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Conway, Kevin W., Fujiwara, Kyoji, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Summers, Adam P. (2021): Erdmannichthys, a new genus of Gobiesocidae (Teleostei: Gobiesociformes), and notes on the rare clingfish E. alorensis (Allen & Erdmann, 2012), new combination. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 69: 428-437, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2021-0062

Callogobius falx n. sp. [New English name: Wagtail Goby; new standard Japanese name: Sekirei-haze] Figures 1–6; Table 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 50599144-F520-48AF-A6BD-FDFE77494A3D Callogobius sp. 3: Suzuki et al., 2004: 73, unnumbered fig (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Yoshino, 2008: 412, unnumbered figs. (underwater photographs: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Yoshino, 2018: 414, unnumbered figs. (same as Yoshino, 2008); Suzuki et al., 2021: 79, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Okinawa Island, Okinawa Islands, Japan) Callogobius stellatus (non McKinney & Lachner, 1978b): Allen & Erdmann, 2012: 967, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Anilao, Luzon Island, Philippines) Callogobius sp.: Hayashi & Shiratori, 2003: 211, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Hayashi & Shiratori, 2013: 211, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Koeda et al., 2016: 89, fig. 408 (listed, based on KAUM–I. 78359, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan) Holotype. OMNH-P 33597, 23.1 mm SL, Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan, hand net, T. Suzuki (purchased at local aquarium shop at Ishigaki Island), July 2007. Paratype. KAUM –I. 78359, 14.4 mm SL, Kubura Port, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan, 24°26′35″N, 122°56′22″E, hand net, 22 m, T. Yoshida & K. Koeda, 18 Sept. 2015. Diagnosis. A species of Callogobius (Fig. 1) characterized by the following combination of characters: dorsalfin rays VI-I, 8 or 9; anal-fin rays I, 7; pectoral-fin rays 18 or 19; lateral scale rows 20–22; body depth moderate, neither particularly slender nor deep (depth at pelvic-fin origin 18.3–20.0% of SL); pelvic-fin base with frenum; caudal-fin length moderate, margin rounded; cephalic sensory-canal pores absent; interorbital papillae row (Row 3) separated, forming two rows (one row in 14.4 mm paratype); postorbital papillae row (Row17) not continuous with upper cranial papillae row (Row 18); preopercular and transverse opercular papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21, respectively) connected, forming single transverse row; body with three oblique black bars, angled upwards anteriorly and continuous with black bars on dorsal fins, anteriormost bar extending from 1 st dorsal fin to midline of body, posterior two bars extending from second dorsal fin to dorsal surface of body and caudal peduncle, respectively; pectoral fin white, upper half widely (ca. 1/2 length of rays) margined with black; caudal-fin base with narrow sickle-like bar. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9 (8); anal-fin rays I, 7; pectoral-fin rays 19 (18); pelvic-fin rays I, 5; lateral scale rows 22 (20, counted on right side); transverse scales 9 (damaged in paratype); predorsal scale rows 9. Proportional measurements given in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly (Figs. 1, 2). Anus located just before anal-fin origin. Head relatively large, slightly depressed anteriorly. Snout moderate (slightly shorter than eye diameter), rounded. Eye large, located dorsolaterally. Interorbital region somewhat broad (relatively narrow), flattened. Anterior and posterior nostrils close to each other, latter slightly larger than former, both with a membranous tube; former located on anterior tip of snout, latter midway between anterior nostril and orbit. Mouth small, terminal, inclined anterodorsally, forming angle of ca. 60° with body axis. Upper jaw thick, length moderate (slightly shorter than snout length), its posterior tip rounded, reaching to vertical through posterior nostril. Both jaws with 2 or 3 rows of small, slender conical teeth, tips of each slightly incurved posteriorly; teeth on outermost row on jaws larger than teeth on inner rows. Tongue rounded. Gill membranes attached anteriorly to isthmus. Gill opening narrow, anteroventral point located posterior to vertical level of preopercular margin. Head sensory-canal pores absent. Sensory papillae on head well developed, forming raised ridges (Fig. 3); postnasal rows (Row 2) long, joined across dorsal midline (separated; Fig. 4); interorbital papillae row (Row 3) separated, forming two rows (not separated; Fig. 4), anterior row slightly longer than posterior row, both rows on each side very close, but not connected; anterior suborbital (Row 9) and mid suborbital (Row 10) rows moderately long, upper tip of latter reaching to eye; posterior suborbital row (Row 11) separated into two short rows of combined length subequal to upper longitudinal premaxillary row (Row 6); maxillary row (Row 14) continuous, extending from posterior tip of jaws to just below transverse cheek row (Row 13); longitudinal mandibular row (Row 15) continuous; transverse mandibular row (Row 16) including 12 short rows on each side; postorbital papillae row (Row17) moderately long, not continuous with upper cranial papillae row (Row 18); preopercular and transverse opercular papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21, respectively) connected, forming single long transverse row (damaged in paratype), upper tip not articulating with lower cranial row (Row 19). Large cycloid scales covering nape, prepelvic region, and anterior part of body; cheek and opercle with relatively large, embedded cycloid scales; scales on body becoming ctenoid posteriorly below level of second dorsal-fin base, ctenii of caudal-peduncle scales slightly more elongated; all scales deciduous. First dorsal fin squarish, 2 nd and 3 rd spines longest, thereafter becoming shorter posteriorly; all spines lacking filamentous tips; dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pectoral-fin base. Second dorsal and anal fins relatively short with rounded margin, origin of latter slightly posterior to vertical through 2 nd dorsal-fin origin; all soft ray tips (except for last ray) with two branches, last rays branched to base; 2 nd and 3 rd dorsal-fin soft rays longest (longer than dorsal-fin spines), thereafter becoming shorter posteriorly; last anal-fin soft ray located just below base of 7 th (8 th) dorsal-fin soft ray. Pectoral fin rounded, very large, tips reaching to above 4 th (8 th) anal-fin soft ray; all rays branched, connected by membrane. Pelvic fins fused medially with connecting membrane between innermost rays and well developed frenum between spines; posterior margin rounded, reaching below 2 nd dorsal-fin origin (2 nd dorsal-fin soft ray) when appressed; pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through ventral end of pectoralfin base; posterior margin of pelvic frenum smooth, slightly emarginated; all segmented pelvic-fin rays branched. Caudal fin rounded, moderate in size, its length slightly larger than head length. Color when fresh. Based on Figures 1, 2. Head light brown dorsally, white ventrally with two black oblique bars; anterior bar relatively narrow (width less than pupil diameter), angled upwards posteriorly, extending from middle of upper jaw to behind eye, posterior part of both stripes on each side connected mid-dorsally (separated; Fig. 2C), forming U-shaped marking; posterior bar angled downwards posteriorly, extending from just above pupil to around lower edge of opercle, its width very narrow anteriorly, becoming wider posteriorly (width subequal to pupil diameter), intersected on mid-interorbital region. Black trapezoid-like blotch on posterior part of nape, its width subequal to (smaller than; Fig. 2A) eye diameter, anterior and posterior margins distinctly and slightly emarginated, respectively, lower margin horizontally level with upper end of pectoral-fin base. Body white with three oblique black bars, angled upwards anteriorly and continuous with black bars on dorsal fins; anteriormost bar extending from upper part of 1 st spine of 1 st dorsal fin to midline of body through center of first dorsal-fin base; middle bar short, extending from lower part (including base) of 1 st spine of 2 nd dorsal fin to dorsal surface of body, posterior tip reaching just below 5 th (4 th) dorsal-fin soft ray, its width slightly narrower than anterior bar, subequal to pupil diameter; posteriormost bar wide (width subequal to eye diameter), extending from anterodorsal margin of 2 nd dorsal fin to mid-ventral region of caudal peduncle through posterior part of 2 nd dorsal-fin base (bar tapering posteriorly, bending at center of caudal peduncle; Fig. 2A). Small poorly defined black blotch above anal-fin origin (absent; Fig. 2A). All fins white basally; posterior margins of vertical fins, except caudal fin, with small faint black spots (spots absent, 1 st dorsal-fin margin brownish yellow; Fig. 2A); upper half of pectoral fin widely (ca. 1/2 length of rays) margined with black; caudal-fin base with narrow black sickle-like bar; large, poorly defined black blotch (ca. 1/2 size of fin) on center of caudal fin. Color in alcohol. Head and body pale whitish-brown. All bars and blotches of fresh specimens retained as dark brown. Distribution. Currently known only from southern Japan and Luzon, the Philippines (Allen & Erdmann, 2012; this study). In Japanese waters, the species has been recorded from Hachijo Island (Izu Islands), Kashiwa Island (Shikoku), Kakeroma and Okinoerabu islands (Amami Islands), Okinawa, Ie, and Kume islands (Okinawa Islands), and Ishigaki and Yonaguni islands (Yaeyama Islands) in depths of 12–22 m (KPM-NR 36624, 43551, 54505, 57185, 84845; Hayashi & Shiratori, 2003, 2013; Suzuki et al., 2004, 2021; Yoshino, 2008, 2018; Koeda et al., 2016; Figs. 5, 6). Etymology. The specific name, falx, a Latin noun meaning “sickle,” refers to the characteristic narrow bar on the caudal-fin base of the new species. Comparisons. Although C. falx is most similar to C. plumatus and Callogobius sheni Chen, Chen & Fang, 2006 in coloration (e.g., bar patterns and pectoral-fin pigmentation), it differs from both in having 20–22 lateral scale rows (vs. 30–33 in C. plumatus and 27 or 28 in C. sheni), a narrow sickle-like bar on the caudal-fin base (vs. wide barrel- or diamond-like bar), and no cephalic sensory-canal pores (vs. pores present on anterior oculoscapular canal) (Smith, 1959; Chen et al., 2006; Figs. 1–4, 7, 8). Furthermore, the following conditions of the sensory-papillae rows on the head of C. falx also differ from the other two species: Row 3 is separated into two rows (one row in 14.4 mm paratype, possibly due to its small size) (vs. consistently a single row in C. plumatus and C. sheni) and Row 17 is not continuous with Row 18 (vs. middle of Row 17 continuous with anterior tip of Row 18 in C. sheni) (Chen et al., 2006: fig. 1; Figs. 3, 4, 8). To date, four species of Callogobius are known to lack cephalic sensory-canal pores (reviewed by Delventhal & Mooi, 2013): Callogobius clarki (Goren, 1978), Callogobius crassus McKinney & Lachner, 1984, Callogobius hastatus McKinney & Lachner, 1978a, and Callogobius winterbottomi Delventhal & Mooi, 2013 (Delventhal & Mooi, 2013; Allen et al., 2020; Akihito & Ikeda, 2021). Callogobius falx, the fifth known species to lack canal pores, clearly differs from the others in coloration and many morphological characters [e.g., body appearance (moderate depth, neither particularly slender nor deep), presence of pelvic frenum, caudal fin (moderate size, not pointed) and sensory-papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21 connected, forming a single transverse row)] (McKinney & Lachner, 1978a, 1984; Delventhal & Mooi, 2013; Delventhal et al., 2016; this study). Although Allen & Erdmann (2012) identified an underwater photograph taken at Luzon Island as Callogobius stellatus McKinney & Lachner, 1978b, that species was identified here as C. falx. Callogobius stellatus is readily distinguished from the new species by its very slender body and the presence of one or two relatively large oblong blotches anteriorly on the pectoral fin (McKinney & Lachner, 1978b: fig. 1; this study).

Callogobius falx n. sp. [New English name: Wagtail Goby; new standard Japanese name: Sekirei-haze] Figures 1–6; Table 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 50599144-F520-48AF-A6BD-FDFE77494A3D Callogobius sp. 3: Suzuki et al., 2004: 73, unnumbered fig (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Yoshino, 2008: 412, unnumbered figs. (underwater photographs: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Yoshino, 2018: 414, unnumbered figs. (same as Yoshino, 2008); Suzuki et al., 2021: 79, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Okinawa Island, Okinawa Islands, Japan) Callogobius stellatus (non McKinney & Lachner, 1978b): Allen & Erdmann, 2012: 967, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Anilao, Luzon Island, Philippines) Callogobius sp.: Hayashi & Shiratori, 2003: 211, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Hayashi & Shiratori, 2013: 211, unnumbered fig. (underwater photograph: Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan); Koeda et al., 2016: 89, fig. 408 (listed, based on KAUM–I. 78359, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands, Japan) Holotype. OMNH-P 33597, 23.1 mm SL, Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Island, Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan, hand net, T. Suzuki (purchased at local aquarium shop at Ishigaki Island), July 2007. Paratype. KAUM –I. 78359, 14.4 mm SL, Kubura Port, Yonaguni Island, Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan, 24°26′35″N, 122°56′22″E, hand net, 22 m, T. Yoshida & K. Koeda, 18 Sept. 2015. Diagnosis. A species of Callogobius (Fig. 1) characterized by the following combination of characters: dorsalfin rays VI-I, 8 or 9; anal-fin rays I, 7; pectoral-fin rays 18 or 19; lateral scale rows 20–22; body depth moderate, neither particularly slender nor deep (depth at pelvic-fin origin 18.3–20.0% of SL); pelvic-fin base with frenum; caudal-fin length moderate, margin rounded; cephalic sensory-canal pores absent; interorbital papillae row (Row 3) separated, forming two rows (one row in 14.4 mm paratype); postorbital papillae row (Row17) not continuous with upper cranial papillae row (Row 18); preopercular and transverse opercular papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21, respectively) connected, forming single transverse row; body with three oblique black bars, angled upwards anteriorly and continuous with black bars on dorsal fins, anteriormost bar extending from 1 st dorsal fin to midline of body, posterior two bars extending from second dorsal fin to dorsal surface of body and caudal peduncle, respectively; pectoral fin white, upper half widely (ca. 1/2 length of rays) margined with black; caudal-fin base with narrow sickle-like bar. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9 (8); anal-fin rays I, 7; pectoral-fin rays 19 (18); pelvic-fin rays I, 5; lateral scale rows 22 (20, counted on right side); transverse scales 9 (damaged in paratype); predorsal scale rows 9. Proportional measurements given in Table 1. Body slender, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly (Figs. 1, 2). Anus located just before anal-fin origin. Head relatively large, slightly depressed anteriorly. Snout moderate (slightly shorter than eye diameter), rounded. Eye large, located dorsolaterally. Interorbital region somewhat broad (relatively narrow), flattened. Anterior and posterior nostrils close to each other, latter slightly larger than former, both with a membranous tube; former located on anterior tip of snout, latter midway between anterior nostril and orbit. Mouth small, terminal, inclined anterodorsally, forming angle of ca. 60° with body axis. Upper jaw thick, length moderate (slightly shorter than snout length), its posterior tip rounded, reaching to vertical through posterior nostril. Both jaws with 2 or 3 rows of small, slender conical teeth, tips of each slightly incurved posteriorly; teeth on outermost row on jaws larger than teeth on inner rows. Tongue rounded. Gill membranes attached anteriorly to isthmus. Gill opening narrow, anteroventral point located posterior to vertical level of preopercular margin. Head sensory-canal pores absent. Sensory papillae on head well developed, forming raised ridges (Fig. 3); postnasal rows (Row 2) long, joined across dorsal midline (separated; Fig. 4); interorbital papillae row (Row 3) separated, forming two rows (not separated; Fig. 4), anterior row slightly longer than posterior row, both rows on each side very close, but not connected; anterior suborbital (Row 9) and mid suborbital (Row 10) rows moderately long, upper tip of latter reaching to eye; posterior suborbital row (Row 11) separated into two short rows of combined length subequal to upper longitudinal premaxillary row (Row 6); maxillary row (Row 14) continuous, extending from posterior tip of jaws to just below transverse cheek row (Row 13); longitudinal mandibular row (Row 15) continuous; transverse mandibular row (Row 16) including 12 short rows on each side; postorbital papillae row (Row17) moderately long, not continuous with upper cranial papillae row (Row 18); preopercular and transverse opercular papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21, respectively) connected, forming single long transverse row (damaged in paratype), upper tip not articulating with lower cranial row (Row 19). Large cycloid scales covering nape, prepelvic region, and anterior part of body; cheek and opercle with relatively large, embedded cycloid scales; scales on body becoming ctenoid posteriorly below level of second dorsal-fin base, ctenii of caudal-peduncle scales slightly more elongated; all scales deciduous. First dorsal fin squarish, 2 nd and 3 rd spines longest, thereafter becoming shorter posteriorly; all spines lacking filamentous tips; dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pectoral-fin base. Second dorsal and anal fins relatively short with rounded margin, origin of latter slightly posterior to vertical through 2 nd dorsal-fin origin; all soft ray tips (except for last ray) with two branches, last rays branched to base; 2 nd and 3 rd dorsal-fin soft rays longest (longer than dorsal-fin spines), thereafter becoming shorter posteriorly; last anal-fin soft ray located just below base of 7 th (8 th) dorsal-fin soft ray. Pectoral fin rounded, very large, tips reaching to above 4 th (8 th) anal-fin soft ray; all rays branched, connected by membrane. Pelvic fins fused medially with connecting membrane between innermost rays and well developed frenum between spines; posterior margin rounded, reaching below 2 nd dorsal-fin origin (2 nd dorsal-fin soft ray) when appressed; pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through ventral end of pectoralfin base; posterior margin of pelvic frenum smooth, slightly emarginated; all segmented pelvic-fin rays branched. Caudal fin rounded, moderate in size, its length slightly larger than head length. Color when fresh. Based on Figures 1, 2. Head light brown dorsally, white ventrally with two black oblique bars; anterior bar relatively narrow (width less than pupil diameter), angled upwards posteriorly, extending from middle of upper jaw to behind eye, posterior part of both stripes on each side connected mid-dorsally (separated; Fig. 2C), forming U-shaped marking; posterior bar angled downwards posteriorly, extending from just above pupil to around lower edge of opercle, its width very narrow anteriorly, becoming wider posteriorly (width subequal to pupil diameter), intersected on mid-interorbital region. Black trapezoid-like blotch on posterior part of nape, its width subequal to (smaller than; Fig. 2A) eye diameter, anterior and posterior margins distinctly and slightly emarginated, respectively, lower margin horizontally level with upper end of pectoral-fin base. Body white with three oblique black bars, angled upwards anteriorly and continuous with black bars on dorsal fins; anteriormost bar extending from upper part of 1 st spine of 1 st dorsal fin to midline of body through center of first dorsal-fin base; middle bar short, extending from lower part (including base) of 1 st spine of 2 nd dorsal fin to dorsal surface of body, posterior tip reaching just below 5 th (4 th) dorsal-fin soft ray, its width slightly narrower than anterior bar, subequal to pupil diameter; posteriormost bar wide (width subequal to eye diameter), extending from anterodorsal margin of 2 nd dorsal fin to mid-ventral region of caudal peduncle through posterior part of 2 nd dorsal-fin base (bar tapering posteriorly, bending at center of caudal peduncle; Fig. 2A). Small poorly defined black blotch above anal-fin origin (absent; Fig. 2A). All fins white basally; posterior margins of vertical fins, except caudal fin, with small faint black spots (spots absent, 1 st dorsal-fin margin brownish yellow; Fig. 2A); upper half of pectoral fin widely (ca. 1/2 length of rays) margined with black; caudal-fin base with narrow black sickle-like bar; large, poorly defined black blotch (ca. 1/2 size of fin) on center of caudal fin. Color in alcohol. Head and body pale whitish-brown. All bars and blotches of fresh specimens retained as dark brown. Distribution. Currently known only from southern Japan and Luzon, the Philippines (Allen & Erdmann, 2012; this study). In Japanese waters, the species has been recorded from Hachijo Island (Izu Islands), Kashiwa Island (Shikoku), Kakeroma and Okinoerabu islands (Amami Islands), Okinawa, Ie, and Kume islands (Okinawa Islands), and Ishigaki and Yonaguni islands (Yaeyama Islands) in depths of 12–22 m (KPM-NR 36624, 43551, 54505, 57185, 84845; Hayashi & Shiratori, 2003, 2013; Suzuki et al., 2004, 2021; Yoshino, 2008, 2018; Koeda et al., 2016; Figs. 5, 6). Etymology. The specific name, falx, a Latin noun meaning “sickle,” refers to the characteristic narrow bar on the caudal-fin base of the new species. Comparisons. Although C. falx is most similar to C. plumatus and Callogobius sheni Chen, Chen & Fang, 2006 in coloration (e.g., bar patterns and pectoral-fin pigmentation), it differs from both in having 20–22 lateral scale rows (vs. 30–33 in C. plumatus and 27 or 28 in C. sheni), a narrow sickle-like bar on the caudal-fin base (vs. wide barrel- or diamond-like bar), and no cephalic sensory-canal pores (vs. pores present on anterior oculoscapular canal) (Smith, 1959; Chen et al., 2006; Figs. 1–4, 7, 8). Furthermore, the following conditions of the sensory-papillae rows on the head of C. falx also differ from the other two species: Row 3 is separated into two rows (one row in 14.4 mm paratype, possibly due to its small size) (vs. consistently a single row in C. plumatus and C. sheni) and Row 17 is not continuous with Row 18 (vs. middle of Row 17 continuous with anterior tip of Row 18 in C. sheni) (Chen et al., 2006: fig. 1; Figs. 3, 4, 8). To date, four species of Callogobius are known to lack cephalic sensory-canal pores (reviewed by Delventhal & Mooi, 2013): Callogobius clarki (Goren, 1978), Callogobius crassus McKinney & Lachner, 1984, Callogobius hastatus McKinney & Lachner, 1978a, and Callogobius winterbottomi Delventhal & Mooi, 2013 (Delventhal & Mooi, 2013; Allen et al., 2020; Akihito & Ikeda, 2021). Callogobius falx, the fifth known species to lack canal pores, clearly differs from the others in coloration and many morphological characters [e.g., body appearance (moderate depth, neither particularly slender nor deep), presence of pelvic frenum, caudal fin (moderate size, not pointed) and sensory-papillae rows (Rows 20 and 21 connected, forming a single transverse row)] (McKinney & Lachner, 1978a, 1984; Delventhal & Mooi, 2013; Delventhal et al., 2016; this study). Although Allen & Erdmann (2012) identified an underwater photograph taken at Luzon Island as Callogobius stellatus McKinney & Lachner, 1978b, that species was identified here as C. falx. Callogobius stellatus is readily distinguished from the new species by its very slender body and the presence of one or two relatively large oblong blotches anteriorly on the pectoral fin (McKinney & Lachner, 1978b: fig. 1; this study)., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji, Suzuki, Toshiyuki & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2021, Callogobius falx, a new species of goby from southern Japan, pp. 253-264 in Zootaxa 5048 (2) on pages 254-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5552041, {"references":["Suzuki, T., Shibukawa, K., Yano, K. & Senou, H. (2004) A Photograph Guide to the Gobioid Fishes of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo, 536 pp. [in Japanese]","Yoshino, Y. (2008) Sea Fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers Co Ltd, Tokyo, 544 pp. [in Japanese]","Yoshino, Y. (2018) Sea Fishes of Japan. Revised Edition. Yama-kei Publishers Co Ltd, Tokyo, 544 pp. [in Japanese]","Suzuki, T., Shibukawa, K., Yano, K. & Senou, H. (2021) A Photograph Guide to the Gobioid Fishes of Ja p an. Revised Edition. Heibonsha, Tokyo, 587 pp. [in Japanese]","McKinney, J. F. & Lachner, E. A. (1978 b) A new species of gobiid fish, Callogobius stellatus, from Flores Island, Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (3), 715 - 723.","Allen, G. R. & Erdmann, M. V. (2012) Reef Fishes of the East Indies. Vols. I - III. Tropical Reef Research, Perth, xiv + 1292 pp.","Hayashi, M. & Shiratori T. (2003) Gobies of Japanese Waters. Hankyu Communications Co Ltd, Tokyo, 244 pp. [in Japanese]","Hayashi, M. & Shiratori T. (2013) Gobies of Japanese Waters. Revised Edition. Hankyu Communications Co Ltd, Tokyo, 244 pp. [in Japanese]","Koeda, K., Hibino, Y., Yoshida, T., Kimura, Y., Miki, R., Kunishima, T., Sasaki, D., Furukawa, T., Sakurai, M., Eguchi, K., Suzuki, H., Inaba, T., Uejo, T., Tanaka, S., Fujisawa, M., Wada, H. & Uchiyama, T. (2016) Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Yonaguni-jima Island, the Westernmost Island in Japan. Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, v + 120 pp.","Delventhal, N. R. & Mooi, R. D. (2013) Callogobius winterbottomi, a new species of goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the western Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 3630 (1), 155 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3630.1.6","Chen, I. - S., Chen, J. - P. & Fang, L. - S. (2006) A new marine goby of genus Callogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Taiwan. Ichthyological Research, 53 (3), 228 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 006 - 0338 - 2","Smith, J. L. B. (1959) Gobioid fishes of the families Gobiidae, Periophthalmidae, Trypauchenidae, Taenioididae and Kraemeriidae of the western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, 13, 185 - 225, pls. 9 - 13.","Goren, M. (1978) A new gobiid genus and seven new species from Sinai coasts (Pisces: Gobiidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 59 (3 / 4), 191 - 203.","McKinney, J. F. & Lachner, E. A. (1984) Callogobius crassus, a new fish from the Indo-Pacific region (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (3), 627 - 631.","McKinney, J. F. & Lachner, E. A. (1978 a) Two new species of Callogobius from Indo-Pacific waters (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (1), 203 - 215.","Allen, G. R., Erdmann, M. V. & Brooks, W. M. (2020) Callogobius swifti, a new goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 35, 86 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 3963684","Akihito & Ikeda, Y. (2021) Descriptions of two new species of Callogobius (Gobiidae) found in Japan. Ichthyological Research. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 021 - 00817 - 2","Delventhal, N. R., Mooi, R. D., Bogorodsky, S. V. & Mal, A. O. (2016) A review of the Callogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Red Sea with the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4179 (2), 225 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4179.2.3"]}

Two specimens (17.1 and 29.1 mm standard length) of Flexor incus Conway, Stewart & Summers, 2018 (Gobiesocidae) were collected from New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island, Australia. The species and genus were originally described on the basis of 15 specimens from the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, where the genus has been considered endemic. The two specimens reported herein represent the first records of F. incus from New Caledonia and Australia.

Fujiwara, Kyoji, Motomura, Hiroyuki (2020): Revised Diagnosis of the Rare Clingfish Kopua nuimata (Gobiesocidae) with Notes on Fresh Coloration and First Australian Record. Species Diversity 25: 49-54, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.49

Kopua nuimata Hardy, 1984 [English name: Bigeye Clingfish] (Figs 1���4) Kopua nuimata Hardy, 1984: 246, figs 1���5 (original description; type locality: Rangatira Knoll, northwest of White Island, New Zealand); Paulin et al. 1989: 141 (in key; northern New Zealand); Hutchins 1991: 464, fig. 1b [sketches of head sensory canal pores; same as type locality: based on NMNZ P. 13110 (paratype)]; Shinohara and Katayama 2015: 436 (in key; northern New Zealand); Stewart 2015: 1551, fig. 218.8 (brief description; same as type locality: based on NMNZ P. 13110); Fujiwara et al. 2018: 449 (in key; northern New Zealand). Material examined. CSIRO H6007-17, 29.0 mm SL, Norfolk Ridge, south of Norfolk Island, New South Wales, Australia, 29��42���S, 168��01���E, 322 m, 14 May 2013. Diagnosis. A species of Kopua distinguished from other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: 10 or 11 dorsal-fin rays; 8���10 anal-fin rays; 23���25 pectoral-fin rays; 7 or 8 gill rakers on 2nd arch; 34���36 vertebrae; 2 pores in nasal, lacrimal, and preopercular canals; snout short, its length 7.5���10.4% SL; gill opening wide, its depth 7.5% SL, upper end of gill membrane level with 2nd to 4th pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view; anterior, poste- rior and least interorbital widths 7.9, 15.0, and 1.2% SL, respectively; disc large, its length 19.6���22.7% SL, disc region D with ca. 6 rows of papillae; caudal-peduncle depth 8.2���11.2% SL; anus slightly closer to posterior margin of disc than to anal-fin origin, disc and disc C to anus lengths 14.3 and 27.4% SL, respectively; dorsal and anal-fin origins located posteriorly on body, pre-dorsal- and anal-fin lengths 66.7���71.4 and 71.4���74.1% SL, respectively, disc and disc C to anal-fin origin 31.9 and 43.8% SL, respectively; post-dorsal-caudal length 14.4% SL; arch-shaped blotches on lateral aspect of body; and two reddish-orange stripes on cheek. Description of Australian specimen (CSIRO H6007- 17). Dorsal-fin rays 10; anal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 23; caudal-fin rays 6���5+5���6; gill rakers 7 on each arch; vertebrae 34. The following morphometrics are expressed as percentage of SL: head length 34.2; postorbital length 16.4; head depth 10.8; head width 19.8; body depth 12.1; body width 17.2; gill-opening depth 7.5; snout length 7.5; snout depth 6.9; upper-jaw length 11.9; orbit diameter 10.9; anterior in- terorbital width 7.9; posterior interorbital width 15.0; least interorbital width 1.2; disc length 22.4; caudal-peduncle length 10.1; caudal-peduncle depth 8.2; pre-disc length 20.7; pre-anus length 57.8; disc to anal-fin origin length 31.9; disc to anus length 14.3; disc C to anal-fin origin length 43.8; disc C to anus length 27.4; pre-dorsal-fin length 68.5; preanal-fin length 74.1; dorsal-caudal length 32.6; post-dorsalcaudal length 14.4; anal-caudal length 25.8; dorsal-fin base length 18.8; anal-fin base length 17.4; pectoral-fin length 16.8; and caudal-fin length 20.3. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle (Figs 1, 2). Head large, depressed anteriorly. Snout somewhat rounded in lateral view, triangular in dorsal view; dorsal profile of snout slightly concave. Anterior and posterior nostrils with long membranous tube. Posterior nostril located in front of anterodorsal margin of orbit; anterior nostril located between posterior nostril and nasal canal pore (NC1). Eye very large. Interorbital region very narrow, flattened, its width 10% of orbit diameter. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, posterior margin of former reaching to anterior margin of eye lens. Upper lip thickened. Single row of thin, broad incisiviform teeth in both jaws; tips of upper-jaw teeth slightly pointed; posterior part of upper symphysis with much smaller, villiform tooth patch; lower-jaw teeth somewhat larger than upper-jaw teeth, tips slightly curved posteriorly. First gill arch with one row of gill filaments, 2nd to 4th arches with 2 rows of gill filaments. Gill rakers very short, somewhat pointed. Each side of gill membrane united on underside of head, free from isthmus. Upper attachment of gill membrane level with 2nd pectoral-fin ray in lateral view. All soft-fin rays unbranched. Dorsal and anal fins well separated from caudal fin. Origin of anal fin located just below 3rd dorsal-fin ray. First dorsal- and anal-fin rays very short. Last dorsal- and anal-fin rays connected to caudal peduncle by membrane. Pectoral- and caudal-fin margins rounded. Uppermost pectoral-fin ray minute. Pelvic fins and pectoralgirdle elements forming circular ���double��� type disc. Disc region B squarish, larger than disc region A. Posterior margin of disc with long fringe. Lower 10th pectoral-fin ray base attached to 4th pelvic-fin ray by membrane. Disc with small papillae (in very poor condition, only disc region C with 1 or 2 rows of papillae). Head sensory canal pores well-developed, comprising 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal and 2 preopercular pores, and 1 postorbital pore (Fig. 3); mandibular canal pores absent. Nasal canal pore smaller than nostrils, NC1 and NC2 located slightly before anterior margin of anterior and posterior nostrils, re- spectively, in dorsal view; lacrimal canal pore same size as nasal canal pore, LC1 located in front of anterior margin of eye, LC2 located posteroventrally below LC1; 1 postocular canal pore (largest of all pores) located just behind posterior margin of orbit; PR2 and PR3 located on ventral surface and lateral to operculum, respectively; all pores with distinct membranous tube (Fig. 3). Coloration. Based on Fig. 2. Body ground color whitish to pale pink. ca. 9 reddish-orange irregular bands on lateral aspect of body (upper part of some bands disrupted), each band interconnected at mid-line of body and forming archshaped blotches (4th and 9th bands distinct and isolated); 1st to 3rd band located above pelvic disc, merging with ground color dorsally; 4th and 5th band located around anus, somewhat broad, connected with antimere dorsally; 6���8th band (7th and 8th rudimentary) located below dor- sal-fin base; posteriormost band located just anterior to caudal-fin base, slightly broadening ventrally. 4th and 9th band extended further ventrally than other bands; 9th band connected with antimere. Dorsal surface of anterior body with irregular faint yellowish bands and dots. Head ground color similar to body color. Snout with somewhat broad yellowish-orange stripe laterally, faint yellow ���V��� shaped tinge dorsally. Mouth faint yellowish-orange. Eye red, transitioning to brownish-green dorsally, a pale ring encircling black pupil. Two reddish-orange stripes from eye to cheek; upper stripe narrow, horizontally level with upper end of pupil, its tip close to 1st band; lower stripe directed diagonally downward, broad but narrowing to tip, extending to underside of head. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins reddish to translucent whitish. Center of caudal fin with faint red tinge, fin base with broad white band. Pectoral fin translucent white. Disc whitish to faint reddish. Preserved specimen uniformly yellowish-white (Fig. 1). Distribution. Currently recorded only from Norfolk Island, Australia (Fig. 4), and the Three Kings Islands and White Island, New Zealand (Hardy 1984). These localities are on the Zealandia Continent (Roberts et al. 2015). Remarks. The present specimen agrees closely with the original description of Kopua nuimata in having the following combination of characters: 10 dorsal-fin rays; 23 pectoral-fin rays; 6���5+5���6 caudal-fin rays; 7 gill rakers on each arch; very large eyes and narrow interorbital width, orbit diameter 10.9% SL and 0.1 in least interorbital width; ���double��� type disc, with disc region B squarish; 4 gill arches with filaments; and gill membrane on each side united on underside of head and free from isthmus (Hardy 1984). In addition, the head sensory canal pore characters of the present specimen matched those of K. nuimata provided by Hutchins (1991). However, the location of the gill mem- brane and counts of anal-fin rays and vertebrae of the present specimen differed slightly from those given by Hardy (1984) (viz., upper attachment of gill membrane same level as 2nd pectoral-fin ray, 10 anal-fin rays, and 34 vertebrae in the former vs. 4th ray, 8 or 9, and 35 or 36, respectively, in the latter). These minor differences were regarded as intraspecific variations in this study because similar variations exist in other species of Kopua (e.g., see Fujiwara et al. 2018). Although Hardy (1984) provided a detailed pattern of disc papillae (Hardy 1984: fig. 3), this character could not be examined completely here (only papillae on disc region C confirmed) because of the poor condition of the Norfolk Island specimen. To date, six nominal species of Kopua have been described, five being regarded as valid, viz. K. minima (D��derlein, 1887), K. nuimata, K. kuiteri Hutchins, 1991, K. vermiculata Shinohara and Katayama, 2015, and K. yoko Fujiwara, Okamoto, and Motomura, 2018 (Fujiwara et al. 2018; Fujiwara and Motomura 2019). Kopua nuimata can be easily distinguished from other congeners by the following features: 10 or 11 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 6���8 in the latter), 8���10 anal-fin rays (4���8), 23���25 pectoral-fin rays (21���23), 2 nasal canal pores (1; very rarely 2 in K. yoko [left side only in 1 of 14 specimens]), and papillae on disc region D. In other meristic characters, K. nuimata differs from K. minima, K. vermiculata, and K. yoko: 7 or 8 gill rakers on the 2nd arch (vs. 6 in K. vermiculata and 4���6 in K. yoko) and 34���36 vertebrae (31���33 in K. minima and K. yoko). Some morphometrics (see above) can also be used for identification purposes (Fujiwara et al. 2018). The head sensory canal pore condition of K. nuimata is the most developed in the genus (K. yoko being most similar) and distinctly different from K. minima, K. kuiteri, and K. vermiculata (but see above) in having 2 lacrimal and preopercular canal pores (vs. no lacrimal or preopercular canal pores). The fresh coloration of K. nuimata, detailed here for the first time, also provides very good field characters for species identification. Although the arch-shaped blotches on the lateral aspect of the body and two reddish-orange stripes on the cheek in Kopua nuimata are shared with K. minima and K. yoko, K. kuiteri and K. vermiculata differ significantly, both lacking arch-shaped blotches on the body, and having four or five reddish-orange stripes and a triangular reddish-orange blotch on the cheek, respectively. Kopua nuimata has previously been recorded only from northern New Zealand (Three Kings Islands and White Island; Hardy 1984). The present specimen, from south of Norfolk Island, represents the first record of K. nuimata from Australia as well as the northernmost record for the species (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2020, Revised Diagnosis of the Rare Clingfish Kopua nuimata (Gobiesocidae) with Notes on Fresh Coloration and First Australian Record, pp. 49-54 in Species Diversity 25 on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.49, http://zenodo.org/record/3751644, {"references":["Hardy, G. S. 1984. A new genus and species of deepwater clingfish (family Gobiesocidae) from New Zealand. Bulletin of Marine Science 34: 244 - 247.","Paulin, C. D., Stewart, A. L., Roberts, C. D., and McMillan, P. J. 1989. New Zealand fish a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 19: i-xiv + 1 - 279.","Hutchins, J. B. 1991. Description of a new deepwater clingfish (Gobiesocidae) from New South Wales. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15: 463 - 468.","Shinohara, G. and Katayama, E. 2015. A new species of the clingfish genus Kopua (Gobiesociformes: Gobiesocidae) from Japan. Ichthyological Research doi: 10.1007 / s 10228 - 015 - 0456 - 9 (31 January 2015), 62: 431 - 438 (November 2015).","Stewart, A. L. 2015. 218 Family Gobiesocidae. Pp. 1539 - 1555. In: Roberts, C. D., Stewart, A. L., and Struthers, C. D. (Eds) The Fishes of New Zealand. Volume Four. Systematic Accounts. Te Papa Press, Wellington.","Fujiwara, K., Okamoto, M., and Motomura, H. 2018. Review of the clingfish genus Kopua (Gobiesocidae: Trachelochisminae) in Japan, with description of a new species. Ichthyological Research doi: 10.1007 / s 10228 - 0180633 - 8 (22 May 2018), 65: 433 - 453 (6 November 2018).","Roberts, C. D., Stewart A. L., and Struthers, C. D. 2015. The Fishes of New Zealand. 4 Volumes. Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2008 pp.","Fujiwara, K. and Motomura, H. 2019. Kopua minima (Doderlein 1887), a senior synonym of K. japonica Moore, Hutchins and Okamoto 2012, and description of a new species of Aspasma (Gobiesocidae). Ichthyological Research doi: 10.1007 / s 10228 - 019 - 00701 - 0 (25 June 2019), 67: 50 - 67 (17 January 2020)."]}

Chlorophthalmus imperator sp. nov. New English name: Emperor Greeneye Figures 1–4, 6; Table 1 Holotype. KAUM–I. 120091 (formerly SNFR 21135), 130.0 mm SL, Daikakuji Seamount, Emperor Seamount Chain, central North Pacific, 32°13′47″N, 172°50′48″E– 32°15′39″N, 172°53′17″E, midwater trawl, 596–605 m, RV Kaiyou-maru, 6 Aug. 2015. Paratypes. 8 specimens, 98.1–174.8 mm SL, all from the Emperor Seamount Chain in the central North Pacific (formerly deposited at SNFR). KAUM–I. 120092, 147.7 mm SL, KAUM–I. 120093, 144.5 mm SL, Koukou Seamount, 35°39′00″N, 171°03′00″E– 35°38′42″N, 171°02′36″E, bottom trawl, 430 m, FV Hiroe-maru, 20 Sept. 2005; KAUM–I. 120094, 146.6 mm SL, Daikakuji Seamount, 32°12′00″N, 172°54′00″E– 32°17′00″N, 172°52′00″E, bottom trawl, 366 m, FV Tomi-maru, 8 Dec. 2008; KAUM–I. 120095, 122.1 mm SL, KAUM–I. 120096, 103.0 mm SL, KAUM–I. 120097, 98.1 mm SL, KAUM–I. 120098, 123.6 mm SL, Kammu Seamount, 32°01′28″N, 173°11′20″E– 32°00′02″N, 173°08′16″E, midwater trawl, 349–497 m, RV Kaiyou-maru, 4 Aug. 2015; KAUM–I. 120099, 174.8 mm SL, Kammu Seamount, 31 July 2015. Diagnosis. A relatively large species (standard length exceeding 170 mm: Fig. 1D) of Chlorophthalmus, characterized by the following combination of characters: 49–51 lateral-line scales; 6 scale rows above lateral line; 3 + 19–22 = 22–25 (modally 22) gill rakers; outermost tooth patches on lower jaw with 6–14 large thorn-shaped teeth, its tips projecting in advance of lower-jaw profile (Fig. 2); lower-jaw symphysis with two distinct moderately-sized projections (Fig. 2); tongue without teeth; pelvic-fin origin vertically below 4th or 5th (usually 5th) dorsal-fin ray base; head length 26.7–28.9 (mean 27.7) % SL; snout length 6.9–7.7 (7.3) % SL; horizontal orbit diameter 11.9–12.9 (12.3) % SL; upper-jaw length 11.7–13.2 (12.6) % SL; maxillary depth 3.1–3.8 (3.4) % SL; pre-dorsal-fin length 34.2–36.6 (35.3) % SL; pre-pectoral-fin length 27.3–29.8 (27.9) % SL; anus to anal-fin origin length 27.3–29.9 (28.5) % SL; pectoral-fin length 21.0–24.9 (22.7) % SL. Description. Data for the holotype are presented first, followed by data for paratypes in parentheses (if different). Characters included in the diagnosis are not repeated here. Counts and measurements (percentages of SL) are given in Table 1. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle; maximum depth at dorsal-fin origin. Snout pointed in lateral view, semicircular in dorsal view, its profile straight (weakly concave). Dorsal surface of snout tip with two small bluntly pointed spines. Anterior and posterior nostrils slit-like and more-or-less triangular (circular), respectively, latter much larger; closely positioned just forward eye, slightly below horizontal level of snout tip. Eye very large with diameter greater than snout length, upper profile included in head profile in lateral view. Interorbital region slightly concave in midline; least interorbital very narrow, width less than pelvic-fin base length. Preopercle rounded. Upper portion of opercle bluntly pointed, lower portion rounded. Anus very close to pelvic-fin base, hidden by pelvic fin when depressed. Perianal light organ present. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw long, posterior end of maxillary somewhat rounded, reaching to between vertical through anterior margin and center of eye; with ca. 1 to 3 rows of villiform teeth, tooth band and size, respectively, becoming wider and smaller posteriorly. Anterior tip of lower jaw extending beyond that of upper jaw, with two tooth patches including ca. 4 (5) irregular rows of thoron shaped teeth, its size becoming large anteriorly, its tips strongly curved posteriorly (4 of 9 specimens variously damaged, but teeth fragments confirmed: Fig. 2F); posteriorly 1 or 2 rows more-or-less of relatively large (larger than upper-jaw teeth), slightly recurved pointed villiform teeth; jaw symphyses without villiform teeth. Vomer with 1 (1–4) teeth on anterior margin, thereafter margin (sides of vomer) with 6–17 (usually 6 or 8) sharp, moderately-sized teeth (some lost in holotype). Anterior half of palatine with minute pointed teeth in ca. 2–4 rows, tapering to single row posteriorly. Two pores just behind projections of lower-jaw symphysis. Gill rakers long, with pointed tips. Dorsal fin triangular, positioned anteriorly, its origin anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; 3rd (rarely 2nd) dorsal-fin ray longest; 1st and 2nd dorsal-fin rays unbranched, other rays with 2 or 3 branches. Pectoral fin base low, just behind pointed portion of opercle; uppermost pectoral-fin ray unbranched; tip of fin pointed, extending to between vertical through last dorsal-fin ray base and tip of depressed pelvic fin. Pelvic fin short, its tip pointed; 2nd and 3rd rays longest. Anal fin short, its base shorter than longest anal-fin ray length; 4th (3th) ray longest; 1st to 3rd (4th) rays unbranched, other rays with 2 or 3 branches. Adipose fin small, slightly behind vertical through anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, tips pointed. Body covered with deciduous cycloid scales, scale pockets distinct; scale margins weakly serrated. Anterior extent of pre-dorsal scales slightly forward of posterior margin of eyes. Head without scales, except for cheek; scales on isthmus and thorax smaller. Scales absent on all fins. Fresh coloration (Fig. 3): Body generally faint gray. Anterodorsal surface (between posterior margins of orbit and dorsal-fin base) black. Dorsal surface (upper lateral line) with black diagonal lines along scale margins. Tip of snout black. Branchial cavity and opercular margin black. Cheek and thorax with many black melanophores. Dorsal fin blackish-gray, anteriormost 3–4 rays somewhat darker. Anal and adipose fins translucent to light gray, bases black. Pectoral fin translucent to light gray, upper half part slightly darker pigmentation. Pelvic fin generally translucent to light gray, inner 4–5 rays black, fin tip blackish. Caudal fin gray, fin base black. Preserved coloration: Similar to fresh coloration but body generally light yellow to brown. Oral cavity and tongue yellowish [upper and posterior surface of oral cavity with black pigmentation in largest specimen (174.8 mm SL)]. Anal region and light organ black. Distribution. Currently known only from the Emperor Seamount Chain in the central North Pacific (Fig. 4). The specimens were collected in depths of 349– 605 m. Etymology. The species name imperator, derived from Latin, means emperor in reference to the type locality of the species (Emperor Seamount Chain). Remarks. The number and size of thorn-shaped teeth in the outermost tooth patches on the lower jaw probably tend to increase in number and become relatively smaller with growth (Fig. 2). Similar changes have also been noted in C. proridens (Fig. 5 A–E). However, additional specimens are required to understand such ontogenetic changes in detail. Humphreys et al. (1984) recorded C. albatrossis Jordan & Starks 1904 from Kammu Seamount, the Emperor Seamount Chain. That record may have in fact been based on the new species, since the main distributional range of C. albatrossis is in the western Pacific Ocean (Paxton 2000; Nakabo & Kai 2013), but must remain equivocal due to the lack of further details. Comparisons. Chlorophthalmus imperator sp. nov. is very similar to C. proridens (in the Hawaiian Islands), C. ichthyandri (in the southeastern Pacific Ocean) and C. mascarensis (in the central western Indian Ocean) in having large thorn-shaped teeth in the outermost tooth patches on the lower jaw (Figs. 2, 5 A–E). However, C. imperator differs from the latter three species as follows: head length 26.7–28.9 (mean 27.7) % SL [vs. 30.8–32.2 (31.5) % SL in C. proridens, 29.8–32.7% SL in C. ichthyandri and 30.3–33.9% SL in C. mascarensis]; pre-dorsalfin length 34.2–36.6 (35.3) % SL [vs. 36.3–37.9 (37.3) % SL, 35.9–39.1% SL and 37.6–41.7% SL]; and prepectoral-fin length 27.3–29.8 (27.9) % SL [vs. 30.0–32.0 (31.4) % SL, 28.7–31.1% SL and 31.5–33.1% SL] (Fig. 6A, F). Although the new species most closely resembles C. proridens (Fig. 7), it also differs in having slightly smaller eyes with a horizontal diameter of 11.9–12.9 (12.3) % SL vs. 13.1–14.7 (14.1), a shorter snout, its length 6.9–7.7 (7.3) % SL vs. 8.0–8.8 (8.3), a shorter upper jaw with a length of 11.7–13.2 (12.6) % SL vs. 14.1–15.0 (14.5) and a narrower maxilla having a depth of 3.1–3.8 (3.4) % SL vs. 3.8–4.9 (4.2) (Fig. 6 B–E). The new species is also of distinct from C. ichthyandri and C. mascarensis in having a greater anus to anal-fin origin length of 27.3– 29.9 (28.5) % SL vs. 23.2–28.2% SL in C. ichthyandri and 21.7–24.9% SL in C. mascarensis and lacking teeth on the tongue. Moreover, compared with C. mascarensis, the new species has a shorter pectoral fin with a length of 21.0–24.9 (22.7) % SL vs. 25.7–29.0% SL, a shorter snout with a length of 1.6–1.8 times in its horizontal orbit diameter vs. 1.1–1.2 times, a more anteriorly positioned pelvic-fin origin located vertically below the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin ray base vs. below the 7th or 8th ray and fewer lateral-line scales, 49–51 vs. 53–55. The maximum recorded length of the new species (174.8 mm SL) also exceeds that of C. ichthyandri recorded to 122 mm SL. The outermost lower-jaw tooth patches in C. imperator extend beyond the lower-jaw profile, as they also do in C. albatrossis, C. borealis, C. punctatus and C. pectoralis. Counts of lateral-line scales and/or scale rows above the lateral line differ between the new species and the above four species [viz., 49–51 lateral-line scales and 6 scale rows above lateral line in C. imperator vs. 52–56 (given in error as 53– 16 in original description) and 7.5–8.5 in C. albatrossis, 56 and unknown in C. punctatus, 51–52 and 7.5 in C. pectoralis and 50–56 (modally 54) and unknown in C. borealis]. Compared with C. albatrossis, C. pectoralis and C. borealis, the new species has larger thornshaped teeth in the outermost lower-jaw tooth patches vs. relatively small teeth (Figs. 2, 4H, I) and a slightly higher gill raker count: 3 + 19–22 = 22–25 (22) vs. 3 + 18–19 = 21–22 in C. albatrossis, 2–3 + 18–19 = 20–22 in C. pectoralis and total 17–22 (19) in C. borealis. The new species also has larger eyes than C. borealis, the horizontal orbit diameter 11.9–12.9 (12.3) % SL vs. 8.7–10.4 (9.6) % SL. Projections of the lower-jaw symphysis also distinguish C. imperator, which has two distinct moderately-sized projections from C. corniger with two very large spine-like projections, C. albatrossis without projections (Fig. 5H, I) and C. pectoralis, which has three distinct, moderately-sized projections. Counts Range Mode Dorsal-fin rays 11 10–11 11 Anal-fin rays 8 9 9 Pectoral-fin rays 15 15–16 15 Pelvic-fin rays 9 9 9 Gill rakers 3 + 20 3 + 19–22 3 + 19 Lateral-line scales 50 49–51a 49–51 Scale rows above lateral line 6 6a 6 Scale rows below lateral line 5 5–6a 5 Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 18 18–19 19 Pre-adipose scales 19 18–19 19 Pre-dorsal scale 13 12–14b 13 Pre-pelvic scale 22 23–25b 22 ......continued on the next page a 4 specimens counted on right side; b based on 7 specimens. Chlorophthalmus productus differs from the new species in lacking enlarge teeth on the periphery of the dentary (M. Gomon, personal communication) and in having 58 lateral-line scales and 2 + 15 gill rakers. The remaining nine species C. agassizi, C. chalybeius, C. mento, C acutifrons, C. atlanticus, C. nigromarginatus, C. brasiliensis, C. zvezdae and C. vityazi all have a smooth lower-jaw profile without tips of lower-jaw teeth extending in advance of the lower-jaw profile (Fig. 5F, G).

Chlorophthalmus imperator sp. nov. New English name: Emperor Greeneye Figures 1���4, 6; Table 1 Holotype. KAUM���I. 120091 (formerly SNFR 21135), 130.0 mm SL, Daikakuji Seamount, Emperor Seamount Chain, central North Pacific, 32��13���47���N, 172��50���48���E��� 32��15���39���N, 172��53���17���E, midwater trawl, 596���605 m, RV Kaiyou-maru, 6 Aug. 2015. Paratypes. 8 specimens, 98.1���174.8 mm SL, all from the Emperor Seamount Chain in the central North Pacific (formerly deposited at SNFR). KAUM���I. 120092, 147.7 mm SL, KAUM���I. 120093, 144.5 mm SL, Koukou Seamount, 35��39���00���N, 171��03���00���E��� 35��38���42���N, 171��02���36���E, bottom trawl, 430 m, FV Hiroe-maru, 20 Sept. 2005; KAUM���I. 120094, 146.6 mm SL, Daikakuji Seamount, 32��12���00���N, 172��54���00���E��� 32��17���00���N, 172��52���00���E, bottom trawl, 366 m, FV Tomi-maru, 8 Dec. 2008; KAUM���I. 120095, 122.1 mm SL, KAUM���I. 120096, 103.0 mm SL, KAUM���I. 120097, 98.1 mm SL, KAUM���I. 120098, 123.6 mm SL, Kammu Seamount, 32��01���28���N, 173��11���20���E��� 32��00���02���N, 173��08���16���E, midwater trawl, 349���497 m, RV Kaiyou-maru, 4 Aug. 2015; KAUM���I. 120099, 174.8 mm SL, Kammu Seamount, 31 July 2015. Diagnosis. A relatively large species (standard length exceeding 170 mm: Fig. 1D) of Chlorophthalmus, characterized by the following combination of characters: 49���51 lateral-line scales; 6 scale rows above lateral line; 3 + 19���22 = 22���25 (modally 22) gill rakers; outermost tooth patches on lower jaw with 6���14 large thorn-shaped teeth, its tips projecting in advance of lower-jaw profile (Fig. 2); lower-jaw symphysis with two distinct moderately-sized projections (Fig. 2); tongue without teeth; pelvic-fin origin vertically below 4th or 5th (usually 5th) dorsal-fin ray base; head length 26.7���28.9 (mean 27.7) % SL; snout length 6.9���7.7 (7.3) % SL; horizontal orbit diameter 11.9���12.9 (12.3) % SL; upper-jaw length 11.7���13.2 (12.6) % SL; maxillary depth 3.1���3.8 (3.4) % SL; pre-dorsal-fin length 34.2���36.6 (35.3) % SL; pre-pectoral-fin length 27.3���29.8 (27.9) % SL; anus to anal-fin origin length 27.3���29.9 (28.5) % SL; pectoral-fin length 21.0���24.9 (22.7) % SL. Description. Data for the holotype are presented first, followed by data for paratypes in parentheses (if different). Characters included in the diagnosis are not repeated here. Counts and measurements (percentages of SL) are given in Table 1. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle; maximum depth at dorsal-fin origin. Snout pointed in lateral view, semicircular in dorsal view, its profile straight (weakly concave). Dorsal surface of snout tip with two small bluntly pointed spines. Anterior and posterior nostrils slit-like and more-or-less triangular (circular), respectively, latter much larger; closely positioned just forward eye, slightly below horizontal level of snout tip. Eye very large with diameter greater than snout length, upper profile included in head profile in lateral view. Interorbital region slightly concave in midline; least interorbital very narrow, width less than pelvic-fin base length. Preopercle rounded. Upper portion of opercle bluntly pointed, lower portion rounded. Anus very close to pelvic-fin base, hidden by pelvic fin when depressed. Perianal light organ present. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw long, posterior end of maxillary somewhat rounded, reaching to between vertical through anterior margin and center of eye; with ca. 1 to 3 rows of villiform teeth, tooth band and size, respectively, becoming wider and smaller posteriorly. Anterior tip of lower jaw extending beyond that of upper jaw, with two tooth patches including ca. 4 (5) irregular rows of thoron shaped teeth, its size becoming large anteriorly, its tips strongly curved posteriorly (4 of 9 specimens variously damaged, but teeth fragments confirmed: Fig. 2F); posteriorly 1 or 2 rows more-or-less of relatively large (larger than upper-jaw teeth), slightly recurved pointed villiform teeth; jaw symphyses without villiform teeth. Vomer with 1 (1���4) teeth on anterior margin, thereafter margin (sides of vomer) with 6���17 (usually 6 or 8) sharp, moderately-sized teeth (some lost in holotype). Anterior half of palatine with minute pointed teeth in ca. 2���4 rows, tapering to single row posteriorly. Two pores just behind projections of lower-jaw symphysis. Gill rakers long, with pointed tips. Dorsal fin triangular, positioned anteriorly, its origin anterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; 3rd (rarely 2nd) dorsal-fin ray longest; 1st and 2nd dorsal-fin rays unbranched, other rays with 2 or 3 branches. Pectoral fin base low, just behind pointed portion of opercle; uppermost pectoral-fin ray unbranched; tip of fin pointed, extending to between vertical through last dorsal-fin ray base and tip of depressed pelvic fin. Pelvic fin short, its tip pointed; 2nd and 3rd rays longest. Anal fin short, its base shorter than longest anal-fin ray length; 4th (3th) ray longest; 1st to 3rd (4th) rays unbranched, other rays with 2 or 3 branches. Adipose fin small, slightly behind vertical through anal-fin origin. Caudal fin forked, tips pointed. Body covered with deciduous cycloid scales, scale pockets distinct; scale margins weakly serrated. Anterior extent of pre-dorsal scales slightly forward of posterior margin of eyes. Head without scales, except for cheek; scales on isthmus and thorax smaller. Scales absent on all fins. Fresh coloration (Fig. 3): Body generally faint gray. Anterodorsal surface (between posterior margins of orbit and dorsal-fin base) black. Dorsal surface (upper lateral line) with black diagonal lines along scale margins. Tip of snout black. Branchial cavity and opercular margin black. Cheek and thorax with many black melanophores. Dorsal fin blackish-gray, anteriormost 3���4 rays somewhat darker. Anal and adipose fins translucent to light gray, bases black. Pectoral fin translucent to light gray, upper half part slightly darker pigmentation. Pelvic fin generally translucent to light gray, inner 4���5 rays black, fin tip blackish. Caudal fin gray, fin base black. Preserved coloration: Similar to fresh coloration but body generally light yellow to brown. Oral cavity and tongue yellowish [upper and posterior surface of oral cavity with black pigmentation in largest specimen (174.8 mm SL)]. Anal region and light organ black. Distribution. Currently known only from the Emperor Seamount Chain in the central North Pacific (Fig. 4). The specimens were collected in depths of 349��� 605 m. Etymology. The species name imperator, derived from Latin, means emperor in reference to the type locality of the species (Emperor Seamount Chain). Remarks. The number and size of thorn-shaped teeth in the outermost tooth patches on the lower jaw probably tend to increase in number and become relatively smaller with growth (Fig. 2). Similar changes have also been noted in C. proridens (Fig. 5 A���E). However, additional specimens are required to understand such ontogenetic changes in detail. Humphreys et al. (1984) recorded C. albatrossis Jordan & Starks 1904 from Kammu Seamount, the Emperor Seamount Chain. That record may have in fact been based on the new species, since the main distributional range of C. albatrossis is in the western Pacific Ocean (Paxton 2000; Nakabo & Kai 2013), but must remain equivocal due to the lack of further details. Comparisons. Chlorophthalmus imperator sp. nov. is very similar to C. proridens (in the Hawaiian Islands), C. ichthyandri (in the southeastern Pacific Ocean) and C. mascarensis (in the central western Indian Ocean) in having large thorn-shaped teeth in the outermost tooth patches on the lower jaw (Figs. 2, 5 A���E). However, C. imperator differs from the latter three species as follows: head length 26.7���28.9 (mean 27.7) % SL [vs. 30.8���32.2 (31.5) % SL in C. proridens, 29.8���32.7% SL in C. ichthyandri and 30.3���33.9% SL in C. mascarensis]; pre-dorsalfin length 34.2���36.6 (35.3) % SL [vs. 36.3���37.9 (37.3) % SL, 35.9���39.1% SL and 37.6���41.7% SL]; and prepectoral-fin length 27.3���29.8 (27.9) % SL [vs. 30.0���32.0 (31.4) % SL, 28.7���31.1% SL and 31.5���33.1% SL] (Fig. 6A, F). Although the new species most closely resembles C. proridens (Fig. 7), it also differs in having slightly smaller eyes with a horizontal diameter of 11.9���12.9 (12.3) % SL vs. 13.1���14.7 (14.1), a shorter snout, its length 6.9���7.7 (7.3) % SL vs. 8.0���8.8 (8.3), a shorter upper jaw with a length of 11.7���13.2 (12.6) % SL vs. 14.1���15.0 (14.5) and a narrower maxilla having a depth of 3.1���3.8 (3.4) % SL vs. 3.8���4.9 (4.2) (Fig. 6 B���E). The new species is also of distinct from C. ichthyandri and C. mascarensis in having a greater anus to anal-fin origin length of 27.3��� 29.9 (28.5) % SL vs. 23.2���28.2% SL in C. ichthyandri and 21.7���24.9% SL in C. mascarensis and lacking teeth on the tongue. Moreover, compared with C. mascarensis, the new species has a shorter pectoral fin with a length of 21.0���24.9 (22.7) % SL vs. 25.7���29.0% SL, a shorter snout with a length of 1.6���1.8 times in its horizontal orbit diameter vs. 1.1���1.2 times, a more anteriorly positioned pelvic-fin origin located vertically below the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin ray base vs. below the 7th or 8th ray and fewer lateral-line scales, 49���51 vs. 53���55. The maximum recorded length of the new species (174.8 mm SL) also exceeds that of C. ichthyandri recorded to 122 mm SL. The outermost lower-jaw tooth patches in C. imperator extend beyond the lower-jaw profile, as they also do in C. albatrossis, C. borealis, C. punctatus and C. pectoralis. Counts of lateral-line scales and/or scale rows above the lateral line differ between the new species and the above four species [viz., 49���51 lateral-line scales and 6 scale rows above lateral line in C. imperator vs. 52���56 (given in error as 53��� 16 in original description) and 7.5���8.5 in C. albatrossis, 56 and unknown in C. punctatus, 51���52 and 7.5 in C. pectoralis and 50���56 (modally 54) and unknown in C. borealis]. Compared with C. albatrossis, C. pectoralis and C. borealis, the new species has larger thornshaped teeth in the outermost lower-jaw tooth patches vs. relatively small teeth (Figs. 2, 4H, I) and a slightly higher gill raker count: 3 + 19���22 = 22���25 (22) vs. 3 + 18���19 = 21���22 in C. albatrossis, 2���3 + 18���19 = 20���22 in C. pectoralis and total 17���22 (19) in C. borealis. The new species also has larger eyes than C. borealis, the horizontal orbit diameter 11.9���12.9 (12.3) % SL vs. 8.7���10.4 (9.6) % SL. Projections of the lower-jaw symphysis also distinguish C. imperator, which has two distinct moderately-sized projections from C. corniger with two very large spine-like projections, C. albatrossis without projections (Fig. 5H, I) and C. pectoralis, which has three distinct, moderately-sized projections. Counts Range Mode Dorsal-fin rays 11 10���11 11 Anal-fin rays 8 9 9 Pectoral-fin rays 15 15���16 15 Pelvic-fin rays 9 9 9 Gill rakers 3 + 20 3 + 19���22 3 + 19 Lateral-line scales 50 49���51a 49���51 Scale rows above lateral line 6 6a 6 Scale rows below lateral line 5 5���6a 5 Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 18 18���19 19 Pre-adipose scales 19 18���19 19 Pre-dorsal scale 13 12���14b 13 Pre-pelvic scale 22 23���25b 22 ......continued on the next page a 4 specimens counted on right side; b based on 7 specimens. Chlorophthalmus productus differs from the new species in lacking enlarge teeth on the periphery of the dentary (M. Gomon, personal communication) and in having 58 lateral-line scales and 2 + 15 gill rakers. The remaining nine species C. agassizi, C. chalybeius, C. mento, C acutifrons, C. atlanticus, C. nigromarginatus, C. brasiliensis, C. zvezdae and C. vityazi all have a smooth lower-jaw profile without tips of lower-jaw teeth extending in advance of the lower-jaw profile (Fig. 5F, G)., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji, Wada, Hidetoshi & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2019, A new species of the greeneye genus Chlorophthalmus (Teleostei: Chlorophthalmidae) from the central North Pacific, pp. 396-406 in Zootaxa 4555 (3) on pages 397-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2624530, {"references":["Humphreys, R. L., Tagami, D. T. & Seki, M. P. (1984) Seamount fishery resources within the southern Emperor-northern Hawaiian Ridge area. In: Grigg, R. W. & Tanoue, K. Y. (Eds), Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Resource Investigations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Lolume 1. University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Honolulu, pp. 283 - 327.","Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. (1904) List of fishes dredged by the steamer Albatross off the coast of Japan in the summer of 1900, with descriptions of new species and a review of the Japanese Macrouridae. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 22 (1902), 577 - 630, pls. 1 - 8.","Paxton, J. R. (2000) Chlorophthalmidae. In: Randall, J. E. & Lim, K. K. P. (Eds), A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. The Ruffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement, 8, pp. 591.","Nakabo, T. & Kai, Y. (2013) Chlorophthalmidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. 3 rd edition. Tokai University Press, Hadano, pp. 429 - 430, 1853."]}

Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) [New English name: Northern Bridled Clingfish; standard Japanese name: Misaki-ubauo] Figures 3C, D, 4 D–F, 6B, 7, 9–14, 15A–H, 16, 17; Tables 1–2 Aspasma misakia Tanaka 1908: 22 (type locality: Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan); Snyder 1912a: 447 (Tanega-shima island, Kagoshima and Kanagawa, Japan); Snyder 1912b: 517, pl. 69, fig. 3 (Okinawa, Japan: based on 12 specimens); Jordan et al. 1913: 378 (southern Japan); Schmidt 1930: 133 (Okinawa, Japan); Okada 1938: 249 (southern Japan); Okada & Matsubara 1938: 378, pl. 89, fig. 3 [southern Japan: photograph from Snyder (1912b)]; Matsubara et al. 1949: 320, fig. 924 (southern Japan); Tanaka 1951: 58, pl. 15, fig. 50 (Kanagawa, Japan); Matsubara 1955: 1216 (southern Japan); Matsubara 1979: 1216 (southern Japan). Lepadichthys frenatus (not of Waite): Briggs 1955: 139 [in part; Chiba, Japan (based on 7 specimens, SU 47726–7), Kanagawa, Japan (based on 11 specimens, UMMZ 162003–4, SU 22569, 47681), Shimane, Japan (based on 2 specimens, UMMZ 162005, 162008), Okinawa, Japan (based on USNM 162005)]; Shiogaki & Dotsu 1971: 86, fig. 1 (Nagasaki, Japan); Arai & Ida 1975: 197 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, NSMT-P 58109, 58118, 58121)]; Masuda et al. 1975: 348, pl. 150E (southern Japan); Yoshino 1984: 327, pl. 306H [southern Japan: photograph from Masuda et al. (1975)]; Hayashi & Hayashi 1985: 56 [in part; Shizuoka, Japan (based on YCM-P 12762), Miyake-jima island, Izu Islands, Japan (based on 2 specimens, TMBS 730728–1, 730923–1), Ehime, Japan (based on YCM-P 15103), Okinawa, Japan (based on 23 specimens, URM-P 9230–9240)]; Hayashi 1993: 410, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Masuda & Kobayashi 1994: 57, fig. 3 (Izu Peninsula, Japan); Lindberg et al. 1997: 196, fig. 129 [Sea of Japan: photograph from Snyder (1912b)]; Okamura 1997: 572, unnumbered figs. (Izu-oshima island, Izu Islands, Japan); Hayashi 2000: 1123, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Hutchins 2000: 598 (South China Sea); Shinohara et al. 2000: 181 [Tokushima, Japan (based on 11 specimens, NSMT-P 59457, 59469, 59474, 59495, TKPM-P 7979, 9205)]; Hayashi 2002: 1123, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, Japan); Motomura et al. 2010: 200, fig. 472 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 17 specimens, BSKU 96653, 96654, FRLM 34741, KAUM–I. 11163, 11266, 11330, 11621, 20276, 21757, 21758, 21832, MUFS 25605–25607, NSMT-P 91670, 91671, 95455, plus those listed in Arai & Ida 1975)]; Takagi et al. 2010: 121, unnumbered figs. (Ehime, Japan); Wang 2011: 132, pl. 132, figs. 434-1a, b (Taiwan); Hayashi & Hagiwara 2013: 1328, unnumbered fig. (southern Japan); Haraguchi 2014: 485, unnumbered fig. [Yoron-jima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 40010)]; Kato 2014: 295, unnumbered fig. (Izu Peninsula, Japan); Murase 2015: 5, fig. 8C [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, KPM-NI 29643, 29682, 29695)]; Iwatsubo et al. 2016: 57, unnumbered fig. [Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 56686)]; Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 115 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 5 specimens, KAUM–I. 38398, 38399, 41853, NSMT-P 104199, 104208, plus those listed in Arai & Ida 1975, Motomura et al. 2010 (except for KAUM–I. 11266) and Murase 2015)]; Conway et al. 2017b: 142, fig. 1 [Japan (based on JFBM 46744 and KPM-NR 26999)]; Kimura et al. 2017: 155, fig. 7 [Kuchino-shima island, Kagoshima Japan (based on KPM-NI 41432)]; Fujiwara 2018: 324, unnumbered figs. [Amami Islands, Kagoshima, Japan (based on 3 specimens, KAUM–I. 79067, 40010, 62636)]. Lepadichthys coccinotaenia (not of Regan): Motomura & Aizawa 2011: 456 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on KAUM–I. 11266)]; Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 115 [Yaku-shima island, Kagoshima, Japan (based on specimen listed in Motomura & Aizawa 2011)]. Holotype. ZUMT 1981, 51.9 mm SL, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa Pref., Japan, S. Tanaka, May 1908. Non-type specimens. 82 specimens, 14.6–57.7 mm SL. JAPAN: Boso Peninsula: CMNH-ZF 4486, 14.8 mm SL, Hasama Fish Port, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′30″N, 139°47′00″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 13 Nov. 2002; CMNH-ZF 7630, 37.8 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′22″N, 140°07′17″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 5 Mar. 2004; CMNH-ZF 11378, 44.6 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 11379, 43.3 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 11380, 39.2 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′20″N, 140°07′15″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 July 2004; CMNH- ZF 11393, 41.3 mm SL, Ubara-jima island, Ubara, Katsuura, Chiba Pref., 35°07′28″N, 140°16′58″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 27 July 2004; CMNH-ZF 12053, 23.8 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Fujimi, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°59′17″N, 139°49′46″E, hand net, M. Aizawa & Y. Ikeda, 16 Nov. 2004; CMNH-ZF 12091, 40.1 mm SL, Igaijima island, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′18″N, 140°07′13″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 9 Dec. 2004; CMNH-ZF 12210, 45.8 mm SL, Ubara, Katsuura, Chiba Pref., 35°07′00″N, 140°16′58″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 3 Mar. 2005; CMNH-ZF 12229, 53.8 mm SL, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′44″N, 139°46′54″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 9 Mar. 2005; CMNH-ZF 12460, 30.8 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 12461, 48.2 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′16″N, 140°07′11″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 Apr. 2005; CMNH-ZF 13409, 50.0 mm SL, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′22″N, 140°07′17″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 11 Aug. 2005; CMNH-ZF 14331, 48.8 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Fujimi, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°59′17″N, 139°49′46″E, hand net, M. Aizawa & Y. Ikeda, 22 Nov. 2005; CMNH-ZF 15273, 57.7 mm SL, Igai-jima island, Isomura, Kamogawa, Chiba Pref., 35°05′18″N, 140°07′13″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 21 June 2006; CMNH-ZF 15722, 36.8 mm SL, Hasama, Tateyama, Chiba Pref., 34°58′42″N, 139°47′33″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 28 July 2006. Suruga Bay: CMNH-ZF 30, 39.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 31, 44.9 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 32, 53.3 mm SL, Matsuzaki, Kamo, Shizuoka Pref., 35°43′45″N, 138°44′30″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 23 Dec. 1994; CMNH-ZF 16026, 53.7 mm SL, Shishihama, Numazu, Shizuoka Pref., 34°58′42″N, 139°47′33″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 28 July 2006; NSMT-P 62108, 51.3 mm SL, Ryugu-jima island, Shimoda, Shizuoka Pref., hand net, 3–5 m, S. Takahashi, 21 Dec. 2001. Izu Islands: NSMT-P 30823, 43.6 mm SL, Awabe, Miyake-jima island, 34°02′42″N, 139°29′48″E, 23 Sept. 1973; NSMT-P 30824, 38.2 mm SL, Kamakata, Miyake-jima island, 34°03′36″N, 139°33′42″E, 28 July 1973. Shikoku: BSKU 51019, 36.1 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 26 June 2006; BSKU 51020, 48.2 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 28 July 2006; BSKU 54985, 47.7 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 11 Sept. 2006; BSKU 65523, 35.7 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 4 Apr. 1996; BSKU 72044, 26.1 mm SL, Shiranohana, Tosa, Kochi Pref., 20 Oct. 2006; BSKU 95784, 20.8 mm SL, Moshima Port, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 22 July 2008; BSKU 100025, 41.4 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., hand net, 23 Sept. 2009; BSKU 100141, 48.6 mm SL, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 25 Sept. 2009; BSKU 103919, 21.0 mm SL, BSKU 103920, 16.5 mm SL, Kuboura, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 21 July 2010; BSKU 108061, 23.3 mm SL, Moshima Port, Okinoshima island, Kochi Pref., hand net, 6 m, 23 July 2012; BSKU 109521, 15.6 mm SL, Kuboura, Okino-shima island, Kochi Pref., 23 July 2008; NSMT-P 59474, 51.0 mm SL, I-shima island, Anan, Tokushima Pref., 33°51′00″N, 134°48′36″E, hand net, 6 m, K. Matsuura & G. Shinohara, 29 Oct. 1999; NSMT-P 97274, 37.0 mm SL, Mugioshima island, Kaifu, Tokushima Pref., beach seine, 7 m, K. Matsuura & M. Aizawa, 28 Oct. 1994. Kyushu: CMNH-ZF 12753, 25.3 mm SL, Tatunokuchi, Kouyagi, Nagasaki Pref., hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 13 May 2005; KAUM–I. 8806, 49.3 mm SL, Nagasakibana, Ichiki-kushikino, Kagoshima Pref., 31°42′24″N, 130°15′44″E, hand net, 0.1–0.5 m, H. Iwatsubo & G. Ogihara, 20 Mar. 2008; KAUM–I. 39316, 42.2 mm SL, Kushi, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima Pref., 31°17′22″N, 130°12′45″E, hand net, 1 m, H. Iwatsubo, 2 July 2011; KAUM–I. 56686, 41.5 mm SL, off Bandokorobana National Park, Minami-kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., 31°14′N, 130°25′E, hand net, 2 m, H. Iwatsubo, 22 Sept. 2013; KAUM–I. 200596, 45.6 mm SL, Maruki Beach, Kushi, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima Pref., 31°17′05″N, 130°12′36″E, hand net, 0.1 m, H. Iwatsubo, 14 Apr. 2017. Osumi Islands: BSKU 96653, 40.9 mm SL, Isso, Yaku-shima island, hand net, 31 Oct. 2008; CMNH-ZF 10455, 14.7 mm SL, Motoura, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′02″N, 130°29′57″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 8 May 2004; CMNH-ZF 15415, 2, 20.1 – 21.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 15660, 17.6 mm SL, Isso, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′26″N, 130°29′45″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 12 July 2006; KAUM–I. 11163, 28.5 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°15′57″N, 130°24′52″E, hand net, 3 m, KAUM Fish Team, 10 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11266, 49.1 mm SL, Yudomari Port, Yaku-shima island, 30°13′58″N, 130°28′19″E, hand net, 3 m, KAUM Fish Team, 11 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11330, 24.6 mm SL, Tashiro Beach, Funayuki, Yaku-shima island, 30°21′02″N, 130°39′58″E, hand net, 0.5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 11 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 11621, 44.6 mm SL, Haruta Beach, Anbo, Yaku-shima island, 30°18′02″N, 130°39′17″E, hand net, 0.5–1.5 m, M. Meguro, 18 Aug. 2008; KAUM–I. 20276, 36.3 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°16′02″N, 130°39′17″E, hand net, 0.5–1.5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 30 Oct. 2008; KAUM–I. 21552, 48.3 mm SL; Ushino, Minamitane, Tanega-shima island, 30°26′32″N, 130°51′11″E, hand net, 0.3 m, H. Iwatsubo, 5 Aug. 2009; KAUM–I. 21757, 29.1 mm SL, KAUM–I. 21758, 32.4 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°15′57″N, 130°51′11″E, hand net, 2 m, G. Ogihara et al., 27 July 2009; KAUM–I. 21832, 30.3 mm SL, Kurio, Yaku-shima island, 30°16′03″N, 130°24′48″E, hand net, 4 m, KAUM Fish Team, 30 July 2009; KAUM–I. 36909, 53.7 mm SL, Onoma, Yaku-shima island, 30°14′N, 130°33′E, hand net, 13 Oct. 1988; KAUM–I. 38398, 22.4 mm SL, KAUM–I. 38399, 14.6 mm SL, Yudomari Port, Yaku-shima island, 30°13′55″N, 130°28′19″E, hand net, 1.0–5.0 m, KAUM Fish Team, 10 June 2011; KAUM–I. 41853, 42.0 mm SL, Shitoko, Yaku-shima island, 30°27′02″N, 130°30′54″E, hand net, 5 m, KAUM Fish Team, 18 Oct. 2011. Tokara Islands: KAUM–I. 114855, 16.0 mm SL, Kiriishi Port, Suwanose-jima island, 29°36′38″N, 129°42′41″E, hand net, 3–7 m, S. Tashiro et al., 27 Apr. 2018. Amami Islands: CMNH-ZF 6206, 27.2 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 6207, 24.8 mm SL, Ankyaba, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′17″N, 129°35′55″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 12 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6309, 23.3 mm SL, Ayamaruzaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′15″N, 129°43′23″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda, 14 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6382, 25.6 mm SL, CMNH-ZF 6383, 24.8 mm SL, Kaseken, Amami-oshima island, 28°23′35″N, 129°36′52″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 15 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 6550, 26.1 mm SL, Ayamaruzaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′20″N, 129°43′19″E, hand net, M. Aizawa, 14 July 2003; CMNH-ZF 7652, 20.1 mm SL, Kaseken, Amami-oshima island, 28°23′34″N, 129°36′55″E, hand net, Y. Ikeda & M. Aizawa, 16 July 2003; KAUM–I. 17522, 37.4 mm SL, KAUM–I. 17580, 38.5 mm SL, KAUM–I. 17581, 47.1 mm SL, Kasari, Amami-oshima island, 28°24′34″N, 129°40′31″E, hand net, 0.5–1.0 m, M. Meguro & T. Yoshida, 28 Mar. 2009; KAUM–I. 40010, 22.6 mm SL, Mugiya, Yoron-jima island, 27°01′18″N, 128°26′21″E, hand net, 0.5–1.0 m, M. Matsunuma, 13 Aug. 2011; KAUM–I. 62636, 21.5 mm SL, Setouchi, Amami-oshima island, 28°11′38″N, 129°13′21″E, hand net, 5–13 m, K. Hagiwara et al., 26 June 2014; KAUM–I. 79067, 27.2 mm SL, Ayamarumisaki, Amami-oshima island, 28°28′28″N, 129°43′09″E, hand net, 0.5 m, K. Hagiwara et al., 21 July 2015. Okinawa Islands: NSMT-P 121141, 26.2 mm SL, Nago Bay, Nago, Okinawa-jima island, hand net, 1.0 m, K. Shibukawa, 24 Aug. 2014. Ogasawara Islands: NSMT-P 63067, 25.6 mm SL, Miyano Beach, Chichi-jima island, 3.0 m, K. Shibukawa, 17 Feb. 1995. TAIWAN: ASIZP 57057, 51.5 mm SL, Taipei, 25°30′N, 121°36′E, W.- H. Ding, 27 Aug. 1969; ASIZP 57058, 2, 38.5 – 53.3 mm SL, Yeliu, Taipei, 25°12′N, 121°41′E, S.- C. Lee, 20 May 1975; ASIZP 74064, 57.5 mm SL, Badouzi, Keelung, 25°08′N, 121°47′E, S.- C. Lee, 26 Aug. 1969. VIETNAM: ROM 73450, 31.6 mm SL, ROM 74260, 19.1 mm SL, Nha Trang Bay, Khánh Hòa, 12°10′N, 109°18′E, hand net, R. Winterbottom et al., 22 May 2002. Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys characterized by the following combination of characters: 15–19 (modally 16) dorsal-fin rays; 12–14 (13) anal-fin rays; 25–28 (26 or 27) pectoral-fin rays; upper end of gill membrane level with 5th to 8th (usually 6th) pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view; lower 8th to 11th (9th) pectoralfin ray base attached to disc base by membrane; 7–11 (9) gill rakers on each arch; head width moderate, its width 17.1–21.9 (mean 19.1) % SL; disc size moderate, its length 16.3–20.8 (18.5) % SL; anterior, posterior and least interorbital widths 9.0–11.8 (10.7), 13.4–16.9 (15.3) and 3.2–8.8 (6.2) % SL, respectively; dorsal, anal and caudal fins connected by membranes; NC2 (nasal canal pore) usually located between anterior and posterior margins of posterior nostril; and black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Description. Measurements and counts are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle (Figs. 9, 10). Head of medium size, depressed anteriorly, its length and width 2.9 (2.5–3.3) and 5.2 (4.6–5.9) in SL, respectively. Snout moderate, its length 9.8 (7.9–11.8) in SL, tip slightly rounded (bluntly pointed) in lateral view, duck beak-shaped in dorsal view; dorsal profile of snout slightly concave anteriorly. Anterior and posterior nostrils similarly sized, both with a membranous tube, that of former much longer than latter; both visible in lateral view, former located between verticals through posterior point of upper jaw and anterior margin of eye, latter located directly above anterior margin of eye. Eye size moderate, diameter less than snout length, 15.4 (9.1–16.9) in SL. Interorbital region flattened. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior margin of disc. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, upper-jaw length 10.2 (8.8–12.9) in SL. Anterior tip of upper jaw extending beyond that of lower jaw; posterior tips of both jaws horizontally level with lower margin of eye (slightly below horizontal level). Upper-jaw lip slightly thicker than lower-jaw lip. Single row of small similarly-sized teeth in both jaws; upper-jaw teeth incisiviform, tips strongly (almost 90 o) curved posteriorly; lower-jaw teeth with pointed conical tips. Premaxillae separated anteriorly by large circular gap in dorsal view (Fig. 11A, D). First to third gill arches with two rows of gill filaments [3 gills (sensu Briggs 1955)], 4th arch without filaments. Gill rakers slender, elongate, somewhat pointed. Gill membranes on each side united ventrally, attached to isthmus. Dorsal and anal fins long, located posteriorly, their lengths 2.9 (2.9–4.3) and 3.4 (3.3–4.8) in SL, respectively. Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal- and anal-fin rays very short, sometimes buried under skin. Dorsal- and anal-fin heights almost equal, except anteriorly. Pectoral- and caudal-fin margins rounded. Upper and lowermost pectoral-fin rays minute; longest pectoral-fin ray extending beyond vertical through posterior margin of disc, its length 6.1 (5.7–7.7) in SL. All soft-fin rays unbranched. Principal caudal-fin rays segmented. Second preural centrum with two (one) neural spines (Fig. 3C, D). Pelvic fins and pectoral-girdle elements forming a circular “single” type disc, its length and width 5.5 (4.8–6.2) and 5.8 (5.1–7.0) in SL, respectively. Disc region B bell-shaped, same size as disc region A. No disc region C. Anterior and posterior margins of disc regions A and B, respectively, with fringe, latter much longer than former (holotype damaged). Disc regions A and B with flattened papillae (holotype damaged); anterior part of disc region A with 2–7 rows of papillae across center (center without papillae in 31 of 54 specimens), both sides of disc region A (except margins) completely covered with papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows; disc region B with 4–10 rows of papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows, anterior part of disc region B without papillae (Fig. 4 D–F). Head sensory canal pores well-developed, including 2 nasal, lacrimal and postorbital and 3 preopercular pores (Fig. 12); mandibular canal pores absent. All pores similarly sized; NC 1 located well before anterior margin of anterior nostril; NC 2 located level with anterior margin [before anterior margin (occasionally) or behind posterior margin of posterior nostril]; LC 1 located in front of anterior margin of eye; LC 2 located postero-ventrally below LC 1 (10 of 82 specimens, Fig. 12E) [antero-ventrally below LC 1 (44 of 82 specimens) to just below LC 1 (28 of 82 specimens, Fig. 12B); PO 1 located just behind posterior margin of orbit; PO 2 on similar horizontal level as PO 1; PR 1 and PR 2 located on ventral surface and lateral to opercle, respectively; PR3 located postero-ventrally below PO 2 (18 of 79 specimens, Fig. 12E) [antero-ventrally below PO 2 (16 of 79 specimens, Fig. 12B) or just below PO 2 (45 of 79 specimens)]; all pores with membranous tube (Fig. 12). Coloration in life and fresh (Figs. 6B, 10): Body brownish yellow to red. Ventral surface of head slightly whitish. Black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head (occasionally indistinct: Fig., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2019, Validity of Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) and redescription of Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae), pp. 275-298 in Zootaxa 4551 (3) on pages 279-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622881, {"references":["Tanaka, S. (1908) On a small collection of tide-pool fishes from Misaki, with descriptions of two new species. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 7 (1), 17 - 26.","Snyder, J. O. (1912 a) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer \" Albatross \" expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 42 (1909), 399 - 450, pls. 51 - 61.","Snyder, J. O. (1912 b) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. 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Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1121 - 1123 + 1604.","Hutchins, J. B. (2000) Gobiesociformes. In: Randall, J. E. & Lim, K. K. P. (Eds.), A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement, 8, 598.","Shinohara, G., Sato, Y. & Matsuura, K. (2000) Coastal fishes of Ishima Island, Tokushima, Japan. Monographs of the National Science Museum Tokyo, 33, 175 - 186.","Hayashi, M. (2002) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 1121 - 1123, 1594.","Motomura, H., Kuriiwa, K., Katayama, E., Senou, H., Ogihara, G., Meguro, M., Matsunuma, M., Takata, Y., Yoshida, T., Yamashita, M., Kimura, S., Endo, H., Murase, A., Iwatsuki, Y., Sakurai, Y., Harazaki, S., Hidaka, K., Izumi, H. & Matsuura, K. (2010) Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan. In: Motomura, H. & Matsuura, K. (Eds.), Fishes of Yaku-shima Island-A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, pp. 65 - 248.","Takagi, M., Hirata, T., Hirata, S. & Nakata, T. (2010) Fishes of Ainan Ehime. Soufu Publishers Co Ltd, Matsuyama, 250 pp.","Wang, W. H. (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pintung, 896 pp.","Hayashi, M. & Hagiwara, K. (2013) Gobiesocidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. 3 rd Edition. Tokai University Press, Hadano, pp. 1326 - 1329, 2105 - 2106.","Haraguchi, Y. (2014) Gobiesocidae. In: Motomura, H. & Matsuura, K. (Eds.), Filed guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, pp. 485.","Kato, S. (2014) Marin Fishes Illustrated. Seibundo-shinkosya, Tokyo, 383 pp.","Murase, A. (2015) Ichthyofaunal diversity and vertical distribution patterns in the rockpools of the southwestern coast of Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Check List, 11 (1682), 1 - 21.","Iwatsubo, H., Kato, S. & Motomura, H. (2016) Filed guide to fishes of Ei in southern Kyusyu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Makurazaki, the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and Seahorse Ways, Minamikyusyu, 80 pp.","Motomura, H. & Harazaki, S. (2017) Annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Yaku-shima island in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 129 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum, 9, 1 - 183.","Conway, K. W., Kim, D. M., Ruber, L., Espinosa-Perez, H. & Hastings, P. A. (2017 b) Molecular phylogenetics of the New World clingfish genus Gobiesox (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) and the origin of a freshwater clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 112, 138 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.04.024","Kimura, Y., Hibino, Y., Miki, R., Minetoma, T. & Koeda, K. (2017) Filed guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 199 pp.","Motomura, H. & Aizawa, M. (2011) Illustrated list of additions to the ichthyofauna of Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan: 50 new records from the island. Check List, 7 (4), 448 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 7.4.448","Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. (1845) Pisces. Parts 7 - 9. In: von Siebold, P. F. (Ed.), Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam suscepto annis 1823 - 30 collegit, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit P. F. de Siebold. J. Muller & Co., Amsterdam, pp. 113 - 172.","Jordan, D. S. & Fowler, H. W. (1902) A review of the cling-fishes (Gobiesocidae) of the waters of Japan. 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Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 [English name: Bridled Clingfish] Figures 1, 2, 3A, B, 4 A���C, 5, 6A, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15I���P, 16, 17; Tables 1���2 Lepadogaster sp.: Kner 1868: 347 (Kanacea Island, Fiji). Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904: 180, pl. 24, fig. 2 (type locality: Lord Howe Island, Australia); McCulloch 1929: 360 (Lord Howe Island, Australia); Briggs 1955: 139 [in part; Capricorn Group, Australia (based on 2 specimens, BMNH 1933.1.25.216���17), Noum��a, New Caledonia (based on AMS IB. 2234) and Vila Harbour, Vanuatu (based on AMS IA. 4161)]; Whitley 1964: 54 (Australia); Hayashi & Hayashi 1985: 56 [in part; Heron Island and One Tree Island, Australia (based on 2 specimens, AMS I. 15484-010, 20463-015)]; Francis 1993: 158 (Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, Australia); Johnson 1999: 724, fig. 2A [South Solitary Island, Australia (based on AMS I. 22881-001)]; Randall 2005: 506, unnumbered fig. (Coral Sea); Hoese & Bray 2006: 1575 (Thursday Island and Coral Sea Islands); Conway et al. 2017a: 547 [New Caledonia (based on 2 specimens, ROM 65285, 65289)]; Conway et al. 2018a: 100 (based on AMS I. 27134-018). Lectotype. AMS I. 6103, 44.9 mm SL, Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, Australia, 31��52���S, 159��08���E, T. Icely. Paralectotype. AMS I. 3129, 42.8 mm SL, same data as lectotype. Non-type specimens. 35 specimens, 19.0��� 43.2 mm SL. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: AMS IB. 6164, 30.1 mm SL, Swain Reef; AMS IB. 6682, 21.5 mm SL, Heron Island, 23��25���48���S, 151��55���12���E, E. Slater; AMS I. 17445-076, 35.2 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E, F. Talbot et al.; AMS I. 18271-004, 2, 32.1��� 33.3 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E, H. Larson; AMS I. 20463-015, 3, 33.1���43.1 mm SL, One Tree Island, 23��30���00���S, 152��04���48���E; BMNH 1933.1.25.216���218, 3, 26.7���36.1 mm SL, Great Barrier Reef, G. Whitley; USNM 360250, 12, 32.0��� 39.4 mm SL, One Tree Island, 1 m, V. Springer, 27 Nov. 1966. New South Wales: AMS I. 17367-006, 2, 19.7���37.8 mm SL, Lord Howe Island, 31��31���48���S, 159��04���12���E, D. Hoese; AMS I. 20256-013, 3, 33.9���38.1 mm SL, Duncombe Bay, Norfolk Island, 29��00���00���S, 167��55���48���E; AMS I. 20268-026, 39.9 mm SL, Norfolk Island, 29��04���12���S, 167��57���00���E, D. Hoese et al.; AMS I. 27141-010, 43.2 mm SL, Middleton Reef, A. Gill et al.; AMS I. 27155-007, 30.8 mm SL, Elizabeth Reef, A. gill et al. NEW CALEDONIA: BMNH 2000.6.29.1, 34.0 mm SL, Noum��a, A. Gill et al., 5 Nov. 1997. FIJI: ROM 47021, 25.2 mm SL, Great Astrolabe Reef, 18��46���S, 178��28���W, hand net, R. Winterbottom et al., 5 Apr. 1983. TONGA: AMS I. 46751-033, 2, 19.0��� 22.6 mm SL, South Minerva Reef, 23��58���12���S, 178��54���00���W, T. Trnski et al. Diagnosis. A species of Lepadichthys characterized by the following combination of characters: 14���17 (modally 16) dorsal-fin rays; 12���14 (13) anal-fin rays; 27���29 (29) pectoral-fin rays; upper end of gill membrane level with 6th to 8th (usually 7th) pectoral-fin ray base in lateral view; lower 10th to 12th (11th) pectoral-fin ray base attached to disc base by membrane; 11���14 (12) gill rakers on each arch; head width moderate, 15.4���19.8 (mean 17.7) % SL; disc size moderate, its length 15.1���18.4 (16.8) % SL; anterior, posterior and least interorbital widths 8.4���10.2 (9.4), 12.1���14.7 (13.5) and 2.8���5.9 (4.8) % SL, respectively; dorsal, anal and caudal fins connected by membranes; NC2 (nasal canal pore) usually located before posterior nostril anterior margin; and black stripe from snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Description. Measurements and counts are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Body slender, cylindrical, compressed at caudal peduncle (Fig. 1). Head of medium size, depressed anteriorly, its length and width 3.2 (2.6��� 3.3) and 6.2 (5.1���6.5) in SL, respectively. Snout moderate, its length 10.8 (8.7���11.7) in SL, tip slightly rounded (bluntly pointed) in lateral view, duck beak-shaped in dorsal view; dorsal profile of snout slightly concave anteriorly. Anterior and posterior nostrils similarly sized, both with a membranous tube, that of former much longer than latter; both visible in lateral view, former located between verticals through posterior point of upper jaw and anterior margin of eye, latter located directly above anterior margin of eye. Eye size moderate, diameter less than snout length, 16.0 (9.6���16.5) in SL. Interorbital region flattened. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior margin of disc. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw, upper-jaw length 12.9 (9.8���14.1) in SL. Anterior tip of upper jaw extending beyond that of lower jaw; posterior tips of both jaws horizontally level with lower margin of eye (slightly below horizontal level). Upper-jaw lip slightly thicker than lower-jaw lip. Single row of small similarly-sized teeth in both jaws; upper-jaw teeth incisiviform, tips strongly (almost 90 o) curved posteriorly; lower-jaw teeth with pointed conical tips. Premaxillae separated anteriorly by large circular gap in dorsal view (Fig. 2A, D). First to third gill arches with two rows of gill filaments [3 gills (sensu Briggs 1955)], 4th arch without filaments. Gill rakers slender, elongate, somewhat pointed. Gill membranes on each side united ventrally, attached to isthmus. Dorsal and anal fins long, located posteriorly, their lengths 3.7 (2.9���3.9) and 4.4 (3.4���4.7) in SL, respectively. Origin of dorsal fin slightly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. First dorsal- and anal-fin rays very short, sometimes buried under skin. Post-dorsal-caudal length 5.2 (4.0���6.3) in dorsal-fin length. Dorsal- and anal-fin heights almost equal, except anteriorly. Pectoral- and caudal-fin margins rounded. Upper and lowermost pectoralfin rays minute; longest pectoral-fin ray extending beyond vertical through posterior margin of disc, its length 7.0 (5.5���8.6) in SL. All soft-fin rays unbranched. Principal caudal-fin rays segmented. Second preural centrum with one or two (lectotype condition not determined) neural spines (Fig. 3A, B). Pelvic fins and pectoral-girdle elements forming a circular ���single��� type disc, its length and width 6.1 (5.4���6.6) and 7.5 (5.8���7.6) in SL, respectively. Disc region B bell-shaped, same size as disc region A. No disc region C. Anterior and posterior margins of disc regions A and B, respectively, with fringe, latter much longer than former (lectotype damaged). Disc regions A and B with flattened papillae (lectotype damaged); anterior part of disc region A with 3���6 rows of papillae across center (center without papillae in 4 of 18 specimens), both sides of disc region A (except margins) covered with papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows; disc region B with 5���8 rows of papillae, inner rows somewhat larger than outer rows, anterior part of disc region B without papillae (Fig. 4 A���C). Head sensory canal pores well-developed, including 2 nasal, lacrimal and postorbital and 3 preopercular pores (Fig. 5); mandibular canal pores absent. All pores similarly sized; NC 1 located well before anterior margin of anterior nostril; NC 2 located before anterior margin (level with anterior margin or between anterior and posterior margins) of posterior nostril; LC 1 located in front of anterior margin of eye; LC 2 located antero-ventrally below LC 1 (14 of 37 specimens, Fig. 5B) [just below LC 1 (16 of 37 specimens, Fig. 5E) or postero-ventrally below LC 1 (7 of 37 specimens)]; PO 1 located just behind posterior margin of orbit; PO 2 on similar horizontal level as PO 1; PR 1 and PR 2 located on ventral surface and lateral to opercle, respectively; PR3 located just below PO 2 (13 of 33 specimens, Fig. 5E) [antero-ventrally below PO 2 (1 of 33 specimens) or postero-ventrally below PO 2 (19 of 33 specimens, Fig. 5B)]; all pores with membranous tube (Fig. 5). Coloration in life (Fig. 6A): Body generally faintly gray, with anterior and posterior parts slightly whitish and greenish, respectively. Black stripe on snout tip through eye to posterior region of head. Coloration when preserved: Uniformly yellowish or pale yellow. Distribution. Known from Thursday Island (Torres Strait Islands), Coral and Tasman seas (Australia, Vanuatu and New Caledonia), Fiji and Tonga (Fig. 7). The Thursday Island and Vanuatu records were taken from Hoese & Bray (2006) and Briggs (1955), respectively. Other records are based on voucher specimens examined in this study. Remarks. Lepadichthys frenatus was originally described by Waite (1904), based on 2 specimens from Lord Howe Island, Australia. Although Briggs (1955) and Hoese & Bray (2006) both treated AMS I. 3129 as the holotype of L. frenatus, Waite (1904) had not designated such, his specimens therefore being syntypes. Lepadichthys frenatus is very similar to L. misakius and the two species were previously considered as a single species. Because Waite���s (1904) figure of L. frenatus was based on a single specimen, the features illustrated (e.g., 16 dorsal-fin rays and 13 anal-fin rays) matching AMS I. 6103, we herein designate AMS I. 6103 as the lectotype, following ICZN (1999: article 74.7, recommendation 74B) to clarify the name L. frenatus and avoid further taxonomic confusion, the remaining syntype (AMS I. 3129) becoming a paralectotype. The left side of AMS I. 17367-006 (37.8 mm SL) from Lord Howe Island lacked a properly formed eye (trace only apparent) (Fig. 8A), an abnormal condition. The remainder of the specimen was normal (Fig. 8B). Two specimens of USNM 360250 were not measured because of their poor condition. Because Randall���s (1999) specimen of L. frenatus from the Pitcairn Islands had some diagnostic characters (e.g., gill raker counts) that differed from other specimens examined, the status of the former and distribution record are equivocal, pending further examination., Published as part of Fujiwara, Kyoji & Motomura, Hiroyuki, 2019, Validity of Lepadichthys misakius (Tanaka 1908) and redescription of Lepadichthys frenatus Waite 1904 (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae), pp. 275-298 in Zootaxa 4551 (3) on pages 276-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4551.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2622881, {"references":["Waite, E. R. (1904) Additions to the fish fauna of Lord Howe Island, No. 4. Records of the Australian Museum, 5 (3), 135 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.5.1904.1053","Kner, R. (1868) Uber neue Fische aus dem Museum der Herren Johann Casar Godeffroy & Sohn in Hamburg. (IV. Folge). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 58, 293 - 356.","McCulloch, A. R. (1929) A check-list of the fishes recorded from Australia. Part III. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 5, 329 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.5.1929.475","Briggs, J. C. (1955) A monograph of the clingfishes (order Xenopterygii). Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 6, 1 - 244.","Whitley, G. P. (1964) Presidential address. A survey of Australian Ichthyology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 89, 11 - 127.","Hayashi, M. & Hayashi, H. (1985) Two new records of gobiesocid fishes from Japan, and the morphological study of their key characters. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum, 33, 49 - 67.","Francis, M. P. (1993) Checklist of the coastal fishes of Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Island, southwest Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 47 (2), 136 - 170.","Johnson, J. W. (1999) Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 709 - 762.","Randall, J. E. (2005) Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, xii + 707 pp.","Hoese, D. F. & Bray, D. J. (2006) Gobiesocidae. In: Hoese, D. F., Bray, D. J., Paxton, J. R. & Allen, G. R. (Eds), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Fol. 35. Fishes. Part 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 1568 - 1576.","Conway, K. W., Stewart, A. L. & King, C. (2017 a) A new species of the clingfish genus Trachelochismus from bay and estuarine areas of New Zealand (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae). Zootaxa, 4319 (3), 531 - 549. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4319.3.6","Conway, K. W., Stewart, A. L. & Summers, A. P. (2018 a). A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitahua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). ZooKeys, 786, 75 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 786.28539","ICZN (The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature, 4 th edition. Adopted by the General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Randall, J. E. (1999) Report on fish collections from the Pitcairn Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 461, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.461.1"]}

Fujiwara, Kyoji, Motomura, Hiroyuki (2018): Revised Diagnosis and First Northern Hemisphere Records of the Rare Clingfish Lepadichthys akiko (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae). Species Diversity 23: 87-93, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.87