocaudae. Southern Africa........................................................................................................................................................................ Manselliberotha - Forewing hyaline. Male gonocoxites 11 without a thin dorsal arc connecting the two main pieces. Female without hypocaudae. Chile........................................................................................................ Cyrenoberotha 4. Forewing: well-defined pterostigma; Sc + RA without branches; one crossvein between CuP and A1. Early Cretaceous, Lebanon.................................................................................................................. Sibelliberotha - Forewing: pterostigma not well defined; Sc + RA with long branches forking apically; no crossvein between CuP and A1. Mid Cretaceous, Myanmar..................................................................................... Protoberotha 5. Forewing: most subcostal veinlets forked; one crossvein between MA and MP. Hindwing M fork distal, near the origin of the basal branch of RP. Antennae longer than forewing. Extant, Brazil................................................................................................................................................................................. Speleoberotha gen. nov. - Forewing: subcostal veinlets not forked; no crossvein between MA and MP. Hindwing M fork basal, near the level of vein 1r-m. Antennae shorter than forewing. Early Eocene, Canada........................... Microberotha, Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Martins, Caleb Califre, Aspöck, Horst, Tavares, Leon Gustavo De Miranda & Aspöck, Ulrike, 2022, The first cave associated genus of Berothidae (Insecta: Neuroptera), and a new interpretation of the subfamily Cyrenoberothinae, pp. 1422-1444 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on page 1439, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab104, http://zenodo.org/record/6994557

Glenurus peculiaris (Walker, 1860) Glenurus peculiaris was the only species of the genus previously known from Brazil. It can be distinguished from the other two species recorded herein to the country by the combination of the presence of a large apical brown mark in the forewing, and the two white spots on the posterior margin of the apical area in the hind wing (Fig. 2c). The species has a large distribution in South America, with records from Argentina, Guyana, Paraguay and Suriname, but in Brazil it was only known from two records from S��o Paulo state (Stange 2004; 2010; Machado & Martins 2020). These two Brazilian records correspond to the two specimens of the type series of G. brasiliensis Nav��s, 1920, a junior synonym of G. peculiaris. The holotype of G. peculiaris, despite being collected in Brazil, had no extra location data on the label. Nav��s (1920) in the description of G. brasiliensis, mentioned that the female specimen was from Jaragua, which was interpreted by Oswald (2019) as the municipality of Jaragu�� do Sul in Santa Catarina state. However, Nav��s (1923) mentioned that this record was erroneous and that the specimen was actually from nearby the municipality of S��o Sebasti��o in S��o Paulo. Herein, I present the first records of G. peculiaris from four different Brazilian states, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Paran��, and Santa Catarina besides some new records from S��o Paulo state (Fig. 5), all areas dominated by the Atlantic rainforest biome. Examined specimens. Brazil: Bahia: Caet�� A��u, Vale do Cap��o, Lothlorien, 4.xii.2016, manual, Pium, Burger, R. (1♀ ��� UFBA); Minas Gerais: Lavras (1? UFLA); Paran��: Foz do Igua��u, 13.i.1967, Bourlegat (1♀ Esalq); Morretes, Bairro Am��rica de Cima, 30.xii.2018, BR. Araujo (1♀ DZUP); Rolandia (4♀ MZSP); Santa Catarina: Joinvile (1? MNRJ���certainly destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018); Nova Teutonia, 27��11���S��� 52��23���W, 300���500m, xii.1976, Fritz Plaumann (1♀ INPA); S��o Paulo: Caraguatatuba, ii.1963, Ubirajara col. (1♀ MZSP); Registro, 30.xii.1968, R. G. da Silva col. (1♀ MZSP); Ubatuba, Praia Fortaleza 6.iii.1973, Froelich col. (1♀ MZSP)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, 2020, Rediscovery of Glenurus incalis Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), and notes on the Brazilian species of Glenurus Hagen, pp. 135-143 in Zootaxa 4858 (1) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4411462, {"references":["Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565.","Stange, L. A. (2010) Preliminary report on the Myrmeleontidae (Neuroptera) of Paraguay. Insecta Mundi, 114, 1 - 14.","Machado, R. J. P. & Martins, C. C. (2020) Myrmeleontidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 11443 (accessed 17 July 2020)","Navas, L. (1920) Algunos insectos del Brasil. 1. a serie. Revista do Museu Paulista, 12, 411 - 417.","Oswald, J. D. (2019) Neuropterida Species of the World. URL. Available from: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main (accessed 17 July 2020)","Navas, L. (1923) Algunos insectos del Brasil. 2. a serie. Revista do Museu Paulista, 13, 767 - 774."]}

Glenurus incalis Banks, 1922 As mentioned previously, G. incalis is known only by the female holotype from Chanchamayo Peru, but herein I report four new specimens, another one from Peru and other three from the Amazon region in Brazil (Fig. 5). The species is thoroughly redescribed below based on these four specimens and high-resolution images of the holotype. Lengths: forewing: 41.5���44.5 mm; hind wing: 43���47 mm. Head (Fig. 3): Labrum and clypeus mostly dark brown, but lateral margins light brown; set with pale setae. Frons below antennae light brown with medial region dark brown, space between and above the antennae dark brown; set with few short pale setae. Gena light brown. Vertex raised; mostly brown with a medial longitudinal and medial transversal lines dark brown; set with short black setae. Ocular rim setae absent. Antennae clavate; more than three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; scape and pedicel brown to dark brown; 49���51 flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the basal one, about twice longer than wide, and the apical ones, much wider than long; flagellum brown but darkening towards the apex; all segments set with short black setae. Mandible light brown with internal margin and apex black. Maxillary palpi light brown except by the last two distal segments, dark brown. Labial palpi light brown except by the distal segment, dark brown; distal palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Fig. 3 b���c): Pronotum slightly longer than wide; posterior margin wider than anterior; subapical furrow present; mostly dark brown, except by a pale longitudinal stripe medially and the area distal to the furrow, brown to pale; set with long black setae. Meso and metanotum dark brown, except by a pale longitudinal stripe medially (stripe fading out in the metascutellum and sometimes completely absent, making it entirely dark brown); set with white setae and few black ones at the anterior margin of the mesoprescutum. Pterothoracic pleura entirely dark brown, except by small pale-yellow marks at the base of the wings; set with long white setae, and a few long black setae on the anterior margin of the mesothorax. Wings (Fig. 2b): Elongate and with apex acute. Forewing shorter and wider than hind wing. Anterior Banksian line present in both wings but more evident in the forewing; posterior Banksian line absent in both wings. Sc, RA and Cu veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas, remaining veins entirely dark brown or white on the white apical spots; beset with short black setae. Forewing: membrane mostly hyaline except for a large transversal preapical brown band, apical and posterior margins distal to the transversal band also brown, end of CuP+1A with a small curved brown mark, small brown infuscations at the base of crossveins around RA, and poststigmal area mostly white. Cubital fork basal to Rs origin; seven to eight presectoral crossveins; subcostal veinlets mostly simple, but the ones near the junction between Sc and RA forked; crossveins at the prefork area simple; prefork area about twice wider than posterior area. Hind wing membrane hyaline except by the apical third brown; brown area with three white marks: two at the hypostigmal cell level (one at the anterior margin and the other at the posterior margin and slightly larger) and the largest one on the apical region, comprising most of the anterior margin and brown indented on the posterior area. One presectoral crossvein. Prefork and posterior areas about the same width Legs (Fig. 3a, c): Tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur about twice longer than tarsi). Coxa dark brown basally and pale apically, remaining segments mostly pale, except by small brown dots on the base of the setae, and the dark brown apex of the femur, tibia and T5; femur sometimes with dark brown mark near the base. All segments covered with black setae, except by the coxa with white setae. Tibial spurs long, passing T2 apex; tarsomeres length: T2, T3, and T4 about the same length, T1 as long as T2 and T3 combined, and T5 slightly longer than T1; claws shorter than half of T5 length. Foreleg: sense hair relatively short, only slightly longer than the regular setae; tibia with a patch of antennal cleaning setae on the apical region. Abdomen: All sclerites dark brown, except by the tergites 1 and 2 with a pale medial longitudinal line, and the base of tergites 4���6 pale. All sclerites covered by short black setae, and white setae on the pale areas of the tergites, and first and second segments covered by long white setae Female Terminalia (Fig. 4): Ectoproct rounded, set with thin black elongate setae dorsally and few thickened setae on the ventral area, in lateral view. Lateral gonapophyses smaller than ectoproct in lateral view, beset with thickened setae, which are slightly longer than the ones on the ectoproct. Tergite IX thin dorsally but broadening towards the ventral area in lateral view, set with short black setae and a row of thickened setae on the ventral margin. Sternite VIII short, in ventral view rectangular and with the distal margin straight. Pregenital plate small and conical. Posterior gonapophyses short with posterior margin rounded, covered with long black thickened setae, longer than the ones at the lateral gonapophyses. Anterior gonapophyses absent. Gonapophyseal plates elongate and parallel. Spermatheca with the distal half broader and darker, than proximal half. Male Terminalia: Unknown. Comments: Among the Brazilian species of Glenurus, G. incalis can be easily identified based on the presence of a large brown stripe on the forewing, the presence of a large indented white mark apically in the hind wing, and the presence of a single white mark at the posterior margin within the brown area in the hind wing (Fig. 2b) (G. peculiaris presents two white marks). Within the whole genus, G. incalis seems more similar to G. proi Nav��s, 1930 (known from Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico) based on the indented white mark on the hind wing. However, they can be distinguished based on the pterothorax pleura color: entirely dark brown in G. incalis, but sharply divided in a dorsal dark brown line and a ventral pale brown line in G. proi (Stange 2002). As mentioned above, G. incalis is the least known species of the genus, and until now it was only recognized based on the female holotype from Peru. The holotype was collected in Chanchamayo in the Jun��n department in the Peruvian Amazon. Herein we report a new specimen also from Jun��n, at the Satipo valley, and another three specimens from the Brazilian Amazon, one from the Rond��nia state, municipality of Vilhena, and the other two from the Amazonas state, with records for the municipalities of Manaus and Itacoatiara. Both places in the Amazonas states are located in the center of the Amazon basin, on the northern shore of the Amazon river. These new distribution records considerably expand the distribution of G. incalis, suggesting that the species could be widespread throughout the Amazon forest. Examined specimens. Brazil: Amazonas: Itacoatiara, Fazenda Aruan��, AM 010, Km 215, 28���29.ix.1992, 21:00���22:00h, Motta C.S., Peralta F.A., Telos B. R., Hutchings R.S.G., Hamada N. (1♀ INPA); Manaus, 27.viii.1962, K. Lenko (1♀ INPA); Rond��nia: Vilhena, 12��34���S��� 60��03���W, 615m, 11.ix.1999, Cole����o Embrapa CPAC no 17484. (1♀ Embrapa-DF); Peru: Jun��n: Chanchamayo, N. Banks, Type 12030, MCZ-ENT 00012030 (♀ holotype MCZ); Satipo Valley, 600m, vii���viii.1987 (1♀ DZUP)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, 2020, Rediscovery of Glenurus incalis Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), and notes on the Brazilian species of Glenurus Hagen, pp. 135-143 in Zootaxa 4858 (1) on pages 137-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4411462, {"references":["Banks, N. (1922) South America Glenurus and some other Myrmeleonidae. Canadian Entomologist, 54, 58 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 5458 - 3","Stange, L. A. (2002) Family Myrmeleontidae. In: Penny, N. D. (Ed.), A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53 (4), 275 - 289."]}

Glenurus heteropteryx Gerstaecker, 1885 Glenurus heteropteryx can be easily distinguished from any other species on the genus because of its mostly transparent forewing (Fig. 2a), all other eight species present a large apical brown band in the forewing. The species was initially described from Panama and was later mentioned by Stange (2002) as possibly also occurring in Costa Rica. Posteriorly it was recorded from some of the Caribbean islands (Trinidad and Guadeloupe) and also from South America (Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela) (Stange 2004; Ardila-Camacho et al. 2014; Giacomino 2015). Herein I report the first record of G. heteropteryx from Brazil, one specimen collected in the northern state of Roraima (Fig. 5). Examined specimens. Brazil: Roraima: Ilha de Marac��, 20���30.iii.1987, Luis S. Aquino (1♀ INPA)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, 2020, Rediscovery of Glenurus incalis Banks (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), and notes on the Brazilian species of Glenurus Hagen, pp. 135-143 in Zootaxa 4858 (1) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/4411462, {"references":["Stange, L. A. (2002) Family Myrmeleontidae. In: Penny, N. D. (Ed.), A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53 (4), 275 - 289.","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 74, 1 - 565.","Ardila-Camacho, A., Diaz, C. J. A. & Noriega, J. A. (2014) First Record of Glenurus heteropteryx Gerstaecker, 1885 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Colombia. Checklist, 10 (3), 692 - 693. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.3.692","Giacomino, M. (2015) Contribution a la connaissance des Neuroptera des Antilles francaises: l. Les Myrmeleontinae de Guadeloupe (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae). Entomologiste, 71, 153 - 156."]}

Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Oswald, John David (2020): Morphological phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the former antlion subtribe Periclystina (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae). Zootaxa 4796 (1): 1-322, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4796.1.1

Purenleon clavatus (Nav��s, 1914) For a detailed description see Miller & Stange (2014) Remarks. Purenleon clavatus seems to be the most widespread species in the genus. Until now, it was the only species recorded for Brazil, but it has also been collected in Trinidad and Venezuela (Miller & Stange 2014). The new records presented here expand its distribution to the northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil, including the southernmost point of Purenleon, in S��o Paulo state (Fig. 11). Specimens from the different localities were dissected, and both male and female genitalias presented the same pattern, confirming that despite the large distribution they indeed belong to the same species. Material examined. (9♂, 11♀, 1?): BRAZIL: BAHIA: Len����is, Rio Santo Ant��nio, 122924S���411946W, 350m, 5.vi.2007, manual, J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F. (1♂ ��� INPA); GOI��S: rota 153, 48 Km S. Goi��nia [likely Hidrol��ndia today], forest litter, 9.v.1971, W.L. Brown (1♂ ��� MZUSP); MARANH��O: C��ndido Mendes, Fazenda 7 irm��os, 01 ���51���37���S ��� 45 ���46���10���W, 3���6.x.2008, Arm. luminosa, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.A. Rafael & P.A.M. Moraes (1♀ ��� CZMA); Caxias, Reserva Ecol��gica Inhamum, 04���06.viii.2005, arm. luminosa, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira et al (1? ��� CZMA); idem ��� 3���4.vii.2005 (1♂, 1♀ ��� CZMA); idem ��� 23���25.viii.2006 (1♀ ��� CZMA); Mirador, Parque Estadual Mirador, Base de Geraldina, 30.vi-4.vii.2008, armadilha luminosa, M.J. Almeida-Holanda (2♂, 1♀ ��� CZMA); idem ��� 21���25.vi.2007 (1♀ ��� CZMA); idem ��� 20���31.xii.2006, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira (1♀ ��� CZMA); MATO GROSSO: Cuiab��, Salgadeira, 28.v.1990, Miriam Serrano (1♀ ��� CEMT); Cuiab��, 02.vii.1993, Gabriela Priante (1♀ ��� CEMT); Cuiab��, Campus UFMT, 15 ���36���29���S��� 56 ���03���44���W, 12.v.2018, J.P. Crist��v��o (1♂ ��� CEMT); PAR��: Bragan��a, 6.ix.1978, mata de terra firme, isca luminosa (1♀ ��� MPEG); PIAU��: Guaribas, Parque Nacional Serra das Confus��es, Andorinha, 9 ���08���28���S��� 43 ���33���42���W, 5���8.vi.2013, armadilha luz, J.A. Rafael, F.L. Oliveira & A.A. Santos (1♀ ��� CZMA); Parque Nacional Serra das Confus��es, Sobrado, 9 ���14���49���S ��� 43 ���27���60���W, 6.vi.2013, arm. luz, J.A. Rafael, F.L. Oliveira (1♂ ��� INPA); RIO GRANDE DO NORTE: Serra Negra do Norte, ESEC Serid��, casa da entrada, vi.2006, Varela-Freire, A.A. (2♂ ��� UFBA); S��O PAU- LO: Itanha��m, 12.iv.1952, Macedo (1♀ ��� MZUSP); SERGIPE: Sombrio, 6.i.1983, K. Zanol (1♀ ��� DZUP)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701, {"references":["Miller, R. B. & Stange, L. A. (2014) A revision of the genus Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini). Insecta Mundi 384: 1 - 67."]}

Purenleon rafaeli Machado sp. n. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ E0680468-AFEC-45F2-977F-757EEF14E99A Diagnosis. Pronotum mostly dark brown and set with few elongate white setae; mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia; mid tibia yellow with dark brown marks; female sternite VII with posterolateral lobes; female pregenital plate large and ventrally extended; male parameres dorsally enlarged (forming a dome) and with apex not sclerotized. Description Lengths: forewing: 23.2–24.5 mm; hind wing: 23.7–25.1 mm. Head (Fig. 9a): Labrum pale yellow, with a line of elongate light brown setae. Clypeus pale yellow, set with some long white setae. Frons yellow with large dark brown areas surrounding antennal base; set with few short white setae. Gena pale yellow. Vertex raised; anteriorly pale yellow with remaining areas brown, which have some rounded dark brown marks near posterior margin; set with short black setae. Ocular rim setae absent. Antennae clavate; more than three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, wider than long; all segments with basal half dark brown and apical half pale yellow, except by the flagellomeres at the apex where the basal ones are mostly yellow and apical ones are entirely dark brown; all segments set with short black setae. Mandible light brown with apex dark. Palpi, maxillary and labial pale yellow, except by the distal labial palpomere dark brown; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Fig. 9b): Pronotum about as long as wide; posterior margin slightly wider than anterior; subapical furrow present; mostly dark brown, with large pale yellow marks, particularly on the anterior half; set with long black setae. Mesonotum mostly dark brown, except by some pale yellow areas near sutures, and scutum; prescutum with some long black setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum. Pterothoracic pleura mostly dark brown with pale yellow marks on each segment; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 9c): Narrow with acute apex. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few dark brown marks: one small mark around the crossveins near the level of the prefork area apex; small dark marks surrounding the apical crossveins, particularly at rhegmal area; cubital fork basal to RS origin; seven presectoral crossveins (apical one forked in some specimens); subcostal veinlets mostly simple with a few irregularly forked; prefork area larger than posterior area. Hind wing membrane hyaline with few small marks surrounding the apical crossveins; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein (generally with a small medial knob). Legs (Fig. 9d): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, reaching T4 apex in the fore and mid leg and T3 apex in the hind leg; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair longer than femur; segments set with short white setae and some long white setae; femur swollen; tibia slightly swollen with an antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments mostly pale yellow, except femur dorsal surface which is dark brown (except the base), tibia and tarsomeres apex dark brown, and tibia with rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long white setae. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for dorsal surface of femur, pale yellow with apex dark brown, and tibia greatly swollen. Hind leg similar to mid leg except by sense hair absent, tibia not swollen and almost without rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with a pale rounded yellow mark, mainly on the anterior base. Sternites pale yellow with few dark brown marks. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae (except the last sternite set with black setae). Male Terminalia (Fig. 10 a–d): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view; set with elongate black setae. Sternite IX with posterior margin rounded, in ventral view; set with long black setae particularly on the posterior border. Gonarcus arched in ventral view. Mediuncus short with apical margin straight. Paramere broad, enlarged, and dorsally fused forming a dome; in lateral view with dorsal margin rounded and wider than gonarcus; in ventral view with apex rounded and broad but base thin and curving to form the concave dome. Female Terminalia (Fig. 10 e–h): Ectoproct large, rounded, and with a short postventral lobe, set with thin elongate setae being the ones in the postventral lobe longer. Lateral gonapophyses smaller than ectoproct (hidden behind the ectoproct in lateral view), in ventral view elongated with apex broad and rounded and beset with long stout setae. Sternite VII with posterior corners forming an elongated thin lobe; covered with black setae. Pregenital plate large, sub-triangular in ventral view; in lateral view with a large ventral expansion, which is concave and with ventral margin rounded in posterior view. Posterior gonapophyses elongate, digitiform, curving inwards medially, beset with black setae longer than the gonapophyses. Anterior gonapophyses absent. Ventral membrane set with some short black setae, gonapophyseal plates long and curved. Etymology. The species is named after the great entomologist and mentor Dr. José Albertino Rafael, who collected most of the type series and initially “introduced” the neuropterans for the first author. Distribution. This species is only known from the Brazilian Amazon region, with records for three states, Amazonas, Pará and Roraima (Fig. 11). Type series. Holotype: female (present designation): INPA: BRAZIL: AMAZO- NAS Manaus, FUA [old name for the UFAM campus] [3 ⁰05’59”S– 59 ⁰58’30”W], 2.ix.1978, Jose A. Rafael, malaise. Holotype in good condition, but right antennae missing and apex of wings damaged, terminalia dissected and stored in a micro vial with glycerin (pinned under the specimen). Paratype (5♂, 6♀, 1?): BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Manaus, Campus UFAM, 20.ix.1989, N.O. Aguiar (1♀ – UFAM); idem – 19.viii.1989, Herbert Lima (1♀ – UFAM); idem – ICB1, 3 ⁰05’59”S – 59 ⁰58’30”W, 18.ix.2015, Coleta manual, F.S.P. Godoi (2♂ – CEMT); Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 2 ⁰55’49”S – 59 ⁰58’31”W, 25.iii.2011, Coleta manual, W.L. Porto (1♂ – UFAM); Manaus, FUA, 26.viii.1978, Jose A. Rafael, malaise (1♀ – CEMT, 1? – INPA); idem – 2.ix.1978, (1♂, 1♀ – INPA); PARÁ: Monte Dourado, 31.x.1979, I. S. Gorayeb (1♂ – MPEG); Óbidos, Colônia São Tomé, 01 ⁰50’46”S – 55 ⁰02’23”W, 1–11.ix.2001, rede entomológica, J.A. Rafael & J.F. Vidal (1♀ – INPA); RORAIMA: Alto Alegre, ESEC Maracá (base), 3 ⁰21’42”N – 61 ⁰26’08”W, 21–24.ii.2017, lençol iluminado, A. Agudelo, J.A. Rafael, D. Mendes, R. Aquino (1♀ – INPA). Remarks. Purenleon rafaeli sp. n. is another species fitting in the tibialis species group. It has all the major characters of the group (see remarks under P. limeirai), including the female sternite VII with small lobes on the posterior margin. Within the species group, P. rafaeli seems to be closely related to P. fernandezi based on their general dark body color pattern. Despite the similarities between these two species they can be easily distinguished, since P. rafaeli presents very unique characteristics within the genus, such as the male parameres (dorsally enlarged and fused, forming a dome) and the female pregenital plate (large with a ventral expansion).

Purenleon cautus (Walker, 1853) comb. n. Myrmeleon cautus Walker 1853:349. Formicaleo cautus Hagen 1866:404. Psammoleon cautus Banks 1943:170. Dimarella cauta Stange 2002:286; Stange 2004:114; Oswald 2018. Formicaleo bipunctatus Navás 1915:465 synonym reestablished; synonymized by Banks 1943:170; transferred to Dimarella by Stange 2002:286. Diagnosis. Area between antennae yellow; forefemur set with few short black setae; mid tibia weakly swollen, hind wing apex hyaline; female sternite VIII without posterolateral lobes; male ectoproct with postventral lobes. Description Lengths: forewing: 22.7–25.9 mm; hind wing: 22.8–25.6 mm. Head (Figs. 2a, b): Labrum pale yellow, with a line of elongate brown setae. Clypeus pale yellow, set with long pale setae. Frons dark brown, except for the yellow space between antennae; set with few short pale setae. Gena dark brown except by a yellow line at the eyes margin. Vertex raised; mostly brown with circular dark marks, particularly near the posterior margin; set with short black setae. Ocular rim setae absent. Antennae clavate; about three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; scape and pedicel with anterior surface pale yellow and posterior surface dark brown; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, which are wider than long; flagellomeres with basal half dark brown and apical half pale yellow, but the ones at the apex with the dark brown area reduced; all segments set with short black setae. Mandible pale yellow with apex dark. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, except by the brown area around the palpimacula; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Figs. 2b): Pronotum slightly wider than long; posterior margin wider than anterior; subapical furrow present; mostly dark brown, except by a small yellow line medially at the anterior margin; set with long black setae. Mesonotum dark brown, except by some pale yellow areas around the sutures; set with short black setae but prescutum with some long black setae. Metanotum dark brown, except by a medial line pale yellow; set with few short pale setae. Pterothoracic pleura mostly pale yellow with dark brown marks on each segment; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 2c): Narrow with apex acute. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few dark brown areas: one small curved line in the cubital area (arising at the level of the prefork area apex); two marks at the rhegmal area, and small marks surrounding few apical crossveins; cubital fork basal to Rs origin; seven presectoral crossveins; subcostal veinlets simple; posterior and prefork area about the same size. Hind wing membrane hyaline; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein. Legs (Fig. 2d): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, reaching T4 apex in the fore and mid leg and T2 apex in the hind leg; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair about as long as femur; segments set with short black setae and some long white or black setae; femur stout; tibia with a antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments pale yellow, except by the dark brown apex of femur, tibia and T5, and rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long setae on femur and tibia. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for tibia slightly swollen. Hind leg similar to other legs except by sense hair absent, and less rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Segments mostly dark brown with some pale yellow marks, particularly on sternites where the pale areas are larger. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae (except sternite IX set with black setae). Male Terminalia (Fig. 3): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view, with an elongated postventral lobe; set with elongate black setae. Genitalia not studied here. Female Terminalia (Fig. 4): Ectoproct rounded, set with thin elongate setae dorsally and few digging setae on ventral area. Lateral gonapophyses about as large as ectoproct in lateral view, beset with long digging setae on apex. Tergite IX rounded on ventral margin, set with few thickened setae. Sternite VII short, with distal margin straight in ventral view; covered with short setae. Pregenital plate absent. Posterior gonapophyses digitiform, about four times longer than wide, beset with long black setae, about as long as the gonapophyses. Anterior gonapophyses absent. Ventral membrane covered with short black setae, gonapophyseal plates elongate. Remarks. With the creation of Purenleon, Stange (2002) distributed the species previously classified in Psammoleon in Euptilon and Purenleon, except by three species that were transferred to Dimarella (P. bipunctatus, P. cautus and P. nebulosus (Navás)). Later, Stange (2004) synonymized P. nebulosus under Dimarella cauta, and revalidated Dimarella bipunctata, which was previously synonymized under P. cautus by Banks (1943). However, after the study of high-resolution images of the type specimens of the three species mentioned above, and the addition of the female specimen described here, it is clear that they do not belong to Dimarella, and should be transferred to Purenleon. Stange (2002) based the transference of these species to Dimarella on their elongated male ectoproct, despite the fact that they do not present the other typical characteristics of the genus. On contrary, these three species present all generic characteristics of Purenleon, lacking all the major characters of Dimarella. In fact, Dimarella is characterized by specimens with a very typical body: they are skinny insects with elongated legs, tarsal claws are capable of closing against the pretarsus, antennae located medially in the head, and highly modified meso and metathorax (flattened with legs arising on the posterior corner of the segments). The elongated male ectoprocts mentioned by Stange (2002) are indeed present in Dimarella, but a new species from Brazil (not published yet) does not present it, suggesting this is a plastic character within the genus, and should not be used to define it. The study of the type specimens also allowed us to reevaluate the synonyms proposed by Banks (1943) and Stange (2004). The types of Myrmeleon cautus (Fig. 3) and Formicaleo bipunctatus (Fig. 5) are nearly identical, presenting the same body color pattern and the same spots on the forewing. In this sense, we are hereby reestablishing the synonym proposed by Banks (1943). On the other hand, the type specimens of Myrmeleon cautus and Feinerus nebulosus Navás are clearly different. The forewing of F. nebulosus (Fig. 6) presents an evident posterior Banksian line (absent in M. cautus) and different brown spots, and the hind wing presents an apical brown line that is absent in M. cautus. In this sense, the taxonomical status of F. nebulosus is revalidated here, being transferred to Purenleon. Purenleon nebulosus comb. n. clearly presents the generic characteristics of Purenleon and can be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, based on the wing characters mentioned above. Material examined. Holotypes: Myrmeleon cautus: BMNH: male: Brazil (Fig. 3); Formicaleo bipunctatus: MNHN: female: Guiane Franç. Pariacabo, E. LE MOULT 1907 (Fig. 5); Feinerus nebulosus: MNHN: female: Peru, René Martin 1920 (Fig. 6). Other material: BRAZIL: PARÁ: Bragança, 6.ix.1978, mata de terra firme, isca luminosa (1♀ – MPEG) (Fig. 11).

Purenleon limeirai Machado sp. n. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ 5E512D86-A902-4B58-B1C1-9C03D9E19CCD Diagnosis. Pronotum mostly yellow and set with few elongate white setae; mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia; mid tibia yellow with small rounded dark marks; female sternite VII with posterolateral lobes; male mediuncus present; male paramere folding apically. Description Lengths: forewing: 23.2 mm; hind wing: 23.5 mm. Head (Fig. 7a): Labrum yellow, with a line of elongate light brown setae. Clypeus yellow, set with some long white setae. Frons mostly dark brown, with inferior margin yellow and a small yellow mark medially behind the antennae; set with few short white setae. Gena yellow. Vertex raised; mostly yellow, with two dark brown transversal lines (an anterior and a medial); set with short black setae. Ocular rim with few short black setae. Antennae clavate; about three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, wider than long; scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres with anterior surface yellow and posterior yellow with dark brown marks on the basal half, remaining flagellomeres dark brown with the apical margin yellow, except by a few subapical flagellomeres (almost entirely yellow); all segments set with short black setae. Mandible light brown with apex dark. Palpi, maxillary and labial yellow, except by the area surrounding the palpimacula, brown; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Fig. 7d): Pronotum about as long as wide; posterior margin about as wide as anterior margin; subapical furrow present; mostly yellow, with some dark brown areas: the lateral and anterior margins and four interrupted longitudinal lines; set with some long black setae. Mesonotum mostly yellow, with lateral margins of each segment dark brown, scutum with two thin dark brown longitudinal lines; set with some short black setae. Metanotum mostly dark brown, with a thin medial yellow line and scutum with two broad longitudinal yellow lines, posterior margin of scutellum yellow. Pterothoracic pleura mostly dark brown with pale yellow marks on each segment, which are particularly large in the ventral segments; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 7c): Narrow with apex acute. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few small dark brown marks surrounding some of the gradate crossveins; seven presectoral crossveins; subcostal veinlets simple; prefork area larger than posterior area. Hind wing membrane hyaline with few small dark marks apically on the inferior margin; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein. Legs (Fig. 7b): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, passing T4 apex in the fore and mid leg but only reaching T4 apex in the hind leg; spurs pale yellow with apical third brown; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair longer than femur; segments set with short white or black setae and some long white setae, and a few long black setae on tibia; femur swollen; tibia slightly swollen with a antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments mostly yellow, but femur dorsal surface dark brown (except the base), femur and tibia with rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long setae, tibia and T5 apex dark brown. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for dorsal surface of femur yellow, and tibia greatly swollen. Hind leg similar to mid leg except by sense hair absent, long setae mostly black, tibia not swollen and almost without rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with some irregular yellow marks. Sternites yellow with few dark brown marks. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae. Male Terminalia (Fig. 8): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view; set with elongate black setae. Sternite IX short, with posterior margin rounded in ventral view; covered with long black setae. Gonarcus as a simple arch. Mediuncus short, with apex rounded in posterior view. Paramere broad and elongate; in lateral and posterior view the apex folds up in a rounded, sclerotized and rough surface; the anterior area are fused and dorsally enlarged, but they are not fused medially. Female Terminalia: unknown. Etymology. The species is named after the great entomologist and friend Dr. Francisco Limeira de Oliveira, who collected the holotype and kindly allowed us to study it. Distribution. This species is known only by the holotype from S��o Jo��o do Soter, Maranh��o state, Brazil (Fig. 11). Holotype. male (present designation): CZMA: Brasil, Maranh��o, S��o Jo��o do S��ter [5��05���23.6���S 43��48���54.2���W], Fazenda Brocos, 21���22.viii.1999, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira & J.T. C��mara, Arm. luminosa. Holotype with left antennae and mid leg missing, left hind wing and abdomen glued in a card beneath the specimen, wings��� apex and prothorax with some damage, terminalia dissected and stored in a micro vial with glycerin (pinned under the specimen). Remarks. Purenleon limerai sp. n. clearly fits into the tibialis species group. It has all the characteristics of the group as defined by Miller & Stange (2014): mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia and basitarsus of hind leg about twice as long as greatest diameter. Unfortunately, the female is unknown and the presence of the small lobes on the posterior margin of sternite VII, another major characteristic of the group, still needs confirmation. Purenleon limeirai sp. n. seems to be closely related to P. tibialis (only known from Colombia), their mostly yellow body color pattern is unique for these two species within the genus, but they can be clearly separated based on the shape of the male terminalia, as mentioned in the key below. Although the species description is based on only one specimen, it is justified by its unique characteristics (especially in the male terminalia), which clearly distinguish Purenleon limeirai sp. n. from the other 3 species in the tibialis species group. Furthermore, the difficult access to the type locality hinders further opportunities to collect more specimens in a near future., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on pages 70-73, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701, {"references":["Miller, R. B. & Stange, L. A. (2014) A revision of the genus Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini). Insecta Mundi 384: 1 - 67."]}

Purenleon rafaeli Machado sp. n. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ E0680468-AFEC-45F2-977F-757EEF14E99A Diagnosis. Pronotum mostly dark brown and set with few elongate white setae; mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia; mid tibia yellow with dark brown marks; female sternite VII with posterolateral lobes; female pregenital plate large and ventrally extended; male parameres dorsally enlarged (forming a dome) and with apex not sclerotized. Description Lengths: forewing: 23.2���24.5 mm; hind wing: 23.7���25.1 mm. Head (Fig. 9a): Labrum pale yellow, with a line of elongate light brown setae. Clypeus pale yellow, set with some long white setae. Frons yellow with large dark brown areas surrounding antennal base; set with few short white setae. Gena pale yellow. Vertex raised; anteriorly pale yellow with remaining areas brown, which have some rounded dark brown marks near posterior margin; set with short black setae. Ocular rim setae absent. Antennae clavate; more than three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, wider than long; all segments with basal half dark brown and apical half pale yellow, except by the flagellomeres at the apex where the basal ones are mostly yellow and apical ones are entirely dark brown; all segments set with short black setae. Mandible light brown with apex dark. Palpi, maxillary and labial pale yellow, except by the distal labial palpomere dark brown; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Fig. 9b): Pronotum about as long as wide; posterior margin slightly wider than anterior; subapical furrow present; mostly dark brown, with large pale yellow marks, particularly on the anterior half; set with long black setae. Mesonotum mostly dark brown, except by some pale yellow areas near sutures, and scutum; prescutum with some long black setae. Metanotum similar to mesonotum. Pterothoracic pleura mostly dark brown with pale yellow marks on each segment; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 9c): Narrow with acute apex. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few dark brown marks: one small mark around the crossveins near the level of the prefork area apex; small dark marks surrounding the apical crossveins, particularly at rhegmal area; cubital fork basal to RS origin; seven presectoral crossveins (apical one forked in some specimens); subcostal veinlets mostly simple with a few irregularly forked; prefork area larger than posterior area. Hind wing membrane hyaline with few small marks surrounding the apical crossveins; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein (generally with a small medial knob). Legs (Fig. 9d): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, reaching T4 apex in the fore and mid leg and T3 apex in the hind leg; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair longer than femur; segments set with short white setae and some long white setae; femur swollen; tibia slightly swollen with an antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments mostly pale yellow, except femur dorsal surface which is dark brown (except the base), tibia and tarsomeres apex dark brown, and tibia with rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long white setae. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for dorsal surface of femur, pale yellow with apex dark brown, and tibia greatly swollen. Hind leg similar to mid leg except by sense hair absent, tibia not swollen and almost without rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with a pale rounded yellow mark, mainly on the anterior base. Sternites pale yellow with few dark brown marks. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae (except the last sternite set with black setae). Male Terminalia (Fig. 10 a���d): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view; set with elongate black setae. Sternite IX with posterior margin rounded, in ventral view; set with long black setae particularly on the posterior border. Gonarcus arched in ventral view. Mediuncus short with apical margin straight. Paramere broad, enlarged, and dorsally fused forming a dome; in lateral view with dorsal margin rounded and wider than gonarcus; in ventral view with apex rounded and broad but base thin and curving to form the concave dome. Female Terminalia (Fig. 10 e���h): Ectoproct large, rounded, and with a short postventral lobe, set with thin elongate setae being the ones in the postventral lobe longer. Lateral gonapophyses smaller than ectoproct (hidden behind the ectoproct in lateral view), in ventral view elongated with apex broad and rounded and beset with long stout setae. Sternite VII with posterior corners forming an elongated thin lobe; covered with black setae. Pregenital plate large, sub-triangular in ventral view; in lateral view with a large ventral expansion, which is concave and with ventral margin rounded in posterior view. Posterior gonapophyses elongate, digitiform, curving inwards medially, beset with black setae longer than the gonapophyses. Anterior gonapophyses absent. Ventral membrane set with some short black setae, gonapophyseal plates long and curved. Etymology. The species is named after the great entomologist and mentor Dr. Jos�� Albertino Rafael, who collected most of the type series and initially ���introduced��� the neuropterans for the first author. Distribution. This species is only known from the Brazilian Amazon region, with records for three states, Amazonas, Par�� and Roraima (Fig. 11). Type series. Holotype: female (present designation): INPA: BRAZIL: AMAZO- NAS Manaus, FUA [old name for the UFAM campus] [3 ���05���59���S��� 59 ���58���30���W], 2.ix.1978, Jose A. Rafael, malaise. Holotype in good condition, but right antennae missing and apex of wings damaged, terminalia dissected and stored in a micro vial with glycerin (pinned under the specimen). Paratype (5♂, 6♀, 1?): BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Manaus, Campus UFAM, 20.ix.1989, N.O. Aguiar (1♀ ��� UFAM); idem ��� 19.viii.1989, Herbert Lima (1♀ ��� UFAM); idem ��� ICB1, 3 ���05���59���S ��� 59 ���58���30���W, 18.ix.2015, Coleta manual, F.S.P. Godoi (2♂ ��� CEMT); Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 2 ���55���49���S ��� 59 ���58���31���W, 25.iii.2011, Coleta manual, W.L. Porto (1♂ ��� UFAM); Manaus, FUA, 26.viii.1978, Jose A. Rafael, malaise (1♀ ��� CEMT, 1? ��� INPA); idem ��� 2.ix.1978, (1♂, 1♀ ��� INPA); PAR��: Monte Dourado, 31.x.1979, I. S. Gorayeb (1♂ ��� MPEG); ��bidos, Col��nia S��o Tom��, 01 ���50���46���S ��� 55 ���02���23���W, 1���11.ix.2001, rede entomol��gica, J.A. Rafael & J.F. Vidal (1♀ ��� INPA); RORAIMA: Alto Alegre, ESEC Marac�� (base), 3 ���21���42���N ��� 61 ���26���08���W, 21���24.ii.2017, len��ol iluminado, A. Agudelo, J.A. Rafael, D. Mendes, R. Aquino (1♀ ��� INPA). Remarks. Purenleon rafaeli sp. n. is another species fitting in the tibialis species group. It has all the major characters of the group (see remarks under P. limeirai), including the female sternite VII with small lobes on the posterior margin. Within the species group, P. rafaeli seems to be closely related to P. fernandezi based on their general dark body color pattern. Despite the similarities between these two species they can be easily distinguished, since P. rafaeli presents very unique characteristics within the genus, such as the male parameres (dorsally enlarged and fused, forming a dome) and the female pregenital plate (large with a ventral expansion)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on pages 73-77, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701

Purenleon cautus (Walker, 1853) comb. n. Myrmeleon cautus Walker 1853:349. Formicaleo cautus Hagen 1866:404. Psammoleon cautus Banks 1943:170. Dimarella cauta Stange 2002:286; Stange 2004:114; Oswald 2018. Formicaleo bipunctatus Nav��s 1915:465 synonym reestablished; synonymized by Banks 1943:170; transferred to Dimarella by Stange 2002:286. Diagnosis. Area between antennae yellow; forefemur set with few short black setae; mid tibia weakly swollen, hind wing apex hyaline; female sternite VIII without posterolateral lobes; male ectoproct with postventral lobes. Description Lengths: forewing: 22.7���25.9 mm; hind wing: 22.8���25.6 mm. Head (Figs. 2a, b): Labrum pale yellow, with a line of elongate brown setae. Clypeus pale yellow, set with long pale setae. Frons dark brown, except for the yellow space between antennae; set with few short pale setae. Gena dark brown except by a yellow line at the eyes margin. Vertex raised; mostly brown with circular dark marks, particularly near the posterior margin; set with short black setae. Ocular rim setae absent. Antennae clavate; about three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; scape and pedicel with anterior surface pale yellow and posterior surface dark brown; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, which are wider than long; flagellomeres with basal half dark brown and apical half pale yellow, but the ones at the apex with the dark brown area reduced; all segments set with short black setae. Mandible pale yellow with apex dark. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, except by the brown area around the palpimacula; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Figs. 2b): Pronotum slightly wider than long; posterior margin wider than anterior; subapical furrow present; mostly dark brown, except by a small yellow line medially at the anterior margin; set with long black setae. Mesonotum dark brown, except by some pale yellow areas around the sutures; set with short black setae but prescutum with some long black setae. Metanotum dark brown, except by a medial line pale yellow; set with few short pale setae. Pterothoracic pleura mostly pale yellow with dark brown marks on each segment; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 2c): Narrow with apex acute. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few dark brown areas: one small curved line in the cubital area (arising at the level of the prefork area apex); two marks at the rhegmal area, and small marks surrounding few apical crossveins; cubital fork basal to Rs origin; seven presectoral crossveins; subcostal veinlets simple; posterior and prefork area about the same size. Hind wing membrane hyaline; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein. Legs (Fig. 2d): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, reaching T4 apex in the fore and mid leg and T2 apex in the hind leg; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair about as long as femur; segments set with short black setae and some long white or black setae; femur stout; tibia with a antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments pale yellow, except by the dark brown apex of femur, tibia and T5, and rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long setae on femur and tibia. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for tibia slightly swollen. Hind leg similar to other legs except by sense hair absent, and less rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Segments mostly dark brown with some pale yellow marks, particularly on sternites where the pale areas are larger. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae (except sternite IX set with black setae). Male Terminalia (Fig. 3): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view, with an elongated postventral lobe; set with elongate black setae. Genitalia not studied here. Female Terminalia (Fig. 4): Ectoproct rounded, set with thin elongate setae dorsally and few digging setae on ventral area. Lateral gonapophyses about as large as ectoproct in lateral view, beset with long digging setae on apex. Tergite IX rounded on ventral margin, set with few thickened setae. Sternite VII short, with distal margin straight in ventral view; covered with short setae. Pregenital plate absent. Posterior gonapophyses digitiform, about four times longer than wide, beset with long black setae, about as long as the gonapophyses. Anterior gonapophyses absent. Ventral membrane covered with short black setae, gonapophyseal plates elongate. Remarks. With the creation of Purenleon, Stange (2002) distributed the species previously classified in Psammoleon in Euptilon and Purenleon, except by three species that were transferred to Dimarella (P. bipunctatus, P. cautus and P. nebulosus (Nav��s)). Later, Stange (2004) synonymized P. nebulosus under Dimarella cauta, and revalidated Dimarella bipunctata, which was previously synonymized under P. cautus by Banks (1943). However, after the study of high-resolution images of the type specimens of the three species mentioned above, and the addition of the female specimen described here, it is clear that they do not belong to Dimarella, and should be transferred to Purenleon. Stange (2002) based the transference of these species to Dimarella on their elongated male ectoproct, despite the fact that they do not present the other typical characteristics of the genus. On contrary, these three species present all generic characteristics of Purenleon, lacking all the major characters of Dimarella. In fact, Dimarella is characterized by specimens with a very typical body: they are skinny insects with elongated legs, tarsal claws are capable of closing against the pretarsus, antennae located medially in the head, and highly modified meso and metathorax (flattened with legs arising on the posterior corner of the segments). The elongated male ectoprocts mentioned by Stange (2002) are indeed present in Dimarella, but a new species from Brazil (not published yet) does not present it, suggesting this is a plastic character within the genus, and should not be used to define it. The study of the type specimens also allowed us to reevaluate the synonyms proposed by Banks (1943) and Stange (2004). The types of Myrmeleon cautus (Fig. 3) and Formicaleo bipunctatus (Fig. 5) are nearly identical, presenting the same body color pattern and the same spots on the forewing. In this sense, we are hereby reestablishing the synonym proposed by Banks (1943). On the other hand, the type specimens of Myrmeleon cautus and Feinerus nebulosus Nav��s are clearly different. The forewing of F. nebulosus (Fig. 6) presents an evident posterior Banksian line (absent in M. cautus) and different brown spots, and the hind wing presents an apical brown line that is absent in M. cautus. In this sense, the taxonomical status of F. nebulosus is revalidated here, being transferred to Purenleon. Purenleon nebulosus comb. n. clearly presents the generic characteristics of Purenleon and can be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, based on the wing characters mentioned above. Material examined. Holotypes: Myrmeleon cautus: BMNH: male: Brazil (Fig. 3); Formicaleo bipunctatus: MNHN: female: Guiane Fran��. Pariacabo, E. LE MOULT 1907 (Fig. 5); Feinerus nebulosus: MNHN: female: Peru, Ren�� Martin 1920 (Fig. 6). Other material: BRAZIL: PAR��: Bragan��a, 6.ix.1978, mata de terra firme, isca luminosa (1♀ ��� MPEG) (Fig. 11)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on pages 64-69, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701, {"references":["Walker, F. (1853) List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. -- (Sialides- - Nemopterides). British Museum, London. [iii] + 193 - 476.","Banks, N. (1943) Neuroptera of northern South America. Part II. Myrmeleonidae. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana 2: 161 - 173.","Stange, L. A. (2002) Family Myrmeleontidae. in Penny, N. D. (ed.). A Guide to the Lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 53 (4): 275 - 289.","Stange, L. A. (2004) A systematic catalog, bibliography and classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 74: [iv] + 565.","Oswald, J. D. (2018) Neuropterida Species of the World. Version 6.0. URL: http: // lacewing. tamu. edu / SpeciesCatalog / Main. (accessed 12 Apr 2018)."]}

Identification key to the South American species of Purenleon 1. Mid tibia greatly swollen (Fig. 9d), distinctly broader than foretibia; basitarsus of hind leg about twice as long as greatest diameter; posterior margin of sternite VII in the female elongated laterally (Fig. 10f), like a small gonapophyses (tibialis gr oup)������.���.���.���.���.���.���.������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���...2 1���. Mid tibia weakly swollen (Fig. 2d), about equal in breadth to foretibia; basitarsus of hind leg at least 2.5 times longer than greatest diameter; sternite VII of female not produced laterally (Fig. 4b) (bistictus group)���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.5 2. Thorax mostly dark brown (Fig. 7d)������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���. 3 2���. Thorax mostly yellow (Fig. 9b)............................................................................ 4 3. Forewing with small brown marks on the base of most radial crossveins; mid tibia mostly dark brown with light brown areas; male parameres not dorsally enlarged and with apex sclerotized and rough; female with pregenital plate reduced������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.. P.fernandezi 3���. Forewing without small brown marks on the base of most radial crossveins (Fig. 9b); mid tibia mostly yellow with dark brown marks (Fig. 9d); male parameres dorsally enlarged (forming a dome) (Fig. 10b) and with apex not sclerotized; female pregenital plate large and ventrally extended (Fig. 10f)������.���.���.. P. rafaeli sp. n. 4. Pronotum with several elongate white setae at lateral margin, at least subequal in length to those on forecoxa; mid tibia mostly dark brown, with few yellow areas; male mediuncus absent and paramere not folding apically ������.���.���.���. P. tibialis 4���. Pronotum with few elongate white setae at lateral margin, shorter than those on forecoxa; mid tibia yellow with small rounded dark marks on the base of the long setae (Fig. 7b); male mediuncus present and paramere folding apically (Fig. 8d)������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.. P. limeirai sp. n. 5. Forewing with posterior Banksian line clearly evident; hind wing with a longitudinal apical brown mark (Fig. 6)������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.. P.nebulosus 5���. Forewing posterior Banksian line not evident; hind wing without a longitudinal apical brown mark (Fig. 3) ������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���..6 6. Area between antennae yellow (Fig. 2a); forefemur set with some short black setae; male ectoproct with postventral lobe (Fig. 3)������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.. P. cautus 6���. Area between antennae dark brown; forefemur covered with many medium sized black or white setae; male ectoproct without postventral lobe ������.���.���.���.���..7 7. Pronotum with several elongate white setae at lateral margin, at least subequal in length to those on forecoxa; male paramere with apex without a concave excavation������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���..��� P. andinus 7���. Pronotum without elongate white setae at lateral margin, sometimes one or two moderately long white setae; male paramere with an apical concave excavation������.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.���.������.. P. clavatus, Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on page 78, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701

Purenleon limeirai Machado sp. n. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ 5E512D86-A902-4B58-B1C1-9C03D9E19CCD Diagnosis. Pronotum mostly yellow and set with few elongate white setae; mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia; mid tibia yellow with small rounded dark marks; female sternite VII with posterolateral lobes; male mediuncus present; male paramere folding apically. Description Lengths: forewing: 23.2 mm; hind wing: 23.5 mm. Head (Fig. 7a): Labrum yellow, with a line of elongate light brown setae. Clypeus yellow, set with some long white setae. Frons mostly dark brown, with inferior margin yellow and a small yellow mark medially behind the antennae; set with few short white setae. Gena yellow. Vertex raised; mostly yellow, with two dark brown transversal lines (an anterior and a medial); set with short black setae. Ocular rim with few short black setae. Antennae clavate; about three times longer than pronotum length; distance between antennae about the same size of scape width; flagellomeres about as long as wide, except by the ones at the apex, wider than long; scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres with anterior surface yellow and posterior yellow with dark brown marks on the basal half, remaining flagellomeres dark brown with the apical margin yellow, except by a few subapical flagellomeres (almost entirely yellow); all segments set with short black setae. Mandible light brown with apex dark. Palpi, maxillary and labial yellow, except by the area surrounding the palpimacula, brown; apical labial palpomere fusiform, palpimacula oval-shaped, located medially. Thorax (Fig. 7d): Pronotum about as long as wide; posterior margin about as wide as anterior margin; subapical furrow present; mostly yellow, with some dark brown areas: the lateral and anterior margins and four interrupted longitudinal lines; set with some long black setae. Mesonotum mostly yellow, with lateral margins of each segment dark brown, scutum with two thin dark brown longitudinal lines; set with some short black setae. Metanotum mostly dark brown, with a thin medial yellow line and scutum with two broad longitudinal yellow lines, posterior margin of scutellum yellow. Pterothoracic pleura mostly dark brown with pale yellow marks on each segment, which are particularly large in the ventral segments; set with long white setae. Wings (Fig. 7c): Narrow with apex acute. Banksian lines absent in both wings. Veins intercalating dark brown and pale areas; beset with short black setae. Forewing membrane mostly hyaline with few small dark brown marks surrounding some of the gradate crossveins; seven presectoral crossveins; subcostal veinlets simple; prefork area larger than posterior area. Hind wing membrane hyaline with few small dark marks apically on the inferior margin; medial fork located between origins of Rs and MA; subcostal veinlets simple; one presectoral crossvein. Legs (Fig. 7b): All pairs; tibia and femur about the same size and slightly longer than tarsi, (hind leg with tibia and femur much longer than tarsi); tibial spurs long, passing T4 apex in the fore and mid leg but only reaching T4 apex in the hind leg; spurs pale yellow with apical third brown; tarsomeres length: T1> T2, T2 = T3 = T4, T5 = T1-T4; claws about as long as T5 half and not capable of closing. Foreleg: sense hair longer than femur; segments set with short white or black setae and some long white setae, and a few long black setae on tibia; femur swollen; tibia slightly swollen with a antennal cleaning setae in most of ventral surface; all segments mostly yellow, but femur dorsal surface dark brown (except the base), femur and tibia with rounded dark brown marks at the base of the long setae, tibia and T5 apex dark brown. Mid leg similar to foreleg, except for dorsal surface of femur yellow, and tibia greatly swollen. Hind leg similar to mid leg except by sense hair absent, long setae mostly black, tibia not swollen and almost without rounded dark marks. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with some irregular yellow marks. Sternites yellow with few dark brown marks. Tergites set with short black setae, and sternites set with short white setae. Male Terminalia (Fig. 8): Ectoproct rounded in lateral view; set with elongate black setae. Sternite IX short, with posterior margin rounded in ventral view; covered with long black setae. Gonarcus as a simple arch. Mediuncus short, with apex rounded in posterior view. Paramere broad and elongate; in lateral and posterior view the apex folds up in a rounded, sclerotized and rough surface; the anterior area are fused and dorsally enlarged, but they are not fused medially. Female Terminalia: unknown. Etymology. The species is named after the great entomologist and friend Dr. Francisco Limeira de Oliveira, who collected the holotype and kindly allowed us to study it. Distribution. This species is known only by the holotype from São João do Soter, Maranhão state, Brazil (Fig. 11). Holotype. male (present designation): CZMA: Brasil, Maranhão, São João do Sóter [5°05’23.6”S 43°48’54.2”W], Fazenda Brocos, 21–22.viii.1999, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira & J.T. Câmara, Arm. luminosa. Holotype with left antennae and mid leg missing, left hind wing and abdomen glued in a card beneath the specimen, wings’ apex and prothorax with some damage, terminalia dissected and stored in a micro vial with glycerin (pinned under the specimen). Remarks. Purenleon limerai sp. n. clearly fits into the tibialis species group. It has all the characteristics of the group as defined by Miller & Stange (2014): mid tibia greatly swollen, much broader than foretibia and basitarsus of hind leg about twice as long as greatest diameter. Unfortunately, the female is unknown and the presence of the small lobes on the posterior margin of sternite VII, another major characteristic of the group, still needs confirmation. Purenleon limeirai sp. n. seems to be closely related to P. tibialis (only known from Colombia), their mostly yellow body color pattern is unique for these two species within the genus, but they can be clearly separated based on the shape of the male terminalia, as mentioned in the key below. Although the species description is based on only one specimen, it is justified by its unique characteristics (especially in the male terminalia), which clearly distinguish Purenleon limeirai sp. n. from the other 3 species in the tibialis species group. Furthermore, the difficult access to the type locality hinders further opportunities to collect more specimens in a near future.

Purenleon fernandezi Miller & Stange 2014 For a detailed description see Miller & Stange (2014) Remarks. Purenleon fernandezi was just recently described from Venezuela and Trinidad, and together with P. tibialis Miller & Stange and the two new species described below form the tibialis group (Miller & Stange 2014). The records presented here greatly expand the distribution of P. fernandezi towards the Brazilian northeast, including the easternmost record of the genus, in Rio Grande do Norte state (Fig. 11). The Brazilian specimens were all dissected and both male and female present the same pattern of P. fernandezi, despite the disruptive distance between the new records and the previous ones. Besides the three specimens mentioned below, another female from Cear�� state was also studied here; externally it is very similar to P. fernandezi but the terminalia is somewhat different (do not present the lateral expansions on the sternite VIII). This specimen could be a new species or maybe only a variation of P. fernandezi, but no further conclusions can be made until a larger series can be studied. Material examined. (1♂, 3♀): BRAZIL: CEAR��: Ubajara, Parque Nacional de Ubajara, Posto do ICMBio, 04 ���05���57���S��� 41 ���42���34���W, 10���11.x.2013, arm luminosa, J.T. C��mara, A.A.T. Sousa, G.A. Reis (1♂, 2♀ ��� CZMA); RIO GRANDE DO NORTE: S��o Tom��, 19.xi.2007, Sousa, T.V.C (1♀ ��� UFBA). Specimen similar to P. fernadezi: BRAZIL: CEAR��: Ubajara, Parque Nacional Serra Grande, cachoeira do Cafund��, 03��50���02���S ��� 40��54���07���W, 22���28.x.2011, armadilha luminosa, Silva-Neto, A.M. (1♀ ��� UFBA)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Tavares, Leon Gustavo de Miranda, 2020, Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species, pp. 62-80 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 51 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002200, http://zenodo.org/record/3786701, {"references":["Miller, R. B. & Stange, L. A. (2014) A revision of the genus Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Nemoleontini). Insecta Mundi 384: 1 - 67."]}

Haematomantispa sp. Figure 6 A–E Diagnosis. This specimen has the body predominantly dark-red, pronotum longer than broad, with setae covering its entire length, wings hyaline and foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Fazenda Encantada, 10°15 ʹ 0 2.6 ʺ S, 048°07 ʹ 23.1 ʺ W, 9–10.xi. 2012, Krolow, T.K. & Lima, H.I.L. leg. (1♀ CEUFT). Distribution. The genus occurs from Costa Rica to Brazil: Amazonas and Rondônia (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Palmas municipality. Comments. Until now the only species of Haematomantispa known from Brazil is H. amazonica Machado & Rafael, 2010. The unique specimen studied here is a female and probably is a new species, as it does not present the main morphological characters of H. amazonica. We opted not to formally describe this new species because our specimen is a female; the male genitalia provide the most important characters to distinguish species of Haematomantispa. We made many attempts to collected more specimens but all were unsuccessful.

Dicromantispa hyalina Machado & Rafael, 2010 Examined material. None. Distribution. Tocantins: Pindorama and Rio Balsas municipalities (Machado and Rafael 2010). Comments. Specimens of this species were not collected during this study, and the type locality (Pindorama), which is characterized by Cerrado, remains the only known area for this species’ occurrence.

Trichoscelia varia (Walker, 1853) Figure 4 A–G Diagnosis. This species has the body mostly dark-brown with yellow marks, pronotum broader than long, forewing hyaline, second radial cell slightly curved at the distal area with 2 veins originating from it, foreleg with 1 pretarsal claw and forefemur without subbasal spine. Females with a long ovipositor. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Fazenda Encantada, 10°15'0 2.6" S, 048°07'23.1" W, 9–10.xi.2012, Krolow, T.K. & Lima, H.I.L. leg. (5♂, 10♀ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Vale do vai quem quer, 10°23'40.1" S, 048°07'55.8" W, 13–14.xi.2017, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (1♂ CEUFT). Distribution. Venezuela, Suriname, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Palmas municipality. Comments. Only 2 females of T. varia were present in the CEUFT collection, which made it impossible to do a morphological comparison between both sexes. Collected specimens were pinned, but during the drying process the specimens became twisted, which reduced the quality of some photographs., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago Kütter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12."]}

Entanoneura batesella (Westwood, 1867) Figure 5 A–G Diagnosis. This species has the body yellow with brown marks, pronotum longer than broad with setae present only on the anterior and posterior ends, wings with elongated pterostigma and with a large amber mark, foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws and foreleg midtarsomere equal or longer than the other tarsomeres combined. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Pium, Centro de Pesquisa Canguçu, 09°58'44.4" S, 050°02'13.1" W, 13–18.v.2016, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (3♂ 1♀ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Pium, Centro de Pesquisa Canguçu, 09°58'44.4" S, 050°02'13.1" W, 7–10.iii.2016, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (1♂ CEUFT). Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, French Guiana, and Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Pium municipality. Comments. Of all species collected here, E. batesella was the largest and more robust one. It is possibly mimetic to wasps based on their general body color pattern., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago Kütter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12."]}

Identification Key to the species of Mantispidae from Tocantins (modified from Penny 1982; Machado and Rafael 2010) 1 Pronotum wider than long; foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws...................................................................... 2 1' Pronotum longer than wide; foreleg with 1 pretarsal claw........................................................................ 4 2 Forefemur with a subbasal spine............................ 3 2' Forefemur without a subbasal spine............................................................................. Trichoscelia varia 3 Body yellow with black spots; forewing with a large amber spot in subcostal and radial cells; second radial cell straight with 5 veins originating from it................................................... Anchieta fumosella 3' Body dark brown with yellow spots; forewing hyaline; second radial cell slightly curved at distal area, with 2 veins originating from it..... Plega hagenella 4 Pronotum completely covered by setae................. 5 4' Pronotum with setae only on the anterior and posterior ends................................................................. 9 5 Body predominantly dark-red Haematomantispa sp. 5' Body with a different color pattern........................ 6 6 Body mostly green, pronotal setae arising from distinct bumps............................................................. 7 6 �� Body with a different color pattern, pronotal setae arising flush with pronotal surface......................... 8 7 Pterostigma and parts of pronotum light-red.................................................. Zeugomantispa compellens 7' Pterostigma and pronotum green....................................................................... Zeugomantispa virescens 8 Forewing pterostigma red, space between subcostal and radial veins hyaline, forefemur entirely dark- brown ventrally.................. Leptomantispa axillaris 8' Forewing pterostigma dark-brown, space between subcostal and radial veins light-brown, forefemur with a ventral dark brown spot................................................................................ Leptomantispa chaos 9 Body dark-yellow with brown marks; pterostigma elongated, forewing with a large amber spot, foreleg midtarsomere equal or longer than other tarsomeres combined.............................. Entanoneura batesella 9' Body brown to light-brown, pterostigma not elongated, forewing hyaline with small dark spots at base, foreleg midtarsomere shorter than other tarsomeres combined................................................... 10 10 Forewing membrane with brown marks at base..................................................... Dicromantispa moulti 10' Forewing membrane hyaline at base.................... 11 11 Pterostigma reddish, male ventromedial lobe straight............................................... Dicromantispa gracilis 11 �� Pterostigma yellowish with tip brown, male ventromedial lobe curved.............. Dicromantispa hyalina, Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago K��tter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 277, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Penny ND (1982) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 6. Mantispidae. Acta Amazonica 12: 415 - 463.","Machado RJP, Rafael JA (2010) Taxonomy of the Brazilian species previously placed in Mantispa Illiger, 1798 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), with the description of three new species. Zootaxa 2454: 1 - 61."]}

Dicromantispa hyalina Machado & Rafael, 2010 Examined material. None. Distribution. Tocantins: Pindorama and Rio Balsas municipalities (Machado and Rafael 2010). Comments. Specimens of this species were not collected during this study, and the type locality (Pindorama), which is characterized by Cerrado, remains the only known area for this species��� occurrence., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago K��tter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Rafael JA (2010) Taxonomy of the Brazilian species previously placed in Mantispa Illiger, 1798 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), with the description of three new species. Zootaxa 2454: 1 - 61."]}

Leptomantispa axillaris (Nav��s, 1908) Examined material. None. Distribution. Colombia and Brazil: Amazonas, Para, Rond��nia, Tocantins, Maranh��o, Rio grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Esp��rito Santo, S��o Paulo, and Paran�� (Machado and Martins 2018, Ardila-Camacho et al. 2018). Comments. Specimens were not collected during this study. Similar to D. gracilis, the only record of L. axillaris from Tocantins is from the region of Parque Estadual do Jalap��o, specifically at the Mateiros municipality, which we did not sample., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago K��tter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12.","Ardila-Camacho A, Calle-Tobon A, Wolff M, Stange LA (2018) New species and new distributional records of Neotropical Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Zootaxa 4413 (2): 295 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4413.2.4"]}

Plega hagenella (Westwood, 1867) Figure 3 A–G Diagnosis. This species has the body mostly yellow with dark-brown marks, pronotum broader than long, subapical flagellomeres white, foreleg with 1 pretarsal claw and forefemur with subbasal spine. Females with a long ovipositor. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Fazenda Encantada, 10°15'0 2.6" S, 048°07'23.1" W, 09–10.xi. 2012, Krolow, T.K. & Lima, H.I.L. leg. (1♀ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus, 12°05' 46.6" S, 046°29'0 6.6" W, 30.x.2016, Santos, M.A. leg. (1♀ CEUFT) Distribution. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Bolivia and Brazil: Roraima, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and Minas Gerais (Machado and Martins 2018, Ardila-Camacho et al. 2018). New records. Tocantins: Palmas and Ponte Alta do Bom Jesus municipalities. Comments. Plega hagenella is somewhat similar to T. varia, especially in the body color pattern, but these species can be easily distinguished based on the presence of the subbasal spine in Plega., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago Kütter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12.","Ardila-Camacho A, Calle-Tobon A, Wolff M, Stange LA (2018) New species and new distributional records of Neotropical Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Zootaxa 4413 (2): 295 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4413.2.4"]}

Dicromantispa moulti (Nav��s, 1909) Diagnosis. This species has the body mostly light-brown, pronotum longer than broad with setae present only on the anterior and posterior ends, wings mostly hyaline with small brown marks at the basal region, foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws and foreleg midtarsomere shorter than the other tarsomeres combined. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Pium, Centro de Pesquisa Cangu��u, 09��58'44.4" S, 050��02'13.1" W, 13���18.v.2016, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (1♂ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Pium, Centro de Pesquisa Cangu��u, 09��58'44.4" S, 050��02'13.1" W, 7���10.iii.2016, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (2♂ 3♀ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Pium, Centro de Pesquisa Cangu��u, 09��58'44.4" S, 050�� 0 2'13.1" W, 30.iii.2017, Alvim, B.C.G. leg. (1♀ CEUFT). Distribution. Colombia, French Guiana and Brazil: Amazonas, Esp��rito Santo, and S��o Paulo (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Pium municipality. Comments. Some specimens collected here (12���15 mm) are smaller than the average size (14���19 mm) of this species as presented in the literature (Penny 1982, Penny and Costa 1983). It might be related to a possible regional variation or food availability during larval stage (Redborg 1998)., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago K��tter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12.","Penny ND (1982) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 6. Mantispidae. Acta Amazonica 12: 415 - 463.","Penny ND, da Costa CA (1983) Mantispideos do Brasil (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). Acta Amazonica 13: 601 - 687.","Redborg KE (1998) Biology of the Mantispidae. Annual Review of Entomology 43: 175 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 43.1. 175"]}

Zeugomantispa compellens (Walker, 1860) Diagnosis. This species has the body predominantly green with red marks on the pronotum, pronotum longer than broad with setae present throughout its entire length and arising from distinctive bumps, wings hyaline with pterostigma light-red and foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Fazenda Encantada, 10°15'0 2.6" S, 048°07'23.1" W, 28.viii.2017, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (6♂, 8♀ CEUFT); Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Vale do vai quem quer, 10°23'40.1" S, 048°07'55.8" W, 13–14.xi.2017, Krolow, T.K. & Equipe leg. (2♂, 2♀ CEUFT). Distribution. USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Savador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Surinam, French Guiana, and Brazil: Roraima, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Paraná (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Palmas municipality. Comments. Specimens preserved in ethanol and pinned tend to lose the overall greenish body color, becoming light-yellow or even whitish. This made dissection of the genitalia almost obligatory for identifying these specimens., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago Kütter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on pages 282-284, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12."]}

Haematomantispa sp. Figure 6 A���E Diagnosis. This specimen has the body predominantly dark-red, pronotum longer than broad, with setae covering its entire length, wings hyaline and foreleg with 2 pretarsal claws. Examined material. Brazil, Tocantins, Palmas, Fazenda Encantada, 10��15 �� 0 2.6 �� S, 048��07 �� 23.1 �� W, 9���10.xi. 2012, Krolow, T.K. & Lima, H.I.L. leg. (1♀ CEUFT). Distribution. The genus occurs from Costa Rica to Brazil: Amazonas and Rond��nia (Machado and Martins 2018). New records. Tocantins: Palmas municipality. Comments. Until now the only species of Haematomantispa known from Brazil is H. amazonica Machado & Rafael, 2010. The unique specimen studied here is a female and probably is a new species, as it does not present the main morphological characters of H. amazonica. We opted not to formally describe this new species because our specimen is a female; the male genitalia provide the most important characters to distinguish species of Haematomantispa. We made many attempts to collected more specimens but all were unsuccessful., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago K��tter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Martins CC (2018) Mantispidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1694. Accessed on: 2018 - 9 - 12.","Machado RJP, Rafael JA (2010) Taxonomy of the Brazilian species previously placed in Mantispa Illiger, 1798 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), with the description of three new species. Zootaxa 2454: 1 - 61."]}

Dicromantispa gracilis (Erichson, 1839) Examined material. None. Distribution. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela. Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Brazil: Roraima, Amazonas, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul (Machado and Rafael 2010, Ardila- Camacho et al. 2018). Comments. Specimens were not collected during this study, and the only known records for the state are 2 males from Parque Estadual do Jalapão, located at the eastern part of Tocantins (Machado and Rafael 2010)., Published as part of Alvim, Breno Ganns Chaves, Machado, Renato Jose Pires & Krolow, Tiago Kütter, 2019, Mantidflies (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from Tocantins state (Brazil): distribution and identification key, pp. 275-285 in Check List 15 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.15560/15.2.275, http://zenodo.org/record/2617010, {"references":["Machado RJP, Rafael JA (2010) Taxonomy of the Brazilian species previously placed in Mantispa Illiger, 1798 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), with the description of three new species. Zootaxa 2454: 1 - 61."]}

Bittacus blancheti Pictet, 1836 (Figs. 2b, 8c, 12a) Bittacus blancheti: Pictet, 1836:403; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Neobittacus blancheti: Esben-Petersen, 1914:131, 1921:155; Penny, 1977:424; Penny & Byers, 1979b:370. Thyridates blancheti: Navás, 1929:23. Holotype male? (figure presented in the original description (Pictet 1836) suggests it is a male): MHNG. Species also known from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 12a). Bittacus blancheti was determined as the type species of Neobittacus (Esben-Petersen 1914), and together with B. aripuanensis were the two species that comprised the genus (see Machado et al. 2009). Bittacus blancheti is probably the most distinctive species of Bittacus in the New World, based on the characteristic color pattern of the wings. The known distributional records of B. blancheti suggest that it is restricted to the Atlantic rain forest region. Examined specimens. Brazil: Bahia: Encruzilhada, Bahia, 960m, XI/1972, Alvarenga e Seabra (1? DZUP); idem—xi.1977, O. Ropa (1♂ MZUEFS); Senhor do Bonfim, Serra da Maravilha (Fazenda Zumbi), UTM: 367691/ 8850126, 24.i.2006, 693 msnm, Vieira, R. e Chagas, C. (1 ♀ MZUEFS); Espírito Santo: Linhares, Faz. Caliman Agricola S/A, Santa Terezinha, x.2004, 50 m, P. Grossi (1♂ INPA); Córrego do Itá, xi–xii.1959, Zikan col. (1♂ MZSP, 1 ♀ MNRJ)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Pictet, F. J. (1836) Description de quelques nouvelles especes de Nevropteres, du Musee de Geneve. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 7, 399 - 404.","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Esben-Petersen, P. (1914) New genera and species of Mecoptera. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 10, 129 - 132.","Penny, N. D. (1977) Two new species of Bittacidae (Mecoptera) from the Amazon Basin. Acta Amazonica, 7 (3), 423 - 427. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921977073423","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Navas, L. (1929) Insectos exoticos neuropteros y afines del Museo civico de Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 53, 354 - 389."]}

Bittacus geniculatus Erichson, 1848 (Figs. 1d, 8l) Bittacus geniculatus: Erichson, 1848:586; Esben-Petersen, 1921:150, 1927:13; Penny & Byers, 1979b:368; Willmann, 1983:55; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates geniculatus: Collucci & Amorim, 2000:2. Holotype male: ZMHB (high resolution images examined). Species known from Guyana and Brazil (not possible to determine the state). Bittacus geniculatus is a unique species, and rarely collected. It is known only by the male holotype from Guyana and another specimen from Brazil, reported by Esben-Petersen (1927) and held in the Helsinki museum. This specimen is likely from one of the Amazonian Brazilian states. Willmann (1983) did not include B. geniculatus in Thyridates, mainly because the first fork of Rs in the forewing does not form a right angle. However, the species was transferred to Thyridates by Collucci & Amorim (2000), who includes it in the ���group angrensis ���, based on its falcate forewing. Bittacus geniculatus, can be easily distinguished from the remaining species based on its extremely long pterostigma, Rs 1+2 not forking, and by the elongated male epandrium., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, Jos�� Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Erichson, W. F. (1848). Neuroptera. In: Schomburgk, R. (Ed.), Reisen in Britisch Guiana in den Jahren 1840 - 1844. Theil 3. Leipzig, pp. 586 - 587.","Esben-Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. In: Collections Zoologiquesdu Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif. Fasc. 5. Hayez, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Esben-Petersen, P. (1927) New and little-known species of Mecoptera and Neuroptera in the Zoological Museum of Helsingfors. Notulae Entomologicae, 7, 13 - 18."]}

Bittacus angrensis Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942 (Figs. 1a, 8a, 12a) Bittacus angrensis: Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:336; Penny & Byers, 1979b:367; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates angrensis: Willmann, 1983:50, Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7. Holotype male: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Species also known from: Paraná (new record), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (new record) (Fig. 12a). Bittacus angrensis, B. brunipennis and B. geniculatus form the group of Brazilian species with the apical region of the forewing falcate, referred to as “group angrensis ” by Collucci & Amorim (2000). The relationship between B. angrensis and B. brunipennis needs further investigation; they are very similar and males of the latter are still unknown. Examined specimens. Brazil: Paraná: São Luiz do Purunã, 950 m, 28.x.1986, Mielke & Casagrande (1♀ INPA); São Paulo: Salesópolis, Estação Biológica Boracéia, 23.6543 o S 45.8896 o W, 885m, 26.xi.2008, Grossi, Parizotto, Fernandes & Paladini (1♂ INPA)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on pages 304-305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Souza Lopes, H. de & Mangabeira, O. (1942) Sobre algumas especies brasileiras do genero Bittacus Latr., 1807, com a descricao de tres especies novas (Panorpatae, Bittacidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 2, 331 - 341.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8."]}

Bittacus boraceiensis Morgante, 1967 (Figs. 6b, 8d, 12b) Bittacus boraceiensis: Morgante, 1967:57; Penny & Byers, 1979b:367; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates boraceiensis: Willmann, 1983:50; Collucci & Amorim, 2000:2. Holotype: male: MZSP (examined). Species known from São Paulo (Fig. 12b). Bittacus boraceiensis is known only by the holotype from the Biological Station of Boracéia in São Paulo state. The species also has heavily spotted wings, but it can be easily separated from other spotted-wing species by the very characteristic shape of the male epandrium (only species with three actniform processes)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Morgante, J. S. (1967) Duas novas especies de Bittacus Latreille 1807 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae). Papeis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 20, 55 - 58.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8."]}

Bittacus femoralis Klug, 1838 (Figs. 3b, 6c, 8h, 12b) Bittacus femoralis: Klug, 1838:98; Esben-Petersen, 1921:152, 1927:13; Souza-Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:338; Penny & Byers, 1979b:367; Penny & Arias, 1982:269; Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018. Thyridates femoralis: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7, 2001:4. Syntypes: 2 females: ZMHB (high resolution images examined). Species also known from: Bahia (new record), Ceará (new record), Espírito Santo (new record), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais (new record), Pará (new record), Rondônia (Fig. 12b). Bittacus femoralis is another relatively common species in Brazil, but unlike B. diversinervis it seems to be restricted to open areas. The species is quite abundant in Maranhão state, particularly during the rainy season (Machado et al. 2010). Bittacus femoralis, together with B. omega and another two species from Argentina, B. fritzi Williner and B. golbachi Williner, are the only species in South America known to have an elongated lateral expansion on the male epandrium (Williner 1990). This striking characteristic easily separates these four species from the remaining ones; however, a detailed study of these species will be of great interest in order to assess their respective taxonomic statuses. Examined specimens. Brazil: Bahia: Encruzilhada, 15°34’35’’S– 40°56’51’’W, 15.xii.2012, J.A. Rafael & E.J. Grossi, Arm. Luz, 850m (1♀ INPA); Ceará: Ubajara, P N Ubajara, -3.83830 0 /-40.89803 0, 14–19.ii.2013, ML Oliveira (1♂ INPA); Espírito Santo: Anchieta, Praia de Ubu, i.2006, luz, SA Vanim (1♀ MZSP); Mato Grosso: Cuiabá, 6.xi.1989, Miriam Serrano (1?— CEMT); 24.x.1990, Andréa Netto (1♀ CEMT); Campus UFMT, 09.xi.1990, Noraney Almeida (1♀ CEMT); 25.xi.1990, Herika Matsunaga (1? CEMT); Minas Gerais: Águas Vermelhas, Faz. Faceiro, 15°23’56’’S– 41°23’57’’W, 12.xii.2012, J.A. Rafael & E.J. Grossi, Ar. Luz, 850m (4♀ INPA), Pará: São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra das Andorinhas, Cerrado, 1–10.xii.2001, Malaise, I.S. Gorayeb, et al. (3 ♀ MPEG), Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Klug, J. C. F. (1838) Versuch einer systematischen Feststellung der Insekten-Familie: Panorpatae und Auseinandersetzung ihrer Gattungen und Arten. Abhandlungen der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1836, 81 - 108.","Esben-Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. In: Collections Zoologiquesdu Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif. Fasc. 5. Hayez, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Souza Lopes, H. de & Mangabeira, O. (1942) Sobre algumas especies brasileiras do genero Bittacus Latr., 1807, com a descricao de tres especies novas (Panorpatae, Bittacidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 2, 331 - 341.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Penny, N. D. & Arias, J. R. (1982) Notes on Amazonian Bittacidae (Mecoptera) with the descriptions of two new species. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77 (3), 263 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761982000300005","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Machado, R. J. P., Limeira-de-Oliveira, F. & Rafael, J. A. (2010) Mecoptera (Insecta) do estado do Maranhao: chave para identificacao das especies e descricao da femea de Bittacus latreillei (Collucci & Amorim). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54 (4), 604 - 607. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262010000400011","Williner, G. J. (1990) Nuevas especies de Bittacus Latreille 1907 en la Argentina (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 48 (1 - 4), 107 - 114."]}

Bittacus pintoi Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942 (Figs. 8p, 12d) Bittacus pintoi: Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:332; Penny & Byers, 1979b:369; Machado et al., 2009:36; Dias & Kumagai, 2011:34; Machado, 2018. Thyridates pintoi: Willmann, 1983:52; Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7. Holotype. Male: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Species also known from: Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso (new record), Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12d). Bittacus pintoi seems to be a very common species in Minas Gerais state, based on the large number of specimens reported in different studies, including this paper (Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942; Machado et al. 2009; Dias & Kumagai 2011). The adults of B. pintoi also have a flight preference for the rainy months, as demonstrated by Dias & Kumagai (2011), who collected samples of Malaise trap samples monthly for years, resulting in a large number of specimens all captured between October and January (rainy months). The specimens reported here were also collected during the rainy seasons for their respective areas. Examined specimens. Brazil: Minas Gerais: Encruzilhada, 15 0 34’35’’S–40 0 56’51’’W, 15.xii. 2012, 850m, JA Rafael, EJ Grossi, luz (5♂ INPA); Mato Grosso: Barra do Tapirapé, xi.1964, B. Malkin (1♂, 5♀ MZSP); Idem 13– 16.i.1966 (1♀ MZSP); Tocantins: Miracema, P21 E malaise, 29.x.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (1♂, 3♀ CEUFT); idem—P28 E malaise, 5.xi.2001 (1♀ CEUFT); Palmas, P28 D malaise, 10.xii.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (5♀ CEUFT)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Souza Lopes, H. de & Mangabeira, O. (1942) Sobre algumas especies brasileiras do genero Bittacus Latr., 1807, com a descricao de tres especies novas (Panorpatae, Bittacidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 2, 331 - 341.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Dias, P. G. & Kumagai, A. F. (2011) Abundancia e Sazonalidade de Bittacidae (Mecoptera) em duas areas de conservacao em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Acta Biologica Paranaense, 40 (1 - 2), 33 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.5380 / abpr. v 40 i (1 - 4). 25126","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8."]}

Bittacus omega Morgante, 1967 (Figs. 5c, 8o, 12d) Bittacus omega: Morgante, 1967:55; Penny & Byers, 1979b:368; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates omega: Willmann, 1983:51, Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7. Holotype. Male: MZSP (examined). Species known from Minas Gerais (Fig. 12d). Bittacus omega is known only by the holotype from Buritis (Minas Gerais State). It is characterized by the shape of the male epandrium, which resembles the Greek letter omega and inspired the species name (Morgante 1967). This particular shape is shared with B. golbachi, which is known only from two specimens from Tucumán, Argentina (Williner 1990). In this sense, a detailed study of the holotypes of B. golbachi and B. omega is of particular interest to determine their taxonomic status. The inclusion of B. femoralis in this study would be interesting, as well, since the lateral elongation of its epandrium presents a large variation, suggesting that both B. golbachi and B. omega could be only an extreme variation within a complex species., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Morgante, J. S. (1967) Duas novas especies de Bittacus Latreille 1807 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae). Papeis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, 20, 55 - 58.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Williner, G. J. (1990) Nuevas especies de Bittacus Latreille 1907 en la Argentina (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 48 (1 - 4), 107 - 114."]}

Bittacus ferreirai Machado sp. n. (Figs. 4c, 8i, 10 a–f, 12c) Diagnosis. Head mostly pale. Wing membrane maculated; one costal crossvein. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium without actiniform process, its internal margin converging apically. Description. Forewing length 18.2–18.9 mm, hind wing length 16.5–17.0 mm. Head (Figs. 10b, c) mostly pale, except for the brown gena and black ocellar triangle; set with pale pubescence, particularly in the vertex; three ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, pale, with pale pubescence; flagellum generally slightly darker than scape and pedicel. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but with more than 16. Thorax (Fig. 10c) covered with yellowish pubescence. Pronotum pale to brown. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one long black seta on each lateral margin. Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown with irregular pale marks mostly on medial area; with two long black setae on the anterior half of each segment. Scutella pale, with two long black setae on posterior margin. Pleural region dark brown with scattered small pale areas. Legs (Fig. 4c) with coxae dark brown; yellowish pubescence slightly longer than on other segments. Trochanter pale with small black mark on the femur border. Femur, tibia, and tarsi with sparse short black setae. Fore and middle femora long and thin, pale with apex dark brown. Hind femur broader and slightly darker than anterior femora. Tibia pale with apex slightly darker, longer than femur, with two long apical spurs; spurs in fore and middle leg shorter than half-length of basitarsus, but slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibia half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV and prehensile. Hind tarsus darker than the anterior tarsi, slightly longer than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about the same length, basitarsus about three times longer than tarsomere II; tarsomere V prehensile. Wings (Figs. 4c, 10a) narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline, but with dark marks around the main forks, apical crossveins, pterostigma, and areas between R and C and R and Rs 1+2; thyridium present; longitudinal veins brown, covered by short black setae. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the level of the pterostigma end (one varying female paratype with Rs 1+2 not forking); Rs 3+4 forking closer to the level of Sc end than pterostigma; one or two pterostigmal crossveins (holotype with one); M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forks at the same level; Cu 1 ending at the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending slightly basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except Rs 1+2 not forked. Abdomen (Fig. 4c) with basal segments pale, apical segments dark brown, particularly the apical sternites. Segments covered by pale pubescence. Male terminalia (Fig. 10d; e; f) with epandrium pale, set with pale setae; in dorsal view, internal margin converging apically, posterior margin rounded, internal margin set with short thick black setae; in lateral view, slightly longer than basystilus; in lateral view convex dorsally and concave ventrally; posterior margin almost straight but posterodorsal corner rounded. In posterior view appearing somewhat oval (Fig. 10f). Cercus about as long as sternite IX, pale, set with pale setae. Basistylus set with long yellowish setae, particularly at the posterior margin, dark brown basally but lightening towards the apex; apex acute in lateral view and with a medial dorsal invagination in posterior view. Gonostylus short, brown, with apex rounded, set with long yellowish setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards the apex, curving backwards at the medial region. Paratype female terminalia with cercus short, pale, set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI pale and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate, and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, set with yellowish setae, not fused ventrally; in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Etymology. Named after the entomologist and colleague André da Silva Ferreira, who collected the whole type series, and made it available to us. Holotype. Male (present designation): MZUEFS: BRASIL: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 11.vi.2011, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56207. Holotype condition. in good condition. Left foreleg broken at the femur-tibia articulation but glued onto the label below. Paratypes. Brazil: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 16.i.2010, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56208 (1♀ MZUEFS); idem — 19.vi.2011 / MZFS #56211 (1♂ MZUEFS); idem —caatinga arbórea, 21–22.xii.2012 / MZFS #56210 (1♀ MZUEFS); idem — 11–12.i.2013 / MZFS #56209 (1♂ MZUEFS). Comments. Because of the maculated wings, Bittacus ferreirai sp. n. is another species that would fit in the “group chilensis ” as proposed by Collucci & Amorim (2000). Within the group, B. ferreirai seems to be closer to B. blancheti; the male epandrium of both species does not present any actiniform process and the internal margins of the lobes converge towards the apex. However, they can be easily separated by the general shape and color of the wings. Based on the wing shape and body color, B. ferreirai sp. n. is similar to B. cruzi sp. n. (1 costal crossvein, Rs 1+2 not forked in the hind wing and legs and antennae not alternating between pale and dark bands), but their head color, mostly pale in B. ferreirai, mostly dark brown in B. cruzi, and male genitalia with internal margin of epandrium converging in B. ferreirai and diverging posteriorly in B. cruzi, easily distinguish them.

Bittacus diversinervis Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942 (Figs. 3a, 6a, 8g, 12b) Bittacus diversinervis: Souza Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:340; Penny & Byers, 1979b:367; Penny & Arias, 1982:269; Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018. Thyridates diversinervis: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7. Thyridates willmanni: Collucci & Amorim, 2001:2. New synonym. Bittacus willmanni: Machado et al., 2009:37. Holotype male of B. diversinervis: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Holotype male of B. willmanni: LMED (high resolution images examined). Species also known from: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia (new record), Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso (new record), Mato Grosso do Sul (new record), Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12b). Bittacus diversinervis is the most common and widespread hanging fly in Brazil, with records for all regions of the country, except the southern states. The species has been collected in different habitats, including the Amazon and Atlantic rain forest, some dry areas in the Cerrado, and open grassy areas in Roraima state. Thyridates willmanni was described based on a male specimen, which until today remains as the only known specimen (Colluci & Amorim, 2001). On its original description the authors mentioned that T. willmanni was very similar to B. diversinervis, but justified the description of a new species based on the different number of costal crossveins (three for T. willmanni and two for B. diversinervis), a character known to be very plastic for a long time as discussed by different authors (e.g. Esben-Petersen 1921; Navás 1929; Machado et al. 2009). Another diagnostic trait suggested by the authors is that the internal margins of the male epandrium are almost straight in T. willmanni (Collucci & Amorim 2001); however, the study of the holotype herein clearly indicates that this character was misinterpreted by the authors. The internal margins of the epandirum are divergent, as in all other specimens of B. diversinervis. The image of the epandrium presented in the original description is inaccurate and suggests that the internal margins are almost straight, but it does not correspond with the actual shape in the specimen. Additionally, the holotype of T. willmanni presents the vein Rs 1 forked in the forewing, one of the major characteristics of B. diversinervis. For the reasons mentioned above, we are here synonymizing T. willmanni under B. diversinervis. The two main characters used to distinguish T. willmanni are not robust; the first is based on a historically known plastic character and the second is the result of a misinterpretation. Examined specimens. Brazil: Acre: Rio Branco, 24.ii.1979, Maurício Mendonça (1♀ INPA); Amazonas: Humaitá, 22.ii.1980, Penny & Brasil (3♂, 5♀, 2? INPA); Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquita / Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 16.xii.2010, Ferreira, A.S. col.; (4 MZUEFS); Vitória da Conquista, UFBA/IMS/CAT, LABZOO, 14.i.2012, Ferreira, A.S. col (1 MZUEFS); Espírito Santo: Anchieta, Praia de Ubu, i.2006, luz, SA Vanim (1♀ MZSP); Colatina, 20.i.1960, JH Guimarães (1♀ MZSP); Guarapari, 9.i.1981, Eloy Castellón (1♀ INPA); Minas Gerais: Governador Valadares, 28.xii.1990, Marcio M (1? MZSP); Lagoa Santa, 12.i.1965, J.S. Morgante (1♀ MZSP); Muriaé, 31.xii.1977, Mirian A.S. Serrano (1♂ INPA); Mato Grosso: Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti, 15.xii.1996, HF Mendes (1♂, 2♀ MZSP); idem— 14.i.1998 (1♂ MZSP); Mato Grosso do Sul: Porto Murtinho, 21–30.i.2008, S. Sigeo et al (1♂ MZSP); Pernambuco: Arco Verde, vii.1974, N. Papavero (2♂ MZSP); Rio de Janeiro: Guaratiba, iv.1960, JH Guimaraes (1♂ MZSP); Rondônia: Vilhena, 7.xi.1979, Norman D. Penny (1♀ INPA); Roraima: Boa Vista, 10.viii.1977, ND Penny (8♂, 7♀ INPA); Boa Vista, Passarão, 031202 N—603508W, 8.vii.1996, F.F. Xavier, varredura (2♂, 1♀ INPA); São Paulo: Barra Bonita, iii.1957, A. Correia (1♂ MZSP); Barueri, 26.ii.1959, K. Lenko (1♂ MZSP); Campinas, 2.iii.1974, Buhrnheim col. (2♂ 1♀ INPA); Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual, 2.xi.1985, CG Froehlich (1♀ MZSP); Salesópolis, Boracéia, 5–9.vi.1948, (1♀ MZSP); Santo Amaro, ii.1950, D. Lane (1♀ MZSP); São Paulo, Sumaré. ii.1948, M. Carrera (1♀ MZSP) idem—ii.1947 (1? MZSP); Tocantins: Barrolândia, 24–25.xii.2013, TK Krolow (2♀ CEUFT)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Souza Lopes, H. de & Mangabeira, O. (1942) Sobre algumas especies brasileiras do genero Bittacus Latr., 1807, com a descricao de tres especies novas (Panorpatae, Bittacidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 2, 331 - 341.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Penny, N. D. & Arias, J. R. (1982) Notes on Amazonian Bittacidae (Mecoptera) with the descriptions of two new species. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 77 (3), 263 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761982000300005","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2001) Descricao de uma nova especie de Thyridates Navas, 1908 de Governador Valadares, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil e redescricao de T. femoralis (Klug, 1836) (Mecoptera, Bittacidae). Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 36, 1 - 6.","Esben-Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. In: Collections Zoologiquesdu Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif. Fasc. 5. Hayez, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Navas, L. (1929) Insectos exoticos neuropteros y afines del Museo civico de Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 53, 354 - 389."]}

Bittacus varzeanus Machado, sp. n. (Figs. 4a, b, 8q, 11, 12d) Diagnosis. Wing membrane hyaline. Forewing apex not falcate; with 1���2 costal crossveins. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium with two internal lobes and apex emarginated in dorsal view. Description. Forewing length 18.4���21.3 mm, hind wing length 15.3���18.0 mm. Head (Figs. 11b, c) with labrum and gena dark brown; clypeus, frons and vertex pale; ocellar triangle and palpi black. Set with blackish pubescence, particularly on the vertex. Three distinctive ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, with yellowish pubescence; scape and pedicel pale; flagellum brown, paler towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but with more than 18. Thorax (Fig. 11c) covered with blackish pubescence. Pronotum light brown, with anterior margin slightly darker. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one and two black setae on lateral margins respectively. Mesonotum and metanotum pale but margins darker and scutellum slightly paler. Pleural region with scattered short black setae; uniformly pale except the anterior margin of mesoepisternum darker, and by black marks on the dorsal and ventral posterior corners of meso and metameron. Legs (Figs. 4a, b) with coxa and trochanter pale, with yellowish pubescence slightly longer than on the other segments. Femur and tibia set with sparse short black setae, particularly numerous on basal half of hind femur. Fore and mid femur long, thin, and pale; hind femur broader and slightly darker than anterior ones. Tibia pale with apex dark brown, longer than femur, with two long apical spurs; spurs in fore and mid leg about as long as half-length of basitarsus, slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale, apical tarsomeres sometimes darker; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibia half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV, prehensile. Hind tarsus brown, apex of tarsomeres slightly darker; shorter than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II���IV about the same length, basitarsus about twice longer than tarsomere II. Wings (Figs. 4a, b, 11a) narrow with apex rounded. Membrane hyaline, pterostigma and apical margin pale and set with short black setae; thyridium present. Forewing usually with one subapical costal crossvein, a few paratypes with two; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking after end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at the level of mid distance between Sc end and pterostigma; usually one pterostigmal crossvein, a few paratypes with two; M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forking at the same level; Cu 1 ending slightly basal to the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except for Rs 1+2 not forked. Abdomen (Figs. 4a, b) with yellowish pubescence. Basal tergites pale with posterior margin darker; last three tergites dark brown. Sternites thin and elongated, colors similar to tergites. Male terminalia (Figs. 8q, 11 d���f) with epandrium pale brown, set with long blackish setae; in dorsal view, broadening towards apex; posterior margin weakly excavated medially; internal margin set with short thickened black setae becoming more numerous at the apex; inner surface with a subapical rounded lobe on each side (margin of lobes set with short thickened black setae); in lateral view, ending before the end of basistylus, convex dorsally, posterior margin excavated medially. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown, pale basally, set with yellowish setae. Basistylus set with long black setae, particularly at posterior margin; dark brown, but in ventral view with a thin medial pale line that expands towards apex; ventrally convex in lateral view. Gonostylus short, with apex rounded, set with black setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards apex, curving backwards at the medial region. Paratype female terminalia with cercus short; dark brown; set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI pale and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite pale, set with yellowish setae and longer black setae at posterior margin, not fused ventrally; in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Etymology. Named after the species habitat, the v��rzea, an area in the Amazon forest seasonally flooded area by white water (varzeanus = ���from v��rzea ���). Holotype. Male (present designation): INPA: BRASIL, Amazonas, Tef��, V��rzea, 3 o 19���45������S��� 64 o 41���13������W, 14���28.x.2017, Malaise, J.A. Oliveira, D.M.M. Mendes & J.A. Rafael���Rede Bia (INPA). Holotype condition. Excellent, mounted in triangle. Paratypes. Brazil: Amazonas: Tef��, V��rzea, 3 o 19���45������S��� 64 o 41���13������W, 5���15.ix.2016, Arm. Malaise, J.A. Oliveira, D.M.M. Mendes & J.A. Rafael (6♀ ��� INPA); idem, 1���5.xi.2016 (6♀ ��� INPA); idem, (1♂, 3♀ ��� CEMT); idem, 1���13.x.2017 (1♂, 3♀ ��� INPA); idem, 14���28.x.2017 (19♂, 27♀ ��� INPA); idem (1♂, 3♀ ���UFRR); idem (1♂, 3♀ ���UFAC); idem (1♂, 3♀ ��� CZMA); idem (1♂, 1♀ ���UNIR); idem (1♂, 3♀ ��� MZSP); idem, 15���30.xi.2017 (2♂, 10♀ ��� INPA); idem, 1���22.xii.2017 (5♀ ��� INPA). Comments. Bittacus varzeanus sp. n. does not fit in any of the species groups proposed by Collucci & Amorim (2000). The shape of the subapical lobes in the inner margin of the male epandrium of B. varzeanus is somewhat similar to B. angrensis; however, the new species lacks the typical falcate apex of the wings of B. angrensis. The general shape of the wings is similar to that of B. flavescens, but the shape of the male epandrium easily distinguishes them. The medial excavation on the posterior margin of the male epandrium of B. varzeanus sp. n. is unique within the South American species of Bittacus., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, Jos�� Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on pages 321-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8."]}

Bittacus froehlichi (Collucci & Amorim, 2000) (Figs. 5b, 8k, 12c) Thyridates froehlichi: Collucci & Amorim, 2000:2. Bittacus froehlichi: Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Holotype male: LMED (examined). Known only from São Paulo (Fig. 12c). Bittacus froehlichi is another species with maculated wings, and for this reason it was placed in the “group chilensis ” by Collucci & Amorim (2000). Besides B. froehlichi, the authors also included in this group B. andinus Londt & Byers, B. chilensis Klug and B. maculosus Byers, and also discussed the similarities among their male terminalia, but demonstrated that the shape of the epandrium was different in each species (Collucci & Amorim 2000). Examined specimens. Brazil: São Paulo: Ribeirão Grande, Pq. Est. Intervales—Barra Grande, 13–16/xii/ 2000, Malaise trap, M. T. Tavares et al (1♀ INPA)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)"]}

Bittacus flavescens Klug, 1838 (Figs. 1c, 8j, 12c) Bittacus flavescens: Klug, 1838:99; Esben-Petersen, 1921:151; Souza-Lopes & Mangabeira, 1942:335; Penny & Byers, 1979b:368; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Klugius flavescens: Navás, 1926:13. Thyridates flavescens: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci & Amorim, 2000:7. Bittacus affinis: Westwood, 1846:194; Esben-Petersen, 1921:151 synonymized. Holotype: Bittacus flavescens: male: ZMHB (high resolution images examined); Bittacus affinis sex unknown: NHM (not examined). Species also known from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina (new record), São Paulo (Fig. 12c). Bittacus flavescens seems to be restricted to the region of the Atlantic rain forest in Brazil, but with a wide distribution within this area (Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942; Byers 2004; Machado et al. 2009). The species was the only one in Brazil to have a synonym, B. affinis, described based on one specimen with a label only stating Brazil. Walker (1853) mentioned another specimen of B. affinis in the NHM from Pará state; however, it might have been the result of a misidentification based on the current distribution of B. flavescens. Unfortunately, neither specimen was examined during the current study. Another dubious record for B. flavescens was given by Esben- Petersen (1921), one specimen with the abdomen broken, from Puerto Cabello (Venezuela). Navás (1926) erected the genus Klugius and defined B. flavescens as the type species. However, the genus was based on a weak character (pterostigma broad basally and thin apically) and therefore, Klugius was always considered as a synonym of Bittacus by subsequent authors (Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942; Penny & Byers 1979a, b; Willmann 1983). Examined specimens. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Mury, Nova Friburgo, 12.xi.1970, Gred & Guimarães det. (1? MZSP); Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [Seara today], 27°11’B–52°23’L, x.1969, Fritz Plaumann (1♀ INPA); idem—xi.1969 (1♀ INPA); idem—xii.1969 (2♀ INPA); Seara, 16.xii.1977, ND Penny (1♂ INPA)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Klug, J. C. F. (1838) Versuch einer systematischen Feststellung der Insekten-Familie: Panorpatae und Auseinandersetzung ihrer Gattungen und Arten. Abhandlungen der koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1836, 81 - 108.","Esben-Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. In: Collections Zoologiquesdu Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif. Fasc. 5. Hayez, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 172.","Souza Lopes, H. de & Mangabeira, O. (1942) Sobre algumas especies brasileiras do genero Bittacus Latr., 1807, com a descricao de tres especies novas (Panorpatae, Bittacidae). Revista brasileira de Biologia, 2, 331 - 341.","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check-list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092365","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Navas, L. (1926) Algunos insectos del Brasil. (3 a serie). Broteria, Zoologica, 23, 5 - 15.","Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65.","Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Westwood, J. O. (1846) A monograph of the genus Panorpa, with descriptions of some species belonging to other allied genera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 4, 184 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1846. tb 01352. x","Byers, G. W. (2004) A collection of Mecoptera from Latin America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77 (2), 137 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.2317 / 0309.06.1","Walker, F. (1853) List of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Sialides- Nemopterides. British Museum, London, 284 pp. [pp. 193 - 476]","Penny, N. D. & Byers, G. W. (1979 a) Chave para as familias e generos da Mecoptera (Insecta) da America, do sul dos Estados Unidos. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 363 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979092363"]}

Bittacus ferreirai Machado sp. n. (Figs. 4c, 8i, 10 a–f, 12c) Diagnosis. Head mostly pale. Wing membrane maculated; one costal crossvein. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium without actiniform process, its internal margin converging apically. Description. Forewing length 18.2–18.9 mm, hind wing length 16.5–17.0 mm. Head (Figs. 10b, c) mostly pale, except for the brown gena and black ocellar triangle; set with pale pubescence, particularly in the vertex; three ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, pale, with pale pubescence; flagellum generally slightly darker than scape and pedicel. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but with more than 16. Thorax (Fig. 10c) covered with yellowish pubescence. Pronotum pale to brown. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one long black seta on each lateral margin. Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown with irregular pale marks mostly on medial area; with two long black setae on the anterior half of each segment. Scutella pale, with two long black setae on posterior margin. Pleural region dark brown with scattered small pale areas. Legs (Fig. 4c) with coxae dark brown; yellowish pubescence slightly longer than on other segments. Trochanter pale with small black mark on the femur border. Femur, tibia, and tarsi with sparse short black setae. Fore and middle femora long and thin, pale with apex dark brown. Hind femur broader and slightly darker than anterior femora. Tibia pale with apex slightly darker, longer than femur, with two long apical spurs; spurs in fore and middle leg shorter than half-length of basitarsus, but slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibia half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV and prehensile. Hind tarsus darker than the anterior tarsi, slightly longer than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about the same length, basitarsus about three times longer than tarsomere II; tarsomere V prehensile. Wings (Figs. 4c, 10a) narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline, but with dark marks around the main forks, apical crossveins, pterostigma, and areas between R and C and R and Rs 1+2; thyridium present; longitudinal veins brown, covered by short black setae. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the level of the pterostigma end (one varying female paratype with Rs 1+2 not forking); Rs 3+4 forking closer to the level of Sc end than pterostigma; one or two pterostigmal crossveins (holotype with one); M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forks at the same level; Cu 1 ending at the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending slightly basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except Rs 1+2 not forked. Abdomen (Fig. 4c) with basal segments pale, apical segments dark brown, particularly the apical sternites. Segments covered by pale pubescence. Male terminalia (Fig. 10d; e; f) with epandrium pale, set with pale setae; in dorsal view, internal margin converging apically, posterior margin rounded, internal margin set with short thick black setae; in lateral view, slightly longer than basystilus; in lateral view convex dorsally and concave ventrally; posterior margin almost straight but posterodorsal corner rounded. In posterior view appearing somewhat oval (Fig. 10f). Cercus about as long as sternite IX, pale, set with pale setae. Basistylus set with long yellowish setae, particularly at the posterior margin, dark brown basally but lightening towards the apex; apex acute in lateral view and with a medial dorsal invagination in posterior view. Gonostylus short, brown, with apex rounded, set with long yellowish setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards the apex, curving backwards at the medial region. Paratype female terminalia with cercus short, pale, set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI pale and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate, and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, set with yellowish setae, not fused ventrally; in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Etymology. Named after the entomologist and colleague André da Silva Ferreira, who collected the whole type series, and made it available to us. Holotype. Male (present designation): MZUEFS: BRASIL: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 11.vi.2011, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56207. Holotype condition. in good condition. Left foreleg broken at the femur-tibia articulation but glued onto the label below. Paratypes. Brazil: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 16.i.2010, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56208 (1♀ MZUEFS); idem — 19.vi.2011 / MZFS #56211 (1♂ MZUEFS); idem —caatinga arbórea, 21–22.xii.2012 / MZFS #56210 (1♀ MZUEFS); idem — 11–12.i.2013 / MZFS #56209 (1♂ MZUEFS). Comments. Because of the maculated wings, Bittacus ferreirai sp. n. is another species that would fit in the “group chilensis ” as proposed by Collucci & Amorim (2000). Within the group, B. ferreirai seems to be closer to B. blancheti; the male epandrium of both species does not present any actiniform process and the internal margins of the lobes converge towards the apex. However, they can be easily separated by the general shape and color of the wings. Based on the wing shape and body color, B. ferreirai sp. n. is similar to B. cruzi sp. n. (1 costal crossvein, Rs 1+2 not forked in the hind wing and legs and antennae not alternating between pale and dark bands), but their head color, mostly pale in B. ferreirai, mostly dark brown in B. cruzi, and male genitalia with internal margin of epandrium converging in B. ferreirai and diverging posteriorly in B. cruzi, easily distinguish them., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on pages 309-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8."]}

Bittacus latreillei (Collucci & Amorim, 2000) (Figs. 3c, 6d, 8m, 12c) Thyridates latreillei: Collucci & Amorim, 2000:5. Bittacus latreillei: Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018. Holotype male: LMED (examined). Species also known from Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso (new record), Pará, Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12c). Bittacus latreillei is a large species, with strongly contrasting colors on the legs (apex of femora and tibiae black), which facilitates its recognition. The unique shape of the male epandrium also helps its identification. Bittacus latreillei is another species in which the adults show an apparent flight activity for the raining seasons (Machado et al. 2010). Examined specimens. Brazil: Mato Grosso: Alta Floresta, aeroporto, 4.xi.2017, F Vaz de Mello (1♀ CEMT); Tocantins: Miracema, P 2 e RV, 30.x.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (1♂ CEUFT); Paranã, xi.2009, M. Bragança (1♀ CEUFT); Porto Nacional, Campus UFT, 9.xi.2013, coleta manual, HIL Lima (1♂ CEUFT)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello & Rafael, José Albertino, 2018, The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species, pp. 303-330 in Zootaxa 4526 (3) on page 320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611647, {"references":["Collucci, E. & Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8.","Machado, R. J. P., Godoi, F. S. P. & Rafael, J. A. (2009) Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): new generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2148, 27 - 38.","Machado, R. J. P. (2018) Bittacidae. Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil (accessed 20 February 2018)","Machado, R. J. P., Limeira-de-Oliveira, F. & Rafael, J. A. (2010) Mecoptera (Insecta) do estado do Maranhao: chave para identificacao das especies e descricao da femea de Bittacus latreillei (Collucci & Amorim). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 54 (4), 604 - 607. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262010000400011"]}