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We present the first records of the butterfly theridiid Episinus marignaci (Lessert, 1933) beyond its type locality, resulting in an extension of its geographic range from Angola to South Africa. Images of live specimens and a dis-tribution map are provided. Episinus marignaci is rare locally but has a relatively large geographical distribution in South Africa.

Parabomis elsae sp. nov. Figures 4–7 Etymology. Named after Elsa van Niekerk (Pretoria South Africa), the graphic artist at Agricultural Research Council (ARC)—Plant Health and Protection, in recognition of her support for spider research at the ARC. Diagnosis. Males and females of this species are recognized by their mottled bodies and copulatory organs (Figs 4, 5). Parabomis elsae sp. nov. females resemble those of P. megae sp. nov. in the shape of the epigyne, but the colour differs by being strongly mottled in P. elsae sp. nov. In males of both species the RTA apex is directed dorsad, but in P. elsae sp. nov. the RTA apex is claw-like (Fig. 6). Description. Holotype male. Measurements: TL 1.8; CL 0.85; CW 0.95. Legs: I 1.42 (0.51, 0.12, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22) II; 1.42 (0.63, 0.21, 0.28, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.08 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.20, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace fawn, with 3 faint yellowish bands, one medially other 2 radiating from PLE to posterior edge (Fig. 4); darker patches laterally; integument granulose, with scattered small tubercles, with scattered short, thick, flat-lying setae, more numerous laterally; carapace slightly wider than long. Chelicerae brown; mouthparts paler brown. Sternum pale brown; integument granulose. Legs brown, same as in carapace; femora and tibiae slightly darker; articulation area of joints with strong white rim. Abdomen dorsum shield-like; with dark brown patches, with paler transverse patches in between, sides grey, speckled with white. Male palp with RTA tip claw-like curving upwards; VTA small fused with RTA (Fig. 6). Female. Measurements: TL 3.36; CL 1.36; CW 1.36. Legs: I 1.93 (0.68, 0.29, 0.43, 0.25, 0.28); II 1.84 (0.60, 0.27, 0.44, 0.25, 0.28); III 1.23 (0.42, 0.24, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.74 (0.56, 0.46, 0.29, 0.31, 0.12). Resembles male. Carapace fawn, with strong mottled appearance; 3 faint yellowish bands, one medially other two radiating; darker patches laterally; clypeus and eye area with three infused medial bands; clypeus paler (Fig. 5); carapace as wide as long; integument granulose, with scattered small tubercles. Chelicerae pale yellow, mouthparts yellowish brown. Sternum yellowish brown; integument granulose. Legs brown, strongly mottled with white, base of setae brown giving legs spotted appearance; articulation area of joints with strong white rim. Abdomen dorsum creamish white, base of abdominal setae dark, giving abdomen strong spotted appearance, especially anteriorly. Epigyne atrium wider than long, egg-shaped, with lateral edges slightly thickened (Fig. 7); intromittent orifices uncovered and situated in anterior part; spermatheca with two lobes (Fig. 8). Type material. Holotype ³: SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province: Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (West), 17 km NE of Pretoria, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 5.XI.1981 (beating Vachelia trees) (NCA 82 /492). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province, Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (West), 17 km NE of Pretoria, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Dippenaar, 27.XI.1979 (beating flowering Acacia trees, spider collected from yellow flowers), 1♀ (NCA 80/277); Same locality, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 17.XII.1981 (sweeping grass), 1³ (NCA 81/1091); Same locality, leg. National Collection of Arachnida staff, 22.IX.1988 (beating Acacia trees), 1³, 2 imm. (NCA 92/607). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province: Enkeldoorn, 25°24’S, 28°40’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 6.VIII.1974 (sweeping grass), 4imm. (NCA 76 /298); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. M. Stiller, 29.IX.1980 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 1992 /608); Same locality, leg. M. Stiller, 13.VIII.1980 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 1981 /862); Same locality, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 27.XI.1980 (sweeping grass), 2imm. (NCA 1999 /34). KwaZulu-Natal Province: iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Hell’s Gate, 28º01.2’S, 32º21.6’E, leg. J. Esterhuizen, 1.XI.2004 (blue trap), 1³ (NCA 2020 /547); Same locality data, 3.VIII.2008 (blue trap), 1³ (NCA 2020 /548); Same locality data, 20.IX.2004 (blue trap), 2³, 1imm. (NCA 2020 /549); iSimangaliso Wetland Park, False Bay Park, 27º58.8’S 32º21.72’E, leg. M. Hamer, 6.XI.2004 (tree beating), 1³, 1imm. (NCA 2006 /58). Limpopo Province: Rust de Winter, 25°13’S, 28°29’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 30. IV.1981 (beating grass), 1♀, 1imm. (NCA 99 /35); Polokwane Nature Reserve, 23º58’S, 29º28’E, leg. T. Khoza & M. Modiba, 3. II.2006 (riverine and sweet thorn ticket, tree beating), 1³, 1♀ (NCA 2008 /2204). Mpumalanga Province: Loskopdam Nature Reserve, 25°46’S, 29°23’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2. IV.1973 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 2009 /455). Distribution. South Africa: Gauteng, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and Mpumalanga Provinces (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens have been mainly collected beating flowering Vachellia trees and sweeping grass in the Savanna Biome. Adults were sampled from September to December., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on page 164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882

Parabomis pilosus sp. nov. Figures 1, 2, 21 – 25 Etymology. The name refers to the numerous setae on the carapace of the species. Diagnosis. The male of this species differs from all the other congeners by the blunt RTA (Fig. 23) vs. pointed in other species. In the female, the epigyne atrium is bell-shaped (Fig. 24) and contrasts with that of P. martini, which is subtriangular. Carapace and abdomen bearing rows of flat-lying translucent club-shaped setae that are longer and denser than in other species, especially on the carapace declivity (Fig. 22). Description. Male (holotype). TL 1.7; CL 0.9; CW 1.0. Legs: I 1.43 (0.51, 0.13, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22); II 1.43 (0.63, 0.22, 0.28, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.09 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.21, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace dark brown, granular, with numerous white club-shaped setae (Fig. 21); carapace edge white; eyes circled with black; chelicerae dark brown; mouthparts yellowish brown; carapace wider than long. Sternum orange brown, granulose, bearing numerous strong flat-lying translucent setae. Legs with coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with white articulations. Abdomen broad, dorsum dark brown, shield-like, with pale patches; granular. Palp: RTA not pointed but with blunt broad apex (Fig. 23); VTA absent. Female. TL 2.6; CL 1.05; CW 1.3; CH 1.4; AW 2.1; AL 2.1. Legs: Legs: I 1.88 (0.65, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27); II 1.81 (0.60, 0.26, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.20 (0.42, 0.21, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.7 (0.55, 0.46, 0.26, 0.31, 0.12). Carapace fawn with clypeus and eye region infused with brown, lateral edges darker brown; chelicerae and mouthparts yellowish white; posterior declivity clothed with numerous white flat-lying club-shaped setae (Figs 1-2, 22). Sternum yellowish white. Legs fawn to brown infused with white; femora darker, especially legs II and III; articulate area of each leg segment with white rim. Abdomen fawn to white, with faint spots; depressions on abdomen darker, bearing two brownish triangular to round patches. Epigyne: atrium bell-shaped (Fig. 24); spermathecae oval, spermathecal ducts short, glandular lobes anteriorly of spermathecae (Fig. 25). Type material. Holotype ³: BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Shakawe Fishing Camp, 18°26’S, 21°54’E, leg. J. van Niekerk, 1.XII.2001 (active searching) (NCA 2006 /868). Paratypes: BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Xugana Island, 130 km NNW of Maun, 19°04’S, 23°03’E, leg. B.H. Lamoral, 17–25.XI.1980, 1♀ (NMSA 23719); Okavango Delta, 30 km N of Lechwee Camp, approx. between 18°40’S– 19°00’S and 23°00’E– 23°45’E, leg. B. Lamoral, 17-20.XI.1979, 1³ (NMSA); Okavango Delta, N of Lechwee Camp and Khwai River Lodge, between 18°40’S– 19°00’S and 23°00’E– 23°45’E, leg. B. Lamoral, 18- 20.XI.1979, 2³ (NMSA); Okavango Delta, near Shakawe, Lesideng Research Camp, 18°25’S, 21°53’E, leg. R. Lyle, 10-20.XII.2006 (beating shrubs in riverine forest), 1♀ (NCA 2020 /550). Other material examined. BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Xugana Island, 130 km NNW of Maun, 19°04’S, 23°03’E, leg. F. Nyathi, 17-25.XI.1980, 1♀ (NMZ / A 70941). SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo Province: Tshipise, Farm Alicedale (citrus), 22°42’S, 30°14’E, leg. J. Wilkinson, 12.IV.2016 (on tree in silk retreat, see Figs 1-2), 1♀ (SANSA Virtual Museum). Distribution. Known from Botswana and northern South Africa (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens were sampled by sweeping grass and herbs. In Tshipise, a female was sampled from a silk retreat made between leaves., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 170-171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882

Parabomis megae sp. nov. Figures 15 – 20 Etymology. Named in honour of Ms Meg Cumming (Harare, Zimbabwe), in recognition of her contribution to our knowledge of Zimbabwean spiders. Diagnosis. The species is distinguished from other congeners by the male palp having the RTA straight, with the apex directed dorsally, while directed laterad in others, except for P. elsae sp. nov. It differs from P. elsae sp. nov. by the sharply pointed tip of the apex (Fig. 18). Parabomis megae sp. nov. resembles the female of P. elsae sp. nov. in the shape of the epigyne, but the colour differs, being uniform in P. megae sp. nov. and strongly mottled in P. elsae sp. nov. (Fig. 19). Description. Male (holotype). Measurements: TL 1.90; CL 0.95; CW 1.03. Legs: I 1.44 (0.52, 0.13, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22); II 1.44 (0.63, 0.22, 0.28, 0.20, 0.11); III 1.09 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.21, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace dark brown (Fig. 15); eyes circled with black; chelicerae dark brown; mouthparts yellowish brown; palp dark brown; carapace slightly wider than long; strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta. Sternum brown; granulose. Eyes as for genus. Legs: coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with blackish hue; femora I-IV dark brown, with femora I and II usually darker than rest; patellae yellowish brown; tibiae, metatarsi and partly tarsi of legs I and II clothed with numerous fine erect setae. Abdomen dorsum white with brown hue, shield-like with scattered black spots. Male palp with RTA straight, tip directed dorsally and apex pointed (Fig. 18). Female. Measurements: TL 3.2; CL 1.1; CW 1.4. Legs: I 1.83 (0.67, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27); II 1.84 (0.61, 0.28, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.61 (0.41, 0.22, 0.26, 0.12, 0.70); IV 1.71 (0.55, 0.46, 0.27, 0.31, 0.12). Carapace fawn, in some specimens darker laterally (Figs 16-17); strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta; eye region infused with white; eyes sometimes circled with black; chelicerae creamish white. Sternum granulated, bearing tubercles with seta. Legs creamish white, with distinct white bands at joints; femora frequently darker. Abdomen fawn to white, with scattered dark setae giving it spotted appearance; depressions on dorsum darker, bearing two brownish markings (Fig. 16). Epigyne with atrium oval (Fig. 19); spermathecae with short ducts (Fig. 20). Type material. Holotype ³: ZIMBABWE: Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. J. Minshull, 12.XII.1985 (NMZ / A4208 a). Paratypes: ZIMBABWE: Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. J. Minshull, 12.XII.1985, 1♀, 3³, 4imm. (NMZ / A4208 b); Tshowe River rapids, Matetsi Safari Area, 18°31’S, 28°40’E, leg. J. Minshull, 6.XII.1988, 1³ (NMZ A6916); Walmer Drive, Harare, 17°49’S, 31°05’E, leg. M. Cumming, 14. VI.2004 (spider ballooning), 1♀ (NCA 2012 /327); Same locality data, leg. M. Cumming, 15.I.2004 (sweeping grass and herbs in garden), 1♀, 3imm. (NCA 2012 /326); Same locality data, leg. M. Cumming, 1. III.2004, 1♀ (NCA 2009 / 258). Other material examined. ZIMBABWE: Humani Ranch, Store Camp, 20°29’S, 32°15’E, leg. Falcon College, 6. IV.1987, 1imm. (NMZ A 5882); Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. E. Nyathi, 20. IV.1986, 2 imm. (NMZ / A4661); Same locality, leg. J. Minshull, 11.XII.1985, 1 imm. ♀ (NMZ 4227); Chelo Farm Homestead, 2029A3, leg. F. Nyathi, 5.X.1988, 5 imm. (NMZ 715), 4 imm. (NMZ / A7190); Namakukwe, Zambezi confluence, 17°51’S, 25°23’E, leg. Falcon College, 26.VIII.1986, 1 imm. (NMZ 4794); Sabi-Lundi confluence, Gomarezhou National Park, 21°23’S, 33°50’E, leg. J. Minshull, 21. IV.1985, 1 imm. (NMZ 3289); Tshowe River rapids, Matetsi Safari Area 18°31’S, 28°40’E, leg. J. Minshull, 4.XII.1988 (NMZ 6895); Katombora Campsite, 17°50’S, 25°24’E, leg. Falcon College, 1.X.1986, 1 imm. (NMZ 4720), 1 imm. NMZ 5040, 1 imm NMZ 5079, 1 imm. NMZ 5086); 1.5 km NW of Kazuma Forestry camp, 1825B3, leg. Falcon College, 15. IV.1988, 2 imm. (NMZ / A 6704); Farm 2 km E. Glenmore, 2028C, leg. F.Nyathi, 28.IX.1988, 1 imm. (NMZ / A 7094); Sengwa Plot, leg. M. Cumming, 2.XII.2002 (beating Trichelias tree), 1³ (NCA 2009 /456). Distribution. Known only from Zimbabwe (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens were sampled sweeping grass and herbs. Most of the adult specimens were sampled from December to March., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 168-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882

Parabomis elsae sp. nov. Figures 4–7 Etymology. Named after Elsa van Niekerk (Pretoria South Africa), the graphic artist at Agricultural Research Council (ARC)—Plant Health and Protection, in recognition of her support for spider research at the ARC. Diagnosis. Males and females of this species are recognized by their mottled bodies and copulatory organs (Figs 4, 5). Parabomis elsae sp. nov. females resemble those of P. megae sp. nov. in the shape of the epigyne, but the colour differs by being strongly mottled in P. elsae sp. nov. In males of both species the RTA apex is directed dorsad, but in P. elsae sp. nov. the RTA apex is claw-like (Fig. 6). Description. Holotype male. Measurements: TL 1.8; CL 0.85; CW 0.95. Legs: I 1.42 (0.51, 0.12, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22) II; 1.42 (0.63, 0.21, 0.28, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.08 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.20, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace fawn, with 3 faint yellowish bands, one medially other 2 radiating from PLE to posterior edge (Fig. 4); darker patches laterally; integument granulose, with scattered small tubercles, with scattered short, thick, flat-lying setae, more numerous laterally; carapace slightly wider than long. Chelicerae brown; mouthparts paler brown. Sternum pale brown; integument granulose. Legs brown, same as in carapace; femora and tibiae slightly darker; articulation area of joints with strong white rim. Abdomen dorsum shield-like; with dark brown patches, with paler transverse patches in between, sides grey, speckled with white. Male palp with RTA tip claw-like curving upwards; VTA small fused with RTA (Fig. 6). Female. Measurements: TL 3.36; CL 1.36; CW 1.36. Legs: I 1.93 (0.68, 0.29, 0.43, 0.25, 0.28); II 1.84 (0.60, 0.27, 0.44, 0.25, 0.28); III 1.23 (0.42, 0.24, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.74 (0.56, 0.46, 0.29, 0.31, 0.12). Resembles male. Carapace fawn, with strong mottled appearance; 3 faint yellowish bands, one medially other two radiating; darker patches laterally; clypeus and eye area with three infused medial bands; clypeus paler (Fig. 5); carapace as wide as long; integument granulose, with scattered small tubercles. Chelicerae pale yellow, mouthparts yellowish brown. Sternum yellowish brown; integument granulose. Legs brown, strongly mottled with white, base of setae brown giving legs spotted appearance; articulation area of joints with strong white rim. Abdomen dorsum creamish white, base of abdominal setae dark, giving abdomen strong spotted appearance, especially anteriorly. Epigyne atrium wider than long, egg-shaped, with lateral edges slightly thickened (Fig. 7); intromittent orifices uncovered and situated in anterior part; spermatheca with two lobes (Fig. 8). Type material. Holotype ³: SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province: Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (West), 17 km NE of Pretoria, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 5.XI.1981 (beating Vachelia trees) (NCA 82 /492). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province, Roodeplaat Dam Nature Reserve (West), 17 km NE of Pretoria, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Dippenaar, 27.XI.1979 (beating flowering Acacia trees, spider collected from yellow flowers), 1♀ (NCA 80/277); Same locality, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 17.XII.1981 (sweeping grass), 1³ (NCA 81/1091); Same locality, leg. National Collection of Arachnida staff, 22.IX.1988 (beating Acacia trees), 1³, 2 imm. (NCA 92/607). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province: Enkeldoorn, 25°24’S, 28°40’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 6.VIII.1974 (sweeping grass), 4imm. (NCA 76 /298); Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve, 28º22’S, 25º37’E, leg. M. Stiller, 29.IX.1980 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 1992 /608); Same locality, leg. M. Stiller, 13.VIII.1980 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 1981 /862); Same locality, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 27.XI.1980 (sweeping grass), 2imm. (NCA 1999 /34). KwaZulu-Natal Province: iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Hell’s Gate, 28º01.2’S, 32º21.6’E, leg. J. Esterhuizen, 1.XI.2004 (blue trap), 1³ (NCA 2020 /547); Same locality data, 3.VIII.2008 (blue trap), 1³ (NCA 2020 /548); Same locality data, 20.IX.2004 (blue trap), 2³, 1imm. (NCA 2020 /549); iSimangaliso Wetland Park, False Bay Park, 27º58.8’S 32º21.72’E, leg. M. Hamer, 6.XI.2004 (tree beating), 1³, 1imm. (NCA 2006 /58). Limpopo Province: Rust de Winter, 25°13’S, 28°29’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 30. IV.1981 (beating grass), 1♀, 1imm. (NCA 99 /35); Polokwane Nature Reserve, 23º58’S, 29º28’E, leg. T. Khoza & M. Modiba, 3. II.2006 (riverine and sweet thorn ticket, tree beating), 1³, 1♀ (NCA 2008 /2204). Mpumalanga Province: Loskopdam Nature Reserve, 25°46’S, 29°23’E, leg. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2. IV.1973 (sweeping grass), 1imm. (NCA 2009 /455). Distribution. South Africa: Gauteng, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and Mpumalanga Provinces (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens have been mainly collected beating flowering Vachellia trees and sweeping grass in the Savanna Biome. Adults were sampled from September to December.

Parabomis wandae sp. nov. Figures 26 – 30 Etymology. This species is named in honour of Prof Wanda Wesołowska (Wrocław, Poland), in recognition of her significant contributions to the taxonomy of African and Palaearctic Salticidae. Diagnosis. Male of this species differ from congeners in the shape of the RTA that is almost as long as the width of the bulb, with the tip directed laterad (Fig. 28). The RTA base is broad and the apex is beak-like, in contrast to the sharply pointed apex of P. martini. The abdomen has a hump that is more distinct in males, while in P. martini the abdomen profile is round. The atrium of the female epigyne is egg-shaped, as wide as long, with the ventral edge thickened (Fig. 29), and the spermathecal ducts are long and curved (Fig. 30). Description. Holotype male. Measurements: TL 1.90; CL 0.91; CW 0.95. Legs: I 1.45 (0.52, 0.12, 0.31, 0.28, 0.22); II 1.45 (0.63, 0.23, 0.29, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.08 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.20, 0.10); IV 1.31 (0.46, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace: dark brown, darker laterally, strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta (Fig. 26); eyes circled with black; chelicerae brown; mouthparts yellowish brown. Sternum brown, granulate. Legs dark; coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with blackish hue; femora I–IV dark brown, with femora I–II usually darker than rest; patellae yellowish brown; all legs with distinct white bands at joints distinct when viewed from below. Abdomen dorsum with brown scutum, with scattered black patches; in lateral view with distinct hump; white laterally and pale below. Palp with large beak-like RTA (Fig. 28); tip directed laterad with small VTA. Female. Measurements: TL 2.26; CL 0.97; CW 1.10. Legs: I 1.90 (0.67, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27), II 1.82 (0.60, 0.27, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.21 (0.42, 0.22, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.42 (0.55, 0.16, 0.28, 0.31, 0.12). Resembles the male but larger in size and paler in colour (Fig. 27). Carapace fawn to brown, with dark patch laterally; eyes circled with black; eye region infused with white; chelicerae fawn; integument strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta. Sternum granulated, bearing tubercles with setae. Legs same colour as prosoma; white with distinct white bands at joints; femora darker. Abdomen white with dark patches, scattered dark setae giving it spotted appearance; abdomen with hump less distinct than in male. Epigyne with sub-oval atrium, slightly wider than long, edges slightly thickened (Fig. 29); spermathecae slightly longer than wide, with long curving spermathecal ducts (Fig. 30). Type material. Holotype ³: GHANA: Kakum Forest, 05°21’N, 01°23’W, leg. R. Jocqué et al., 17.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest) (MRAC 218.012). Paratypes: GHANA: Kakum Forest, °21’N, 01°23’W, 21.XI.2005 (fogging primary forest), leg. R. Jocqué et al., 1♀ 2³ (MRAC 218052); Same locality data, leg. R. Jocqué, et al., 15.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest), 1³ (MRAC 217.977). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 00°22’N, 34°50’E, leg. W. Freund, 10.IX.2002 (canopy fogging), 1♀ (ZFMK AR133). Other material examined. GHANA: Kakum Forest, 05°21’N, 01°23’W, leg. R. Jocqué et al., 22.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest), 1³ (MRAC 218.058). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 00°22’N, 34°50’E, leg. W. Freund, 10.IX.2002 (canopy fogging), 1³ (ZFMK AR129), 1³ (ZFMK AR051), 1³ (ZFMK AR052), 1³ (ZFMK AR053), 1³ (ZFMK AR054), 1³ (ZFMK AR132). IVORY COAST: Appouesso, FC Bossematié station 5, 06°36’N, 03°27’W, leg. R. Jocqué & L. Baert, 15.X.1993 (sweeping), 1³ (MRAC 205.437); Bettie, forest close to Mabi, leg. R. Jocqué, 3.XI.1993 (sweeping forest edge), 1♀ (MRAC 177.635). RWANDA: Ibanda Makera, 02°20’S, 29°39’E, 1.X.1993 (fogging montane forest), 1♀, 4³ (ZFMK, thom 12). Distribution. Known from Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda and Ivory Coast (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Collected from primary and secondary forest while fogging the canopy of trees. One male was collected in the Ivory Coast while sweeping vegetation. Adults were sampled from September to November., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 171-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882

Parabomis wandae sp. nov. Figures 26 – 30 Etymology. This species is named in honour of Prof Wanda Wesołowska (Wrocław, Poland), in recognition of her significant contributions to the taxonomy of African and Palaearctic Salticidae. Diagnosis. Male of this species differ from congeners in the shape of the RTA that is almost as long as the width of the bulb, with the tip directed laterad (Fig. 28). The RTA base is broad and the apex is beak-like, in contrast to the sharply pointed apex of P. martini. The abdomen has a hump that is more distinct in males, while in P. martini the abdomen profile is round. The atrium of the female epigyne is egg-shaped, as wide as long, with the ventral edge thickened (Fig. 29), and the spermathecal ducts are long and curved (Fig. 30). Description. Holotype male. Measurements: TL 1.90; CL 0.91; CW 0.95. Legs: I 1.45 (0.52, 0.12, 0.31, 0.28, 0.22); II 1.45 (0.63, 0.23, 0.29, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.08 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.20, 0.10); IV 1.31 (0.46, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace: dark brown, darker laterally, strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta (Fig. 26); eyes circled with black; chelicerae brown; mouthparts yellowish brown. Sternum brown, granulate. Legs dark; coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with blackish hue; femora I–IV dark brown, with femora I–II usually darker than rest; patellae yellowish brown; all legs with distinct white bands at joints distinct when viewed from below. Abdomen dorsum with brown scutum, with scattered black patches; in lateral view with distinct hump; white laterally and pale below. Palp with large beak-like RTA (Fig. 28); tip directed laterad with small VTA. Female. Measurements: TL 2.26; CL 0.97; CW 1.10. Legs: I 1.90 (0.67, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27), II 1.82 (0.60, 0.27, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.21 (0.42, 0.22, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.42 (0.55, 0.16, 0.28, 0.31, 0.12). Resembles the male but larger in size and paler in colour (Fig. 27). Carapace fawn to brown, with dark patch laterally; eyes circled with black; eye region infused with white; chelicerae fawn; integument strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta. Sternum granulated, bearing tubercles with setae. Legs same colour as prosoma; white with distinct white bands at joints; femora darker. Abdomen white with dark patches, scattered dark setae giving it spotted appearance; abdomen with hump less distinct than in male. Epigyne with sub-oval atrium, slightly wider than long, edges slightly thickened (Fig. 29); spermathecae slightly longer than wide, with long curving spermathecal ducts (Fig. 30). Type material. Holotype ³: GHANA: Kakum Forest, 05°21’N, 01°23’W, leg. R. Jocqué et al., 17.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest) (MRAC 218.012). Paratypes: GHANA: Kakum Forest, °21’N, 01°23’W, 21.XI.2005 (fogging primary forest), leg. R. Jocqué et al., 1♀ 2³ (MRAC 218052); Same locality data, leg. R. Jocqué, et al., 15.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest), 1³ (MRAC 217.977). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 00°22’N, 34°50’E, leg. W. Freund, 10.IX.2002 (canopy fogging), 1♀ (ZFMK AR133). Other material examined. GHANA: Kakum Forest, 05°21’N, 01°23’W, leg. R. Jocqué et al., 22.XI.2005 (fogging secondary forest), 1³ (MRAC 218.058). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 00°22’N, 34°50’E, leg. W. Freund, 10.IX.2002 (canopy fogging), 1³ (ZFMK AR129), 1³ (ZFMK AR051), 1³ (ZFMK AR052), 1³ (ZFMK AR053), 1³ (ZFMK AR054), 1³ (ZFMK AR132). IVORY COAST: Appouesso, FC Bossematié station 5, 06°36’N, 03°27’W, leg. R. Jocqué & L. Baert, 15.X.1993 (sweeping), 1³ (MRAC 205.437); Bettie, forest close to Mabi, leg. R. Jocqué, 3.XI.1993 (sweeping forest edge), 1♀ (MRAC 177.635). RWANDA: Ibanda Makera, 02°20’S, 29°39’E, 1.X.1993 (fogging montane forest), 1♀, 4³ (ZFMK, thom 12). Distribution. Known from Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda and Ivory Coast (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Collected from primary and secondary forest while fogging the canopy of trees. One male was collected in the Ivory Coast while sweeping vegetation. Adults were sampled from September to November.

Parabomis megae sp. nov. Figures 15 – 20 Etymology. Named in honour of Ms Meg Cumming (Harare, Zimbabwe), in recognition of her contribution to our knowledge of Zimbabwean spiders. Diagnosis. The species is distinguished from other congeners by the male palp having the RTA straight, with the apex directed dorsally, while directed laterad in others, except for P. elsae sp. nov. It differs from P. elsae sp. nov. by the sharply pointed tip of the apex (Fig. 18). Parabomis megae sp. nov. resembles the female of P. elsae sp. nov. in the shape of the epigyne, but the colour differs, being uniform in P. megae sp. nov. and strongly mottled in P. elsae sp. nov. (Fig. 19). Description. Male (holotype). Measurements: TL 1.90; CL 0.95; CW 1.03. Legs: I 1.44 (0.52, 0.13, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22); II 1.44 (0.63, 0.22, 0.28, 0.20, 0.11); III 1.09 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.21, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace dark brown (Fig. 15); eyes circled with black; chelicerae dark brown; mouthparts yellowish brown; palp dark brown; carapace slightly wider than long; strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta. Sternum brown; granulose. Eyes as for genus. Legs: coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with blackish hue; femora I-IV dark brown, with femora I and II usually darker than rest; patellae yellowish brown; tibiae, metatarsi and partly tarsi of legs I and II clothed with numerous fine erect setae. Abdomen dorsum white with brown hue, shield-like with scattered black spots. Male palp with RTA straight, tip directed dorsally and apex pointed (Fig. 18). Female. Measurements: TL 3.2; CL 1.1; CW 1.4. Legs: I 1.83 (0.67, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27); II 1.84 (0.61, 0.28, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.61 (0.41, 0.22, 0.26, 0.12, 0.70); IV 1.71 (0.55, 0.46, 0.27, 0.31, 0.12). Carapace fawn, in some specimens darker laterally (Figs 16-17); strongly granulated, bearing numerous small tubercles, each with translucent seta; eye region infused with white; eyes sometimes circled with black; chelicerae creamish white. Sternum granulated, bearing tubercles with seta. Legs creamish white, with distinct white bands at joints; femora frequently darker. Abdomen fawn to white, with scattered dark setae giving it spotted appearance; depressions on dorsum darker, bearing two brownish markings (Fig. 16). Epigyne with atrium oval (Fig. 19); spermathecae with short ducts (Fig. 20). Type material. Holotype ³: ZIMBABWE: Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. J. Minshull, 12.XII.1985 (NMZ / A4208 a). Paratypes: ZIMBABWE: Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. J. Minshull, 12.XII.1985, 1♀, 3³, 4imm. (NMZ / A4208 b); Tshowe River rapids, Matetsi Safari Area, 18°31’S, 28°40’E, leg. J. Minshull, 6.XII.1988, 1³ (NMZ A6916); Walmer Drive, Harare, 17°49’S, 31°05’E, leg. M. Cumming, 14. VI.2004 (spider ballooning), 1♀ (NCA 2012 /327); Same locality data, leg. M. Cumming, 15.I.2004 (sweeping grass and herbs in garden), 1♀, 3imm. (NCA 2012 /326); Same locality data, leg. M. Cumming, 1. III.2004, 1♀ (NCA 2009 / 258). Other material examined. ZIMBABWE: Humani Ranch, Store Camp, 20°29’S, 32°15’E, leg. Falcon College, 6. IV.1987, 1imm. (NMZ A 5882); Doddieburn Dam, Doddieburn Ranch, 21°28’S, 29°24’E, leg. E. Nyathi, 20. IV.1986, 2 imm. (NMZ / A4661); Same locality, leg. J. Minshull, 11.XII.1985, 1 imm. ♀ (NMZ 4227); Chelo Farm Homestead, 2029A3, leg. F. Nyathi, 5.X.1988, 5 imm. (NMZ 715), 4 imm. (NMZ / A7190); Namakukwe, Zambezi confluence, 17°51’S, 25°23’E, leg. Falcon College, 26.VIII.1986, 1 imm. (NMZ 4794); Sabi-Lundi confluence, Gomarezhou National Park, 21°23’S, 33°50’E, leg. J. Minshull, 21. IV.1985, 1 imm. (NMZ 3289); Tshowe River rapids, Matetsi Safari Area 18°31’S, 28°40’E, leg. J. Minshull, 4.XII.1988 (NMZ 6895); Katombora Campsite, 17°50’S, 25°24’E, leg. Falcon College, 1.X.1986, 1 imm. (NMZ 4720), 1 imm. NMZ 5040, 1 imm NMZ 5079, 1 imm. NMZ 5086); 1.5 km NW of Kazuma Forestry camp, 1825B3, leg. Falcon College, 15. IV.1988, 2 imm. (NMZ / A 6704); Farm 2 km E. Glenmore, 2028C, leg. F.Nyathi, 28.IX.1988, 1 imm. (NMZ / A 7094); Sengwa Plot, leg. M. Cumming, 2.XII.2002 (beating Trichelias tree), 1³ (NCA 2009 /456). Distribution. Known only from Zimbabwe (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens were sampled sweeping grass and herbs. Most of the adult specimens were sampled from December to March.

Parabomis pilosus sp. nov. Figures 1, 2, 21 – 25 Etymology. The name refers to the numerous setae on the carapace of the species. Diagnosis. The male of this species differs from all the other congeners by the blunt RTA (Fig. 23) vs. pointed in other species. In the female, the epigyne atrium is bell-shaped (Fig. 24) and contrasts with that of P. martini, which is subtriangular. Carapace and abdomen bearing rows of flat-lying translucent club-shaped setae that are longer and denser than in other species, especially on the carapace declivity (Fig. 22). Description. Male (holotype). TL 1.7; CL 0.9; CW 1.0. Legs: I 1.43 (0.51, 0.13, 0.30, 0.27, 0.22); II 1.43 (0.63, 0.22, 0.28, 0.20, 0.10); III 1.09 (0.34, 0.12, 0.32, 0.21, 0.10); IV 1.32 (0.47, 0.15, 0.32, 0.19, 0.19). Carapace dark brown, granular, with numerous white club-shaped setae (Fig. 21); carapace edge white; eyes circled with black; chelicerae dark brown; mouthparts yellowish brown; carapace wider than long. Sternum orange brown, granulose, bearing numerous strong flat-lying translucent setae. Legs with coxae, trochanters and tibiae brown, with white articulations. Abdomen broad, dorsum dark brown, shield-like, with pale patches; granular. Palp: RTA not pointed but with blunt broad apex (Fig. 23); VTA absent. Female. TL 2.6; CL 1.05; CW 1.3; CH 1.4; AW 2.1; AL 2.1. Legs: Legs: I 1.88 (0.65, 0.29, 0.42, 0.25, 0.27); II 1.81 (0.60, 0.26, 0.43, 0.24, 0.28); III 1.20 (0.42, 0.21, 0.26, 0.12, 0.19); IV 1.7 (0.55, 0.46, 0.26, 0.31, 0.12). Carapace fawn with clypeus and eye region infused with brown, lateral edges darker brown; chelicerae and mouthparts yellowish white; posterior declivity clothed with numerous white flat-lying club-shaped setae (Figs 1-2, 22). Sternum yellowish white. Legs fawn to brown infused with white; femora darker, especially legs II and III; articulate area of each leg segment with white rim. Abdomen fawn to white, with faint spots; depressions on abdomen darker, bearing two brownish triangular to round patches. Epigyne: atrium bell-shaped (Fig. 24); spermathecae oval, spermathecal ducts short, glandular lobes anteriorly of spermathecae (Fig. 25). Type material. Holotype ³: BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Shakawe Fishing Camp, 18°26’S, 21°54’E, leg. J. van Niekerk, 1.XII.2001 (active searching) (NCA 2006 /868). Paratypes: BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Xugana Island, 130 km NNW of Maun, 19°04’S, 23°03’E, leg. B.H. Lamoral, 17–25.XI.1980, 1♀ (NMSA 23719); Okavango Delta, 30 km N of Lechwee Camp, approx. between 18°40’S– 19°00’S and 23°00’E– 23°45’E, leg. B. Lamoral, 17-20.XI.1979, 1³ (NMSA); Okavango Delta, N of Lechwee Camp and Khwai River Lodge, between 18°40’S– 19°00’S and 23°00’E– 23°45’E, leg. B. Lamoral, 18- 20.XI.1979, 2³ (NMSA); Okavango Delta, near Shakawe, Lesideng Research Camp, 18°25’S, 21°53’E, leg. R. Lyle, 10-20.XII.2006 (beating shrubs in riverine forest), 1♀ (NCA 2020 /550). Other material examined. BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, Xugana Island, 130 km NNW of Maun, 19°04’S, 23°03’E, leg. F. Nyathi, 17-25.XI.1980, 1♀ (NMZ / A 70941). SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo Province: Tshipise, Farm Alicedale (citrus), 22°42’S, 30°14’E, leg. J. Wilkinson, 12.IV.2016 (on tree in silk retreat, see Figs 1-2), 1♀ (SANSA Virtual Museum). Distribution. Known from Botswana and northern South Africa (Fig. 32). Biology/Habitat. Specimens were sampled by sweeping grass and herbs. In Tshipise, a female was sampled from a silk retreat made between leaves.

Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901: 3, 30, figs 25–27; Simon 1903: 1011; Lessert 1919: 181; Ono 1988: 207; Dippenaar-Schoeman 2014: 244. Type species. Parabomis levanderi Kulczyński, 1901. Diagnosis. Parabomis shares with the other four African genera of the Bominae the globular body shape, small size and very short legs without spines. They share with Thomisops and Holopelus the peg-like setae on the promargins of the chelicerae, which are absent in Avelis and Felsina. It can be distinguished from Avelis, Thomisops and Holopelus by the high carapace (carapace height> carapace length), the very broad sloping clypeus, as well as the eyes that are grouped far apart,> 0.6 × clypeus width (Fig. 1). Parabomis male palps differ from those of the other African genera in having both a ventral apophysis and strongly developed retrolateral apophysis on the tibia. The marginally sclerotized atrium of Parabomis differs from Holopelus and Thomisops in the absence of a hood, and from Avelis in the absence of a median septum. Description. Female. Total length varies between 3.1–3.6 mm. Carapace cream to brown, sometimes tinted with green (Fig. 3), frequently mottled with white in eye region and on clypeus, with darker patches laterally, as seen in live specimens (Figs 1–3). Carapace as wide as long, anteriorly only slightly narrower than posteriorly; thoracic region high and convex, with distinct posterior declivity; declivity edge with semicircular carina with row of polyp-like tubercles, each bearing a short club-shaped seta; integument granulose, with scattered small tubercles, bearing very short, thick, flat-lying setae, more numerous laterally (very distinct in P. pilosus sp. nov. (Fig. 1)). Eyes small; both eye rows recurved, with AER shorter than PER and strongly recurved; lateral eyes on small tubercles, with posterior tubercle slightly larger than anterior tubercle; AME closer to ALE than to each other; ALE same size as AME; PME closer to PLE than to each; PME slightly smaller than PLE; MOQ much wider than long, slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Clypeus distinct, strongly sloping, protruding slightly over cheliceral base; edge curved. Chelicerae flattened anteriorly; promargin bearing densely packed bristle-like setae. Labium longer than wide. Sternum cream to dark; narrow-oval, prolonged posteriorly to form an obtuse point between legs IV; integument granulose. Legs same color as carapace, varying from cream to pale brown, in some species mottled with white, with articulation areas of each leg segment frequently with distinct white rims; legs short and thick; patellae nearly as long as metatarsi; tibiae longer than metatarsi; macro-setae absent, legs bearing short hair-like setae; tarsi with numerous teeth on paired claw; metatarsi and tarsi in some species with strong erect setae ventrally. Abdomen creamish white to brown, with darker hue in dorsal depressions (Figs 1–3); rounded, wider than long; shape varying from ball-shaped (when swollen with food or eggs) (Fig. 17) to slightly flattened, with lateral and transverse striae sometimes forming deep depressions; striae bearing small tubercles, each with translucent club-shaped seta; abdomen closely pressed against cephalothorax, fitting into posterior declivity; ventral region pale. Epigyne with marginally sclerotized atrium, of which shape varies from sub-oval, triangular to bell-shaped; spermathecae simple, longer than wide, bilobed sac-like structures, short, simple copulatory ducts, with intromittent orifices uncovered and situated in anterior part. Male: Total length varies between 1.7–2.03 mm. Males resemble females but differ as follows: smaller in size; carapace and legs darker than female, usually uniformly brown; abdomen dorsum darker, shield-like in appearance, white laterally; dorsal depressions dark; legs slightly more slender than females; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi bearing long dense setae ventrally. Palp: femur and patella not modified; tibia with two apophyses, VTA smaller than RTA, both fused; RTA about same length as tibia, apex pointed; shape varying between species; cymbium as long as wide, tutaculum absent; tegulum round, lacking apophyses; embolus filiform at tip, originating at 9h00 position. Distribution. Parabomis is endemic to the Afrotropical Region and was previously known from Bioko Island (Fernando Poo), Cameroon, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea (Spanish Guinea), Namibia and Tanzania. New records: Botswana, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Zanzibar and Zimbabwe., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 162-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882, {"references":["Kulczynski, W. (1901) Arachnoidea in Colonia Erythrea a Dre K. M. Levander collec a de Cracovie. Memoires et Comptes rendus des seances de la section des mathematiques et des sciences naturelles de l'Academie des sciences, 41, 1 - 63.","Simon, E. (1903) Arachnides de la Guinee espagnole. Memoires de la Societe d'histoire naturelle de Paris, 1 (3), 65 - 124.","Lessert, R. de (1919) Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). III. Thomisidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 27, 99 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 36325","Ono, H. (1988) A revisional study of the spider family Thomisidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Japan. National Science Museum, Tokyo and New Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 252 pp.","Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. (2014) Field guide to the Spiders of South Africa. Lapa Publishers, Pretoria, 432 pp."]}

Parabomis levanderi Kulczyński, 1901 Figures 9 Parabomis levanderii Kulczyński, 1901: 3, 30, figs 25–27 (Holotype ³: ERITREA: Ghinda, 15°27’N, 39°05’E, leg. K.M. Levander, FMNH—examined). Diagnosis. Males resemble those of P. martini in colour and the shield-like abdomen, but in P. levanderi the dorsum has two longitudinal series of black spots dorsally in depressions, which are absent in P. levanderi. Parabomis levanderi is the only male where the palp has the RTA two-pronged, with the one lobe longer and slightly hooked (Fig. 9). Description. Holotype male. Measurements: TL 1.9; CL 1.1; CW 1.1. Legs: I 2.17 (0.65, 0.35, 0.47, 0.36, 0.34); II 2.14 (0.65, 0.34, 0.46, 0.36, 0.33); III (missing); IV 1.64 (0.52, 0.29, 0.34, 0.23, 0.26). Carapace chestnut brown, with dark patches laterally; posterior declivity yellow; clypeus mottled, with paler longitudinal infusions; carapace as wide as long, with deep posterior declivity; edge of declivity bearing numerous small tubercles; integument with scattered tubercles, each bearing club-shaped seta. Mouthparts and chelicerae paler than carapace. Sternum dark reddish brown, with narrow white margin, integument granulose. Legs: coxae dark; trochanters yellow; anterior femora black; patella yellow; anterior tibiae dark reddish brown; tarsi dark red; each segment distinctly rimmed with white. Abdomen: dorsum white, with shield-like dark area. Male palp with small fused VTA, RTA two-pronged (Fig. 9). Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 32)., Published as part of Dippenaar-Schoeman, Anna S. & Foord, Stefan H., 2020, Revision of the Afrotropical crab-spider genus Parabomis Kulczyński, 1901 (Araneae: Thomisidae), pp. 161-174 in Zootaxa 4899 (1) on pages 165-166, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4400882, {"references":["Kulczynski, W. (1901) Arachnoidea in Colonia Erythrea a Dre K. M. Levander collec a de Cracovie. Memoires et Comptes rendus des seances de la section des mathematiques et des sciences naturelles de l'Academie des sciences, 41, 1 - 63."]}

Canning, Gregory, Reilly, Brian Kevin, Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S. (2015): Aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Seychelles theraphosid Nesiergus insulanus (Arachnida: Araneae: Theraphosidae). African Invertebrates 56 (1): 167, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0113, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.5733/afin.056.0113

Leroya silva sp. n. Figs 128–136, 139, 143–144, 147 Type material: Holotype: ♂, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Bas Congo-Region, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve [5°37’S, 13°05’E], fogging, 5–10 November 2006, D. De Bakker & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 222238a). Paratypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): 2 ♂, 1 ♀, collected with holotype (MRAC 222238b); 1 juvenile ♀, 2 ♂ same locality data as holotype (MRAC 220995). RWANDA: Est Province , 1 ♀, Ibanda Makera [02°09’S, 30°55’E], October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1320 ) . UGANDA: Masindi Province, 1 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1321). Etymology. “ Silva ” is the Latin word that means forest, and it refers to the habitat where all known individuals were sampled. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Body without patterns (Figs 133, 135). Differs from L. unicolor in slightly darker body, shape of copulatory organs and carapace that is wider than long. Epigyne visible as two sclerotised areas (Figs 136, 143), in L. unicolor visible as one large sclerotised area. Male bulb as in Figs 134, 141, 142. Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 4.10 (3.89–4.22); CL: 1.98 (1.91–2.04); CW: 2.00 (1.96–2.05); CI: 0.99 (0.97–1.03); CH: 0.99 (0.74–1.11); CLL: 0.20 (0.19–0.23); MOQ-L: 0.37 (0.34–0.37). Colour. Carapace with metallic-shine to copper-brown; eye tubercles copper; abdomen dorsally and ventrally pale brown (Fig. 135). Carapace. Slightly wider than long. Clypeus. With numerous thick, long setae on edge. Chelicerae. With short setae (Fig. 128). Sternum. SL: 0.85; SW: 0.84; SI: 1.02. Eye s. Eye spots on all eyes or only on LE; ALE and PLE situated on very flatish tubercles; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.57; ALE–AME: 0.60; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.94; PME–PME: 0.72; PLE–PME: 0.68; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.07; ALE/AME: 1.07; PLE/PME: 0.94; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.97; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.46; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.36. Legs. With trichobothria, tarsal claws with long tufts that extend densely towards claws (Figs 129–132); leg formula: I:II:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.47, Pat 0.57, Tib 1.39, Mt 1.14, Ta 0.81, total 5.38; II—Fe 1.48, Pat 0.46, Tib 1.28, Mt 1.15, Ta 0.80, total 5.17; III—Fe 1.10, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.78, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.51, total 3.40; IV—Fe 1.04, Pat 0.37, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.67, Ta 0.50, total 3.39. Abdomen. With numerous long and shorter setae, spiniform setae scattered in between, all embedded in distinct tubercles; sigillae bigger than other species. AL: 2.12; AW: 2.05; AI: 1.03. Epigyne. Spermathecae and intromittent canals as in Figs. 143, 144. Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 3.39 (3.04–3.92); CL: 1.63 (1.42–1.94); CW: 1.68 (1.49–2.00); CI: 0.97 (0.95–0.99); CH: 0.82 (0.68–0.93); CLL: 0.20 (0.15–0.26); MOQ-L: 0.31 (0.28–0.35). Resemble females but differ as follows: Colour. Metallic-shine, copper or blackish-turquoise; abdomen dorsally and ventrally dark brown (Fig. 133). Clypeus. As in Fig. 139. Sternum. SL: 0.67 SW: 0.70 SI: 0.96. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.47; ALE–AME: 0.50; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.93; PME–PME: 0.56; PLE–PME: 0.59; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 0.95; ALE/AME: 1.08; PLE/PME: 1.05; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.83; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.37; Clyp/AME– AME: 0.41. Legs. Leg formula: II:I:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.99, Pat 0.28, Tib 1.00, Mt 0.84, Ta 0.54, total 3.65; II—Fe 1.50, Pat 0.41, Tib 1.44, Mt 1.20, Ta 0.77, total 5.32; III—Fe 0.97, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.71, Mt 0.57, Ta 0.45, total 2.98; IV—Fe 0.86, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.72, Mt 0.56, Ta 0.45, total 2.87. Abdomen. AL: 1.75; AW: 1.67; AI: 1.05. Palp. Bulb with slight swelling laterally; tibia with long setae; RTA and VTA long (Figs 134, 141, 142). Natural history. This species lives in the canopy of rainforests. Adults and juveniles were collected from October until January. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Uganda (Fig. 147).

Mystaria stakesbyi sp. n. Figs 5, 38, 39, 83–86, 126 Type material: Holotype: ♀, GHANA: Greater Accra Region, Legon [05°39’N, 00°11’W], 10 December 1969, P.A. Room (MRAC 135.996). Paratypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Kasai-Occidental Province, 1 ♀, Luebo [05°20’S, 21°25’E], 1992, D.H Schouteden (MNHG). Nord-Kivu Region, 1 ♂, Kivu, Semliki, Valley of Djuma [00°43’N, 29°45’E], leaf litter sifting, 15 July 1968, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 135.812); 1 ♀, Rutshuru [01°10’S, 29°27’E], April 1937, J. Ghesquierie (MRAC 20812/20816). GABON: Estuaire Region, 1 ♂, Kinguele [00°29’N, 10°20’E], 10 km N of Kinguélé, 6 April 1986, A. Pauly (MRAC 173.087). KENYA: Western Province, 1 ♀, Kakamega forest [00°22’N, 34°50’E], alt. 1600 m, secondary forest canopy fogging of Heinsia diervilleoides, 17 January 2003, W. Freund (ZFMK AR 137); 1 ♀, same locality, canopy fogging Teclea nobilis, 7–11 February 1999, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1297). LIBERIA: Gbarpolu County, 1 ♀, Banga [07°16’N, 10°03’W], 26 October 1926, R.P. Strong & G.M. Allen (MCZ). RWANDA: Est Province, 1 ♀, Ibanda Makera, Rusumo [02°09’S, 30°55’E], alt. 1450 m, gallery forest canopy fogging of T. nobilis, October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1303). TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro Region, 1 ♀, Kibongoto [03°10’S, 37°06’E] (MNHG). UGANDA: Masindi District: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt. 1200 m, secondary canopy fogging of Cynometra alexandri, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1298, 1302); 1 ♂, same locality, 21–31 July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1300); 1 ♂, same locality, primary forest canopy fogging of Rinorea beniensis, 19–30 June 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1301); 1 ♂, same locality, swamp forest canopy fogging of T. nobilis, 1–10 July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1299). Etymology. Named after the husband of the first author, Eduard Stakesby. Noun in genitive gender. Diagnosis. Females may be recognised by carapace that is often decorated with darker brown patch centrally, laterally and/or posteriorly (Fig. 38); epigyne with narrow, curved hood anteriorly, differs from M. soleil n. sp. that have a wider hood; intromittent orifices two circular openings, antero-laterally (Fig. 85), intromittent orifices as in Fig. 86. Male palp with RTA fairly broad at base, tip curving gradually laterally, situated close to bulb (Figs 83, 84). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 6). TL: 3.15 (2.72–4.07); CL: 1.22 (1.06–1.39); CW: 1.10 (0.99–1.30); CI: 1.11(1.06–1.20); CH: 0.74 (0.63–0.88); CLL: 0.21 (0.16–0.25); MOQ-L: 0.25 (0.21–0.28). Colour. Carapace dorsally varies from dark copper-red, orange to brown; usually with dark brown central band or patch which may extend from eye area or clypeus posteriorly; laterally with paler orange-brown to yellow areas; abdomen paler than carapace, unevenly brownish to pale, with faint white border, may be decorated with pale, purple-grey or dark brown triangular patterns; ventrally pale with dark brown striae; all legs yellow-orange, with brown band partially present over width of femora I-IV. Carapace. With fine granules or small holes; few long, erectile setae on postero- or postero-lateral edge and laterally of LE. Sternum. Slightly longer than wide; SL: 0.54; SW: 0.50; SI: 1.09. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.23; ALE–AME: 0.33; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.69; PME–PME: 0.36; PLE–PME: 0.32; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.13; ALE/AME: 1.46; PLE/PME: 0.89; MOQ–AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.39; Clyp/AME– AME: 0.92. Legs. Long and slender; femora, patellae and tibiae I–IV with few medium spiniform setae dorsally and laterally; tibiae with long and short spiniform setae; metatarsi and tarsi III–IV with numerous fine setae and small spiniform setae, also present ventrally on tibiae I–IV and latero-dorsally on metatarsi I–IV; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.74, Mt 0.58, Ta 0.44, total 2.99; II—Fe 1.00, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.44, total 3.12; III—Fe 0.64, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.46, Mt 0.36, Ta 0.30, total 2.05; IV—Fe 0.74, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.57, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.29, total 2.30. Abdomen. Round. AL: 1.93; AW: 1.73; AI: 1.12. Epigyne. With well-defined, small hood centrally and narrow atrium (Fig. 85) small circular intromittent orifices situated laterad of hood; intromittent canals as in Fig. 86. Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 2.50 (2.34–2.76); CL: 1.12 (1.03–1.20); CW: 0.98 (0.90–1.40); CI: 1.15 (1.14–1.15); CH: 0.66 (0.54–0.72); CLL: 0.19 (0.18–0.22); MOQ-L: 0.23 (0.23–0.24). Similar to female but differs as follows: body smaller and more slender. Colour. Carapace uniform dark copper-red (Fig. 39); abdomen slightly paler brown with faint black tinted marks; femora I–IV, tibiae and metatarsi IV with partially copper or brown tint. Carapace. With fewer long setae. Sternum. SL: 0.49 SW: 0.48 SI: 1.02. Eyes. ALE large; PME equally close to PLE than to each other; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.20; ALE–AME: 0.28; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.70; PME–PME: 0.31; PLE–PME: 0.30; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.01; ALE/AME: 1.43; PLE/PME: 0.99; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.64; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.37; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.99. Legs. Spiniform setae longer than in female, with short, fine, dense setae scattered in between, all leg segments with spiniform setae dorso-laterally and ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.90, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.92, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.41, total 3.28; II—Fe 0.99, Pat 0.37, Tib 0.77, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.33, total 2.97; III—Fe 0.62, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.54, Mt 0.42, Ta 0.30, total 2.12; IV—Fe 0.70, Pat 0.21, Tib 0.57, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.31, total 2.22. Abdomen. Longer than wide; scutum narrow oval; AL: 1.38; AW: 0.95; AI: 1.45. Palp. With cymbial apophysis, retro-laterally (Fig. 83); VTA nearly equal in length to RTA (Fig. 84); bulb differ from M. soleil sp. n. in that the tegulum of M. stakesbyi sp. n. is not as darkly sclerotized and bulb not as wide apically as in M. soleil sp. n. Natural history. Sampled material suggest that the following tree species are preferred, Heinsia diervilleoides, Teclea nobilis, Cynometra alexandri and Rinorea beniensis in swamp, primary-, secondary- and gallery rainforests as well as some individuls were found among leaf litter. Most individuals were obtained by means of canopy fogging. Adults were sampled from October to July. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Liberia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda (Fig. 126)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Mystaria mnyama sp. n. Figs 23–25, 61–64, 120 Type material: Holotype: ♀, SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal Province, Tembe Elephant Park, sparse woodland, sweeping grasses [26°52’S, 32°27’E], 7 July 2007, C. Haddad (NCA 2008/2839). Paratype: 1 ♂, Tembe Elephant Park [27°03’S, 32°24’E], open woodland, beating short shrubs, 7 July 2007, C. Haddad (NCA 2008/2822). Etymology. ‘Mnyama’ means black in Zulu, as this species is recognised by the black-tinted areas on the cephalic and eye area. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Females can be recognised by the distinct colour patterns on body (Fig. 23); epigyne with atrium bullet-shaped and small notch anteriorly (Fig. 63). Male is very dark with pale legs (Fig. 25); bulb with sturdy RTA (Fig. 62); RTA with long tip directed antero-laterally, tutaculum present retro-laterally (Fig. 61). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 2.64; CL: 1.06; CW: 0.94; CI: 1.13; CH: 0.73; CLL: 0.23; MOQ-L: 0.24. Colour. Carapace copper-red, black tint in eye region and postero-lateral side of carapace (Fig. 23, 24); clypeus with orange patch; sternum dark; abdomen dorsally very pale with two dark spots laterally; ventrally blue tint with metallic purplish-blue to pinkish-brown striae; legs uniform yellow with femora I–II a darker orange (Fig. 24). Carapace. Slightly granular. Sternum. SL: 0.43; SW: 0.46; SI: 0.95. Eye s. AME large; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 0.29; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.75; PME–PME: 0.34; PLE–PME: 0.26; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.27; ALE/AME: 1.33; PLE/PME: 0.79; MOQ-AW/PW: 0.64; MOQ-L/ MOQ-W: 0.37; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.06. Legs. All legs with medium-length setae; spiniform setae present on the following leg segments: on femora I–III three short, thick setae; tibiae I–IV with at least three setae; tibiae III–IV dorsally and ventrally with setae; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.74, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.64, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.40, total 2.58; II—Fe 0.76, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.61, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.37, total 2.53; III—Fe 0.50, Pat 0.20, Tib 0.40, Mt 0.30, Ta 0.24, total 1.64; IV—Fe 0.60, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.29, total 2.02. Abdomen. AL: 1.58; AW: 1.58; AI: 1.00. Epigyne. Atrium small, bullet-shaped, small notch anteriorly (Fig. 63); intromittent orifices small, open antero-laterally; intromittent canals as in (Fig. 64). Male. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 2.29; CL: 0.97; CW: 0.88; CI: 1.11; CH: 0.66; CLL: 0.22; MOQ-L: 0.22. Differ from female as follows: Colour. Body dark blackish to copper with a white border in anterior half of abdomen; ventrally greyish to brownish-purple striae; legs uniformly pale-yellow in contrast to body (Fig. 25). Carapace. Round. Sternum. SL: 0.40 SW: 0.44 SI: 0.89. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.20; ALE–AME: 0.28; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.74; PME–PME: 0.31; PLE–PME: 0.23; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.37; ALE/ AME: 1.35; PLE/PME: 0.73; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.65; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.33; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.06. Legs. With dense short to medium setae on all segments; femora I–III with three spiniform setae; patella and tibiae I–IV with fairly long, thick and erectile spiniform setae; leg formula: II:I:III (leg IV damaged); leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.77, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.68, Mt 0.55, Ta 0.42, total 2.68; II—Fe 0.84, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.76, Mt 0.55, Ta 0.42, total 2.83; III—Fe 0.52, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.46, Mt 0.31, Ta 0.29, total 1.80; IV—Fe 0.60. Abdomen. Round, anteriorly straight border, posteriorly slightly pointed; scutum with fine setae; AL: 1.32; AW: 1.18; AI: 1.12. Palp. With RTA longer than VTA, with sharp blackened tip (Fig. 61, 62). Natural history. Sampled from sweeping and beating vegetation in open woodlands of Tembe Elephant Park. Known from only two adults sampled in July, during Winter. Distribution. South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal Province) (Fig. 120)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 122-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Mystaria flavogutatta (Lawrence, 1952) comb. n. Figs 2, 11–13, 45–48, 116 Paramystaria flavoguttata Lawrence 1952: 14; fig. 8 (descr. juvenile ♀). Jézéquel 1964: 1111. Type material: Holotype (designated by Lawrence 1952): juvenile ♀, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Katanga Region, Grotte de Kakontwe [10°59’S, 26°40’E] found at entrance of cave beneath stones, 3 August 1948, N. Leleup (MRAC 81211, examined). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, sub-adult ♂, juvenile ♀, Cwebe Nature Reserve, The Haven [31°45’S, 29°16’E], beating of coastal dune forest, 30 October 2006, R. Lyle & C. Haddad (NCA 2007/332). KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1 ♀, Ndumo Game Reserve [26°54’S 32°15’E], Malaise traps in sand forest and broad leaf deciduous forest, 4–8 December 2009, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs (NMBA); 1 ♀, Richards Bay [28°47’S, 32°06’E], tree beating, 26 April 2004, T. Wassenaar (NCA 2009/5037). Limpopo Province, 1 ♂, Kruger National Park, Punda Maria Camp, Shipudze [22°27’S, 31°13’E], 19 December 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM 23345). SWAZILAND: Hhohho Region, juvenile ♀, Piggs Peak area, Hhlehhlele [25°50’S, 31°13’E], handpicked outside pit-toilet, at foot of mountain, 29 October 2011, A.S. Lewis (NCA 2012/325). Diagnosis. Both sexes recognised by carapace with highly elevated thoracic region; in female usually with pattern (Fig. 12) or in holotype juvenile female abdomen uniform in colour with two prominent spots posteriorly. Femora I–IV with numerous short setae ventrally. Female epigyne with atrium well-defined cube-shape (Fig. 47), intromittent canals as in Fig. 48. Male palp with VTA finger-shaped, RTA tooth-like (Fig. 45) extending laterally with a slight curve (Fig. 46) and a small cymbial apophysis. Re-description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 4.58; CL: 1.53; CW: 1.41; CI: 1.08; CH: 1.18; CLL: 0.24; MOQ-L: 0.31. Colour. Carapace and legs copper-brown to orange-yellow; leg III sometimes paler; abdomen pale copper, may resemble M. rufolimbata in both having two contrasting spots postero-dorsally; two spots may either be circles, or form contrasting border encircling abdomen (Fig. 12). Chelicerae. As in Fig. 2. Sternum. SL: 0.59 SW: 0.75 SI: 0.78. Eyes. PME fairly small; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.29; ALE–AME: 0.35; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.83; PME–PME: 0.41; PLE–PME: 0.33; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.25; ALE/AME: 1.20; PLE/PME: 0.80; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.43; CLYP/AME–AME: 0.80. Legs. Two to three spiniform setae in a row, present on tibiae directed latero-ventrally to leg and dorsally on tibiae and patellae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.87, Pat 0.33, Tib 0.94, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.54, total 3.41; II—Fe 1.01, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.99, Mt 0.78, Ta 0.61, total 3.76; III—Fe 0.71, Pat 0.33, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.47, Ta 0.38, total 2.51; IV—Fe 0.89, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.40, total 2.91. Abdomen: AL: 3.06; AW: 2.59; AI: 1.18. Epigyne. Atrium well-defined cube-shaped; intromittent orifices open laterally (Fig. 47); intromittent canals complex (Fig. 48); spermathecae small, situated postero-laterally. Male. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 3.43; CL: 1.36; CW: 1.36; CI: 1.00; CH: 0.96; CLL: 0.32; MOQ-L: 0.28. Resemble females but differs as follows: Colour. Carapace uniform reddish-brown; abdomen orange to copper. Legs uniform in colour, leg III sometimes paler. Carapace. With denser setae. Clypeu s. With long and numerous setae on edge. Sternum. SL: 0.59; SW: 0.67; SI: 0.88. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.28; ALE–AME: 0.32; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.89; PME–PME: 0.40; PLE–PME: 0.35; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.13; ALE/AME: 1.13; PLE/PME: 0.88; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.89; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.13; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.40; CLYP/AME–AME: 1.13. Legs. Leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.08, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.94, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.56, total 3.67; II—Fe 1.13, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.89, Mt 0.68, Ta 0.56, total 3.64; III—Fe 0.75, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.59, Mt 0.45, Ta 0.35, total 2.44; IV—Fe 0.87, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.38, total 2.68; Abdomen. AL: 2.07: AW: 1.81; AI: 1.14. Palp (only left palp available). Embolus long, thin, coiling at least twice around bulb (Fig. 45); RTA broad at base, tip sharply pointed; VTA finger-shaped (Fig. 46). Natural history. Sampled from trees in savanna and coastal forest habitats. The holotype was found under a stone at a cave entrance. Adults were sampled from December to April and juveniles in October. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). New record: South Africa (Fig. 116)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 118-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Lawrence, R. F. (1952) A collection of cavernicolous and termitophilous Arachnida from the Belgian Congo. Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 46, 1 - 17.","Jezequel, J. F. (1964) Araignees de la savane de Singrobo (Cote d'Ivoire). III. - Thomisidae. Bulletin de l Institut francais de Afrique Noire, 26, 1103 - 1143."]}

Mystaria savannensis sp. n. Figs 3, 33–35, 75–78, 99–102, 124 Type material: Holotype: ♀, ZAMBIA: Southern Province, near Choma Wildlives Game Farm [16°50’S, 26°59’E], beating short shrubs, 4 December 2006, C. Haddad & R. Lyle (NCA 2007/530). Paratypes: BOTSWANA: North-East District, 3 ♀, 1 juvenile Selkirk Mine, near Francistown [21°10’S, 27°30’E], 29 February–May 2008, D.H. Jacobs & M. Stiller (NCA 2009/5033, 2009/5034, 2009/5035). SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province, 1 ♀, Hartbeespoortdam [25°43’S, 27°50’E], 10 March 1966, A. Capener (NCA 78/ 33). KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1 ♀, Ubombo [27°33’S, 32°05’E], 16km N, 4 April 1958, E.S. Ross & R.E. Leech (CAS); 1♀, Mkuze Game Reserve [27°39’S, 32°10’E], alt 30 m, 13 June 1985, C.E. Griswold (NM); 2 ♀, 2 ♂, 4 juveniles Ophathe Game Reserve, river bed [28°29’S, 31°27’E], alt 455 m beating short shrubs, 2 October 2008, C. Haddad (NCA 2008/4179, 2008/4175). Limpopo Province, 5 ♂, Blouberg Nature Reserve [23°06’S, 28°59’E], beating Sclerocarya birrea, 29 November 2005 – 26 March 2006, P. Tshivhandekano, V. Gelebe, M. Muelelwa & F. Mbedzi (NCA 2009/4617, 2009/4621, 2009/4622, 2009/4623); 2 ♀, 8 ♂, same locality, sweeping Spirostachys africana, 26 March 2006, S. Foord & N Hahn (NCA 2009/4618, 2009/4619, 2009/4620, 2009/4624, 2009/5024); 4 ♂, same locality, sweeping Kirkia acuminate, 24 March 2006, S. Foord (NCA 2009/5025); 1 ♂, Klasserie, Bokmakierie Game Farm [24°34’S, 31°12’E], open grass lands, 8 April 2001, R. Jocqué (MRAC 210095); 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 sub-adult ♂, Wallers Camp, near Pafuri [22°25’S, 31°02’E], alt 261 m, canopy fogging, 16 February 2008, R. Jocqué and team (NCA 2009/5039); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kruger National Park, Punda Maria Camp [22°40’S, 31°01’E], Shipudze on road to Dunyadgiba, 2 May 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM 23346); 2 ♂, Strydomtunnel [22°23’S, 30°00’E], tree beating, 22 February 1978, E.A. Ueckermann (NCA 88/592); 11 ♀, 30 ♂, 7 juvenile ♀, Tshulu Research Reserve [22°34’S, 30°48’E], alt 38 m, canopy fogging, 18 February 2008. R. Jocqué and team (NCA 2009/5040, 2009/5041, 2009/5042, 2009/5043, 2009/5044, 2009/5843, 2009/5844); 1 ♀, 2 ♂, Western Soutpansberg, Farm Little Leigh [23°05’S, 29°00’E], alt 108 m, beating Kirkia wilmsii, 24 November 2005 – 21 March 2006, F. Maanda (NCA 2009/4625, 2009/5027, 2009/5029); 1 ♀, same locality beating Pterocarpus rotundifolius, 22 March 2006, M. Muelelwa (NCA 2009/5026); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, beating gallery forest, 22 December 2005 – 19 March 2006, E. Stam (NCA 2009/5028, 2009/5031); 1 ♀, same locality, beating Burkea africana, 23 February 2005, S. Foord (NCA 2009/5030); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Wolkberg, Haenertsburg [23°57’S, 29°56’E], sweeping shrubs, 15 July 1993, A. Leroy (NCA 2004/522). Mpumalanga Province, 2 ♀, Loskopdam, Farm Ranch 2D [25°26’S, 29°20’E], bush beating, 27 February 1994, A. Leroy (NCA 2004/524, 2009/5032); 1 ♀, Kruger National Park, Letaba Camp [23°51’S, 31°35’E], 19 February 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM); 1 juvenile ♀, Bourke’s Luck [24°50’S, 30°46’E], sifting leaf litter, 29 March 1991, M. Filmer (NCA 92/144). ZIMBABWE: Masvingo Province, 1♀, Malilangwe Estate, Hakamela Camp [21°05’S, 32°00’E], active search on the ground, 26 March 2000, M. Cumming (NCA 2004/1424); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, SE low veld, sweeping dense grassland, 25 March 2004, M. Cumming (NCA 2004/1423). Etymology. Named after the Savanna Biome, which signifies a favourable habitat of most individuals of the species. Adjective. Diagnosis. Both sexes differ from any other species by the presence of a dark longitudinal stripe present on all legs, which extends from tibia or patella until tarsi (Fig. 34). Epigyne with atrium long-oval, teardrop-shaped, differ from other species by having the longest and largest atrium; intromittent orifices open antero-laterally (Fig. 77). Bulb large with RTA very broad base, differ from other species by a leaf-shaped RTA base, slender tip directed anteriorly (Figs 75, 76). Description. Female. Size, measurements. (n = 9). TL: 3.76 (3.15–5.08); CL: 1.38 (1.20–1.65); CW: 1.33 (1.20–1.53); CI: 1.03 (0.93–1.11); CH: 0.93 (0.84–1.10); CLL: 0.26 (0.21–0.33); MOQ-L: 0.29 (0.27–0.33). Colour. Carapace orange-red or dark brown with a yellow or orange patch on clypeus, may have dark patches over lateral eyes or with a black eye spot on PME (Fig. 33); abdomen pale, may be decorated dorsally as follows: longitudinal band centrally, broader anteriorly than posteriorly extending laterally, or with only dark areas on lateral sides; ventrally pale with striae dark blue to black, white in between; legs I–IV femora may have infuscated bands dorso-ventrally. Carapace. Smooth to slightly granular. Chelicerae. As in Fig. 3. Sternum. SL: 0.56; SW: 0.61; SI: 0.92. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.27; ALE–AME: 0.38; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.70; PME–PME: 0.45; PLE–PME: 0.35; PME–PME/PME-PLE: 1.29; ALE/AME: 1.43; PLE/PME: 0.77; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.59; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.49; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.98. Legs. Covered with fine short setae on all segments, femora I–IV with two medium spiniform setae dorsally; tibiae with two short spiniform setae dorsally; tarsal claws as in Figs 99–102; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.89, Pat 0.36, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.43, total 3.05; II—Fe 0.93, Pat 0.36, Tib 0.69, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.42, total 3.03; III—Fe 0.68, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.47, Mt 0.42, Ta 0.31, total 2.19; IV—Fe 0.84, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.58, Mt 0.53, Ta 0.35, total 2.61. Abdomen. AL: 2.38; AW: 2.27; AI: 1.05. Epigyne. With flap posteriorly (Fig. 77); intromittent canals antero-laterally extended (Fig. 78). Male. Size, measurements. (n = 9). TL: 2.74 (2.50–3.27); CL: 1.17 (1.06–1.32); CW: 1.10 (0.98–1.34); CI: 1.07 (1.02–1.15); CH: 0.74 (0.66–0.85); CLL: 0.27 (0.24–0.31); MOQ-L: 0.27 (0.25–0.31). Resemble female but differ as follows: Colour. Carapace dark or pale copper-brown; abdomen dorsally dark orange or black, with narrow whitish border anteriorly, may have an orange-brown pattern or with spots posteriorly (Fig. 35); legs reddish-brown or orange, yellow or pale-green, femora I–II with infuscated bands, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi IV darker brown. Sternum. SL: 0.46 SW: 0.52 SI: 0.90. Eyes. MOQ big, long wide; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.24; ALE–AME: 0.31; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.76; PME–PME: 0.37; PLE–PME: 0.29; PME–PME/ PME–PLE: 1.29; ALE/AME: 1.33; PLE/PME: 0.78; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.43; Clyp/ AME–AME: 1.16. Legs. Patellae may have medium spiniform setae; tibiae III–IV with medium spiniform setae dorsally and ventrally; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.70, Ta 0.49, total 3.17; II—Fe 0.86, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.42, total 2.91; III—Fe 0.61, Pat 0.24, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.30, total 2.04; IV—Fe 0.68, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.53, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.33, total 2.27. Abdomen. AL: 1.57; AW: 1.47; AI: 1.06. Palp. RTA widened at base (Fig. 75); VTA fairly long, almost equal in length to RTA (Fig. 76). Natural history. Specimens have been collected mostly from trees or sometimes shrubs by means of sweeping, beating or fogging. Other methods include active searching on the ground and leaf litter sifting. Individuals have been observed (pers. comm.) to be frequently hanging on their own silk thread when disturbed from a branch or twig. Some individuals occur in mountainous areas, but seem to be more prevalent in the savanna biome in southern Africa. Individuals prefer living on a variety of indigenous tree species such as Sclerocarya birrea, Spirostachys africana, Kirkia acuminate, K. wilmsii and Pterocarpus rotundifolius. Adults occur from October until July, while juveniles occur from October until February. Distribution. Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Fig. 124)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 127-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973"]}

Mystaria occidentalis (Millot, 1942) comb. n. Figs 26–28, 65–68, 121 Paramystaria variabilis occidentalis Millot 1942: 8, fig. 3 (descr. ♀). Type material: Lectotype (by present designation): ♀, REPUBLIC OF GUINEA: Mamou Region, Kouroussa [11°15’N, 11°59’W], August 1937, J. Millot (MNHN) (material not well-preserved, bleached). Syntype series from MNHN was examined. A female from the syntype series is elected as a new lectotype. Paralectotypes: 2 ♀, same data as lectotype (MNHN) Other material examined. CAMEROON: Adamawa Region, 1 ♂, Chabal Mbabo [07°25’N, 12°49’E], alt 1250 m, SW-slope, 7–13 April 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.638); 1 ♂, 1 juvenile ♀, Mbam mountain near Koutoupi [07°25’N, 12°49’E], W-slope alt. 1100 m, Ndop plateau, forest litter, sweeping, 31 March 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.645). East Region, 1 juvenile, Letta [04°55’N, 13°51’E], alt. 1100 m, 50 km N of Bertoua, sweeping, 3 March 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.732). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Katanga Region, 1 ♀, Likasi (Jadotville), 11.2 km NW [10°59’S, 26°44’E], alt 1350 m, 27 January 1958, E.S. Ross & R.E. Leech (CAS). Nord-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Ishanga spillway of Lake Edward into Semliki [00°08’S, 29°36’E], 26–29 December 1968, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 135.362, 135.368); 2 ♀, Semliki middle valley [01°13’N, 30°32’E], sweeping, 8 August 1968, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 135.463, 135.439); 6 ♀, 5 ♂, Lulimbi, river mouth Ishasha into Lake Edward, SE [00°32’S, 29°40’E], gallery forest beating dense shrub, July–August 1976, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 168.314, 169.056, 169.031); 1 ♂, same locality, sweeping meadow, July–August 1976 (MRAC 169.079); 1 ♀, Sake [01°34’S, 29°02’E], March 1936, L. Lippens (MRAC 20737); 1 ♀, N’Zulu, Lake Kivu [01°37’S, 29°06’E], 13–14 February 1934, G.F. De Witt (MRAC 222219). Orientale Region, 3 ♀, Kivu, valley of Kaisola, Plain of Ruindi [00°47’S, 29°17’E], beating, alt. 1100 m, 3 July 1972, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 144.494, 144.595). Sud-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, Bukavu [02°27’S, 28°43’E], December 1954, H. Bomans (MRAC 85564). MOZAMBIQUE: Tete Province, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Tete [16°09’S, 33°34’E], April 1947 (SMF 9976, 10-034); 1 ♀, Ponta Torres, Inhaca Island [26°00’S, 32°56’E], coastal beach forest, 22 December 1992, T. Steyn (NCA 93/240). RWANDA: Est Province, 1 ♀, Gabiro [01°31’S, 30°28’E], November 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P Michiels (MRAC 165.867); 1 ♀, PN. Akagera, Lake Ihema, fisheries [01°55’S, 30°45’E], sweeping, alt. 1298 m, 8 December 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 165.830); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, same locality, beating on three tree spp. Acacia, Ziziphus and Commiphora, 1 July–29 November 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 165.370, 165.460); 1 ♀, same locality, 6 km south of fisheries [01°40’S, 30°35’E], dry forest, 5 December 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Micheils (MRAC 165.670). Sud Province, 1 ♂, Butare [02°36’S, 29°43’E], April 1968, E. Vertriest (MRAC 134.811). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1♂, 1 ♀, Mtunzini, Twin Streams Farm [28°57’S, 31°46’E], 15 December 1963, W. Lawson & O. Bourquin (NM); 1 ♀, Hellsgate [28°07’S, 32°18’E], blue traps, tsetse fly survey, 15 February 2004, J. Esterhuizen (NCA 2009/4613); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve [32°11’S, 28°58’E], L. Berio (MNHG). TANZANIA: Morogoro Province, 1 ♀, Tanganyika territory [09°06’S, 35°38’E], October 1926, A. Loveridge (MCZ). UGANDA: Jinja District, 1 ♀, Busaga district, Mount Kisunyi [00°40’N, 33°18’E], February 1967, T.Ruabunesa (MRAC 131.591). Kampala Disctrict, 3 ♂, 1 ♀, sub-adult ♂ Rubaga [00°18’N, 32°33’E], sweeping, April –August 1994, D. Penney (MRAC 210194, 210216, 210206); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality, found on flowers, 6 August 1994, D. Penney (MRAC 210192). Remarks. Millot (1942) described Paramystaria variabilis occidentalis as a subspecies of P. variabilis, based mainly on colour variation. A critical examination of P. v. occidentalis revealed that the epigyne differs from that of P. variabilis and these differences necessitate the recognition of P. occidentalis as a distinct species within Mystaria. Diagnosis. Females recognised by colour patterns on body (Fig. 26); differ from other species which may have similar abdominal patterns by slightly larger lateral eyes which are situated closer to PME; epigyne with atrium rim teardrop-shaped, small flap posteriorly; small intromittent orifices open antero-laterally (Fig. 67). Male dark with pale legs, femora I and II may have dark infuscated bands (Fig. 28); RTA with long slender tip directed laterally with slight curve anteriorly (Fig. 65); VTA slender (Fig. 66). Re-description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 21). TL: 2.99 (2.56–3.76); CL: 1.12 (1.05–1.33); CW: 1.01 (0.92–1.20); CI: 1.11 (1.04–1.20); CH: 0.70 (0.60–0.86); CLL: 0.22 (0.15–0.27); MOQ-L: 0.24 (0.20–0.28). Colour. Carapace varies from dark copper-brown to orange-red, colour and patterns vary between individuals, may be uniform in colour or tinted darker on certain areas: usually with two darker bands dorso-laterally (Fig. 26) or darker areas in eye region, may have two small lightly coloured triangles on postero-lateral sides and/or dark bands on thoracic area, in orange specimens carapace dark postero-laterally; clypeus and anterior eye area paler or brighter colour; chelicerae sometimes orange at base and dark distally; labium dark; sternum orange-brown or sometimes with darker brown pattern; abdomen varies: dorsally pale or with blue tint, may have a darker brown medial band or lateral patterns; ventrally striae striped; legs I–IV uniform pale yellow (Fig. 27), or femora I–II often with darker tint; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi II or IV sometimes dark. Carapace. Smooth, not granular. Sternum. SL: 0.48; SW: 0.51; SI: 0.95. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 0.30; AME–AME/ AME–ALE: 0.72; PME–PME: 0.35; PLE–PME: 0.28; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.26; ALE/AME: 1.40; PLE/PME: 0.81; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.39; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.01. Legs. Two or three small setae on femora, rest of leg segments covered densely with fine setae, few small strong setae dorsally and ventrally on patellae and tibiae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.77, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.58, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.39, total 2.51; II—Fe 0.79, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.37, total 2.59; III—Fe 0.58, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.42, Mt 0.33, Ta 0.28, total 1.86; IV—Fe 0.67, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.43, Ta 0.31, total 2.16. Abdomen. Covered with short setae embedded in small tubercles; AL: 1.87; AW: 1.76; AI: 1.06. Epigyne. Wide posteriorly with small flap centrally, almost closed anteriorly (Fig. 67); intromittent canals complex, as in Fig. 68. Male. Size, measurements (n = 12). TL: 2.39 (2.10–2.64); CL: 1.02 (0.90–1.14); CW: 0.92 (0.80–1.00); CI: 1.11 (1.05–1.19); CH: 0.62 (0.54–0.72); CLL: 0.22 (0.18–0.24); MOQ-L: 0.22 (0.20–0.24). Resemble females but differ as follows: Colour. Body dark or rich copper-brown; abdomen dorsally with or without patterns, sometimes with narrow bluish or white border anteriorly; ventrally uniform metallic blue, pinkish-purple or pale with blue and white striped striae; legs either pale or femora I–II and tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi IV darker (Fig. 28). Sternum. SL: 0.42 SW: 0.46 SI: 0.92. Eyes. Large; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.21; ALE–AME: 0.27; AME–AME/ AME–ALE: 0.79; PME–PME: 0.31; PLE–PME: 0.25; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.26; ALE/AME: 1.29; PLE/PME: 0.80; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.68; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.34; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.05. Legs. Usually with short setae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.84, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.59, Ta 0.43, total 2.85; II—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.42, total 2.95; III—Fe 0.56, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.48, Mt 0.35, Ta 0.29, total 1.92; IV—Fe 0.64, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.52, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.31, total 2.23. Abdomen. AL: 1.36; AW: 1.17; AI: 1.17. Palp. Embolus long with at least three coils; VTA and RTA almost same length (Figs 65, 66). Natural history. Sampled from sweeping and beating vegetation such as trees shrubs and from forest litter in coastal beach forest, gallery forests, marshy areas near lakes and mountainous areas. Collected material suggested adults to be abundant from July to April whereas juveniles appeared from March to June. Distribution. Republic of Guinea. New records: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda (Fig. 121).

Mystaria oreadae sp. n. Figs 29, 30, 69, 70, 95–98, 122 Type material: Holotype: ♀, RWANDA: Nord Province, Rwankuba [ 01°45’S, 29°51’E], alt. 2200 m, 23 August 1953, A.E. Bertrand (MRAC 78855). Paratypes: 2 ♀, same locality data as holotype (MRAC 78856-7). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ( DRC): Orientale Region, 1 ♀, Ituri, Mount Bugera [00°10’S, 29°14’E], November 1953, R.P. Bergmans & R.P. Celis (MRAC 76630). Etymology. This species, which was sampled exclusively from mountainous regions is named after ‘Oread’, a mountain nymph in old Greek mythology. Noun in genitive case. Diagnosis. Females can be recognised by the colour patterns on body. Femora I–IV infuscated totally or partially with brown band (Figs 29, 30). Epigyne with atrium rim horseshoe-shaped, small hood centrally (Fig. 69). Male unknown. Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 3.20 (2.74–3.53); CL: 1.14 (1.01–1.27); CW: 1.09 (0.97–1.22); CI: 1.05 (1.04–1.07); CH: 0.66 (0.63–0.70); CLL: 0.23 (0.20–0.26); MOQ-L: 0.24 (0.24–0.25). Colour. Carapace varies from red to orange copper, may be tinted darker on thoracic region with paler triangles postero-laterally or darkened on posterior edge, colour and patterns varies between individuals; chelicerae orange to copper, with tinted black tips; sternum dark copper; abdomen dorsally pale white, may have a median longitudinal band which extends to spinnerets and striae; ventrally uniformly metallic blue to turqoise or slightly dark pink; striae blue-grey; all legs segments except femora I–IV uniform orange-yellow (Fig. 30). Carapace. Slightly granular; setae present on clypeal edge and laterally of ALE and PLE. Sternum. SL: 0.48; SW: 0.53; SI: 0.91. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 0.31; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.72; PME–PME: 0.37; PLE–PME: 0.28; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.35; ALE/AME: 1.40; PLE/PME: 0.74; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.60; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.41; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.04. Legs. Short setae present on all legs; spiniform setae present on the following segments: femora laterally with two or three medium-length setae; tibia ventrally or dorsally with many scattered, erectile and long setae; tibiae ventrally with two fairly long setae situated distally; tarsal claws as in Figs 95–98; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.75, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.59, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.40, total 2.53; II—Fe 0.75, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.62, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.40, total 2.57; III—Fe 0.58, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.43, Mt 0.34, Ta 0.29, total 1.89; IV—Fe 0.66, Pat 0.24, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.42, Ta 0.30, total 2.12. Abdomen. Slightly wider posteriorly; AL: 2.06; AW: 1.80; AI: 1.14. Epigyne. Intromittent orifices small, open antero-laterally (Fig. 69); intromittent canals visible ventrally, postero-laterally to rim; intromittent canals as in Fig. 70. Male. Unknown. Natural history. Specimens have been sampled from mountainous regions. Females were found to occur from August to November. Distribution. Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Fig. 122)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Mystaria lindaicapensis sp. n. Figs 20–22, 57–60, 119 Type material: Holotype: ♀, SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, Jeffreys Bay [34°02’S, 24°55’E], in garden, 15 July 2008, L. Wiese (NCA 2009/5036). Paratypes: 1 ♂, same locality data as holotype, L. Wiese (NCA 2009/5036); Western Cape Province , 1 ♂, Knysna [34°00’S, 23°20’E] beating, 7 December 1989, L.N. Lotz (NMBA 3317). Etymology. Named after Linda Wiese who collected the holotype in the Eastern Cape Province, the southernmost locality for this genus in South Africa. Adjective. Diagnosis. Females can be recognised by the distinct colour patterns on body (Figs 20, 21); epigyne with atrium well defined, rim oval to U-shaped (Fig. 59); intromittent orifices open antero-laterally, intromittent canals very long and complex (Fig. 60). In male palp, the bulb is large and round; RTA with slender tip extending dorsolaterally (Figs 57, 58). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 3.90; CL: 1.26; CW: 1.31; CI: 0.96; CH: 0.94; CLL: 0.28; MOQ-L: 0.31. Colour. Carapace brown to dark copper, clypeus with small orange area; sternum dark; abdomen dorsally pale yellow to copper-blue, a broad, black longitudinal band centrally that expands laterally; ventrally blue with brown striae; femora I–III with infuscate brown bands dorsally and ventrally; femur IV distally with brown band; patellae yellow-orange, tibiae and metatarsi greenish, tarsi pale yellow. Carapace. Texture granular and hairy. Clypeus. Sloping. Sternum. SL: 0.64; SW: 0.67; SI: 0.95. Eye s. MOQ eye area fairly wide, eye tubercles small, PLE not very big, almost equal in size to AME; ALE>PLE>AME>PME; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.33; ALE–AME: 0.36; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.92; PME–PME: 0.52; PLE–PME: 0.34; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.54; ALE/AME: 1.09; PLE/PME: 0.65; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.64; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.49; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.84. Legs. With very dense setae; femora with two medium spiniform setae, tibiae I-IV with two short spines; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.96, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.76, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.46, total 3.06; II—Fe 0.96, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.79, Mt 0.66, Ta 0.48, total 3.20; III—Fe 0.72, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.31, total 2.21; IV—Fe 0.78, Pat 0.34, Tib 0.60, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.36, total 2.59. Abdomen. Large, round; AL: 2.64; AW: 2.76; AI: 0.96. Epigyne. Rim extending slightly antero-laterally where intromittent orifices are situated (Fig. 59); intromittent canals longer than in other species (Fig. 60). Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 2.83 (2.78–2.87); CL 1.20 (1.15–1.25); CW: 1.13 (1.12–1.14); CI: 1.06 (1.03–1.09); CH: 0.83 (0.82–0.84); CLL: 0.26 (0.25–0.26); MOQ-L: 0.28 (0.28–0.29). Differs from female as follows: Colour. Abdomen dorsally blackish-brown with slight orange-red pattern, small blue or whitish border around abdomen (Fig. 22); ventrally metallic blue, with striae slightly darker. Femora I–II dark or with infuscate dark brownish bands; femora III–IV distally slightly darker; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of leg IV with darker tint, remainder of leg segments yellow or orange. Carapace. Granular and/or hairy, with few long, erectile setae present on postero-thoracic edge and laterally of ALE and PLE. Sternum. SL: 0.49 SW: 0.55 SI: 0.90. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.28; ALE–AME: 0.30; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.92; PME–PME: 0.39; PLE–PME: 0.28; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.38; ALE/AME: 1.09; PLE/PME: 0.72; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.40; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.93. Legs. With dense fine setae; few long spiniform setae present on femora and tibiae I–IV, those on tibia IV especially long and erectile; tibia II & III or I–IV with numerous spiniform setae present dorsally, also present ventrally; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.90, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.74, Mt 0.65, Ta 0.50, total 3.09; II—Fe 1.01, Pat 0.34, Tib 0.85, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.47, total 3.40; III—Fe 0.64, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.37, Ta 0.31, total 2.08; IV—Fe 0.77, Pat 0.27 Tib 0.58, Mt 0.47, Ta 0.36, total 2.45. Abdomen. AL: 1.63; AW: 1.48; AI: 1.10. Palp. With tegulum large and round; RTA with dark tip, situated slightly behind bulb (Fig. 57); VTA curved tip; RTA slightly longer than VTA (Fig. 58). Distribution. South Africa (Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces) (Fig. 119). Natural history. Sampled from vegetation in forests and garden. Adults collected between December and July., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 121-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Mystaria variabilis (Lessert, 1919) comb. n. Figs 40–42, 87–90, 127 Paramystaria variabilis Lessert 1919: 103, fig. 2, 3, 4 (descr. ♂); pl.2 figs 14, 21, 27 (descr. ♀); 1925: 323; 1936: 253; 1943: 313. Type material: Holotype (designated by Lessert 1919): ♂, TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro Region, Kibongoto [03°10’S, 37°05’E] (MNHG). Type series from MNHG was examined. Other material examined. TANZANIA: Kilimanjaro Region, 2 ♀, same locality as holotype (MNHG). DEMOCRATIC REPULIC OF CONGO (DRC) : Bass-Congo Region, 2 ♂, 6 ♀, Kisantu [05°06’S, 15°05’E], 1919, R.P. Vanderyst (MNHG). Equateur Region, 1 ♀, Bokuma [0°39’S, 21°01’E], February 1925, R.P. Lootens (MRAC 81635); 1 ♀, Bokungu, Boende [00°13’S, 20°52’E], 1950, Dupuis (MRAC 67392); 1 ♀, Bamba [06°49’S, 17°18’E], January 1940, H. De Saeger (MRAC 20088). Katanga Region, 2 ♀, Kalemie (Albertville) [05°56’S, 29°12’E], 18 November 1925, D.H. Schouteden (MNHG). Nord-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, Rwankwi [01°20’S, 29°22’E], July 1951, J. Leroy (MRAC 71571); 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 juveniles, Butembo, valley of Musosa [00°09’N, 29°17’E], May 1967, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 132.856); 5 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 juveniles, Butembo region [00°09’N, 29°17’E], September–October 1965, M.J. Celis (MRAC 130.120); 4 ♀, Rutshuru [00°36’S, 29°27’E], March 1937, J. Gherquien (MRAC 21091, 21096, 21103, 21108). Orientale Region, 2 ♀, Watsa Niangara [03°01’N, 29°31’E], L. Burgeon (MNHG); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Kisangani (Stanleyville) [00°31’N, 25°11’E], 28 April 1928. A. Collart (MRAC 11512/11516); 2 ♀, Saki [02°31’N, 27°25’E], March 1936. L. Lippens (MRAC 20950/20951). ETHIOPIA: Shewa Province, 1 ♂, Awash river [08°25’N, 39°25’E], sweeping, November 1966, (AMNH). KENYA: Rift Valley Province, 1 ♀, Baringo Lake, [00°28’N, 35°57’E], found on dead grass, 20 December 1979, P. Reavell (NM 13347); 1 ♂, Lodwar [03°07’N, 35°35’E], 60 km W of Lake Rudolf, 16–26 August 1963, B. Patterson (MCZ). MALAWI: Northern Region, 1 ♂, Chintheche [11°49’S, 34°10’E], 1 December 1977, R. Jocqué (MRAC 153.378). MOZAMBIQUE: Sofala Region, 1 ♀, Sangadze [17°26’S, 34°51’E], May, (MNHG). RWANDA: Kigali Province, 1 ♀, no exact locality data, (SMF); 1 ♀, Kigali [01°56’S, 30°04’E], 28–31 January 1976, J. Decelle (MRAC 147.909). Eastern Province, 1 ♂, Bugesera-Kibungo [02°09’S, 30°32’E], 22.vii.1975, P. Nyalugaka (MRAC 155.506). SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, 1 ♀, Port Alfred [33°36’S, 26°54’E], sweeping, 30 November 1977, A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman (NCA 88/485). UGANDA: Masaka District, 2 ♀, Rakai [00°43’S, 31°24’E], sweeping, July 1994, D. Penney (MRAC 210209). Iganga District, 1 ♀, on banks of marsh river Tabu [00°45’N, 33°30’E], February 1967, J. Ruabunesa (MRAC 131.565). Mbarara District, 1 ♀, on bank of river Lutebe [00°27’S, 30°22’E], February 1967, J. Ruabunesa (MRAC 131.552). Diagnosis. Epigyne with atrium horseshoe-shaped; (Fig. 89); intromittent canals as in Fig. 90. Bulb round with VTA broad at base; RTA thickened at base, extending straight, directed antero-laterally (Fig. 87). Re-description: Female. Size, measurements (n = 6). TL: 3.14 (3.06–3.45); CL: 1.22 (1.18–1.34); CW: 1.11 (1.12–1.22); CI: 1.10 (1.04–1.18); CH: 0.75 (0.63–0.82); CLL: 0.24 (0.18–0.27); MOQ-L: 0.25 (0.23–0.28). Colour. Carapace often with dark copper markings on thoracic, cephalic region and eye area, paler posterolaterally; uniform specimens with orange colour and postero-thoracic edge tinted; eyes on black tubercles; clypeus with yellow patch (Fig. 40); sternum brown and chelicerae uniform copper. Carapace and abdomen colour and patterns may vary between idividuals. Abdomen pale with variable pattern dorsally: a grey longitudinal band with slightly zig-zag edge, or band extending wider anteriorly and centrally; ventrally pale white with pale blue to darker grey striae; legs usually uniform pale yellow-orange, femora I–II may have infuscated brown bands; femora III–IV brown distally (Figs 40, 41). Carapace. Broad. Sternum. SL: 0.50; SW: 0.52; SI: 0.97. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 0.30; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.75; PME–PME: 0.37; PLE–PME: 0.30; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.24; ALE/AME: 1.34; PLE/PME: 0.81; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.61; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.41; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.06. Legs. With numerous fine setae, dark erectile setae present dorsally, ventrally and laterally on all segments; tibia and femora with five long spiniform setae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.81, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.64, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.43, total 2.71; II—Fe 0.79, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.66, Mt 0.55, Ta 0.42, total 2.72; III—Fe 0.63, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.45, Mt 0.37, Ta 0.29, total 2.01; IV—Fe 0.73, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.56, Mt 0.47, Ta 0.34, total 2.37. Abdomen. Round to slightly wider posteriorly. AL: 1.92; AW: 1.75; AI: 1.11. Epigyne. Intromittent orifices open antero-laterally; intromittent canals long and complex with large coils anteriorly on both sides (Fig. 90). Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 2.49 (2.34–2.59); CL: 1.08 (1.08–1.09); CW: 0.96 (0.90–1.01); CI: 1.13 (1.08–1.20); CH: 0.66 (0.66–0.66); CLL: 0.22 (0.21–0.24); MOQ-L: 0.23 (0.20–0.26). Differ from female as follows: Colour. Body orange or copper-red, abdomen dorsally dusted with blackish-brown pattern, usually with pale border anteriorly (Fig. 42); ventrally pale blue or slightly metallic blue, with striae darker blue; clypeus lighter yellow or orange area; legs usually uniform pale, with shades of brown or orange-yellow; femora I–II, tibiae and/or metatarsi IV may be slightly darker. Carapace. Smooth. Sternum. SL: 0.44; SW: 0.45; SI: 0.98. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.19; ALE–AME: 0.28; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.67; PME–PME: 0.33; PLE–PME: 0.27; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.21; ALE/AME: 1.49; PLE/PME: 0.83; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.56; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.42; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.18. Legs. Leg segments covered with very fine medium length setae; femora and tibiae I–IV with few medium length, spiniform setae; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.78, Mt 0.61, Ta 0.31, total 2.87; II—Fe 0.61, Pat 0.19, Tib 0.53, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.29, total 2.03; III—Fe 0.65, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.22, Ta 0.20, total 1.82; IV—Fe 0.69, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.57, Mt 0.30, Ta 0.22, total 2.02. Abdomen. AL: 1.41; AW: 1.20; AI: 1.17. Palp. RTA directed antero-laterally (Fig. 87); RTA slightly shorter than VTA (Fig. 88). Natural History. Specimens were sampled from vegetation. Adults were sampled throughout the year, and juveniles were sampled from May until October. Distribution. Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania. New records: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, and Uganda (Fig. 127).

Leroya silva sp. n. Figs 128–136, 139, 143–144, 147 Type material: Holotype: ♂, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Bas Congo-Region, Mayombe, Luki Forest Reserve [5°37’S, 13°05’E], fogging, 5–10 November 2006, D. De Bakker & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 222238a). Paratypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): 2 ♂, 1 ♀, collected with holotype (MRAC 222238b); 1 juvenile ♀, 2 ♂ same locality data as holotype (MRAC 220995). RWANDA: Est Province , 1 ♀, Ibanda Makera [02°09’S, 30°55’E], October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1320 ) . UGANDA: Masindi Province, 1 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1321). Etymology. “ Silva ” is the Latin word that means forest, and it refers to the habitat where all known individuals were sampled. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Body without patterns (Figs 133, 135). Differs from L. unicolor in slightly darker body, shape of copulatory organs and carapace that is wider than long. Epigyne visible as two sclerotised areas (Figs 136, 143), in L. unicolor visible as one large sclerotised area. Male bulb as in Figs 134, 141, 142. Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 4.10 (3.89–4.22); CL: 1.98 (1.91–2.04); CW: 2.00 (1.96–2.05); CI: 0.99 (0.97–1.03); CH: 0.99 (0.74–1.11); CLL: 0.20 (0.19–0.23); MOQ-L: 0.37 (0.34–0.37). Colour. Carapace with metallic-shine to copper-brown; eye tubercles copper; abdomen dorsally and ventrally pale brown (Fig. 135). Carapace. Slightly wider than long. Clypeus. With numerous thick, long setae on edge. Chelicerae. With short setae (Fig. 128). Sternum. SL: 0.85; SW: 0.84; SI: 1.02. Eye s. Eye spots on all eyes or only on LE; ALE and PLE situated on very flatish tubercles; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.57; ALE–AME: 0.60; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.94; PME–PME: 0.72; PLE–PME: 0.68; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.07; ALE/AME: 1.07; PLE/PME: 0.94; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.97; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.46; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.36. Legs. With trichobothria, tarsal claws with long tufts that extend densely towards claws (Figs 129–132); leg formula: I:II:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.47, Pat 0.57, Tib 1.39, Mt 1.14, Ta 0.81, total 5.38; II—Fe 1.48, Pat 0.46, Tib 1.28, Mt 1.15, Ta 0.80, total 5.17; III—Fe 1.10, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.78, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.51, total 3.40; IV—Fe 1.04, Pat 0.37, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.67, Ta 0.50, total 3.39. Abdomen. With numerous long and shorter setae, spiniform setae scattered in between, all embedded in distinct tubercles; sigillae bigger than other species. AL: 2.12; AW: 2.05; AI: 1.03. Epigyne. Spermathecae and intromittent canals as in Figs. 143, 144. Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 3.39 (3.04–3.92); CL: 1.63 (1.42–1.94); CW: 1.68 (1.49–2.00); CI: 0.97 (0.95–0.99); CH: 0.82 (0.68–0.93); CLL: 0.20 (0.15–0.26); MOQ-L: 0.31 (0.28–0.35). Resemble females but differ as follows: Colour. Metallic-shine, copper or blackish-turquoise; abdomen dorsally and ventrally dark brown (Fig. 133). Clypeus. As in Fig. 139. Sternum. SL: 0.67 SW: 0.70 SI: 0.96. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.47; ALE–AME: 0.50; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.93; PME–PME: 0.56; PLE–PME: 0.59; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 0.95; ALE/AME: 1.08; PLE/PME: 1.05; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.83; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.37; Clyp/AME– AME: 0.41. Legs. Leg formula: II:I:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.99, Pat 0.28, Tib 1.00, Mt 0.84, Ta 0.54, total 3.65; II—Fe 1.50, Pat 0.41, Tib 1.44, Mt 1.20, Ta 0.77, total 5.32; III—Fe 0.97, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.71, Mt 0.57, Ta 0.45, total 2.98; IV—Fe 0.86, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.72, Mt 0.56, Ta 0.45, total 2.87. Abdomen. AL: 1.75; AW: 1.67; AI: 1.05. Palp. Bulb with slight swelling laterally; tibia with long setae; RTA and VTA long (Figs 134, 141, 142). Natural history. This species lives in the canopy of rainforests. Adults and juveniles were collected from October until January. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Uganda (Fig. 147)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 136-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973"]}

Honiball Lewis, Allet S., Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S. (2014): Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa 3873 (2): 101-144, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1

Genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 Mystaria Simon 1895: 989; type species by original designation: Mystaria rufolimbata Simon, 1895. Jézéquel 1964: 1111; Ono 1988: 32. Paramystaria Lessert 1919: 102 (syn. n.); type species by original designation: Paramystaria variabilis Lessert, 1919. Diagnosis. Small spiders, body and/or legs usually decorated with spots or bands (Figs 12, 15, 21, 36). Median eyes equal in size, smaller than laterals, with MOQ area narrower in front. MOQ length only slightly shorter or longer than clypeal length. Chelicerae equipped with three small teeth (Figs 1–5). Epigyne rim simple with simple outlines (Figs 51, 59, 73, 81), intromittent canals with numerous complex coils (Fig. 74). Male with simple bulb, disc-shaped tegulum, long coiling embolus, tibia with VTA curved at tip and delicate RTA (Figs 71, 72, 87, 88). Re-description. Body length 2.1–3.3 in males, 1.90–5.24 in females. Colour. Carapace at times with patches or bands, may differ between individuals within a species or in case of males usually uniform. May have dark patches over eye region or a yellow patch on clypeus and AME area (Figs 20, 33, 40); abdomen usually with varying patterns or often uniform in case of males. Colours and bands on legs differ between species. Carapace. Circular to cube-shaped viewed from above, elevated in thoracic and sometimes cephalic region, truncated posteriorly, sloping slightly anteriorly (Figs 11, 12); smooth without setae to fairly dense covering of fine setae, usually more dense in cephalic region and on clypeus, sometimes with longer erectile setae on postero-thoracic and postero-lateral region, and around lateral eyes (Figs 38, 39). Clypeus. Vertical with or without long setae. Chelicerae. Three cheliceral teeth present, two on promargin and one on retromargin (Figs 1–5), with incurving serrated setae at tip on dorsal margin of chelicerae. Mouth parts. Labium triangular, usually longer than wide, endites converged and indented with scopula hairs on edge. Sternum. Heart-shaped, usually wider than long, anterior edge straight; posterior tip not extending beyond coxae IV; edge bordered. Eyes. AER recurved; AMELegs. Long and slender, with second pair usually longest in females, leg formula: II:I:IV:III, males with first pair of legs usually longest, leg formula: I:II:IV:III, long to medium length setae present; usually two spiniform setae ventrally on tibiae and metatarsi, distally on all legs; scopula hairs denser on leg III and IV; trichobothria present in a row on all legs; two dentated tarsal claws (Figs 91–114) with a well-defined, thick base in females, less defined base in males, with approx. 12 long slender teeth present on all tarsal claws, fewer and shorter in males with the second tooth usually on legs III & IV or II modified (flattened or broadened). Abdomen. Round to oval, bearing numerous short setae; dorsally with seven sigillae grouped in arrow-shaped formation (Fig. 17), ventrally with small sigillae in two rows; striae present ventrally around abdomen edge and dorsally of spinnerets, males with scutum, rarely with bright patterns on body (Figs 10, 13, 16). Spinnerets. Small and conical, with numerous short setae; anterior pair largest. Epigyne. Simple or delicate rim (Fig. 47, 67, 77) and atrium with (Fig. 85) or without hood, intromittent orifices open laterally or antero-laterally on atrium; intromittent canals long and extended then curving back, forming numerous complex coils, shape usually differs slightly on both sides; spermathecae small, round, situated posteriorly; fertilisation tubes short. Palp. Tibia bearing long setae; bulb round, often with tutaculum (Figs 8, 61); embolus thin (Fig. 45) or thick, of medium to long length (Fig. 43), coiling approx. three times around bulb; RTA sometimes broad at base (Fig. 75), proximally tooth-like and slender (Figs 49, 53), to broad (Figs 43, 45) or long and slender, extending far beyond the tutaclum (Figs 61); VTA with curved tip, long almost similar length as RTA (Fig. 66). Natural history. Members of Mystaria live on vegetation such as trees, shrubs, grasses or leaf litter in a diversity of natural areas including: savanna, woodland, grassland, canopies of rainforests, forest galleries, coastal dune-, sand- and riverine forests in river banks, swamps, wetlands, estuaries, valleys and mountains. Adults are found throughout the year. Distribution. This genus is endemic to Africa and known from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Republic of Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Tanzania. New records: Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Key to species of Mystaria 1. Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males..............................................................................................14 2. Epigyne without a hood (Fig. 51).........................................................................3 - Epigyne with a hood (Fig. 81)........................................................................... 12 3. Rim of atrium U-shaped (Fig. 59)........................................................................ 11 - Rim of atrium not U-shaped............................................................................. 4 4. Rim of atrium not teardrop-shaped, rather darkly defined with contrasting pale atrium (Figs 47, 73); abdomen usually decorated with two spots on dorso-posterior end or with contrasting border; legs of similar colour to carapace, sometimes leg III different colour....................................................................................... 5 - Atrium teardrop-shaped or elongated (Figs 51, 55, 67, 77, 89); colour of body and legs different.......................6 5. Atrium cube-shaped; fovea area with fine line of dense setae (Figs 11, 12, 47)................... M. flavogutatta comb. n. - Atrium bell-shaped; more robust spider with broad carapace and no fine line of setae in fovea region (Figs 31, 73)................................................................................................... M. rufolimbata 6. Atrium long-oval (Fig. 77); all leg segments except femora dorsally with a longitudinal stripe (Fig. 34). M. savannensis sp. n. - Atrium not as above teardrop-shaped; legs without longitudinal stripes...........................................7 7. Atrium closed anteriorly; femora dark with infuscated bands dorsoventrally; tibia IV with dark band (Figs 17, 18, 55)............................................................................................... M. lata comb. n. - Rim of atrium not closed anteriorly; legs of uniform colour or with a brown band on femora.......................... 8 8. Atrium elongate; metatarsi IV and sometimes tarsi dark (Figs 15, 51)............................... M. irmatrix sp. n. - Atrium posteriorly wide; tarsi and metatarsi not dark.......................................................... 9 9. Atrium almost horseshoe-shaped (Fig. 89)................................................. M. variabilis comb. n. - Atrium more triangular (Fig. 67)....................................................... M. occidentalis comb. n. 11. Atrium quadrangular with an anterior small notch (Fig. 63)...................................... M. mnyama sp. n. - Atrium U-shaped (Fig. 59)............................................................ M. lindaicapensis sp. n. 12. Atrium horseshoe-shaped, rim with small hood centrally (Fig. 69).................................. M. oreadae sp. n. - Atrium rim different, hood situated anteriorly, at distance from posterior rim......................................13 13. Epigyne with hood wide; atrium two half circles posteriorly to hood (Fig. 81).......................... M. soleil sp. n. - Hood narrow; atrium elongate, posteriorly to hood (Fig. 85)...................................... M. stakesbyi sp. n. 14. Males with anterior legs nearly twice the length of posterior legs; central area of body covered by an orange-yellow median band, a copper-brown median band or is uniformly brown; long, erectile setae present on carapace (Figs 10, 37, 39).......15 - Posterior legs only slightly shorter than anterior legs; body is uniformly copper brown or darker coloured, may have light patterns on abdomen; carapace sometimes with setae.......................................................... 17 15. Carapace pear-shaped, narrow anteriorly, distinct spiniform setae on legs, lateral eyes large (Fig. 10), bulb elongate and hairy (Fig 43); embolus long and very well-defined (Fig 44); RTA proximally blackened, and finger-like....... M. budongo sp. n. - Carapace shape and eyes not as above; bulb apically widened (Figs 79, 83); embolus long, less-defined; RTA proximally finger-like, at an angle (Figs 80, 84)......................................................................... 16 16. Palp with VTA shorter or equal in length to RTA; carapace uniform brown as in Figs 39, 83, 84......... M. stakesbyi sp. n. - Palp with VTA longer than RTA; carapace yellow with brown median band on cephalic area, palp as in Figs 37, 79, 80............................................................................................... M. soleil sp. n. 17. All eight legs with longitudinal dorsal stripes over all segments starting at the patella of the leg (Fig. 34); palp as in Figs 75, 76..................................................................................... M. savannensis sp. n. - Legs uniform or with bands on certain segments of legs...................................................... 18 18. Carapace granular and hairy............................................................................ 19 - Carapace fairly smooth................................................................................ 21 19. Carapace with long setae on postero-thoracic edge and/or next to lateral eyes.................................... 20 - Carapace without setae on postero-thoracic edge; palp as in Figs 57, 58....................... M. lindaicapensis sp. n. 20. RTA finger-like, protruding from cymbium, palp as in Figs 45, 46............................ M. flavogutatta comb. n. - RTA with spine-like tip, in contact with cymbium, palp as in Figs 71, 72............................. M. rufolimbata 21. Legs uniformly pale in colour, in sharp contrast to body (Fig. 25) with RTA very long, blackened, extending beyond the tutaculum of the palp, as in Figs. 61, 62......................................................... M. mnyama sp. n. - Leg segments may be tinted, RTA not extending beyond the tutaculum..........................................22 22. Legs with black bands only on the metatarsi and tarsi of leg IV, palp as in Figs 49, 50................ M. irmatrix comb. n - Legs usually with bands on femora of leg I and tibia and metatarsi of leg IV...................................... 23 23. Legs with black infuscated bands dorso-ventrally on femora I, II, IV and tibia and metatarsi of leg IV; palp as in Figs 53, 54......................................................................................... M. lata comb. n. - Legs with only light brown markings....................................................................24 24. Tip of RTA bent retrolateral-dorsad (Figs 65, 66)......................................... M. occidentalis comb. n. - Tip of RTA sharp, straight (Figs 87, 88)................................................... M. variabilis comb. n., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 107-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973","Jezequel, J. F. (1964) Araignees de la savane de Singrobo (Cote d'Ivoire). III. - Thomisidae. Bulletin de l Institut francais de Afrique Noire, 26, 1103 - 1143.","Ono, H. (1988) A revisional study of the spider family Thomisidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Japan. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 252 pp.","Lessert, R. de (1919) Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). III. Thomisidae. Revue suisse de zoologie, 27, 99 - 234."]}

Mystaria budongo sp. n. Figs 5, 10, 43, 44, 111–115 Type material: Holotype: ♂, RWANDA: Kibungo Province, Ibanda Makera, Rusumo [02°09’S, 30°55’E], alt. 1450 m, gallery forest canopy fogging of Teclea nobilis, October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1307). Paratypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Orientale Region, 1 ♂, Cyamudongo, Nyakabuye [02°34’S, 28°59’E], alt. 1750 m, canopy fogging Carapa grandiflora, October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1304). KENYA: Western Province, 2 ♂, Kakamega forest [00°22’N, 34°50’E], alt. 1600 m, secondary forest canopy fogging T. nobilis, January–February 2003, W. Freund (ZFMK AR 1305, 1306). RWANDA: Eastern Province, 3 ♂, Ibanda Makera, Rusumo [02°09’S, 30°55’E], alt. 1450 m, gallery forest canopy fogging T. nobilis, October 1993, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1308-1310). UGANDA: Masindi Province, 3 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt. 1200 m, secondary forest canopy fogging Cynometra alexandri, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1311, 1316, 1319); 2 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt 1200 m, primary forest canopy fogging C. alexandri, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1313, 1315); 1 ♂, same locality, swamp forest canopy fogging Rinorea beniensis, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1312); 3 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt. 1200 m, primary forest canopy fogging R. beniensis, 5–15 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1314, 1317, 1318). Etymology. Named after the Budongo forest, where most specimens were sampled. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Differs from other species by pear-shaped carapace, narrowed in eye region, with pale orangeyellow median band centrally, dark brown-black bands laterally (Fig. 10), lateral eyes situated closest to median eyes with AME situated on slight tubercles and carapace. Legs pale yellow with distinct spiniform setae. Bulb with long and relatively strong embolus; RTA sturdy, long, finger-shaped, VTA almost of same length as RTA, tip with distinct curve (Figs 43, 44). Description. Female. Unknown. Male. Size, measurements (n = 2). TL: 2.80 (2.70–2.90); CL: 1.30 (1.22–1.37); CW: 1.23 (1.18–1.28); CI: 1.05 (1.03–1.07); CH: 0.65 (0.65–0.65); CLL: 0.19 (0.18–0.21); MOQ-L: 0.22 (0.22–0.22). Colour. Abdomen dark copper-brown laterally with orange-yellow band medially; ventrally pale. Carapace. Numerous long erectile setae present on postero-lateral edge of carapace and LE area. Chelicerae. As in (Fig 5). Sternum. SL: 0.70; SW: 0.64; SI: 1.10. Eyes. PME nearer to each other than to PLE, lateral eyes large; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.21; ALE–AME: 0.24; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.88; PME–PME: 0.25; PLE–PME: 0.31; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 0.80; ALE/AME: 1.13; PLE/PME: 1.6; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.85; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.26; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.91. Legs. Long with long spiniform setae present on femora and patellae of legs I–IV and ventrally on tibiae and metatarsi; spiniform setae on tibiae and metatarsi I and II often twice as long as on other leg segments; claws and claw tufts as in Figs 111–114; leg formula: II:I:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.14, Pat 0.34, Tib 1.08, Mt 0.81, Ta 0.61, total 3.99; II—Fe 1.42, Pat 0.41, Tib 1.35, Mt 1.09, Ta 0.31, total 4.58; III—Fe 0.81, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.70, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.34, total 2.64; IV—Fe 0.80, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.68, Mt 0.48, Ta 0.36, total 2.60. Abdomen. With scutum long-oval shaped; AL: 1.51; AW: 1.10; AI: 1.40. Palp. Embolus long, darkly sclerotized; wide space between VTA and RTA, RTA with black tip (Fig. 44). Female. Unknown. Natural history. Specimens were collected from primary and secondary forest canopy using fogging. They were sampled from various tree species such as Carapa grandiflora, Cynometra alexandri, Rinorea beniensis and Teclea nobilis. Only males are known and they were sampled between October and February. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda (Fig. 115)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 114-118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973","Lawrence, R. F. (1952) A collection of cavernicolous and termitophilous Arachnida from the Belgian Congo. Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 46, 1 - 17.","Lawrence, R. F. (1927) Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa V. Arachnida. Annals of the South African Museum, 25, 1 - 75."]}

Mystaria lindaicapensis sp. n. Figs 20–22, 57–60, 119 Type material: Holotype: ♀, SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, Jeffreys Bay [34°02’S, 24°55’E], in garden, 15 July 2008, L. Wiese (NCA 2009/5036). Paratypes: 1 ♂, same locality data as holotype, L. Wiese (NCA 2009/5036); Western Cape Province , 1 ♂, Knysna [34°00’S, 23°20’E] beating, 7 December 1989, L.N. Lotz (NMBA 3317). Etymology. Named after Linda Wiese who collected the holotype in the Eastern Cape Province, the southernmost locality for this genus in South Africa. Adjective. Diagnosis. Females can be recognised by the distinct colour patterns on body (Figs 20, 21); epigyne with atrium well defined, rim oval to U-shaped (Fig. 59); intromittent orifices open antero-laterally, intromittent canals very long and complex (Fig. 60). In male palp, the bulb is large and round; RTA with slender tip extending dorsolaterally (Figs 57, 58). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 3.90; CL: 1.26; CW: 1.31; CI: 0.96; CH: 0.94; CLL: 0.28; MOQ-L: 0.31. Colour. Carapace brown to dark copper, clypeus with small orange area; sternum dark; abdomen dorsally pale yellow to copper-blue, a broad, black longitudinal band centrally that expands laterally; ventrally blue with brown striae; femora I–III with infuscate brown bands dorsally and ventrally; femur IV distally with brown band; patellae yellow-orange, tibiae and metatarsi greenish, tarsi pale yellow. Carapace. Texture granular and hairy. Clypeus. Sloping. Sternum. SL: 0.64; SW: 0.67; SI: 0.95. Eye s. MOQ eye area fairly wide, eye tubercles small, PLE not very big, almost equal in size to AME; ALE>PLE>AME>PME; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.33; ALE–AME: 0.36; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.92; PME–PME: 0.52; PLE–PME: 0.34; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.54; ALE/AME: 1.09; PLE/PME: 0.65; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.64; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.49; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.84. Legs. With very dense setae; femora with two medium spiniform setae, tibiae I-IV with two short spines; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.96, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.76, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.46, total 3.06; II—Fe 0.96, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.79, Mt 0.66, Ta 0.48, total 3.20; III—Fe 0.72, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.31, total 2.21; IV—Fe 0.78, Pat 0.34, Tib 0.60, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.36, total 2.59. Abdomen. Large, round; AL: 2.64; AW: 2.76; AI: 0.96. Epigyne. Rim extending slightly antero-laterally where intromittent orifices are situated (Fig. 59); intromittent canals longer than in other species (Fig. 60). Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 2.83 (2.78–2.87); CL 1.20 (1.15–1.25); CW: 1.13 (1.12–1.14); CI: 1.06 (1.03–1.09); CH: 0.83 (0.82–0.84); CLL: 0.26 (0.25–0.26); MOQ-L: 0.28 (0.28–0.29). Differs from female as follows: Colour. Abdomen dorsally blackish-brown with slight orange-red pattern, small blue or whitish border around abdomen (Fig. 22); ventrally metallic blue, with striae slightly darker. Femora I–II dark or with infuscate dark brownish bands; femora III–IV distally slightly darker; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of leg IV with darker tint, remainder of leg segments yellow or orange. Carapace. Granular and/or hairy, with few long, erectile setae present on postero-thoracic edge and laterally of ALE and PLE. Sternum. SL: 0.49 SW: 0.55 SI: 0.90. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.28; ALE–AME: 0.30; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.92; PME–PME: 0.39; PLE–PME: 0.28; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.38; ALE/AME: 1.09; PLE/PME: 0.72; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.40; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.93. Legs. With dense fine setae; few long spiniform setae present on femora and tibiae I–IV, those on tibia IV especially long and erectile; tibia II & III or I–IV with numerous spiniform setae present dorsally, also present ventrally; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.90, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.74, Mt 0.65, Ta 0.50, total 3.09; II—Fe 1.01, Pat 0.34, Tib 0.85, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.47, total 3.40; III—Fe 0.64, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.37, Ta 0.31, total 2.08; IV—Fe 0.77, Pat 0.27 Tib 0.58, Mt 0.47, Ta 0.36, total 2.45. Abdomen. AL: 1.63; AW: 1.48; AI: 1.10. Palp. With tegulum large and round; RTA with dark tip, situated slightly behind bulb (Fig. 57); VTA curved tip; RTA slightly longer than VTA (Fig. 58). Distribution. South Africa (Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces) (Fig. 119). Natural history. Sampled from vegetation in forests and garden. Adults collected between December and July.

Mystaria decorata (Lessert, 1919) comb. n. Paramystaria decorata Lessert 1919: 106, pl. 2, figs 25, 33 (descr. ♀). Remarks. The female holotype of this species is described from Tanzania: Kilimanjaro Region, Kibongoto, but the specimen could not be located. The species cannot be positively identified without the holotype. According to Lessert (1919), this species resembles Mystaria rufolimbata in the colour of the legs but differs from it in size and stronger abdominal spots., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on page 135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Lessert, R. de (1919) Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). III. Thomisidae. Revue suisse de zoologie, 27, 99 - 234."]}

Key to genera of the Mystarini -Apyretini -Tagulini tribes of the Afrotropical crab spiders 1. Median eyes unequal in size, PME very small............................................................... 2 - MOQ eyes fairly equal in size............................................................................4 2. Carapace wide with long erectile setae situated on small tubercles on posterior-thoracic edge; PME situated nearer to PLE than to each other............................................................... Apyretina Strand, 1929 (Apyretini) - Carapace convex to square or dorsally planar; long setae absent; posterior eyes almost equidistant from each other........ 3 3. MOQ area much wider than long, wider anteriorly than posteriorly................. Zametopias Thorell 1892 (Apyretini) - MOQ area slightly wider than long, anteriorly slightly narrower than posteriorly (Figs 139, 140)............ Leroya gen. n. 4. Carapace with leaf-shaped setae next to lateral eyes................................... Tagulis Simon, 1895 (Tagulini) - Carapace without leaf-shaped setae next to lateral eye area.................................................... 5 5. Carapace with numerous long erectile setae on posterior-thoracic edge, fovea and laterad to eye region, ant-like, chelicerae without cheliceral teeth, body and legs usually uniform brown........................ Sylligma Simon, 1895 (Mystarini) - Carapace only sometimes with a few long setae, not ant-like, but with large abdomens compared to carapace, chelicerae with three cheliceral teeth, body and legs usually with markings........................... Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Mystarini)

Mystaria occidentalis (Millot, 1942) comb. n. Figs 26–28, 65–68, 121 Paramystaria variabilis occidentalis Millot 1942: 8, fig. 3 (descr. ♀). Type material: Lectotype (by present designation): ♀, REPUBLIC OF GUINEA: Mamou Region, Kouroussa [11°15’N, 11°59’W], August 1937, J. Millot (MNHN) (material not well-preserved, bleached). Syntype series from MNHN was examined. A female from the syntype series is elected as a new lectotype. Paralectotypes: 2 ♀, same data as lectotype (MNHN) Other material examined. CAMEROON: Adamawa Region, 1 ♂, Chabal Mbabo [07°25’N, 12°49’E], alt 1250 m, SW-slope, 7–13 April 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.638); 1 ♂, 1 juvenile ♀, Mbam mountain near Koutoupi [07°25’N, 12°49’E], W-slope alt. 1100 m, Ndop plateau, forest litter, sweeping, 31 March 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.645). East Region, 1 juvenile, Letta [04°55’N, 13°51’E], alt. 1100 m, 50 km N of Bertoua, sweeping, 3 March 1983, R. Bosmans & J. Van Stalle (MRAC 162.732). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Katanga Region, 1 ♀, Likasi (Jadotville), 11.2 km NW [10°59’S, 26°44’E], alt 1350 m, 27 January 1958, E.S. Ross & R.E. Leech (CAS). Nord-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Ishanga spillway of Lake Edward into Semliki [00°08’S, 29°36’E], 26–29 December 1968, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 135.362, 135.368); 2 ♀, Semliki middle valley [01°13’N, 30°32’E], sweeping, 8 August 1968, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 135.463, 135.439); 6 ♀, 5 ♂, Lulimbi, river mouth Ishasha into Lake Edward, SE [00°32’S, 29°40’E], gallery forest beating dense shrub, July–August 1976, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 168.314, 169.056, 169.031); 1 ♂, same locality, sweeping meadow, July–August 1976 (MRAC 169.079); 1 ♀, Sake [01°34’S, 29°02’E], March 1936, L. Lippens (MRAC 20737); 1 ♀, N’Zulu, Lake Kivu [01°37’S, 29°06’E], 13–14 February 1934, G.F. De Witt (MRAC 222219). Orientale Region, 3 ♀, Kivu, valley of Kaisola, Plain of Ruindi [00°47’S, 29°17’E], beating, alt. 1100 m, 3 July 1972, R.P.M. Lejeune (MRAC 144.494, 144.595). Sud-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, Bukavu [02°27’S, 28°43’E], December 1954, H. Bomans (MRAC 85564). MOZAMBIQUE: Tete Province, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Tete [16°09’S, 33°34’E], April 1947 (SMF 9976, 10-034); 1 ♀, Ponta Torres, Inhaca Island [26°00’S, 32°56’E], coastal beach forest, 22 December 1992, T. Steyn (NCA 93/240). RWANDA: Est Province, 1 ♀, Gabiro [01°31’S, 30°28’E], November 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P Michiels (MRAC 165.867); 1 ♀, PN. Akagera, Lake Ihema, fisheries [01°55’S, 30°45’E], sweeping, alt. 1298 m, 8 December 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 165.830); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, same locality, beating on three tree spp. Acacia, Ziziphus and Commiphora, 1 July–29 November 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Michiels (MRAC 165.370, 165.460); 1 ♀, same locality, 6 km south of fisheries [01°40’S, 30°35’E], dry forest, 5 December 1985, R. Jocqué, J. Nsengimana & J.P. Micheils (MRAC 165.670). Sud Province, 1 ♂, Butare [02°36’S, 29°43’E], April 1968, E. Vertriest (MRAC 134.811). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1♂, 1 ♀, Mtunzini, Twin Streams Farm [28°57’S, 31°46’E], 15 December 1963, W. Lawson & O. Bourquin (NM); 1 ♀, Hellsgate [28°07’S, 32°18’E], blue traps, tsetse fly survey, 15 February 2004, J. Esterhuizen (NCA 2009/4613); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve [32°11’S, 28°58’E], L. Berio (MNHG). TANZANIA: Morogoro Province, 1 ♀, Tanganyika territory [09°06’S, 35°38’E], October 1926, A. Loveridge (MCZ). UGANDA: Jinja District, 1 ♀, Busaga district, Mount Kisunyi [00°40’N, 33°18’E], February 1967, T.Ruabunesa (MRAC 131.591). Kampala Disctrict, 3 ♂, 1 ♀, sub-adult ♂ Rubaga [00°18’N, 32°33’E], sweeping, April –August 1994, D. Penney (MRAC 210194, 210216, 210206); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality, found on flowers, 6 August 1994, D. Penney (MRAC 210192). Remarks. Millot (1942) described Paramystaria variabilis occidentalis as a subspecies of P. variabilis, based mainly on colour variation. A critical examination of P. v. occidentalis revealed that the epigyne differs from that of P. variabilis and these differences necessitate the recognition of P. occidentalis as a distinct species within Mystaria. Diagnosis. Females recognised by colour patterns on body (Fig. 26); differ from other species which may have similar abdominal patterns by slightly larger lateral eyes which are situated closer to PME; epigyne with atrium rim teardrop-shaped, small flap posteriorly; small intromittent orifices open antero-laterally (Fig. 67). Male dark with pale legs, femora I and II may have dark infuscated bands (Fig. 28); RTA with long slender tip directed laterally with slight curve anteriorly (Fig. 65); VTA slender (Fig. 66). Re-description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 21). TL: 2.99 (2.56–3.76); CL: 1.12 (1.05–1.33); CW: 1.01 (0.92–1.20); CI: 1.11 (1.04–1.20); CH: 0.70 (0.60–0.86); CLL: 0.22 (0.15–0.27); MOQ-L: 0.24 (0.20–0.28). Colour. Carapace varies from dark copper-brown to orange-red, colour and patterns vary between individuals, may be uniform in colour or tinted darker on certain areas: usually with two darker bands dorso-laterally (Fig. 26) or darker areas in eye region, may have two small lightly coloured triangles on postero-lateral sides and/or dark bands on thoracic area, in orange specimens carapace dark postero-laterally; clypeus and anterior eye area paler or brighter colour; chelicerae sometimes orange at base and dark distally; labium dark; sternum orange-brown or sometimes with darker brown pattern; abdomen varies: dorsally pale or with blue tint, may have a darker brown medial band or lateral patterns; ventrally striae striped; legs I–IV uniform pale yellow (Fig. 27), or femora I–II often with darker tint; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi II or IV sometimes dark. Carapace. Smooth, not granular. Sternum. SL: 0.48; SW: 0.51; SI: 0.95. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 0.30; AME–AME/ AME–ALE: 0.72; PME–PME: 0.35; PLE–PME: 0.28; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.26; ALE/AME: 1.40; PLE/PME: 0.81; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.39; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.01. Legs. Two or three small setae on femora, rest of leg segments covered densely with fine setae, few small strong setae dorsally and ventrally on patellae and tibiae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.77, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.58, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.39, total 2.51; II—Fe 0.79, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.37, total 2.59; III—Fe 0.58, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.42, Mt 0.33, Ta 0.28, total 1.86; IV—Fe 0.67, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.43, Ta 0.31, total 2.16. Abdomen. Covered with short setae embedded in small tubercles; AL: 1.87; AW: 1.76; AI: 1.06. Epigyne. Wide posteriorly with small flap centrally, almost closed anteriorly (Fig. 67); intromittent canals complex, as in Fig. 68. Male. Size, measurements (n = 12). TL: 2.39 (2.10–2.64); CL: 1.02 (0.90–1.14); CW: 0.92 (0.80–1.00); CI: 1.11 (1.05–1.19); CH: 0.62 (0.54–0.72); CLL: 0.22 (0.18–0.24); MOQ-L: 0.22 (0.20–0.24). Resemble females but differ as follows: Colour. Body dark or rich copper-brown; abdomen dorsally with or without patterns, sometimes with narrow bluish or white border anteriorly; ventrally uniform metallic blue, pinkish-purple or pale with blue and white striped striae; legs either pale or femora I–II and tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi IV darker (Fig. 28). Sternum. SL: 0.42 SW: 0.46 SI: 0.92. Eyes. Large; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.21; ALE–AME: 0.27; AME–AME/ AME–ALE: 0.79; PME–PME: 0.31; PLE–PME: 0.25; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.26; ALE/AME: 1.29; PLE/PME: 0.80; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.68; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.34; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.05. Legs. Usually with short setae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.84, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.59, Ta 0.43, total 2.85; II—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.42, total 2.95; III—Fe 0.56, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.48, Mt 0.35, Ta 0.29, total 1.92; IV—Fe 0.64, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.52, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.31, total 2.23. Abdomen. AL: 1.36; AW: 1.17; AI: 1.17. Palp. Embolus long with at least three coils; VTA and RTA almost same length (Figs 65, 66). Natural history. Sampled from sweeping and beating vegetation such as trees shrubs and from forest litter in coastal beach forest, gallery forests, marshy areas near lakes and mountainous areas. Collected material suggested adults to be abundant from July to April whereas juveniles appeared from March to June. Distribution. Republic of Guinea. New records: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda (Fig. 121)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 123-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Millot, J. (1942) Les araignees de l'Afrique Occidentale Francais: Thomisidae. Memoires de l'Academie des sciences de l'Institut de France, 65, 1 - 82."]}

Leroya unicolor (Simon, 1895) comb. n. Figs 137, 138, 140, 145, 146, 148 Mystaria unicolor Simon 1895: 989–990 (descr. ♀). Type material: Holotype: (designated by Simon 1895): ♀ specimen was collected from West Africa, Sierra Leone. Type series from MNHN was examined. Other material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Orientale Region, 1 ♀, Rwankwi [01°20’S, 29°22’E], July 1951, J. Leroy (MRAC 71632). CÔTE D’ IVOIRE : Moyen-Comoé Region, 1 sub-adult ♂, Appouesso, F.C. Bossematie [6°37’N, 3°26’W], collected by hand in rainforest, 13 February 1997, R. Jocqué & L. Baert (MRAC 205.408). Diagnosis. Carapace orange to copper; abdomen pale brown (Fig. 137); carapace with few, short setae; body larger than L. silva. Female epigyne a solid circular sclerotised area, extending to a very short straight distance, centrally to posteriorly (Figs 138, 145). Re-description. Female. Size, measurements: (n = 2). TL: 4.77 (3.46–5.21); CL: 1.81 (1.49–1.92); CW: 1.77 (1.38–1.91); CI: 1.03 (1.01–1.08); CH: 0.94 (0.71–1.02); CLL: 0.19 (0.10–0.22); MOQ-L: 0.32 (0.26–0.34). Colour. carapace metallic shine, orange to copper; abdomen pale brown. Carapace. slightly longer than wide (Fig. 137). Sternum. SL: 0.72; SW: 0.77; SI: 0.93. Clypeus. as in Fig. 140. Eye s. not situated on tubercles, no eye spots; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.56; ALE-AME: 0.54; AME-AME/AME-ALE: 1.03; PME-PME: 0.68; PLE-PME: 0.61; PME-PME/PME-PLE: 1.11; ALE/AME: 0.97; PLE/PME: 0.91; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.83; MOQ-L/ MOQ-W: 0.39; Clyp/AME-AME: 0.32. Legs. dense setae on all leg segments; trichobothria not very conspicuous probably present on all legs, seen on metatarsi and tarsi II-III; leg formula: II:I:III:IV; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.23, Pat 0.47, Tib 1.20, Mt 1.02, Ta 0.76, total 4.57; II—Fe 1.31, Pat 0.46, Tib 1.22, Mt 1.03, Ta 0.72, total 4.73; III—Fe 1.11, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.45, total 3.10; IV—Fe 1.03, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.66, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.44, total 2.95. Abdomen. large in comparison to carapace; covered with fine setae, small sigillae; AL: 2.96; AW: 2.97; AI: 1.00. Epigyne. intromittent canals and spermathecae as in Fig. 146. Male. Unknown. Natural history. This species was collected in rainforests. Adult females were sampled during July and a subadult male during February. Distribution. Sierra Leone. New records: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Côte d’Ivoire (Fig. 148)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 139-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973"]}

Mystaria soleil sp. n. Figs 4, 36, 37, 79–82, 107–110, 125 Type material: Holotype: ♀, UGANDA: Masindi District, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt 1200 m, secondary forest canopy fogging of Cynometra alexandri, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR1287). Paratypes: KENYA: Western Province , 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Kakamega forest [00°22’N, 34°50’E], alt. 1600 m, middleaged secondary forest canopy fogging of Teclea nobilis — 12 m canopy height, January–February 2002, 2003, W. Freund (ZFMK AR 098, 147, 1274); 1 ♂, same locality, old secondary-aged forest canopy fogging T. nobilis — 10 m canopy height, September–October 2001, W. Freund (ZFMK AR 1273). UGANDA: Masindi District, 5 ♀, 6 ♂, Budongo forest [01°45’N, 31°25’E], alt. 1200 m, secondry forest canopy fogging of Rinorea beniensis — 14.5 m canopy height, 5–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1275, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1289); 7 ♀, 9 ♂, same locality, secondary forest canopy fogging C. alexandri, 15–25 January 1997, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1288, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1294); 4 ♀, 1 ♂, same locality, 35 m canopy height, June—July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1283, 1284, 1285, 1293); 1 ♂, same locality, primary forest canopy fogging C. alexandri — 35 m canopy height, 1–10 July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1280); 2 ♀, 1 ♂, same locality, swamp forest canopy fogging R. beniensis, 11–31 July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1295, 1276); 1 ♀, same locality, swamp forest canopy fogging T. nobilis — 16 m canopy height, 1–10 July 1995, T. Wagner (ZFMK AR 1281). Etymology. ‘ Soleil’ is French for the sun, as this species is characteristically yellow in colour. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Both sexes distinct and recognised by the orange-yellow carapace decorated with a brown patch centrally on cephalic and thoracic region, abdomen with brown longitudinal median band (Figs 36, 37). Females differ by having the largest eye tubercles of any species, all eyes situated on silver-white tubercles. Female epigyne with wide, curved hood, situated anteriorly (Fig. 81), differ from M. stakesbyi n. sp. that have a narrow hood. Male palp with RTA short and slender, situated close to bulb, tip extending laterally (Fig. 79); VTA slender and small (Fig. 80). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 8). TL: 3.32 (3.13–3.48); CL: 1.32 (1.20–1.41); CW: 1.15 (1.13–1.20); CI: 1.15 (1.06–1.25); CH: 0.77 (0.71–0.80); CLL: 0.21 (0.19–0.24); MOQ-L: 0.27 (0.27–0.28). Colour. Abdomen dorsally pale brown with darker band, a whitish border with two small dark spots posterolaterally (Fig. 36); legs orange-yellow, patellae with dark brown patches. Carapace. With highest part in foveal region sloping laterally and anteriorly; texture granulate with small holes; covered with fine, short setae, a few long, erectile spiniform setae on posterior edge and laterally of lateral eyes. Chelicerae. Cheliceral teeth as in Fig. 4. Sternum. Longer than wide; SL: 0.59; SW: 0.52; SI: 1.15. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.24; ALE–AME: 0.28; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.83; PME–PME: 0.33; PLE–PME: 0.29; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.15; ALE/AME: 1.20; PLE/PME: 0.87; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.39; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.90. Legs. Leg I–II nearly twice the length of leg III–IV; femora, patellae and tibiae with few medium to short spiniform setae; metatarsi and tarsi with fine, shorter setae, small spiniform setae on postero-ventral side; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.26, Pat 0.42, Tib 1.06, Mt 0.84, Ta 0.52, total 4.10; II—Fe 1.25, Pat 0.44, Tib 1.05, Mt 0.81, Ta 0.48, total 4.03; III—Fe 0.88, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.65, Mt 0.43, Ta 0.32, total 2.60; IV—Fe 0.92, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.70, Mt 0.50, Ta 0.32, total 2.74. Abdomen. Wider posteriorly than anteriorly. AL: 2.00; AW: 1.59; AI: 0.26. Epigyne. Atrium wide with postero-laterally rounded rims (Fig. 81). Intromittent orifices visible as two small circular openings antero-laterally from hood; intromittent canals as in Fig. 82. Male. Size, measurements (n = 2). TL: 2.60 (2.46–2.70); CL: 1.18 (1.08–1.25); CW: 1.05 (1.00–1.08); CI: 1.12(1.08–1.15); CH: 0.78 (0.72–0.85); CLL: 0.21 (0.20–0.21); MOQ- L: 0.23 (0.23–0.24). Differ from female as follows: Colour. Carapace with a larger copper-brown patch (Fig. 37); eye tubercles dark; abdomen dorsally orange-yellow with large band starting anteriorly narrowing posteriorly, two spots postero-laterally and; ventrally pale yellow. Legs orange-yellow, patellae I–IV partially brown, femora I–II distally brown and tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I–II brown. Carapace. Elevated in thoracic area; texture smooth, with few long erectile setae present on postero-lateral thoracic edge. Sternum. SL: 0.56; SW: 0.47; SI: 1.19. Eyes. Eye tubercles not as large as in females; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.21; ALE–AME: 0.26; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.82; PME–PME: 0.30; PLE–PME: 0.27; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.12; ALE/AME: 1.23; PLE/PME: 0.89; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.70; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.34; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.99. Legs. All legs except tarsi I–IV with dense short setae and medium spiniform setae dorsally and laterally; tibia and metatarsi I–IV with shorter spiniform setae distally on ventral side; tibiae III–IV with longer spiniform setae; tarsal claws differ from other species, in 2 nd comb strongly curved at tip (Figs 107–110); leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.23, Pat 0.36, Tib 1.13, Mt 0.92, Ta 0.57, total 4.21; II—Fe 1.26, Pat 0.36, Tib 1.16, Mt 0.86, Ta 0.54, total 4.17; III—Fe 0.79, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.62, Mt 0.43, Ta 0.33, total 2.43; IV—Fe 0.80, Pat 0.24, Tib 0.62, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.32, total 2.47. Abdomen. Longoval, with oval scutum. AL: 1.43; AW: 1.05; AI: 1.36. Palp. Bulb large with a well-defined, dark tegulum, slightly tilted to the lateral side (Fig. 79), differs from M. stakesbyi sp. n. whose tegulum is less sclerotized and smaller; VTA slender, slightly longer than RTA (Fig. 80). Natural history. Newly sampled material suggests that individuals occur in secondary- and middle-aged primary rainforests and swamp forests. Canopy fogging indicated that they occur on trees species such as Teclea nobilis, Rinorea beniensis and Cynometra alexandri. Adults were present from January until October. Distribution. Uganda and Kenya (Fig. 125)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 130-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Mystaria flavogutatta (Lawrence, 1952) comb. n. Figs 2, 11–13, 45–48, 116 Paramystaria flavoguttata Lawrence 1952: 14; fig. 8 (descr. juvenile ♀). Jézéquel 1964: 1111. Type material: Holotype (designated by Lawrence 1952): juvenile ♀, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Katanga Region, Grotte de Kakontwe [10°59’S, 26°40’E] found at entrance of cave beneath stones, 3 August 1948, N. Leleup (MRAC 81211, examined). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, sub-adult ♂, juvenile ♀, Cwebe Nature Reserve, The Haven [31°45’S, 29°16’E], beating of coastal dune forest, 30 October 2006, R. Lyle & C. Haddad (NCA 2007/332). KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1 ♀, Ndumo Game Reserve [26°54’S 32°15’E], Malaise traps in sand forest and broad leaf deciduous forest, 4–8 December 2009, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs (NMBA); 1 ♀, Richards Bay [28°47’S, 32°06’E], tree beating, 26 April 2004, T. Wassenaar (NCA 2009/5037). Limpopo Province, 1 ♂, Kruger National Park, Punda Maria Camp, Shipudze [22°27’S, 31°13’E], 19 December 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM 23345). SWAZILAND: Hhohho Region, juvenile ♀, Piggs Peak area, Hhlehhlele [25°50’S, 31°13’E], handpicked outside pit-toilet, at foot of mountain, 29 October 2011, A.S. Lewis (NCA 2012/325). Diagnosis. Both sexes recognised by carapace with highly elevated thoracic region; in female usually with pattern (Fig. 12) or in holotype juvenile female abdomen uniform in colour with two prominent spots posteriorly. Femora I–IV with numerous short setae ventrally. Female epigyne with atrium well-defined cube-shape (Fig. 47), intromittent canals as in Fig. 48. Male palp with VTA finger-shaped, RTA tooth-like (Fig. 45) extending laterally with a slight curve (Fig. 46) and a small cymbial apophysis. Re-description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 4.58; CL: 1.53; CW: 1.41; CI: 1.08; CH: 1.18; CLL: 0.24; MOQ-L: 0.31. Colour. Carapace and legs copper-brown to orange-yellow; leg III sometimes paler; abdomen pale copper, may resemble M. rufolimbata in both having two contrasting spots postero-dorsally; two spots may either be circles, or form contrasting border encircling abdomen (Fig. 12). Chelicerae. As in Fig. 2. Sternum. SL: 0.59 SW: 0.75 SI: 0.78. Eyes. PME fairly small; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.29; ALE–AME: 0.35; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.83; PME–PME: 0.41; PLE–PME: 0.33; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.25; ALE/AME: 1.20; PLE/PME: 0.80; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.43; CLYP/AME–AME: 0.80. Legs. Two to three spiniform setae in a row, present on tibiae directed latero-ventrally to leg and dorsally on tibiae and patellae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.87, Pat 0.33, Tib 0.94, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.54, total 3.41; II—Fe 1.01, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.99, Mt 0.78, Ta 0.61, total 3.76; III—Fe 0.71, Pat 0.33, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.47, Ta 0.38, total 2.51; IV—Fe 0.89, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.73, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.40, total 2.91. Abdomen: AL: 3.06; AW: 2.59; AI: 1.18. Epigyne. Atrium well-defined cube-shaped; intromittent orifices open laterally (Fig. 47); intromittent canals complex (Fig. 48); spermathecae small, situated postero-laterally. Male. Size, measurements (n = 1). TL: 3.43; CL: 1.36; CW: 1.36; CI: 1.00; CH: 0.96; CLL: 0.32; MOQ-L: 0.28. Resemble females but differs as follows: Colour. Carapace uniform reddish-brown; abdomen orange to copper. Legs uniform in colour, leg III sometimes paler. Carapace. With denser setae. Clypeu s. With long and numerous setae on edge. Sternum. SL: 0.59; SW: 0.67; SI: 0.88. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.28; ALE–AME: 0.32; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.89; PME–PME: 0.40; PLE–PME: 0.35; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.13; ALE/AME: 1.13; PLE/PME: 0.88; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.89; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.13; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.40; CLYP/AME–AME: 1.13. Legs. Leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.08, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.94, Mt 0.73, Ta 0.56, total 3.67; II—Fe 1.13, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.89, Mt 0.68, Ta 0.56, total 3.64; III—Fe 0.75, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.59, Mt 0.45, Ta 0.35, total 2.44; IV—Fe 0.87, Pat 0.31, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.38, total 2.68; Abdomen. AL: 2.07: AW: 1.81; AI: 1.14. Palp (only left palp available). Embolus long, thin, coiling at least twice around bulb (Fig. 45); RTA broad at base, tip sharply pointed; VTA finger-shaped (Fig. 46). Natural history. Sampled from trees in savanna and coastal forest habitats. The holotype was found under a stone at a cave entrance. Adults were sampled from December to April and juveniles in October. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). New record: South Africa (Fig. 116).

Mystaria variabilis delesserti (Caporiacco, 1949) comb. n. Paramystaria variabilis delesserti Caporiacco 1949: 454 (descr. ♀) Remarks. Two female specimens from Kenya: Nairobi Province, Nairobi (collected in 1944) were listed as belonging to this subspecies, but the material could not be traced. This species could not be positively identified from the original description of Caporiacco (1949). They are probably a variety of a form described by Lessert (1919) having a black abdomen and marginal white spots., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on page 135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di (1949) Aracnidi della Colonia del Kenya raccolti da Toschi e Meneghetti negli anni 1944 - 1946. Commentationes Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum, 13, 309 - 492.","Lessert, R. de (1919) Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). III. Thomisidae. Revue suisse de zoologie, 27, 99 - 234."]}

Mystaria rufolimbata Simon, 1895 Figs 1, 31, 32, 71–74, 91–94, 103–106, 123 Mystaria rufolimbata Simon 1895: 989; Jézéquel 1964: 1111, fig. 9 (descr. ♀). Type material: Lectotype (by present designation): ♀, SIERRA LEONE (MNHN). Syntype series (designated by Simon 1895) from MNHN is examined. One female is elected as a new lectotype from the syntype series. Paralectotypes: 1 ♀, same data as lectotype (MNHN). Other material examined. CAMEROON: Centre Region, 1 ♂, Yaonde [03°52’N, 11°30’E] (SMF10916). COTE D’IVOIRE: Moyen-Cavally Region, 1 ♀, Park National de Tai, 15 km ESE of Tai [05°52’N, 07°27’W], alt 170 m, collected from branches of trees in primary rainforest, 5 January 1989, A.J. de Winter (MRAC 174.331). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC): Bandundu Region, 1 juvenile, Kasonga, Maniema [04°27’S, 26°40’E], 24 August 1959, P.L.G. Benoit (MRAC 114.963). Equateur Region, 1 ♀, Tshuapa, Etata [00°40’S, 19°22’E], 5 June 1971, J. Hauwaert (MRAC 140.398). Nord-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, 39 km S of Walikale [01°24’S, 28°03’E], 25 July 1957, E.S. Ross & R.E. Leech (CAS). Orientale Region, 1 ♀, Costermansville [02°29’S, 28°51’E], March 1934, H.J. Bredo (MRAC 21427). Sud-Kivu Region, 1 ♀, Ibanda [02°13’S, 28°55’E], 1952, M. Vandelannoite (MRAC 78438). GABON: Estuaire Region, 2 ♀, 10 km N of Kinguélé [00°29’N, 10°20’E], 6 April 1986, A. Pauly (MRAC 173.085, 173.084); 1 ♀, Kougouleu [00°22’N, 09°55’E], 12 April 1985, A. Pauly (MRAC 168.767); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, between Atogafina and Kingaélé [00°29’N, 10°20’E], 23 March 1986, A. Pauly (MRAC 172.896). MOZAMBIQUE: Sofala Province, 1 ♀, Maputo, 16 km S of Villa Franca, Marnbone [21°11’S, 34°51’E], 29 June 1971 – 3 July 1971, F. Farquharson (NCA 2009/4612). SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1 ♀, Hellsgate [28°07’S, 32°18’E], tsetse fly survey, 3 May 2004, J. Esterhuizen (NCA 2006/ 1332); 1 ♀, Oribi Gorge, 21 km W of Port Shepstone [30°45’S, 30°20’E], alt 200–350 m, 27 November 1983, C.E. Griswold (NM); 1 ♂, Ndumo Game Reserve [26°54’S, 32°15’E], fever tree forest, 21 June 2006, A.S. Honiball (NCA 2006/1331). North West Province, 1 ♂, Buffelspoort dam [25°12’S, 27°16’E], July 1988, L. Prendini (NCA 91/579). Diagnosis. Female abdomen dark with two spots postero-laterally (Fig. 31) or with border encircling the abdomen; males uniform copper-red or black (Fig. 32). Carapace with dense short setae; atleast two long posterolateral setae on thoracic edge, laterally or near clypeal region more distinct than in M. flavogutatta. Epigyne with bell-shaped atrium (Fig. 73). Male palp with RTA tip sharply pointed, directed anteriorly, situated close to bulb and tutaculum (Figs 71, 72). Re-description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 7). TL: 4.28 (3.10–5.24); CL: 1.16 (1.39–1.95); CW: 1.54 (1.22–1.86); CI: 1.08 (1.05–1.14); CH: 1.08 (0.86–1.2); CLL: 0.29 (0.23–0.35); MOQ-L: 0.31 (0.24–0.46). Colour. Carapace dark reddish-brown to almost blackish-brown; legs yellow to orange, femora I–II may be dark brown, metatarsi and tarsi IV with a reddish shade. Carapace. Slightly wider than long, texture varies from smooth to granular studded with small holes; dense, flat lying setae. Chelicerae. As in Fig. 1. Sternum. SL: 0.70; SW: 0.72; SI: 0.97. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.31; ALE–AME: 0.41; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.77; PME–PME: 0.44; PLE–PME: 0.37; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.19; ALE/AME: 1.30; PLE/PME: 0.84; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.71; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.45; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.93. Legs. Legs I–II almost twice the length of legs III–IV; tarsal claws with long teeth, as in Figs 91–94; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 1.00, Pat 0.45, Tib 0.85, Mt 0.74, Ta 0.54, total 3.58; II—Fe 1.34, Pat 0.44, Tib 1.01, Mt 0.88, Ta 0.50, total 4.17; III—Fe 0.87, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.59, Mt 0.53, Ta 0.36, total 2.71; IV—Fe 0.93, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.55, Ta 0.35, total 2.76. Abdomen. AL: 2.62; AW: 2.16; AI: 1.28. Epigyne. See Fig. 73; intromittent orifices open laterally of atrium; intromittent canals extended antero-laterally (Fig. 74). Male. Size, measurements (n = 4). TL: 2.60 (2.09–2.91); CL: 1.12 (0.87–1.29); CW: 1.04 (0.84–1.18); CI: 1.07 (1.05–1.10); CH: 0.76 (0.61–0.94); CLL: 0.21 (0.17–0.24); MOQ-L: 0.24 (0.19–0.26). Similar to female but smaller in size and differs as follows: Colour. Body uniform copper-brown, black or brown (Fig. 32). Carapace. Longer than wide, with two long, erectile setae on postero-thoracic edge. Sternum. As wide as long; SL: 0.49; SW: 0.49; SI: 1. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.22; ALE–AME: 1.27; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.82; PME–PME: 0.31; PLE–PME: 0.26; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.21; ALE/AME: 1.22; PLE/PME: 0.83; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.72; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.34; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.94. Legs. tarsal claws as in Figs 103–106; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.89, Pat 0.41, Tib 0.84, Mt 0.72, Ta 0.57, total 3.44; II—Fe 1.06, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.95, Mt 0.74, Ta 0.39, total 3.46; III—Fe 0.66, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.50, Mt 0.39, Ta 0.31, total 2.10; IV– Fe 0.68, Pat 0.25, Tib 0.54, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.33, total 2.23. Abdomen. Fairly round; AL: 1.47; AW: 1.29; AI: 1.14. Palp. Embolus long, coiling around bulb at least twice; RTA short, delicate with tip very slender (Fig. 71), RTA slightly longer than VTA; VTA long, flattened (Fig. 72). Natural history. Collected from vegetation, more specifically records from rainforests and Acacia xanthophloea forests. Sampled material suggests adults to occur from November to July and juveniles emerge during August. Distribution. Sierra Leone. New records: Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Gabon, Mozambique and South Africa (Fig. 123)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973","Jezequel, J. F. (1964) Araignees de la savane de Singrobo (Cote d'Ivoire). III. - Thomisidae. Bulletin de l Institut francais de Afrique Noire, 26, 1103 - 1143."]}

Key to genera of the Mystarini -Apyretini -Tagulini tribes of the Afrotropical crab spiders 1. Median eyes unequal in size, PME very small............................................................... 2 - MOQ eyes fairly equal in size............................................................................4 2. Carapace wide with long erectile setae situated on small tubercles on posterior-thoracic edge; PME situated nearer to PLE than to each other............................................................... Apyretina Strand, 1929 (Apyretini) - Carapace convex to square or dorsally planar; long setae absent; posterior eyes almost equidistant from each other........ 3 3. MOQ area much wider than long, wider anteriorly than posteriorly................. Zametopias Thorell 1892 (Apyretini) - MOQ area slightly wider than long, anteriorly slightly narrower than posteriorly (Figs 139, 140)............ Leroya gen. n. 4. Carapace with leaf-shaped setae next to lateral eyes................................... Tagulis Simon, 1895 (Tagulini) - Carapace without leaf-shaped setae next to lateral eye area.................................................... 5 5. Carapace with numerous long erectile setae on posterior-thoracic edge, fovea and laterad to eye region, ant-like, chelicerae without cheliceral teeth, body and legs usually uniform brown........................ Sylligma Simon, 1895 (Mystarini) - Carapace only sometimes with a few long setae, not ant-like, but with large abdomens compared to carapace, chelicerae with three cheliceral teeth, body and legs usually with markings........................... Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Mystarini), Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973"]}

Mystaria savannensis sp. n. Figs 3, 33–35, 75–78, 99–102, 124 Type material: Holotype: ♀, ZAMBIA: Southern Province, near Choma Wildlives Game Farm [16°50’S, 26°59’E], beating short shrubs, 4 December 2006, C. Haddad & R. Lyle (NCA 2007/530). Paratypes: BOTSWANA: North-East District, 3 ♀, 1 juvenile Selkirk Mine, near Francistown [21°10’S, 27°30’E], 29 February–May 2008, D.H. Jacobs & M. Stiller (NCA 2009/5033, 2009/5034, 2009/5035). SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng Province, 1 ♀, Hartbeespoortdam [25°43’S, 27°50’E], 10 March 1966, A. Capener (NCA 78/ 33). KwaZulu-Natal Province, 1 ♀, Ubombo [27°33’S, 32°05’E], 16km N, 4 April 1958, E.S. Ross & R.E. Leech (CAS); 1♀, Mkuze Game Reserve [27°39’S, 32°10’E], alt 30 m, 13 June 1985, C.E. Griswold (NM); 2 ♀, 2 ♂, 4 juveniles Ophathe Game Reserve, river bed [28°29’S, 31°27’E], alt 455 m beating short shrubs, 2 October 2008, C. Haddad (NCA 2008/4179, 2008/4175). Limpopo Province, 5 ♂, Blouberg Nature Reserve [23°06’S, 28°59’E], beating Sclerocarya birrea, 29 November 2005 – 26 March 2006, P. Tshivhandekano, V. Gelebe, M. Muelelwa & F. Mbedzi (NCA 2009/4617, 2009/4621, 2009/4622, 2009/4623); 2 ♀, 8 ♂, same locality, sweeping Spirostachys africana, 26 March 2006, S. Foord & N Hahn (NCA 2009/4618, 2009/4619, 2009/4620, 2009/4624, 2009/5024); 4 ♂, same locality, sweeping Kirkia acuminate, 24 March 2006, S. Foord (NCA 2009/5025); 1 ♂, Klasserie, Bokmakierie Game Farm [24°34’S, 31°12’E], open grass lands, 8 April 2001, R. Jocqué (MRAC 210095); 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 sub-adult ♂, Wallers Camp, near Pafuri [22°25’S, 31°02’E], alt 261 m, canopy fogging, 16 February 2008, R. Jocqué and team (NCA 2009/5039); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kruger National Park, Punda Maria Camp [22°40’S, 31°01’E], Shipudze on road to Dunyadgiba, 2 May 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM 23346); 2 ♂, Strydomtunnel [22°23’S, 30°00’E], tree beating, 22 February 1978, E.A. Ueckermann (NCA 88/592); 11 ♀, 30 ♂, 7 juvenile ♀, Tshulu Research Reserve [22°34’S, 30°48’E], alt 38 m, canopy fogging, 18 February 2008. R. Jocqué and team (NCA 2009/5040, 2009/5041, 2009/5042, 2009/5043, 2009/5044, 2009/5843, 2009/5844); 1 ♀, 2 ♂, Western Soutpansberg, Farm Little Leigh [23°05’S, 29°00’E], alt 108 m, beating Kirkia wilmsii, 24 November 2005 – 21 March 2006, F. Maanda (NCA 2009/4625, 2009/5027, 2009/5029); 1 ♀, same locality beating Pterocarpus rotundifolius, 22 March 2006, M. Muelelwa (NCA 2009/5026); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, beating gallery forest, 22 December 2005 – 19 March 2006, E. Stam (NCA 2009/5028, 2009/5031); 1 ♀, same locality, beating Burkea africana, 23 February 2005, S. Foord (NCA 2009/5030); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Wolkberg, Haenertsburg [23°57’S, 29°56’E], sweeping shrubs, 15 July 1993, A. Leroy (NCA 2004/522). Mpumalanga Province, 2 ♀, Loskopdam, Farm Ranch 2D [25°26’S, 29°20’E], bush beating, 27 February 1994, A. Leroy (NCA 2004/524, 2009/5032); 1 ♀, Kruger National Park, Letaba Camp [23°51’S, 31°35’E], 19 February 1962, R.F. Lawrence (NM); 1 juvenile ♀, Bourke’s Luck [24°50’S, 30°46’E], sifting leaf litter, 29 March 1991, M. Filmer (NCA 92/144). ZIMBABWE: Masvingo Province, 1♀, Malilangwe Estate, Hakamela Camp [21°05’S, 32°00’E], active search on the ground, 26 March 2000, M. Cumming (NCA 2004/1424); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, SE low veld, sweeping dense grassland, 25 March 2004, M. Cumming (NCA 2004/1423). Etymology. Named after the Savanna Biome, which signifies a favourable habitat of most individuals of the species. Adjective. Diagnosis. Both sexes differ from any other species by the presence of a dark longitudinal stripe present on all legs, which extends from tibia or patella until tarsi (Fig. 34). Epigyne with atrium long-oval, teardrop-shaped, differ from other species by having the longest and largest atrium; intromittent orifices open antero-laterally (Fig. 77). Bulb large with RTA very broad base, differ from other species by a leaf-shaped RTA base, slender tip directed anteriorly (Figs 75, 76). Description. Female. Size, measurements. (n = 9). TL: 3.76 (3.15–5.08); CL: 1.38 (1.20–1.65); CW: 1.33 (1.20–1.53); CI: 1.03 (0.93–1.11); CH: 0.93 (0.84–1.10); CLL: 0.26 (0.21–0.33); MOQ-L: 0.29 (0.27–0.33). Colour. Carapace orange-red or dark brown with a yellow or orange patch on clypeus, may have dark patches over lateral eyes or with a black eye spot on PME (Fig. 33); abdomen pale, may be decorated dorsally as follows: longitudinal band centrally, broader anteriorly than posteriorly extending laterally, or with only dark areas on lateral sides; ventrally pale with striae dark blue to black, white in between; legs I–IV femora may have infuscated bands dorso-ventrally. Carapace. Smooth to slightly granular. Chelicerae. As in Fig. 3. Sternum. SL: 0.56; SW: 0.61; SI: 0.92. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.27; ALE–AME: 0.38; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.70; PME–PME: 0.45; PLE–PME: 0.35; PME–PME/PME-PLE: 1.29; ALE/AME: 1.43; PLE/PME: 0.77; MOQ-AW/ MOQ-PW: 0.59; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.49; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.98. Legs. Covered with fine short setae on all segments, femora I–IV with two medium spiniform setae dorsally; tibiae with two short spiniform setae dorsally; tarsal claws as in Figs 99–102; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.89, Pat 0.36, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.43, total 3.05; II—Fe 0.93, Pat 0.36, Tib 0.69, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.42, total 3.03; III—Fe 0.68, Pat 0.30, Tib 0.47, Mt 0.42, Ta 0.31, total 2.19; IV—Fe 0.84, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.58, Mt 0.53, Ta 0.35, total 2.61. Abdomen. AL: 2.38; AW: 2.27; AI: 1.05. Epigyne. With flap posteriorly (Fig. 77); intromittent canals antero-laterally extended (Fig. 78). Male. Size, measurements. (n = 9). TL: 2.74 (2.50–3.27); CL: 1.17 (1.06–1.32); CW: 1.10 (0.98–1.34); CI: 1.07 (1.02–1.15); CH: 0.74 (0.66–0.85); CLL: 0.27 (0.24–0.31); MOQ-L: 0.27 (0.25–0.31). Resemble female but differ as follows: Colour. Carapace dark or pale copper-brown; abdomen dorsally dark orange or black, with narrow whitish border anteriorly, may have an orange-brown pattern or with spots posteriorly (Fig. 35); legs reddish-brown or orange, yellow or pale-green, femora I–II with infuscated bands, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi IV darker brown. Sternum. SL: 0.46 SW: 0.52 SI: 0.90. Eyes. MOQ big, long wide; eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.24; ALE–AME: 0.31; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.76; PME–PME: 0.37; PLE–PME: 0.29; PME–PME/ PME–PLE: 1.29; ALE/AME: 1.33; PLE/PME: 0.78; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.43; Clyp/ AME–AME: 1.16. Legs. Patellae may have medium spiniform setae; tibiae III–IV with medium spiniform setae dorsally and ventrally; leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.91, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.70, Ta 0.49, total 3.17; II—Fe 0.86, Pat 0.26, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.42, total 2.91; III—Fe 0.61, Pat 0.24, Tib 0.49, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.30, total 2.04; IV—Fe 0.68, Pat 0.23, Tib 0.53, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.33, total 2.27. Abdomen. AL: 1.57; AW: 1.47; AI: 1.06. Palp. RTA widened at base (Fig. 75); VTA fairly long, almost equal in length to RTA (Fig. 76). Natural history. Specimens have been collected mostly from trees or sometimes shrubs by means of sweeping, beating or fogging. Other methods include active searching on the ground and leaf litter sifting. Individuals have been observed (pers. comm.) to be frequently hanging on their own silk thread when disturbed from a branch or twig. Some individuals occur in mountainous areas, but seem to be more prevalent in the savanna biome in southern Africa. Individuals prefer living on a variety of indigenous tree species such as Sclerocarya birrea, Spirostachys africana, Kirkia acuminate, K. wilmsii and Pterocarpus rotundifolius. Adults occur from October until July, while juveniles occur from October until February. Distribution. Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Fig. 124).

Mystaria irmatrix sp. n. Figs 14–16, 49–52, 117 Type material: Holotype: ♀, MOZAMBIQUE: Maputo City, Marracuene, Marracuene Lodge [25°53'S, 32°30’E], beating shrubs in riverine forest, 1 December 2007, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (NCA 2009/4616a). Paratypes: MOZAMBIQUE: Maputo City, 4 ♂ (collected with holotype ♀), Marracuene, Marracuene Lodge [25°53'S, 32°30’E], beating shrubs in riverine forest, 1 December 2007, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (NCA 2009/4616b). Gaza Province, 1 ♂, 1 juvenile ♀, Xai-Xai, Montego's Lodge [25°03’S, 33°38’E], beating shrubs on dune forest, 2 December 2007. R. Lyle & R. Fourie (NCA 2009/4614); 1 ♂, 1 juvenile ♀, Chidenguile, Paraiso de Chidenguele [24°54'S, 34°11'E], beating shrubs in dune forest, 15 December 2007. R. Lyle, R. Fourie & C. Haddad (NCA 2009/ 4615). SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Province, 1 ♂, East London, Pineapple Research Station [32°59’S, 27°54’E], found on plants, 2 July 1977, A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman (NCA 88/606); 1 ♂, same locality sweeping grasslands, 7 December 1977, A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman (NCA 78/29); 1 ♀, Mkhambati Nature Reserve [31°21’S, 29°51’E], collected from butterfly traps in forest, 27 January 2008, M. Hamer (NCA 2009/5037). KwaZulu-Natal Province, 2 ♀, 1 ♂, Mkuze Nature Reserve [27°36’S, 32°00’E], yellow pantraps in Terminalia sericea woodland tree beating, 21 January–21 March 2005, M. Hamer (NCA 2006/76, 2006/273, 2006/298); 1 ♀, Empangeni, University of Zululand [28°44’S, 31°53’E], 17 September 1975, P. Reavell (NM 23344); same locality, 1 ♀, hanging on a silk thread on Acacia sieberiana with bee in its fangs, 20 November 1981, P. Reavell (NM 14064); 1 ♀, Tembe Elephant Park [27°01’S, 32°24’E], sand forest beating, 15 March 2003, A.S. Honiball (NCA 2003/ 1462); 1 ♀, Phinda Game Reserve [27°43’S, 32°03’E], tree beating, 22 March 2004, S. Lovell (NCA 2004/685). Etymology. Named after the mother of the first author. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Female can be recognised by colour patterns on body (Fig. 14), Both sexes with metatarsi and/or tarsi IV dark brown to black (Figs 15, 16), other legs yellow-orange. Epigyne with atrium rim very narrow teardrop-shaped; small intromittent orifices open antero-laterally (Fig. 51). Male palp RTA with dark, med length, narrow tip (Fig. 50); VTA slender, curving at tip (Fig. 49). Description. Female. Size, measurements (n = 6). TL: 3.51 (3.15–4.14); CL: 1.27 (1.06–1.46); CW: 1.16 (1.05–1.34); CI: 1.09 (0.98–1.28); CH: 0.83 (0.87–0.96); CLL: 0.25 (0.19–0.30); MOQ-L: 0.26 (0.25–0.30). Colour. Carapace varies from orange with black line around postero-lateral border (Fig. 15), with or without two dark patches over LE region (Fig. 14) to blackish-copper specimens, often with orange triangular patch on clypeus, colour and body patterns may vary between individuals; abdomen very pale with dark, longitudinal central band that may expand laterally, or with two darker patches laterally; ventrally pale with pale blue stria. Carapace. Smooth. Sternum. SL: 0.52; SW: 0.56; SI: 0.93. Eye s. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.26; ALE–AME: 0.35; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.73; PME–PME: 0.42; PLE–PME: 0.32; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.30; ALE/AME: 1.38; PLE/PME: 0.78; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.61; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.43; Clyp/AME–AME: 0.96. Legs. Covered with fine, inconspicuous setae, spiniform setae present dorsally on femora and tibiae; leg formula: II:I:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.82, Pat 0.33, Tib 0.66, Mt 0.57, Ta 0.41, total 2.78; II—Fe 0.92, Pat 0.32, Tib 0.72, Mt 0.61, Ta 0.42, total 2.98; III—Fe 0.69, Pat 0.27, Tib 0.42, Mt 0.39, Ta 0.28, total 2.04; IV—Fe 0.78, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.57, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.36, total 2.49. Abdomen. Round; AL: 2.24; AW: 2.16; AI: 1.06. Epigyne. Atrium rim as in (Fig. 51); intromittent canals as in (Fig. 52). Male. Size, measurements (n = 3). TL: 2.76 (2.50–3.13); CL: 1.19 (1.12–1.34); CW: 1.06 (0.96–1.20); CI: 1.13 (1.10–1.16); CH: 0.68 (0.62–0.75); CLL: 0.25 (0.22–0.28); MOQ-L: 0.26 (0.20–0.31). Differs from females as follows: Colour. Body dorsally orange to copper-brown or blackish-brown (Fig. 16); in light coloured specimens abdomen with central black patterns dorsally, ventrally white with blue striae; in dark coloured specimens abdomen ventrally blue metallic colour, striae decorated with white dots. Carapace. Sharply sloping anteriorly. Sternum. SL: 0.45; SW: 0.48; SI: 0.94. Eyes. Eye measurements: AME–AME: 0.24; ALE–AME: 0.32; AME–AME/AME–ALE: 0.74; PME–PME: 0.37; PLE–PME: 0.29; PME–PME/PME–PLE: 1.30; ALE/AME: 1.36; PLE/PME: 0.77; MOQ-AW/MOQ-PW: 0.63; MOQ-L/MOQ-W: 0.41; Clyp/AME–AME: 1.05. Legs. Fewer spiniform setae on femora and tibiae, leg formula: I:II:IV:III; leg measurements: leg I—Fe 0.93, Pat 0.29, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.45, total 3.10; II—Fe 0.94, Pat 0.28, Tib 0.81, Mt 0.56, Ta 0.44, total 3.03; III—Fe 0.62, Pat 0.24, Tib 0.52, Mt 0.35, Ta 0.29, total 2.02; IV—Fe 0.71, Pat 0.21, Tib 0.53, Mt 0.43, Ta 0.32, total 2.21. Abdomen. Round with scutum; AL: 1.56; AW: 1.33; AI: 1.17. Palp. VTA and RTA almost same length; VTA very delicate (Fig. 50), embolus long (Fig. 49). Natural history. Sampled from riverine, sand, dune and coastal forest as well as woodlands and grasslands. Samples were found in trees such as Terminalia sericea and Acacia sieberiana. Most adults were sampled between September and March, while juveniles were sampled in December. One of the specimens sampled was hanging on its own silk thread from a tree while feeding on a bee (P. Reavell, pers. comm.). Distribution. Mozambique and eastern parts of South Africa (Fig. 117)., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 119-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115

Genus Leroya gen. n. Type species: Leroya silva sp. n. Etymology. Named after John and Astri Leroy, John, who sampled a specimen of L. unicolor at the age of six when accompanying Dr. Sedel during an expedition in the then Belgian Congo, now the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Diagnosis. Carapace with granular texture; dorsally planar, uniformly dark in colour (Figs 133, 135, 137); sturdier and larger than in Mystaria; AME situated very close to clypeal edge, lateral eyes large, situated on carapace lateral edge and on small tubercles; clypeal length very short, much shorter than MOQ (in contrast to Mystaria), (Figs 139, 140). Chelicerae with retromargin smooth and without cheliceral teeth or appendages. Anterior legs stronger than in Mystaria, posterior legs pale with dark band over distal part of femur and partly on patella (Figs 133, 135, 137), leg colour is genus specific, varies from variable leg colouration in Mystaria; Female epigyne darkly sclerotised (Figs 136, 138), intromittent canals curve and open into large kidney-shaped spermathecae from behind (Figs. 143, 145), in contrast to numerous very long complex coils opening into small round spermathecae in Mystaria. Male bulb with large swollen tegulum (Figs 134, 142), embolus thickened and sclerotised in contrast to long thin coiling embolus in Mystaria; RTA originate well below VTA, long, rigid with sharp tip curving antero-laterally (Figs 134, 141). Description. Body length 3.04–3.92 in males, 3.46–5.21 in females. Colour. Carapace a shiny-metallic copper-red to darker copper-brown or black in females; darker and shiny metallic copper to dark turquoise in males; abdomen pale brown or darker blue-green (turquoise); leg I–II similar colour as carapace, with leg III–IV femora distally, patellae proximally, metatarsi and tarsi red to dark copperbrown, remaining leg segments pale white sometimes with a faint brown line laterally on both sides of tibiae III–IV; palp with femur and tarsus brown, tibia paler with longitudinal brown stripe dorsally. Carapace. Without coloured patterns or marks; slightly elevated in thoracic area; steeply sloping anteriorly and posteriorly; with dense, short setae; long, erectile setae on postero-thoracic edge, laterally on carapace and/or on lateral eye area. Clypeus. Vertical, long, erectile setae on edge. Chelicerae. Obtuse, fairly small, broadened at base narrowing to tip with long serrated setae on promargin (Fig. 128). Mouth parts. Labium cube-shaped to oval, endites indented with few scopula hairs. Sternum. Heart-shaped covered with fine setae. Palp. With single dentated claw; setae on all segments. Eyes. Both eye rows re-curved, AER=PER; ALE>AME; AME closest to each other; PLE>PME; MOQ eye area wider than long, narrower in front; PME nearer to lateral eyes than to each other; LE large, usually sessile sometimes with a black spot; situated laterally on edge of carapace. Legs. Medium to long; leg segments densely covered with short setae; spiniform setae present dorsally on femora, patellae, tibiae of leg I–IV and ventrally of tibiae III–IV; shorter spiniform setae present ventrally and/or laterally or distally on tibiae and metatarsi I–IV; scopula hairs present ventrally on metatarsi and tarsi I–IV, denser on legs III–IV; trichobothria dorsally in single rows on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I–IV; tarsal claws and tufts both at a sharp angle from tarsi, differ as follows from Sylligma (Figs 150–153), tufts not presented at an angle, and from Mystaria (Figs 91-114) in which claws have a thicker base with modified claws, whereas Leroya has uniform claws and an even base (Figs 129-132); claw base curved with claws of legs I-II with>8 teeth and legs III-IV Abdomen. Round with numerous setae; five sigillae present dorsally, grouped in an arrow-shape formation; ventrally with stria. Spinnerets. Small, conical, anterior pair largest, median pair smallest. Epigyne. Without rim or atrium (Figs 136, 138); intromittent orifices as in Figs 144, 146. Palp. Bulb heavily sclerotised; embolus of medium-length (Figs 134, 141); RTA shorter than VTA; VTA with curve, thickened tip (Fig. 142). Natural history. Members of the genus Leroya gen. n. have been sampled from rain forests and primary canopy forests by hand or fogging. Distribution. This genus is endemic to the Afrotropical region, known from very few localities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cote d’ Ivoire, Rwanda and Uganda (Figs 147, 148). Remarks. Simon (1895) diagnosed the genus Mystaria based on its carapace shape, variation in eye size and distance, cheliceral spinules, labium and leg characters. In the present revision, it is revealed that the species M. unicolor was wrongly placed in this genus and that a number of new characters such as sexual dimorphic characters, smooth cheliceral margins, eye arrangement, PME size, clypeal length, leg and body colour warrant the species to be placed into its own genus., Published as part of Honiball Lewis, Allet S. & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie S., 2014, Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 3873 (2) on pages 135-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4948115, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des Araignees. Vol. 1. Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973"]}

Heriaeus peterwebbi sp. n. Figs 10, 39–42, 58 Heriaeus transvaalicus Simon, 1895: Loerbroks 1983: 130, figs 24, 85–87 (♂ misidentified). Etymology: Named for Peter Webb for his contributions photographing South African spiders for the SANSA Virtual Museum. Diagnosis: Species recognized by a combination of long spiniform, acute abdominal setae (Fig. 10), the epigynal shape consisting of a narrow small hood (Fig. 41), and the broad tipped embolus (Fig. 39). The palp resembles that of H. transvaalicus, but differs in the RTA having a darkly sclerotized elongated hooked tip (Fig. 40). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 4.60, CL 1.95, CW 1.79. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown stripes extending to PEs and white irregular V-shaped lines; setae transparent; eye region white, except between MEs; eye tubercles white; clypeus yellow­brown. Abdomen yellow-brown, mottled white, with a central white mark anteriorly and three white crossbars; laterally with curving white lines and numerous dark brown spots; abdominal setae transparent, 0–6 brown setae may be present posteriorly. Legs with brown spots. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.22, ALE–AME 0.14, PME–PME 0.17, PLE–PME 0.32, AME–PME 0.24, MOQL AME–PME 0.29, MOQAW AME–AME 0.29, MOQPW PME–PME 0.26. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.94, Pat 0.81, Tib 1.43, Mt 1.51, Ta 0.90, total 6.59; leg II Fe 1.30, Pat 0.80, Tib 1.38, Mt 1.27, Ta 0.81, total 5.56; leg III Fe 0.88, Pat 0.62, Tib 1.25, Mt 0.68, Ta 0.48, total 3.91; leg IV Fe 0.84, Pat 0.57, Tib 0.84, Mt 0.69, Ta 0.57, total 3.51. Abdomen: Oval, setae long, spiniform, with acute tips. Epigyne: Hood small, narrow elongated, with a round opening (Fig. 41); copulatory ducts bulbous with folds (Fig. 42). Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.78, CL 1.73, CW 1.66. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands extending to PEs and two irregular white V-shaped lines; white line also present laterally on carapace edge; setae transparent; chelicerae with white marks at distal and proximal ends; clypeus white; eye region and tubercles white. Legs with brown spots and white marks distally on coxae, femora and patella I–IV. Abdomen yellow-brown, with broad indistinct white central marks and six transverse white bands posteriorly; laterally with 3 or 4 longitudinal striae; abdominal macro setae transparent; venter white. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.19, ALE–AME 0.12, PME–PME 0.14, PLE–PME 0.24, AME–PME 0.18, MOQL AME–PME 0.23, MOQAW AME–AME 0.25, MOQPW PME–PME 0.19. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.64, Pat 0.96, Tib 2.50, Mt 2.61, Ta 1.09, total 9.80; leg II Fe 2.40, Pat 0.74, Tib 2.08, Mt 2.03, Ta 0.91, total 8.16; leg III Fe 1.14, Pat 0.49, Tib 1.01, Mt 0.93, Ta 0.49, total 4.06; leg IV Fe 1.38, Pat 0.45, Tib 1.20, Mt 1.15, Ta 0.52, total 4.70. Abdomen: Oval, narrower than that of female; setae long, spiniform, with acute tips. Male palp: Embolus short, winding less than once around tegulum; embolus tip broad, curving proximally; VTA digitiform but somewhat irregular; RTA elongated with anterior half sclerotized, ending in a broad hooked tooth, pointing dorsally (Figs 39, 40). Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo: Blouberg Nat. Res. (22.99°S 29.04°E), 27.xi.2005, I. Simthumule, sweepnetting (NCA 2009 /1980a). Allotype: ♀ same data as holotype (NCA 2009 /1980b). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: 1♀ Gobabis (22.27°S 18.35°E), Museum Staff (SMFD 8487); 1♀ Etosha National Park, Site 7 (18.95°S 15.90°E), iii.1998, A. Russell­Smith (MRAC 215819). SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 2♀ Swartrus (27.75°S 25.50°E), 18–19.xi.1985, Museum Staff (NMBA 1067). Gauteng: 1♀ Irene (25.85°S 28.16°E), 3.iv.1984, O. Neser, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 84 /904); 1♀ Roodeplaat Dam Nat. Res. (25.64°S 28.36°E), 25.x.1982, I. van Rooyen & A. van den Berg, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 84 /68); 1♀ Roodeplaat Research Station (25.64°S 28.36°E), i.1970, T.J. Coates, strawberry plants (AMGS 29). Limpopo: 1♂ ‘ Makapan’ [= Mokopane, 24.18°S 29.01°E] (MNHN); 1♂ same locality as holotype, 27.xi.2005, F. Maanda, active search (NCA 2009 /2086), 1♀ same locality, 27.xi.2005, F. Mbedzi, sweepnetting plants (NCA 2009 /1979); 1♀ 1 imm. ♀ same locality, 24.iii.2006, M. Muelelwa, sweepnetting plants (NCA 2009 /2087); 1♀ Polokwane Nat. Res. (23.9°S 29.47°E), 26.i.2006, T. Khoza & M. Madiba, sweepnetting woodland (NCA 2008 /1211); 2♂ same data but 3.ii.2006, beating riverine sweet thorn (NCA 2008 /1791); 1♀ Lajuma Mountain Retreat (23.03°S 29.45°E), 6.ii.2008, AFRAS members, by hand (NCA 2008 /3367); 1♀ Swartwater, Viswater Farm (22.85°S 28.19°E), 28.v.1981, R. Harris, soil surface (NCA 81 /753). Mpumalanga: 1♀ Marble Hall (24.96°S 29.29°E), 16.i.1997, H. Loots, by hand, cotton (NCA 96 /606). North West: 1♀ Skeerpoort (25.81°S 27.75°E), 22.iii.1980, A. Leroy, on plants (NCA 84 /654). Distribution: Namibia and South Africa (Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, North West and Mpumalanga provinces) (Fig. 59). Natural history: This species was collected from the ground as well as plants, such as grasses, riverine sweet thorn trees and crops (cotton and strawberries). The females were collected during January to May and again during October and November, while the males were sampled during February and November. Remarks: Simon (1895) described H. transvaalicus based on female, although there were apparently two specimens available to him. When Loerboks (1983) examined the type material, he described the other specimen as the male of H. transvaalicus. With abundant material available now, it is clear that the male described by Loerbroks is not that of H. transvaalicus but belongs to H. peterwebbi sp. n., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 466-468, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661, {"references":["LOERBROKS, A. 1983. Revision der Krabbenspinnen-Gattung Heriaeus Simon (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 26: 85 - 139."]}

Heriaeus peterwebbi sp. n. Figs 10, 39–42, 58 Heriaeus transvaalicus Simon, 1895: Loerbroks 1983: 130, figs 24, 85–87 (♂ misidentified). Etymology: Named for Peter Webb for his contributions photographing South African spiders for the SANSA Virtual Museum. Diagnosis: Species recognized by a combination of long spiniform, acute abdominal setae (Fig. 10), the epigynal shape consisting of a narrow small hood (Fig. 41), and the broad tipped embolus (Fig. 39). The palp resembles that of H. transvaalicus, but differs in the RTA having a darkly sclerotized elongated hooked tip (Fig. 40). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 4.60, CL 1.95, CW 1.79. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown stripes extending to PEs and white irregular V-shaped lines; setae transparent; eye region white, except between MEs; eye tubercles white; clypeus yellow­brown. Abdomen yellow-brown, mottled white, with a central white mark anteriorly and three white crossbars; laterally with curving white lines and numerous dark brown spots; abdominal setae transparent, 0–6 brown setae may be present posteriorly. Legs with brown spots. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.22, ALE–AME 0.14, PME–PME 0.17, PLE–PME 0.32, AME–PME 0.24, MOQL AME–PME 0.29, MOQAW AME–AME 0.29, MOQPW PME–PME 0.26. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.94, Pat 0.81, Tib 1.43, Mt 1.51, Ta 0.90, total 6.59; leg II Fe 1.30, Pat 0.80, Tib 1.38, Mt 1.27, Ta 0.81, total 5.56; leg III Fe 0.88, Pat 0.62, Tib 1.25, Mt 0.68, Ta 0.48, total 3.91; leg IV Fe 0.84, Pat 0.57, Tib 0.84, Mt 0.69, Ta 0.57, total 3.51. Abdomen: Oval, setae long, spiniform, with acute tips. Epigyne: Hood small, narrow elongated, with a round opening (Fig. 41); copulatory ducts bulbous with folds (Fig. 42). Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.78, CL 1.73, CW 1.66. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands extending to PEs and two irregular white V-shaped lines; white line also present laterally on carapace edge; setae transparent; chelicerae with white marks at distal and proximal ends; clypeus white; eye region and tubercles white. Legs with brown spots and white marks distally on coxae, femora and patella I–IV. Abdomen yellow-brown, with broad indistinct white central marks and six transverse white bands posteriorly; laterally with 3 or 4 longitudinal striae; abdominal macro setae transparent; venter white. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.19, ALE–AME 0.12, PME–PME 0.14, PLE–PME 0.24, AME–PME 0.18, MOQL AME–PME 0.23, MOQAW AME–AME 0.25, MOQPW PME–PME 0.19. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.64, Pat 0.96, Tib 2.50, Mt 2.61, Ta 1.09, total 9.80; leg II Fe 2.40, Pat 0.74, Tib 2.08, Mt 2.03, Ta 0.91, total 8.16; leg III Fe 1.14, Pat 0.49, Tib 1.01, Mt 0.93, Ta 0.49, total 4.06; leg IV Fe 1.38, Pat 0.45, Tib 1.20, Mt 1.15, Ta 0.52, total 4.70. Abdomen: Oval, narrower than that of female; setae long, spiniform, with acute tips. Male palp: Embolus short, winding less than once around tegulum; embolus tip broad, curving proximally; VTA digitiform but somewhat irregular; RTA elongated with anterior half sclerotized, ending in a broad hooked tooth, pointing dorsally (Figs 39, 40). Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo: Blouberg Nat. Res. (22.99°S 29.04°E), 27.xi.2005, I. Simthumule, sweepnetting (NCA 2009 /1980a). Allotype: ♀ same data as holotype (NCA 2009 /1980b). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: 1♀ Gobabis (22.27°S 18.35°E), Museum Staff (SMFD 8487); 1♀ Etosha National Park, Site 7 (18.95°S 15.90°E), iii.1998, A. Russell­Smith (MRAC 215819). SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 2♀ Swartrus (27.75°S 25.50°E), 18–19.xi.1985, Museum Staff (NMBA 1067). Gauteng: 1♀ Irene (25.85°S 28.16°E), 3.iv.1984, O. Neser, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 84 /904); 1♀ Roodeplaat Dam Nat. Res. (25.64°S 28.36°E), 25.x.1982, I. van Rooyen & A. van den Berg, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 84 /68); 1♀ Roodeplaat Research Station (25.64°S 28.36°E), i.1970, T.J. Coates, strawberry plants (AMGS 29). Limpopo: 1♂ ‘ Makapan’ [= Mokopane, 24.18°S 29.01°E] (MNHN); 1♂ same locality as holotype, 27.xi.2005, F. Maanda, active search (NCA 2009 /2086), 1♀ same locality, 27.xi.2005, F. Mbedzi, sweepnetting plants (NCA 2009 /1979); 1♀ 1 imm. ♀ same locality, 24.iii.2006, M. Muelelwa, sweepnetting plants (NCA 2009 /2087); 1♀ Polokwane Nat. Res. (23.9°S 29.47°E), 26.i.2006, T. Khoza & M. Madiba, sweepnetting woodland (NCA 2008 /1211); 2♂ same data but 3.ii.2006, beating riverine sweet thorn (NCA 2008 /1791); 1♀ Lajuma Mountain Retreat (23.03°S 29.45°E), 6.ii.2008, AFRAS members, by hand (NCA 2008 /3367); 1♀ Swartwater, Viswater Farm (22.85°S 28.19°E), 28.v.1981, R. Harris, soil surface (NCA 81 /753). Mpumalanga: 1♀ Marble Hall (24.96°S 29.29°E), 16.i.1997, H. Loots, by hand, cotton (NCA 96 /606). North West: 1♀ Skeerpoort (25.81°S 27.75°E), 22.iii.1980, A. Leroy, on plants (NCA 84 /654). Distribution: Namibia and South Africa (Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, North West and Mpumalanga provinces) (Fig. 59). Natural history: This species was collected from the ground as well as plants, such as grasses, riverine sweet thorn trees and crops (cotton and strawberries). The females were collected during January to May and again during October and November, while the males were sampled during February and November. Remarks: Simon (1895) described H. transvaalicus based on female, although there were apparently two specimens available to him. When Loerboks (1983) examined the type material, he described the other specimen as the male of H. transvaalicus. With abundant material available now, it is clear that the male described by Loerbroks is not that of H. transvaalicus but belongs to H. peterwebbi sp. n.

Niekerk, P. van, Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S. (2013): A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region. African Invertebrates 54 (2): 447, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5733/afin.054.0213

Heriaeus copricola sp. n. Figs 4, 22–25, 59 Etymology: From Latin copros (dung) and colere (to dwell in). The species name was suggested by Dr R.F. Lawrence (in litt.), who marked the type specimens as being a new species but did not publish its description. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by the combination of long, slender, blunt abdominal setae and the epigyne having a shallow hood over a small round opening (Fig. 24), with the internal organs visible as two light brown kidney-shaped structures below the hood (Fig. 24). The embolus of the male palp is short, winding less than once around tegulum, with the tip slender and straight; VTA broad (Fig. 23); RTA with short distal tooth when viewed laterally (Fig. 22). The male palp resembles that of H. zanii sp. n. (Fig. 53) but differs in the shape of the RTA, having a single tooth and the uniquely shaped abdominal setae (Fig. 4). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 4.88, CL 2.31, CW 2.04. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands extending to PEs; setae brown; clypeus w ith brown marks; sternum white along edge; chelicerae yellow-brown; eye region white. Abdomen beige, mottled with white, with faint transverse lines posteriorly as well as a number of dark brown markings; venter white with fine hairs, with some brown spots laterally. Legs beige with brown spot on proximal end of tibiae and distal ends of metatarsi III and IV; some white mottling on coxae. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.14, ALE–AME 0.30, PME–PME 0.22, PLE–PME 0.31, AME–PME 0.24, MOQL AME–PME 0.31, MOQAW AME– AME 0.36, MOQPW PME–PME 0.28. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.89, Pat 1.04, Tib 1.76, Mt 1.80,Ta 0.51, total 7.0; leg II Fe 1,50, Pat 0.82, Tib 1.23, Mt 1.23, Ta 0.36, total 5.14; leg III Fe 0.92, Pat 0.59, Tib 0.74, Mt 0.74, Ta 0.55, total 3.54; leg IV Fe 1.37, Pat 0.41, Tib 0.94, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.48, total 3.96. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly, with long slender either transparent or pale brown setae with blunt tips; darker brown setae along lateral edge of dorsum. Epigyne: Hood shallow with small round opening, internal organs visible as two pale brown kidney-shaped structures, touching anteriorly and narrower posteriorly (Fig. 24); copulatory ducts large and bulbous anteriorly, tubular posteriorly (Fig. 25). Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.88, CL 1.89, CW 1.70. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands extending to PEs and into eye region; setae brown (Fig. 4); chelicerae yellow-brown; clypeus with brown marks; eye region white. Abdomen brown, mottled with white; laterally with some brown marks; setae on abdomen dark brown with dark spots at their bases laterally; venter white, covered with fine hairs. Legs yellow­brown, with white spot on each coxa. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.23, ALE–AME 0.53, PME–PME 0.23, PLE–PME 0.30, AME–PME 0.21, MOQL AME–PME 0.29, MOQAW AME–AME 0.28, MOQPW PME–PME 0.29. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.69, Pat 0.76, Tib 2.23, Mt 2.17, Ta 1.06, total 8.91; leg II Fe 2.26, Pat 0.64, Tib 1.76, Mt 1.56, Ta 0.99, total 7.21; leg III Fe 1.31, Pat 0.44, Tib 1.02, Mt 0.71, Ta 0.58, total 4.06; leg IV Fe 1.62, Pat 0.37, Tib 0.97, Mt 0.87, Ta 0.54, total 4.37. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly, but narrower than that of female. Male palp: Embolus short, winding less than once around tegulum; embolus tip slender and straight (Fig. 22); VTA short, somewhat flattened but variable in shape; RTA broad anteriorly, ending in short distal tooth viewed laterally (Fig. 23). Juveniles. Recognized by long and blunt setae. Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: Pietermaritzburg (29.60°S 30.38°E), xi.1942, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 3844 a). Allotype: 1♀ same data as holotype (NMSA 3844 b). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Gauteng: 1♂ Krugersdorp (26.09°S 27.78°E), 2.xii.2003, H. Roux, pitfall trap (NCA 2009 /1552); 1♀ 1♂ Krugersdorp, Magaliesberg, Farm Nooitgedacht, 4171Q (25.88°S 27.52°E), 2.xii.2003, H. Roux, pitfall trap, grassland (NCA 2010 /2877). KwaZulu­Natal: 3♀ Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville (29.60°S 30.40°E), x.1943, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 3906). Limpop o: 1♀ 1♂ Polokwane Nat. Res. (23.9°S 29.47°E), 8.xii.2005, T. Khoza & M. Madiba, hand sampling, false grassland (NCA 2008 /1792). Distribution: South Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu­Natal and Limpopo) (Fig. 59). Natural history: Most specimens were collected with pitfall traps in grassland and savanna. Adult females were collected in October and December, and males during November and December.

Heriaeus xanderi sp. n. Figs 12, 49–52, 59 Etymology: The species is named for Xander Combrink, who has made an important contribution in sampling spiders in KwaZulu-Natal. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by a combination of short, blunt abdominal setae (Fig. 12) and the shape of the genitalia. In the male palp the embolus is long, with a U-shaped tip, RTA short and broad-based with distal tooth (Figs 49, 50); in the female the epigyne has a dome-shaped central hood and internal organs visible as very dark ear-shaped structures (Fig. 51). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 3.20, CL 1.36, CW 1.31. Colour: Carapace with dark brown setae; two longitudinal brown stripes extending to PLEs; faint white mark centrally in posterior half; chelicerae brown with white marks; clypeus brown, some white mottling centrally; eye region brown, some white mottling centrally, eye tubercles greyish white; palps with white marks.Abdomen brown dorsally, mottled with white and dark brown; dark brown marks form transverse lines in posterior half; setae brown or dark brown (Fig. 12). Legs dark with brown markings at both ends of femur I, distal end of femora II–IV, and at both ends of metatarsi and tarsi I and II; white marks at distal edge of femora I–IV, white spots on coxae. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.15, ALE–AME 0.10, PME–PME 0.17, PLE–PME 0.22, AME–PME 0.16, MOQL AME–PME 0.20, MOQAW AME–AME 0.19, MOQPW PME–PME 0.21. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.17, Pat 0.60, Tib 0.75, Mt 0.87, Ta 0.53, total 3.92; leg II Fe 1.05, Pat 0.57, Tib 0.69, Mt 0.81, Ta 0.49, total 3.61; leg III Fe 0.68, Pat 0.37, Tib 0.45, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.37, total 2.28; leg IV Fe 0.83, Pat 0.38, Tib 0.54, Mt 0.51, Ta 0.38, total 2.64. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly; setae short and club-shaped. Epigyne: Small dome-shaped, central hood; internal organs visible as very dark ear-shaped structures that enclose hood; copulatory ducts tubular and folded on themselves, with associated membranes and extensions (Figs 51, 52). Male (holotype). Size: TL 2.54, CL 1.19, CW 1.15. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands extending to PLEs; slight white mark centrally in posterior half, setae dark brown; chelicerae with brown mark distally; clypeus with dark brown marks; eye region white centrally. Abdomen brown dorsally, mottled with white and dark brown; dark brown marks form transverse lines in posterior half, setae brown; venter yellow-brown; laterally with brown lines. Legs with dark brown marks at both ends of femur I, distal end of femora II–IV, and at both ends of metatarsi I–IV and tarsi II–IV. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.08, ALE–AME 0.08, PME–PME 0.08, PLE–PME 0.09, AME–PME 0.11, MOQL AME–PME 0.17, MOQAW AME–AME 0.15, MOQPW PME–PME 0.15. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.45, Pat 0.68, Tib 1.18, Mt 1.22, Ta 0.73, total 5.26; leg II Fe 2.29, Pat 0.95, Tib 1.52, Mt 1.55, Ta 0.75, total 7.06; leg III Fe 0.93, Pat 0.68, Tib 1.01, Mt 0.53, Ta 0.45, total 3.60; leg IV Fe 1.45, Pat 0.60, Tib 1.12, Mt 0.97, Ta 0.50, total 4.64. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly; setae short and club-shaped. Male palp: Embolus long, winding once around tegulum, tip slender and curved (U-shaped); VTA short and digitiform; RTA short and broad-based with distal tooth (Figs 49, 50). Holotype: ♂ TANZANIA: Mkomazi Game Reserve, between Ndeya & Mabula (4.18°S 38.23°E), 22.xi.1999, A. Russell-Smith, sweepnetting woodland (NCA 97 /504a). Allotype: ♀ same data as holotype (NCA 97 /504b). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: 1♀ Umkhuze Game Reserve (27.63°S 32.25°E), 17.vii.2008, X. Combrink, pitfall traps (NCA 2011 /2047); 1♀ Hluhluwe Nat. Res. (28.09°S 32.1°E), 2.xii.2007, M. Mgobozi, by hand (NCA 2007 /1599). Mpumalanga: 1♀ Klaserie, Bokmakierie Game Farm (24.33°S 31.02°E), 8.iv.2001, R. Jocqué, open grassy area (MRAC 210.094). TANZANIA: 1♂ Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ndeya (4.18°S 38.23°E), 21–24.ix.1994, A. Russell­Smith, Acacia senegal woodland (MRAC 215.509); 1♂ 1♀ same data but 21–22.xi.1994 (MRAC 215.510). Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu­Natal and Mpumalanga) and Tanzania (Fig. 59). Natural history: Collected on grass and trees. Females were collected in April, July, November and December and males in September and November., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661

Heriaeus allenjonesi sp. n. Figs 2, 14–17, 58 Etymology: Named for Allen Jones of Mpetsane Conservation Estate in the Free State, in recognition of his contribution of spider photos to the South African National Survey of Arachnida Virtual Museum. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by the combination of numerous short, club-shaped or blunt abdominal setae (Fig. 2) and the shape of the large semi-circular epigynal hood, with the spermathecae visible as large bean-shaped structures (Fig. 16). The male palp has a slender embolus with a straight tip and a narrow RTA that ends in a tooth-like process (Figs 14, 15). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 4.58, CL 2.01, CW 1.89. Colour: Carapace mottled with white; bearing brown setae anteriorly, transparent setae posteriorly; two longitudinal brown bands extending from eyes to posterior edge; clypeus brown, faintly marked with white centrally; chelicerae brown, mottled with white; eye region white. Abdomen yellow-brown, mottled with white, with some reddish brown to dark brown spots at base of dark brown setae (Fig. 2); venter and sides white, with dark brown spots. Legs yellow-brown, all segments with white spots or bands except tarsus; some specimens with grey mottling on most leg segments, others with dark brown spot at base of tibiae III and IV. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.29, ALE–AME 0.15, PME–PME 0.25, PLE– PME 0.29, AME–PME 0.26, MOQL AME–PME 0.32, MOQAW AME–AME 0.35, MOQPW PME–PME 0.32. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.49, Pat 0.87, Tib 1.41, Mt 1.23, Ta 0.66, total 5.66; leg II Fe 1.41, Pat 0.72, Tib 1.11, Mt 0.92, Ta 0.67, total 4.83; leg III Fe 0.79, Pat 0.56, Tib 0.51, Mt 0.64, Ta 0.47, total 2.97; leg IV Fe 1.11, Pat 0.56, Tib 0.64, Mt 0.71, Ta 0.52, total 3.54. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly; abdominal dorsum bearing short, transparent club-shaped setae interspersed with 12–14 long dark brown blunt setae arranged in two lateral groups; other abdominal setae transparent. Epigyne: Large semi-circular hood; spermathecae visible as large bean-shaped structures (Fig. 16); copulatory ducts very large and bulbous, with tubular coils posteriorly (Fig. 17). Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.27, CL 1.52, CW 1.53. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown bands (Fig. 5); setae light brown; chelicerae sometimes with white spots; sternum yellow-brown, sometimes with white marks; endites and labium yellow-brown; clypeus brown, sometimes white at anterior edge, markings may extend up to AME; eye region white; eye tubercles greyish white. Abdomen yellow-brown or with white mottling; setae light to dark brown, interspersed with transparent setae; bases of some setae reddish brown; venter yellow-brown, laterally with few brown spots. Legs with numerous white markings; setae brown. Palp with white marks on some segments. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.20, ALE–AME 0.10, PME–PME 0.17, PLE–PME 0.24, AME–PME 0.22, MOQL AME–PME 0.26, MOQAW AME–AME 0.26, MOQPW PME–PME 0.23. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.32, Pat 0.85, Tib 1.74, Mt 1.77, Ta 0.87, total 7.55; leg II Fe 1.76, Pat 0.65, Tib 1.29, Mt 1.30, Ta 0.72, total 5.72; leg III Fe 0.91, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.63, Mt 0.55, Ta 0.41, total 2.85; leg IV Fe 1.23, Pat 0.49, Tib 0.82, Mt 0.82, Ta 0.53, total 3.89. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly; abdominal dorsum bearing short, transparent and club-shaped setae interspersed with 12–16 dark brown club-shaped setae. Palp: Embolus short, winding less than once around tegulum; tip straight (Fig. 14); VTA short; RTA narrow with short curved distal tooth (Fig. 15). Juveniles. Recognized by the presence of club-shaped abdominal setae. Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Deelhoek Farm, 38 km NW of Bloemfontein (29.11°S 26.22°E), 10.ii.2000, C. Haddad, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 2002 /641a). Allotype: 1♀ same data as holotype (NCA 2002 /641b). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 1♂ Bloemfontein, Naval Hill (29.06°S 26.14°E), i.1991, L.N. Lotz, pitfall traps (NMBA 7089); 1♀ 1♂ Brandfort, Florisbad (28.46°S 26.05°E), 1988, L.N. Lotz, pitfall traps (NMBA 5226, 4058); 1♂ same locality, 1.i.1983, Museum Staff (NMBA 0323); 1♂ Erfenis Dam Nat. Res., Theunissen District (Site 5) (28.30°S 26.48°E), 28.x–4.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps, overgrazed grassland (NCA 2012 /2051); 1♂ same locality (Site 4), 28.x–4.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps, gravel plain (NCA 2012 /2052); 1♂ same locality (Site 7), rocky hillside, 28.x–4.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps (NCA 2012 /2054); 1♂ same locality, xii.2005 – i.2006, C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, pitfall traps (NMBA 13325). Northern Cape: 1♀ Benfontein Nat. Res. (27.42°S 23.30°E), 1.v.1981, S. Erasmus, pitfall traps (NCA 88 /331). Western Cape: 1♂ Prince Albert, Farm Tierberg (33.13°S 22.01°E), 14.iv.1988, R. Dean, pitfall traps (NCA 91 /1266). Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: 1 imm. ♀ Erfenis Dam Nat. Res., Theunissen District (Site 5) (28.30°S 26.48°E), 28.x–4.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps, shore of dam (NCA 2012 /2053); 1 imm. ♂ same locality, 8.x–4.xii.2009, R. Fourie & A. Grobler, pitfall traps, overgrazed grassland (NCA 2012 /2055); 1 imm. ♀ Deelhoek Farm 38 km NW of Bloemfontein (29.11°S 26.22°E), 10.ii.2000, C. Haddad, sweepnetting grass layer (NCA 2002 /608); 1 imm. ♀ Bultfontein (28.54°S 25.57°E), 12.x.1990, R. Adam, by hand (NMBA 5669); 1 imm. ♂ Brandfort, Florisbad (28.46°S 26.05°E), x.1982, Museum Staff, pitfall traps (NMBA 0235). Distribution: South Africa (Free State, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces) (Fig. 58). Natural history: Most of the specimens were sampled with pitfall traps from the soil surface from a variety of habitats ranging from rocky hillsides, gravel plains to the shore of a dam. The holotype male and allotype female were sampled by sweeping grassland. The adult females were collected from January to August and again in November to December. Males were sampled from October to April, while juveniles were found from February to May., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 453-455, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661

Heriaeus muizenberg sp. n. Figs 9, 37, 38, 58 Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition derived from the name of the type locality. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by the combination of short abdominal setae with blunt tips (Fig. 9) arranged in a distinct pattern, the male palp with the embolus having a slender straight tip, and a very long RTA with a very long sharp distal tooth (Figs 37, 38). Palp resembles that of H. foordi sp. n., but the RTA is longer in this species. Female unknown. Description: Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.16, CL 1.49, CW 1.42. Colour: Carapace with two ill­defined longitudinal brown stripes; setae dark brown; clypeus white, white clypeal mark extending to above AMEs; eye region brown; eye tubercles greyish brown. Abdomen brown, slightly mottled, bearing brown setae; with two transverse bands across posterior half; bases of setae dark, forming a regular pattern (Fig. 9); laterally with two white longitudinal curved lines. Legs yellow-brown, spotted; setae pale brown; femur I and coxae I–IV with white markings; distal end of femora II and IV with dark markings, also present on proximal and distal ends of tibia IV; metatarsi III and IV with brown marks distally. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.19, ALE–AME 0.11, PME–PME 0.14, PLE–PME 0.20, AME–PME 0.20, MOQL AME–PME 0.25, MOQAW AME–AME 0.24, MOQPW PME–PME 0.23. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.06, Pat 0.73, Tib 1.74, Mt 1.65, Ta 0.74, total 6.92; leg II Fe 1.28, Pat 0.59, Tib 1.17, Mt 1.16, Ta 0.66, total 4.86; leg III Fe 0.52, Pat 0.35, Tib 0.62, Mt 0.48, Ta 0.37, total 2.34; leg IV Fe 0.90, Pat 0.42, Tib 0.66, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.38, total 2.85. Abdomen: Round, truncated anteriorly, decorated with approx. 24 short, brown blunt setae. Male palp: Embolus winding around three-quarters of tegulum; tip slender and straight; VTA small and two-lobed; RTA very long, longer than length of bulb, with very long sharp distal tooth and small depression near its base (Figs 37, 38). Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Muizenberg (34.09°S 18.50°E), 29.ix–13.x.1991, R. Legg, north dunes (MRAC 173.842). Paratype: ♂ same data as holotype (MRAC 173.820). Distribution: Western Cape Province of South Africa (Fig. 58). Natural history: Males collected on coastal dunes during September and/or October.

Heriaeus crassispinus Lawrence, 1942 Figs 5, 26–29, 57 Heriaeus crassispinus: Lawrence 1942: 159, fig. 13a, b (♀); Loerbroks 1983: 131, figs 93, 94 (♀). Heriaeus fimbriatus Lawrence, 1942: 160, fig. 14a–c (♂); Loerbroks 1983: 132, figs 90–92 (♂). Syn. n. Both H. crassispinus and H. fimbriatus were described by Lawrence (1942) in the same publication based on a female and male specimen. During this study large series of specimens became available and the data showed that they are different sexes of the same species. Heriaeus fimbriatus is here recognized as a junior synonym of H. crassispinus. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by the blackish brown abdomen, mottled with yellow-brown, and bearing short, dark brown spiniform setae; legs ventrally with blackish brown bands around femora III–IV; males very distinct, with a fringe of long, black hairs on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I–II (Fig. 5). The epigyne has a dome-shaped hood, over a small round opening (Fig. 28), while the male palp has an embolus with a slender tip that coils back in a U-shape and RTA (Fig. 26) with two narrow digitiform apophyses and distal tooth (Fig. 27). The males have several unique features and differ from all other species by the shape of the VTA and RTA. In the female, the vulva is also more complex than in other species. Redescription: Female (NCA 2007/54). Size: TL 4.45, CL 1.81, CW 1.66. Colour: Carapace with two dark irregular bands, extending into eye region; lateral margins mottled with blackish brown; sternum, labium and endites yellow-brown, or with slight black markings in darker individuals; chelicerae and clypeus mottled with dark brown; eye tubercles white.Abdomen dorsum blackish brown, slightly mottled with yellow-brown, sometimes with some white spots, some specimens paler; dark transverse bands present across broadest part of abdomen; venter yellow-brown with white spots; laterally with dark lines and spots on striae; setae dark brown with few short, transparent setae scattered in between. Legs with variable markings; femora I–IV ventrally usually with dark half-circles; circle on femora II often reduced to a single mark or absent; white marks on all segments except metatarsi and tarsi. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.16, ALE–AME 0.07, PME–PME 0.10, PLE–PME 0.21, AME–PME 0.20, MOQL AME–PME 0.26, MOQAW AME– AME 0.20, MOQPW PME–PME 0.16. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.44, Pat 0.81,Tib 1.36, Mt 0.96, Ta 0.47, total 5.04; leg II Fe 1.45, Pat 0.73, Tib 1.20, Mt 0.94, Ta 0.52, total 4.84; leg III Fe 0.83, Pat 0.48, Tib 0.62, Mt 0.49, Ta 0.52, total 2.91; leg IV Fe 1.10, Pat 0.55, Tib 0.72, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.43, total 3.34. Abdomen: Posterior end broader; bearing spiniform setae with acute tips. Epigyne: Hood dome­shaped with small round opening, flattened posteriorly, internal organs visible externally (Fig. 28). Copulatory ducts a complex set of folded membranes and tubes (Fig. 29). Male (NCA 2009/3119). Size: TL 3.34, CL 1.42, CW 1.37. Colour: Carapace with two dark irregular bands, extending into eye region; darkly mottled laterally; setae dark brown; chelicerae and clypeus darkly mottled; central eye region white; eye tubercles white, forming distinct white line across eye region and lateral eyes. Abdomen dark dorsally, only slightly mottled with yellow-brown and some white spots, some specimens paler in colour with dark transverse band across broadest part of abdomen; venter yellow-brown with white spots, with dark marks laterally; abdominal setae dark brown. Legs with tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi I–II dark brown, dark half-circles around femora I–IV; tarsus of palp dark dorsally or much darker than rest of palp. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.11, ALE–AME 0.07, PME–PME 0.11, PLE–PME 0.17, AME–PME 0.21, MOQL AME–PME 0.22, MOQAW AME–AME 0.16, MOQPW PME–PME 0.15. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.69, Pat 0.79, Tib 2.20, Mt 1.75, Ta 0.57, total 6.99; leg II Fe 1.53, Pat 0.64, Tib 2.01, Mt 1.43, Ta 0.48, total 6.09; leg III Fe 0.94, Pat 0.39, Tib 0.92, Mt 0.38, Ta 0.37, total 3.00; leg IV Fe 0.99, Pat 0.47, Tib 0.97, Mt 0.57, Ta 0.43, total 3.43. Abdomen: Setae spiniform with acute tips. Legs: Fringe of long, black hairs on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of leg I–II (Fig. 5). Male palp: Embolus long, winding once around tegulum; tip slender and U-shaped (Fig. 26); VTA long and with anterior hooked end; RTA with two narrow digitiform apophyses and long distal tooth when seen laterally (Fig. 27). Juveniles. Colour similar to that of adult female, especially leg bands, shape of abdomen, and colour and shape of abdominal setae. Fringe of long black hairs absent from legs I–II. Type material examined: Lectotype of H. crassispinus (designated here): ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: Umhlali, Sheffield Beach (29.46°S 31.26°E), x.1940, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 3319). Paralectotypes: 2♂ same data as lectotype. Holotype of H. fimbriatus: ♀ SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: Ingwavuma (27.12°S 32.01°E), 1942, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 242). Other material examined: BURUNDI: 1♂ Plaine du la ruzizi, sectaur de Gihanga (3.18°S 29.28°E), 790 m, v.1966, S. Ndani (MRAC 130.611); 1 imm. ♂ 1 imm. ♀ Bubanza Prov., crete Congo­Nil (3.0°S 29.40°E), alt. 2000 m, S. Ndani (MRAC 132.775); 1 imm. Ruyigi, marais Nyamasheshi (3.47°S 30.23°E), J. Ruabunesa (MRAC 129.824). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1 ♀ Kivu, Parc National Albert [= Virunga National Park], sect. Ruwenzori, Kamusonge (0.38°N 29.90°E), 1900 m, 3.xi.1953, P. Vanschuytbroek & V. Hendrickx (MRAC 211.179); 1 imm. ♂ Kivu, terr. Kabare (2.48°S 28.47°E), 1600 m, iii.1951, N. Leleup (MRAC 92.559); 1 imm. ♀ Kivu, terr. de Mwenga, poste Kitutu, Bilumanzi (3.28°S 28.08°E), 5.iv.1958, N. Leleup, plants, herbs (MRAC 111.338); 1♂ Kivu, terr. de Mwenga, poste Kitutu, Bac de l’Elila (3.28°S 28.08°E), iv.1958, N. Leleup, from humus (MRAC 111.345); 1♀ D’Uvira, Ruiss. Kalyambutu (3.42°S 29.13°E), vi.1985, N. Leleup (MRAC 112.646); 4♀ 2♂ Katanga, Luiswishi, 28 km NE Lubumbashi (11.52°S 27.45°E), 1208 m, 1974, F. Malaisse, savannah (MRAC 145.523); 4 imm. Shaba, Luiswishi (11.52°S 27.45°E), i–ii.1974, F. Malaisse, forest (MRAC 148.948); 3♂ 4♀ 7 imm. same data but ii–iii.1974 (MRAC 149.167). ETHIOPIA: Gojam Prov .: 2♀ 1♂ Tsiss­Isat falls (11.53°S 37.50°E), 19.x.1973, G. De Rougemont (MRAC 158.902). MALAWI: 1♂ Chisasira forest, 25 km S Chintheche (11.83°S 33.22°E), 27.ix–14.x.1977, R. Jocqué, Brachystegia woodland (MRAC 153 030); 1♀ same locality, 6.v.1978, R. Jocqué (MRAC 153.193). RWANDA: 1 imm. ♂ Bugesera, Biharagu (2.10°S 30.00°E), 27.ii.1960, N. Leleup, on large termite mound in savannah, among dead leaves (MRAC 172.029). SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: 1♂ Keurkloof, Farm Ferndale (33.76°S 24.81°E), 24.iii.2008, A. Honiball, beating trees in forest (NCA 2009 /3119); 1♂ Baviaanskloof Nat. Res. (33.75°S 24.80°E), 24.iii.2008, A. Honiball, pitfall traps, riverine forest (NCA 2009 /3231); 2♀ East London, Pineapple Research Station (33.01°S 27.90°E), 1.v.1979, G. Petty, pitfall traps (NCA 81 /286). KwaZulu­Natal: 1♂ Ndumo Game Reserve (26.87°S 32.24°E), 12.i.2007, C. Haddad, broadleaf woodland (NCA 2007 /3069); 1 imm. ♂ same locality, 6.ii.2005, C. Haddad, broadleaf woodland (NCA 2005 /27); 1♀ Tembe Elephant Park (27.03°S 32.42°E), 15.iii.2003, A. Honiball, pitfall traps, woodland (NCA 2003 /1014); 1♀ Mkuzi Game Reserve (27.63°S 32.25°E), 4.ii.2003, S. Lovell, palm tree (NCA 2003 /1493); 1 imm. ♀ same locality, 4.ii.2003, S. Lovell, Acacia nigrescens (NCA 2003 /1491); 1 imm. same locality, 31.i.2003, S. Lovell, A. nigrescens (NCA 2003 /1492); 1♂ Phinda Game Reserve (27.72°S 32.38°E), 15.iv.2001, M. Ramirez, beating plants (NCA 2002 /222); 2 imm. ♀ same locality, 7.xi.2002, S. Lovell, palm tree (NCA 2003 /1530); 1♀ Ngotsche District, Toggekry, Vetspruit Farm (27.77°S 31.06°E), 12.iv.1968, T.W. Schofield (NMSA 12404); 1♂ Lake Sibayi, between lake edge & road, vi.1967, R.F. Lawrence & R. Lamoral, sieved from humus under mostly Acacia trees at campsite (AMGS); 1♀ Hell’s Gate (28.00°S 32.48°E), 6.ix.2004, J. Esterhuizen, blue traps (NCA 2012 /1881); 1♀ 1 imm. 15 km N Richards Bay (28.78°S 32.10°E), 1.xii.1995, T. Wassenaar, pitfall traps (NCA 96 /591); 1♀ 1♂ same data but 10.xii.1995, sweep net (NCA 99 /337); 2 imm. ♀ same data but beating (NCA 99 /82); 2♀ 1♂ same data but 3.vii.1996, pitfall traps (NCA 97 /84); 3♀ same data but 2.viii.1996 (NCA 97 /83, 97/85); 1♂ same data but 28.viii.1996 (NCA 97 /109); 9♀ 3♂ same data but 29.viii.1996 (NCA 97 /108); 1♀ same data but 30.viii.1996, pitfall traps, coastal dune forest (NCA 97 /107); 1♀ same data but 11.xii.1996 (NCA 97 /884); 4♂ same data but 5.vi.1997 (NCA 97 /931, 97/932); 1♀ Pietermaritzburg (29.60°S 30.38°E), vi.1951, A.Y. Lawrence & R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 5477); 1 imm. same locality, x.1937, R.F. Lawrence & W.G. Rump (NMSA 2118). Limpopo: 1♀ Tsulu (22.70°S 30.79°E), 21.ii.2008, V. Gelebe, pitfall traps, riparian vegetation (NCA 2012 /2049); 1 imm ♂ same data but 26.ii.2008 (NCA 2012 /2050); 1♀ 5♂ 2 imm. Mokopane, Sovenga Hill, University of Limpopo (24.17°S 29.00°E), 14.v.2001, M. Modiba, pitfall traps (NCA 2005 /1071); 2♂ Lajuma Mountain Retreat, Soutpansberg (23.03°S 29.45°E), 11.v.2004, M. Mafadza, pitfall traps (NCA 2005 /2379); 3♂ same locality, 6.ii.2008, S. Foord, grassveld, by hand (NCA 2008 /521); 1♂ same locality, 1.vi.1997, M. van der Merwe, pitfall traps (NCA 98 /20). Mpumalanga: 1♀ Nelspruit, 10 km NE Hall & Sons (25.47°S 30.96°E), 8.i.1998, M. van den Berg, fogging, avocado orchard (NCA 98 /767); 2♀ Nelspruit (25.47°S 30.99°E), i.1939, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 2586); 1 imm. ♀ Nelspruit, Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (25.47°S 31.00°E), 25.i.2004, A. Leroy (NCA 2008 /2673); 1♀ Nylsvley Nat. Res. (24.31°S 28.43°E), 8.xi.1979, G. Ferreira, pitfall traps (NCA 79 /242); 2 imm. Lydenburg (25.09°S 30.46°E), 21.iii.1962, N. Leleup (MRAC 132.570); 4 imm. same locality, 21.iii.1962, N. Leleup, from humus (MRAC 132.573); 2 imm. Carolina, 52 miles on road to Barberton (26.06°S 30.11°E), x.1961, N. Leleup (MRAC 132.604); 1♀ Bergvliet Forest Station, Sabie to Nelspruit Rd (25.10°S 30.78°E), 14.iv.1979, M. Stiller, plants (NCA 84 /658); 1♀ 1♂ Kruger National Park, Skukuza Camp (22.93°S 31. 02°E), 1.iv.2006, K. Harris, sifting leaf litter (NCA 2007 /4228, 2007/4229); 1♀ Kruger National Park, Makhuthwanini (25.38°S 31.60°E), 16.vi.2007, G. Ellis, pitfall traps (NCA 2008 /54); 1♂ same data but Lwakahle (25.43°S 31.75°E), 30.vi.2007 (NCA 2008 /70). North West: 1♂ Buffelspoort Research Station (25.62°S 27.77°E), 22.i.1981, D. Uys, plants (NCA 89 /642); 1♀ Rustenburg Nat. Res. (25.72°S 27.18°E), 11.xii.1979, A.S. Dippenaar, sweepnetting herb layer (NCA 84 /249); 1 imm. ♀ Zeerust (25.53°S 26.08°E), 2.v.2010, S. Foord, gallery forest, sifting leaf litter (NCA 2013 /1882). SWAZILAND: 1 imm. ♀ Hlatikulu (26.96°S 31.31°E), i.1939, R.F. Lawrence (NMSA 2570). ZIMBABWE: 1♀ Harare (17.86°S 31.02°E), 15.i.1999, soil surface, M. Cumming (NCA 2004 /1402); 1♀ same data but 15.v.1999 (NCA 2004 /1401); 1♂ same data but 14.i.2003, under rocks (NCA 2004 /738); 2♂ same data but iii.2004 (NCA 2004 /1410); 2♀ 1♂ same data but, 15.iii.2004, soil surface (NCA 2004 /1400, 2004/1417); 1 imm. Umtali [= Mutare, 18.96°S 32.66°E], 5.i.1966, P. Stead, on plants (NCA 84 /656). Distribution: Eastern and southern Afrotropical (South Africa, and new records from Burundi, Ethiopia, D.R. Congo, Malawi, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zimbabwe; Fig. 57). Natural history: This species was sampled from a variety of habitats ranging from coastal dunes, orchards (avocados), forests (Brachystegia woodland), palm tree forest, grassland, riverine sweet thorn and Acacia nigrescens woodland., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 459-461, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661, {"references":["LAWRENCE, R. F. 1942. A contribution to the araneid fauna of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Museum 10: 141 - 190.","LOERBROKS, A. 1983. Revision der Krabbenspinnen-Gattung Heriaeus Simon (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 26: 85 - 139."]}

Heriaeus latifrons Lessert, 1919 Figs 7, 34, 59 Heriaeus latifrons: Lessert 1919: 137, pl. 2, figs 1, 9 (♀); Loerbroks 1983: 131. Diagnosis: It resembles other species with spiniform abdominal setae but differs from them in the shape of the epigyne, which is distinct in having a flat, oval hood that is raised posteriorly (Fig. 34). Male unknown. Redescription: Female (lectotype). Size: TL 5.19, CL 2.31, CW 2.13. Colour: Carapace with two longitudinal brown stripes extending to PEs, medially with three irregular white lines between brown bands (Fig. 7); sternum yellow; endites and labium mottled with white; clypeus and chelicerae yellow-brown; eye region white and eye tubercles grey. Abdomen with dorsum white; abdominal setae transparent; venter white. Legs yellow-brown, bearing transparent setae. Palp yellow-brown. Carapace: Eye measurements:AME–AME 0.21, ALE–AME 0.18, PME–PME 0.16, PLE–PME 0.29, AME–PME 0.17, MOQL AME–PME 0.24, MOQAW AME–AME 0.30, MOQPW PME–PME 0.27. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.17, Pat 0.84, Tib 1.66, Mt 1.85, Ta 0.90, total 7.42; leg II Fe 1.81, Pat 0.89, Tib 1.46, Mt 1.38, Ta 0.67, total 6.21; leg III Fe 0.98, Pat 0.67, Tib 0.77, Mt 0.69, Ta 0.37, total 3.48; leg IV Fe 1.00, Pat 0.77, Tib 1.12, Mt 0.79, Ta 0.50, total 4.18. Abdomen: Round; bearing transparent long spiniform setae; venter with fine hairs; laterally with brown striae. Epigyne: Hood oval and flat, raised posteriorly, with lateral extensions; internal genitalia visible as pear-shaped structures; two small dark marks posteriorly indicate the position of fertilization tubes (Fig. 34). Lectotype (designated here): ♀ TANZANIA: Ngare na nyuki, near Arusha (3.15°S 36.85°E), De Lessert (MNHG). Paralectotype: ♀ same data as lectotype. Distribution: Tanzania (Fig. 59). Natural history: Unknown., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 463-464, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661, {"references":["LESSERT, R. DE. 1919. Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). 3. Thomisidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 27: 99 - 234.","LOERBROKS, A. 1983. Revision der Krabbenspinnen-Gattung Heriaeus Simon (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 26: 85 - 139."]}

Heriaeus madagascar sp. n. Figs 8, 35, 36, 59 Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition derived from Madagascar. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by a combination of long spiniform setae with acute tips on the abdomen, a single broad central stripe on the carapace, short strong setae on tibiae and metatarsi I and II (Fig. 8), and only four setae on the anterior edge of the clypeus. The male palp is distinguished by the angular shape of the cymbium, which is extended into a blunt extension laterally, the shape of the embolus, a broad flat ITA and a ventral tooth-like lobe on the RTA (Figs 35, 36). Female unknown. Description: Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.02, CL 1.56, CW 1.41. Colour: Carapace with a broad brown stripe centrally, darker brown posteriorly; setae brown; chelicerae yellow-brown with brown markings; clypeus brown; eye region yellow-brown; eye tubercles grey.Abdomen creamy with dark mottling; cream with brown spots ventrally; setae brown. Palp with all segments yellow-brown. Legs yellow-brown, with brown marks on femora, tibiae and metatarsi I and II. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.19, ALE–AME 0.11, PME–PME 0.11, PLE–PME 0.29, AME–PME 0.15, MOQL AME–PME 0.22, MOQAW AME–AME 0.25, MOQPW PME–PME 0.21. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.20, Pat 0.97, Tib 1.50, Mt 1.38, Ta 0.76, total 6.81; leg II Fe 2.15, Pat 0.89, Tib 1.41, Mt 1.38, Ta 0.70, total 6.53; leg III Fe 1.13, Pat 0.58, Tib 1.13, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.44, total 4.04; leg IV Fe 0.96, Pat 0.53, Tib 0.78, Mt 0.81, Ta 0.45, total 3.53. Clypeus: Four setae on anterior clypeal edge. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly, slightly pointed posteriorly (Fig. 8), bearing scattered long spiniform setae with acute tips. Legs: Tibiae and metatarsi I and II with short strong setae. Male palp: Cymbium with blunt extension laterally, forming a narrow ridge for tip of embolus to fit into, embolus long, winding once around tegulum, with sharp angle distally, tip straight and extending dorsally onto cymbium; ITA broad and flat; RTA with long distal tooth and ventral lobe below; VTA knob­like (Figs 35, 36). Holotype: ♂ MADAGASCAR: Beanana (15.73°S 49.47°E), ii.1970, A. Lambillon (MRAC 142.650). Paratype: ♂ MADAGASCAR: Tananarive (18.15°S 49.42°E), 10.xi.1972, A. Dhondt (MRAC 142.296). Distribution: Madagascar (Fig. 59). Natural history: Males collected during February and November.

Heriaeus foordi sp. n. Figs 6, 30–33, 58 Etymology: Named for Stefan Foord of the University of Venda, who collected the holotype. He is recognized for his contribution in recording spider diversity in the African savannah. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by a combination of long, dark brown, spiniform abdominal setae (Fig. 6), the small dome-shaped hood of the female epigyne (Fig. 32) and the long embolus with straight tip in the male (Fig. 30). The RTA is long, with a prolaterally curved distal tooth and a basal lobe (Fig. 31). Description: Female (allotype). Size: TL 4.61, CL 2.25, CW 2.18. Colour: Carapace yellow-brown, with two broad irregularly shaped longitudinal dark brown stripes; setae dark brown; sternum with white markings; clypeus brown; chelicerae yellow-brown, with brown marks proximally and white marks distally and laterally; eye region white between anterior eyes, brown between posterior eyes; eye tubercles white or greyish white.Abdomen brown dorsally, mottled with white, with dark brown circular marks usually forming a distinct pattern; venter lined with white; laterally with white striae with brown spots. Legs yellow-brown, with white marks on all segments except metatarsi and tarsi. Palp segments all with white markings except tibia with brown markings. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.25, ALE–AME 0.14, PME–PME 0.19, PLE–PME 0.30, AME–PME 0.27, MOQL AME–PME 0.34, MOQAW AME–AME 0.31, MOQPW PME–PME 0.27. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.76, Pat 0.91, Tib 1.75, Mt 1.66, Ta 0.95, total 7.03; leg II Fe 1.41, Pat 0.74, Tib 1.27, Mt 1.25, Ta 0.83, total 5.50; leg III Fe 1.06, Pat 0.53, Tib 1.00, Mt 0.67, Ta 0.66, total 3.92; leg IV Fe 1.15, Pat 0.65, Tib 1.02, Mt 0.75, Ta 0.62, total 4.19. Abdomen: Round, truncated anteriorly; setae long and dark brown or short and transparent. Epigyne: With small dome­shaped hood; internal organs visible as two indistinct bean-shaped structures lying diagonally below hood (Fig. 32); four small dark posterior spots indicate position of fertilization ducts; copulatory ducts two tubes lying diagonally below hood (Fig. 33). Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.18, CL 1.66, CW 1.74. Colour: Carapace yellow-brown, with two broad irregularly shaped longitudinal dark brown stripes; setae dark brown; clypeus brown; chelicerae with brown marks; eye region white between anterior eyes, brown between posterior eyes; eye tubercles white or greyish white. Abdomen yellow-brown, mottled with brown; some males with faint circular pattern similar to that of female; setae dark brown. Legs with white markings on coxae I–IV; leg I (patella to tarsus) much darker than legs II–IV. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.16, ALE–AME 0.09, PME–PME 0.12, PLE–PME 0.21, AME–PME 0.22, MOQL AME–PME 0.27, MOQAW AME–AME 0.22, MOQPW PME–PME 0.20. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 1.96, Pat 0.78, Tib 1.54, Mt 1.61, Ta 0.94, total 5.83; leg II Fe 1.67, Pat 0.69 Tib 1.34, Mt 1.25, Ta 0.68, total 5.63; leg III Fe 0.91, Pat 0.46, Tib 0.82, Mt 0.66, Ta 0.47, total 3.32; leg IV Fe 1.08, Pat 0.47, Tib 0.85, Mt 0.57, Ta 0.39, total 3.36. Abdomen: Round, truncated anteriorly; dorsum with scattered long spiniform, acute setae. Legs: Very hairy with numerous long setae. Male palp: Embolus long, winding once around tegulum, tip slender and straight; VTA large and two-lobed; RTA with prolaterally curved distal tooth and basal lobe; cymbial apophysis present (Figs 30, 31). Juveniles. Immature males can usually be recognized by brown dorsum, mottled with white, with dark brown circular markings forming a characteristic pattern. Holotype: ♂ SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo: Atherstone Nat. Res. (26.75°S 24.42°E), 11.ix.2009, S. Foord, sweeping grass (NCA 2011 /2044). Allotype: 1♀ same data as holotype (NCA 2011 /2045a). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: 1♀ Umkhuze Game Reserve (27.63°S 32.25°E), 26.xi.2003, M. Hamer, beating tree layer (NCA 2004 /884); 1♀ same locality, 1.ii.2003, S. Lovell, yellow pan trap in Terminalia sericea field (NCA 2004 /122); 1♀ Ndumo Game Reserve, Crocodile farm (26.87°S 32.24°E), 12.i.2007, C. Haddad, rocky area (NCA 2007 /4526). Limpopo: 4♂ same data as holotype (NCA 2011 /2045b). Other material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu­Natal: 1 imm. Umkhuze Game Reserve (27.63°S 32.25E), 3.viii.2008, X. Combrink, pitfall traps (NCA 2011 /2048). Mpumalanga: 3 imm. ♂ Kruger National Park, Makhuthwanini (25.38°S 31.60°E), 16.vi.2007, pitfall traps, G. Ellis (NCA 2008 /68, 2008/69). Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu­Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga) (Fig. 58). Natural history: Collected from yellow pan traps and pitfall traps as well as sweeping of vegetation. Adult females collected during October, males during September and October, and juveniles during June and August., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 461-463, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661, {"references":["LESSERT, R. DE. 1919. Araignees du Kilimandjaro et du Merou (suite). 3. Thomisidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 27: 99 - 234."]}

Heriaeus madagascar sp. n. Figs 8, 35, 36, 59 Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition derived from Madagascar. Diagnosis: The species is recognized by a combination of long spiniform setae with acute tips on the abdomen, a single broad central stripe on the carapace, short strong setae on tibiae and metatarsi I and II (Fig. 8), and only four setae on the anterior edge of the clypeus. The male palp is distinguished by the angular shape of the cymbium, which is extended into a blunt extension laterally, the shape of the embolus, a broad flat ITA and a ventral tooth-like lobe on the RTA (Figs 35, 36). Female unknown. Description: Male (holotype). Size: TL 3.02, CL 1.56, CW 1.41. Colour: Carapace with a broad brown stripe centrally, darker brown posteriorly; setae brown; chelicerae yellow-brown with brown markings; clypeus brown; eye region yellow-brown; eye tubercles grey.Abdomen creamy with dark mottling; cream with brown spots ventrally; setae brown. Palp with all segments yellow-brown. Legs yellow-brown, with brown marks on femora, tibiae and metatarsi I and II. Carapace: Eye measurements: AME–AME 0.19, ALE–AME 0.11, PME–PME 0.11, PLE–PME 0.29, AME–PME 0.15, MOQL AME–PME 0.22, MOQAW AME–AME 0.25, MOQPW PME–PME 0.21. Leg measurements: leg I Fe 2.20, Pat 0.97, Tib 1.50, Mt 1.38, Ta 0.76, total 6.81; leg II Fe 2.15, Pat 0.89, Tib 1.41, Mt 1.38, Ta 0.70, total 6.53; leg III Fe 1.13, Pat 0.58, Tib 1.13, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.44, total 4.04; leg IV Fe 0.96, Pat 0.53, Tib 0.78, Mt 0.81, Ta 0.45, total 3.53. Clypeus: Four setae on anterior clypeal edge. Abdomen: Oval, truncated anteriorly, slightly pointed posteriorly (Fig. 8), bearing scattered long spiniform setae with acute tips. Legs: Tibiae and metatarsi I and II with short strong setae. Male palp: Cymbium with blunt extension laterally, forming a narrow ridge for tip of embolus to fit into, embolus long, winding once around tegulum, with sharp angle distally, tip straight and extending dorsally onto cymbium; ITA broad and flat; RTA with long distal tooth and ventral lobe below; VTA knob­like (Figs 35, 36). Holotype: ♂ MADAGASCAR: Beanana (15.73°S 49.47°E), ii.1970, A. Lambillon (MRAC 142.650). Paratype: ♂ MADAGASCAR: Tananarive (18.15°S 49.42°E), 10.xi.1972, A. Dhondt (MRAC 142.296). Distribution: Madagascar (Fig. 59). Natural history: Males collected during February and November., Published as part of Niekerk, P. van & Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. S., 2013, A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region, pp. 447 in African Invertebrates 54 (2) on pages 464-465, DOI: 10.5733/afin.054.0213, http://zenodo.org/record/7918661