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Anopheles crypticus Coetzee, 1995 1983. Anopheles coustani sp. B, Coetzee TYPE LOCALITY: Johannesburg, South Africa. Described and named as a new species by comparison with An. coustani based on fixed chromosomal inversion banding patterns and cross-mating characteristics showing male sterility and chromosomal asynapsis (Coetzee 1983, 1995). DESCRIPTION: The adult female is indistinguishable from An. coustani. LARVAL HABITAT: Unknown. ADULT BIOLOGY: The holotype specimen was collected resting inside a house. Other specimens were collected biting humans outdoors (unpublished data). DISTRIBUTION: Only known from South Africa: Johannesburg and Benoni, Gauteng Province. Also Fish Hoek in Western Cape Province, collected by B. de Meillon in 1934, identified by branching of the pupal setae (Coetzee 1995)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 186-187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 26 (3), 125 - 131. [for 1994].","Coetzee, M. (1983) Chromosomal and cross-mating evidence for two species within Anopheles (A.) coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology, 8 (2), 137 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1983. tb 00473. x"]}

Anopheles fuscicolor van Someren, 1947 TYPE LOCALITY: Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Anopheles fuscicolor soalalaensis Grjebine, 1966 was declared a nomen dubium by Brunhes et al. (1998) on the grounds that it was described from a single female (Grjebine 1954) that is no longer in existence, and has never been recorded since. DESCRIPTION: Ochreous yellow to brown species. Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 4a): Heavily scaled and prominently marked with dark and creamy white or yellow scales; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 almost to R 4+5; prominent pale fringe spot opposite CuA 2. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 4b): Shaggy, mainly dark but small pale bands at apices of palpomeres 2–4. Legs (Fig. 4c): All femora and tibiae ochreous yellow below, darker brown above. Hindtibia with apical pale spots about twice as long as broad. Tarsomeres 1–4 of all legs with apical pale bands, tarsomere 5 dark. LARVAL HABITAT: Rice fields, swamps and ponds in association with An. coustani. ADULT BIOLOGY: Females collected mainly outdoors but indoors at the type locality and elsewhere. Found feeding both indoors and outdoors on humans and bovines but not involved in malaria parasite transmission (Grjebine 1966). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Madagascar, widespread (Grjebine 1966)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 187-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["van Someren, E. C. C. (1947) The description of a new Anopheles of the Myzorhynchus series from Madagascar with notes on its systematic position in relation to the Ethiopian species of this group. East African Medical Journal, 24 (1), 42 - 46.","Grjebine, A. (1966) Faune de Madagascar. XXII. Insectes Dipteres Culicidae Anophelinae. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, 487 pp., table, map, 8 pls.","Brunhes, J., Le Goff, G. & Geoffroy, B. (1998) Anopheles afrotropicaux. II - Mises au point sur les especes de la sous-region malgache (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 103 (2), 139 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1998.17406","Grjebine, A. (1954) Observations sur les Nematoceres vulnerants de Madagascar. Regions de Majunga et de la Mandraka. Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, 4, 443 - 503.","de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian Geographical Region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272"]}

Anopheles ziemanni Grünberg, 1902 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. ziemanni of Edwards TYPE LOCALITY: Wuri, Cameroon. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 10a): Subcostal and preapical pale spots present; pale fringe spot at apex of wing extending from R 2 to R 4+5, similar to An. fuscicolor. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 10b): Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia, base of hindtarsomere 1 and apices of hindtarsomeres 2 and 3 with pale spots at most 3 times as wide as diameter of the tarsomere; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Collections of An. ziemanni tested for infections of P. falciparum showed positivity rates of 0.3–2.9% in Cameroon (Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Antonio-Nkondjio et al. 2006; Bigoga et al. 2012; Tabue et al. 2014; Bamou et al. 2018; Amvongo-Adjia et al. 2018), 0.5% in Chad (Kerah-Hinzoumbe et al. 2009) and 10% in Rwanda (Nyirakanani et al. 2017). Giaquinto-Mira (1950) reported a single female in Ethiopia positive for sporozoites (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). Kamau et al. (2006) recorded 53% of females feeding on human blood in western Kenya but no parasite infections were found. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and abundant throughout the Afrotropical Region. Records also from northern Africa in the Mediterranean Region (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 192-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Grunberg, K. (1902) Ein neuer Anopheles aus Westafrika, Anopheles ziemanni nov. spec. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25 (677), 550 - 551.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Bigoga, J. D., Nanfack, F. M., Awono-Ambene, P. H., Patchoke, S., Atangana, J., Otia, V. S., Fondjo, E., Moyou, R. S. & Leke, R. G. (2012) Seasonal prevalence of malaria vectors and entomological inoculation rates in the rubber cultivated area of Niete, South Region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 5 - 197","Tabue, R. N., Nem, T., Atangana, J., Bigoga, J. D., Patchoke, S., Tchouine, F., Fodjo, B. Y., Leke, R. G. & Fondjo, E. (2014) Anopheles ziemanni a locally important malaria vector in Ndop health district, north west region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 7 - 262","Bamou, R., Mbakop, L. R., Kopya, E., Ndo, C., Awono-Ambene, P., Tchuinkam, T., Rono, M. K., Mwangangi, J. & Antonio- Nkondjio, C. (2018) Changes in malaria vector bionomics and transmission patterns in the equatorial forest region of Cameroon between 2000 and 2017. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3049 - 4","Amvongo-Adjia, N., Wirsiy, E. L., Riveron, J. M., Chounna Ndongmo, W. P., Enyong, P. A., Njiokou, F., Wondji, C. S. & Wanji, S. (2018) Bionomics and vectorial role of anophelines in wetlands along the volcanic chain of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 471. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3041 - z","Kerah-Hinzoumbe, C., Peka, M., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Donan-Gouni, I., Awono-Ambene, P., Same-Ekobo, A. & Simard, F. (2009) Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in Goulmoun, a rural city in south-western Chad. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2334 - 9 - 71","Nyirakanani, C., Chibvongodze, R., Kariuki, L., Habtu, M., Masika, M., Mukoko, D. & Njunwa, K. J. (2017) Characterization of malaria vectors in Huye District, southern Rwanda. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 19 (3), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.4314 / thrb. v 19 i 3.8","Giaquinto-Mira, M. (1950) Notes on the geographical distribution and biology of \" Anophelinae \" and \" Culicinae \" in Etiopia [sic]. Rivista di Malariologia, 29 (5), 281 - 313.","Kamau, L., Mulaya, N. & Vulule, J. M. (2006) Evaluation of potential role of Anopheles ziemanni in malaria transmission in western Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (4), 774 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.4.774"]}

Anopheles caliginosus de Meillon, 1943 1943. Anopheles coustani caliginosus de Meillon 1968. Anopheles caliginosus de Meillon, specific status, Gillies & de Meillon TYPE LOCALITY: Likasi (formerly Jadotville), Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. This species appears to be distinct from An. tenebrosus, but the males and immature stages are still unknown. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5 mm. Wing (Fig. 2a): Costa entirely dark-scaled; preapical pale spot on R 1; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 almost to R 4+5. Maxillary palpus: Distal two palpomeres slightly less shaggy than is usual for the group; usually entirely dark-scaled, sometimes a few pale scales at apex of palpomeres 3–5. Legs (Fig. 2b): All dark except hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 all pale and apical 0.2 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. Sometimes a few pale scales present at apices of foretarsomeres 1–3 and hindtarsomeres 1 and 2, especially in specimens from Botswana. Variation: Specimens from Kasane, Botswana show some darkening of hindtarsomere 5 and, hence, bear a superficial resemblance to An. symesi. They differ markedly from this species, however, in the dark costa and thorax, and in having less than apical half of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Unknown. ADULT BIOLOGY: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) specimens were mainly collected in a sheep-baited trap. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Angola (Gillies & Coetzee 1987), Botswana and the DRC (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). The record from Eswatini (Irish et al. 2020) is from an unpublished WHO report on an evaluation mission by a consultant team to Swaziland in November/ December 1984, led by malariologist L.T. de Almeida Franco. This identification of An. caliginosus requires confirmation as it could have been a misidentification of An. tenebrosus, which is common in the neighbouring countries of Mozambique and South Africa., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 184-185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["de Meillon, B. (1943) New records and new species of Nematocera (Diptera) from the Ethiopian region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 6 (1), 90 - 113.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Gillies, M. T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1 - 143.","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}

Anopheles tenebrosus Dönitz, 1902 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. tenebrosus of Edwards 1936. Anopheles coustani var. tenebrosus of de Meillon TYPE LOCALITY: Wadi Natrun, Egypt. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 9a): Similar to An. ziemanni but apical pale fringe spot may be reduced, subcostal pale spot sometimes absent, and rarely, costa entirely dark. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 9b): Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia narrowly pale; hindtarsomere 1 entirely dark basally; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. In laboratory experiments, Coetzee & le Sueur (1988) showed that 39.5% of 1,710 An. tenebrosus eggs survived to fourth-instar larvae in 25% seawater, suggesting that the species could occupy a broader range of larval habitats than previously thought. ADULT BIOLOGY: Cattle-feeding tendencies were confirmed in Ethiopia (Habtewold et al. 2004; Zeru et al. 2020). Long considered unimportant in the transmission of malaria parasites, this was confirmed by recent studies in Egypt (Morsy et al. 1995) and Mozambique (Charlwood et al. 2013; S. Irish, personal communication). Aranda et al. (2005) in southern Mozambique collected 43 An. tenebrosus in a light trap and reported “a few” positive for circumsporozoite protein “albeit with low optical density values”. No further data were provided, and this requires confirmation. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and abundant throughout eastern and southern Africa, including Angola. The presence of An. tenebrosus in Gabon was confirmed by Paupy et al. (2013) who caught three specimens in a light trap in the La Lekedi wildlife park. Also known from Egypt, Israel, Jordan, eastern and southwestern Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the Dhofar coast of Oman (Evans 1938; Peffly 1959; Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Glick 1992; Morsy et al. 1995; Abdullah & Merdan 1995)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Donitz, W. (1902) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Anopheles. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, 41, 15 - 88, 2 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019994","Coetzee, M. & Le Sueur, D. (1988) Effects of salinity on the larvae of some Afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2 (4), 385 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1988. tb 00212. x","Habtewold, T., Prior A., Torr, S. J. & Gibson, G. (2004) Could insecticide-treated cattle reduce Afrotropical malaria transmission? Effects of deltamethrin-treated Zebu on Anopheles arabiensis behaviour and survival in Ethiopia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 18 (4), 408 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0269 - 283 X. 2004.00525. x","Zeru, M. A., Shibru, S. & Massebo, F. (2020) Exploring the impact of cattle on human exposure to malaria mosquitoes in the Arba Minch area district of southwest Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 04194 - z","Morsy, T. A., El Kadry, A. A., Salama, M. M., Sabry, A. H. & El Sharkawy, I. M. (1995) Studies on the bionomics and vector competence of adult anopheline mosquitoes in El Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 25 (1), 213 - 244.","Charlwood, J. D., Macia, G. A., Manhaca, M., Sousa, B., Cuamba, N. & Braganca, M. (2013) Population dynamics and spatial structure of human-biting mosquitoes, inside and outside of houses, in the Chockwe irrigation scheme, southern Mozambique. Geospatial Health, 7 (2), 309 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.4081 / gh. 2013.89","Aranda, C., Aponte, J. J., Saute, F., Casimiro, S., Pinto, J., Sousa, C., Rosario, V. D., Petrarca, V., Dgedge, M. & Alonso, P. (2005) Entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in Manhica, a rural area in southern Mozambique. Journal of Medical Entomology, 42 (2), 180 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 42.2.180","Paupy, C., Makanga, B., Ollomo, B., Rahola, N., Durand, P., Magnus, J., Willaume, E., Renaud, F., Fontenille, D. & Prugnolle, F. (2013) Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles vinckei are candidate vectors of ape Plasmodium parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum in Gabon. PLoS One, 8, e 57294. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0057294","Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","Peffly, R. L. (1959) Insecticide resistance in anophelines in eastern Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 20, 757 - 776.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Glick, J. I. (1992) Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 24 (2), 125 - 153.","Abdullah, M. A. R. & Merdan, A. I. (1995) Distribution and ecology of the mosquito fauna in the southwestern Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 25 (3), 815 - 837."]}

Anopheles coustani Laveran, 1900 1901. Anopheles mauritianus de Grandpre & de Charmoy, synonym 1901. Anopheles paludis var. similis Theobald, synonym 1983. Anopheles coustani sp. A, Coetzee TYPE LOCALITY: Ankarafantsika, Ampijoroa forest station, Madagascar. The original description of this species by Laveran (1900) states that the specimens came from an unknown marsh locality on Madagascar. It is not known why Evans (1938) gave the type locality as the island of Reunion, but this error was perpetuated in later works by de Meillon (1947) and Gillies & de Meillon (1968). “ A Synoptic Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World” (Stone et al. 1959) gives the correct type locality but later catalogues (Knight & Stone 1977; White 1980) list it as Reunion. Coetzee (1995) discussed the confusion of the type locality and designated a neotype for An. coustani with the above type locality. The most recent catalogue of Wilkerson et al. (2021) gives the type locality as Madagascar. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: Normally 5.0– 5.8 mm, but may be much shorter. Wing (Fig. 3a): Mainly dark, costa with preapical, subcostal and sector pale spots; apical pale fringe spot small, opposite R 2; wing field with variable amount of pale scaling. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 3b): Shaggy, with four pale bands, apex pale. Legs (Fig. 3c): Hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 all pale, apical 0.66 of 3 pale; hindtarsomere 1 with base and apex broadly pale; hindtibia with apical pale spot greatly enlarged ventrally to form a longitudinal white stripe. Variation: The black band at the base of hindtarsomere 3 may be absent, very narrow or 0.5 as long as the tarsomere. The apical white stripe on the hindtibia may be interrupted distally. LARVAL HABITAT: The preferred habitats of this species are natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Adult females can be anthropophilic or zoophilic, mostly feeding outdoors and rarely found resting indoors. Gillies & de Meillon (1968) reported positive salivary gland infections of malarial parasites in An. coustani from Tanzania (0.18%) and the DRC (0.09%) and concluded that it played an insignificant role in malaria transmission. However, more recent research has shown females to be infected with Plasmodium falciparum in the Taveta District of Kenya (0.85–1.78%) (Mwangangi et al. 2013) and Lake Victoria islands (18.75%) (Ogola et al. 2017), also Bangui in the Central African Republic (2.3%) (Ndiath et al. 2016). Both P. falciparum and P. vivax were found in females from Ankazobe (0.01–0.05%) (Nepomichene et al. 2015) and the Maevatanana District (0.14–0.84%) of Madagascar (Goupeyou-Youmsi et al. 2020), but only P. vivax was found in southeastern Madagascar (3.2%) (Finney et al. 2021). Abduselam et al. (2016), however, were unable to experimentally infect Ethiopian An. coustani with P. vivax. DNA of P. falciparum was found by qPCR in six females from northern Zambia (Ciubotariu et al. 2020). Antonio-Nkondjio et al. (2006) found females infected with P. malariae (3.2%) in Cameroon. Rift Valley Fever virus was isolated from An. coustani in the Haute Matsiatra region of Madagascar (Ratovonjato et al. 2011), Wesselsbron virus in Kenya (Villinger et al. 2017) and Zika virus in Kedougou, Senegal (Diallo et al. 2014). Makanga et al. (2017) in Gabon collected mosquitoes in two wild-life reserves and inferred their host preference through identification of haemosporidian infections in the mosquitoes. Out of 29 An. coustani examined, two were found positive for ungulate parasites. DISTRIBUTION: Common throughout the Afrotropical Region, from Oman, southwestern Saudi Arabia and Yemen in the north southward to Cape Province in South Africa (de Meillon 1947; Glick 1992; Irish et al. 2020), and on the associated islands of Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion (Grjebine 1966); extending up to altitudes of 2,700 m in Ethiopia and 2,300 m in Tanzania (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on pages 185-186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Laveran, [A.] (1900) Sur un Anopheles provenant de Madagascar. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seiances et Meimoires de la Socieitei de Biologie, 52, 109 - 110.","Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","de Meillon, B. (1947) The Anophelini of the Ethiopian Geographical Region. Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 10 (49), 1 - 272","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Stone, A., Knight, K. L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation. Volume VI. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, vi + 358 pp.","Knight, K. L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. The Thomas Say Foundation. Vol. VI. 2 nd Edition. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland, xi + 611 pp.","White, G. B. (1980) Family Culicidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 114 - 148.","Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 26 (3), 125 - 131. [for 1994].","Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6","Mwangangi, J. M., Muturi, E. J., Muriu, S. M., Nzovu, J., Midega, J. T. & Mbogo, C. (2013) The role of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles coustani in indoor and outdoor malaria transmission in Taveta District, Kenya. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 6 - 114","Ogola, E., Villinger, J., Mabuka, D., Omondi, D., Orindi, B., Mutunga, J., Owino, V. & Masiga, D. K. (2017) Composition of Anopheles mosquitoes, their blood-meal hosts, and Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in three islands with disparate bed net coverage in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Malaria Journal, 16, 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 017 - 2015 - 5","Ndiath, M. O., Eiglmeier, K., Ole Sangba, M. L., Holm, I., Kazanji, M. & Vernick, K. D. (2016) Composition and genetics of malaria vector populations in the Central African Republic. Malaria Journal, 15, 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 016 - 1431 - 2","Nepomichene, T. N., Tata, E. & Boyer, S. (2015) Malaria case in Madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, Anopheles coustani. Malaria Journal, 14, 475. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 015 - 1004 - 9","Goupeyou-Youmsi, J., Rakotondranaivo, T., Puchot, N., Peterson, I., Girod, R., Vigan-Womas, I., Paul, R., Ndiath, M. O. & Bourgouin, C. (2020) Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 020 - 04282 - 0","Finney, M., McKenzie, B. A., Rabaovola, B., Sutcliffe, A., Dotson, E. & Zohdy, S. (2021) Widespread zoophagy and detection of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar. Malaria Journal, 20, 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 020 - 03539 - 4","Abduselam, N., Zeynudin, A., Berens-Riha, N., Seyoum, D., Pritsch, M., Tibebu, H., Eba, K., Hoelscher, M., Wieser, A. & Yewhalaw, D. (2016) Similar trends of susceptibility in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis to Plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 016 - 1839 - 0","Ciubotariu, I. I., Jones, C. M., Kobayashi, T., Bobanga, T., Muleba, M., Pringle, J. C., Stevenson, J. C., Carpi, G. & Norris, D. E. (2020) Genetic diversity of Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae) in malaria transmission foci in southern and central Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology, 57 (6), 1782 - 1792. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jme / tjaa 132","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Ratovonjato, J., Olive, M. M., Tantely, L. M., Andrianaivolambo, L., Tata, E., Razainirina, J., Jeanmaire, E., Reynes, J. M. & Elissa, N. (2011) Detection, isolation, and genetic characterization of Rift Valley fever virus from Anopheles (Anopheles) coustani, Anopheles (Anopheles) squamosus, and Culex (Culex) antennatus of the Haute Matsiatra region, Madagascar. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 11 (6), 753 - 759. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2010.0031","Villinger, J., Mbaya, M. K., Ouso, D., Kipanga, P. N., Lutomiah, J. & Masiga, D. K. (2017) Arbovirus and insect-specific virus discovery in Kenya by novel six genera multiplex high-resolution melting analysis. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17 (3), 466 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1755 - 0998.12584","Diallo, D., Sall, A. A., Diagne, C. T., Faye, Oum., Faye, Ous., Ba, Y., Hanley, K. A., Buenemann, M., Weaver, S. C. & Diallo, M. (2014) Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. Plos One, 9 (10), e 109442. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0109442","Makanga, B., Costantini, C., Rahola, N., Yangari P., Rougeron, V., Ayala, D., Prugnolle, F. & Paupy, C. (2017) \" Show me which parasites you carry and I will tell you what you eat \", or how to infer the trophic behaviour of hematophagous arthropods feeding on wildlife. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (19), 7578 - 7584. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.2769","Glick, J. I. (1992) Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 24 (2), 125 - 153.","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1","Grjebine, A. (1966) Faune de Madagascar. XXII. Insectes Dipteres Culicidae Anophelinae. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, 487 pp., table, map, 8 pls."]}

Anopheles namibiensis Coetzee, 1984 TYPE LOCALITY: Mahongo, Kavango District, Namibia. Described and named as a new species based on morphological characters of the adults, larva and pupa, and differences in chromosomal inversion banding patterns compared with An. ziemanni Grünberg, 1902. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 5): Subcostal and preapical pale spots present, small; apical pale fringe spot rarely extending beyond wing tip of R 3. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs:Apex of foretibia and base of foretarsomere 1 always dark. Apex of hindtibia, base of hindtarsomere 1 and apices of hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 with pale spots at most 3 times as wide as diameter of the tarsomere; hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 pale, 0.5 of hindtarsomere 3 pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Vegetated pools and swamps in forested areas around Yaoundé, Cameroon (Manga et al. 1997). ADULT BIOLOGY: Females were collected in cattle enclosures at the type locality (Coetzee 1984). In Cameroon, human landing catches carried out in Simbock village, Yaoundé, yielded 10 An. namibiensis (Manga et al. 1997). The records of An. namibiensis from Cameroon (Ayala et al. 2009) using pyrethrum spray catches in houses show it to be present in the western highlands, Adamaoua highlands and the central plateau near Yaoundé. DISTRIBUTION: Mahongo in Kavango District, northern Namibia; Yaoundé, Cameroon. The Tanzanian distribution record given in Irish et al. (2020) is incorrect as Mahongo is in Namibia, not Tanzania., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Coetzee, M. (1984) A new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) from Namibia (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology, 9 (1), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1984. tb 00498. x","Grunberg, K. (1902) Ein neuer Anopheles aus Westafrika, Anopheles ziemanni nov. spec. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25 (677), 550 - 551.","Manga, L., Mbingue, S., Nkou Etoundi, M. & Ngollo, M. (1997) Anopheles namibiensis is anthropophilic and widespread in Cameroon. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 11 (4), 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1997. tb 00432. x","Ayala, D., Costantini, C., Ose, K., Kamdem, G. C., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Agbor, J-P., Awono-Ambene, P., Fontenille, D. & Simard, F. (2009) Habitat suitability and ecological niche profile of major malaria vectors in Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 8, 307. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 8 - 307","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}

Anopheles symesi Edwards, 1928 TYPE LOCALITY: Kisumu, Kenya. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 5.5 mm. Wing (Fig. 8a): All pale scales yellow. Subcostal and preapical pale spots present; apical pale fringe spot extending from R 2 to R 4+5; basal 0.5 of CuA entirely pale. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 8b): Apex of hindtibia dark or with a few pale scales; hindtarsomeres 1 and 2 entirely dark, 3 largely or entirely pale, 4 pale, 5 pale basally or entirely dark. LARVAL HABITAT: Dense papyrus swamps along the shores of Lake Victoria. ADULT BIOLOGY: Very little known. Rarely captured in habitations. In 2009, Osman et al. (2014) collected a single female by pyrethrum-spray catch in South Darfur State of Sudan. DISTRIBUTION: Confined mainly to a narrow belt from southern Sudan to the northern shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert and as far south as Katanga in the DRC (Gillies & de Meillon 1968)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1928) Mosquito notes. - VII. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 18 (3), 267 - 284.","Osman, A. A., Gafer, A. A., Abdalmagid, M. A., Jamal, A. E., Bashir, A., Elnaeim, H., Abdalgadir, O. M., Brair, M. & Toto, H. K. (2014) Up to date anopheline mosquitoes distribution in Sennar and South Darfur states during dry season, (Sudan) 2009. Sudanese Journal of Public Health, 9 (1), 53 - 58.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343."]}

ANOPHELES Series Anopheles concolor Edwards, 1938 (in Evans, 1938) TYPE LOCALITY: Kabila, Kwango Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: 4.5–5.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 11a): Entirely dark. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 11b): Smooth, with two pale bands, apical band covering whole of palpomere 5 and extreme apex of 4; basal band occupying apex of 2nd and base of 3rd palpomeres; a few pale scales sometimes present at apex of 3rd palpomere. Legs (Fig. 11c): Largely dark except for a few white scales at tips of forefemur and –tibia, and conspicuous pale bands at apices of hindfemur and -tibia. LARVAL HABITAT: In the DRC, in clear acid pools in Sphagnum along the outer edge of thick gallery forest (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). In the Meanja River in Cameroon (Wanji et al. 2009) and in swamps in Ethiopia (Getachew et al. 2020). ADULT BIOLOGY: Adults of both sexes have been caught in large numbers resting in hollow trees in gallery forest in the southern savannas of the DRC. In certain conditions, the females attack humans in the forest by day, especially in the morning and late afternoon, but the results of precipitin tests on resting females showed that they feed mainly on antelopes. It is likely, from the presence of occasional specimens infected with sporozoites, that the species is implicated in the transmission of non-human malaria (Gillies & de Meillon 1968). In Angola, one female was caught in the early evening resting in a tent (Ribeiro & Ramos 1975). DISTRIBUTION: Angola, Cameroon, DRC (Kyalo et al. 2017; Irish et al. 2020). In southwestern Ethiopia, two An. concolor were identified from larval collections (Getachew et al. 2020), but this record requires confirmation., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Evans, A. M. (1938) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. II. - Anophelini adults and early stages. British Museum (Natural History), London, x, 404 pp.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Wanji, S., Mafo, F. F., Tendongfor, N., Tanga, M. C., Tchuente, F., Bilong Bilong, C. F. & Njine, T. (2009) Spatial distribution, environmental and physicochemical characterization of Anopheles breeding sites in the Mount Cameroon region. Journal of Vector-borne Diseases, 46 (1), 75 - 80.","Getachew, D., Balkew, M. & Tekie, H. (2020) Anopheles larval species composition and characterization of breeding habitats in two localities in the Ghibe River Basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 19, 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12936 - 020 - 3145 - 8","Ribeiro, H. & da Cunha Ramos, H. (1975) Research on the mosquitoes of Angola. VI - The genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Culicidae) [sic]. Check-list with new records, keys to the females and larvae, distribution and bioecological notes. Garcia de Orta, Serie de Zoologia, 4 (1), 1 - 39, 17 pls.","Kyalo, D., Amratia, P., Mundia, C. W., Mbogo, C. M., Coetzee, M. & Snow, R. W. (2017) A geo-coded inventory of anophelines in the Afrotropical Region south of the Sahara: 1898 - 2016. Wellcome Open Research, 2, 57. https: // doi. org / 10.12688 / wellcomeopenres. 12187.1","Irish, S. R., Kyalo, D., Snow, R. W. & Coetzee, M. (2020) Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands. Zootaxa, 4747 (3), 401 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.3.1"]}

Anopheles paludis Theobald, 1900 1928. Anopheles mauritianus var. paludis Edwards TYPE LOCALITY: Katunga, Sierra Leone. DESCRIPTION: Wing length: ±6.0 mm. Wing (Fig. 7a): Sector, subcostal and preapical pale spots prominent; apical pale fringe spot opposite R 3; pale fringe spot present opposite CuA 2, sometimes faint. Maxillary palpus: Shaggy, with four pale bands. Legs (Fig. 7b): Hindleg with apex of tibia narrowly pale; base of hindtarsomere 1 dark, as in An. tenebrosus; hindtarsomeres 3–5 entirely pale. LARVAL HABITAT: Natural collections of clear water with aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, such as swamps, ponds, backwaters of streams, springs, ditches and rice fields. ADULT BIOLOGY: Mainly zoophilic but females feed on humans in some areas. In certain areas of the Congo basin, the species is regularly captured indoors, and females with P. falciparum salivary gland infections as high as 10% have been reported (Gillies & de Meillon 1968; Gillies & Coetzee 1987). In the Bandungu region of the DRC, a 6.2% sporozoite rate was recorded by Karch & Mouchet (1992), but no infections were recorded in the capital of Kinshasa (Karch et al. 1992; Coene 1993). In Cameroon, there are several reports of An. paludis infected with parasites: 0.15% (Gillies & de Meillon 1968), 1.12% (Antonio-Nkondjio et al. 2006), 7.1% (Bigoga et al. 2012), 3.4% (Tabue et al. 2017) and 0.7% (Bamou et al. 2018). In Gabon, Makanga et al. (2017) collected An. paludis in wildlife reserves where one out of 76 females was found infected with ungulate haemosporidian parasites. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, mainly in the tropics. The record from an unknown locality in Senegal by Hamon et al. (1956) was not confirmed until a single specimen was collected in Bandafassi, near Kedougou, in southeastern Senegal in 2002 (Ndiath et al. 2011)., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, 2022, Literature review of the systematics, biology and role in malaria transmission of species in the Afrotropical Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 182-200 in Zootaxa 5133 (2) on page 190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6521605, {"references":["Theobald, F. V. (1900) A new Anopheles (A. paludis) from Sierra Leone. Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society, 1, 75 - 76.","Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 54, 1 - 343.","Gillies, M. T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 1 - 143.","Karch, S. & Mouchet, J. (1992) Anopheles paludis: vecteur important du paludisme au Zaire. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 85 (5), 388 - 389.","Coene, J. (1993) Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 7, 127 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.1993. tb 00665. x","Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Kerah, C. H., Simard, F., Awono-Ambene, P., Chouaibou, M., Tchuinkam, T. & Fontenille, D. (2006) Complexity of the malaria vectorial system in Cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (6), 1215 - 1221. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 43.6.1215","Bigoga, J. D., Nanfack, F. M., Awono-Ambene, P. H., Patchoke, S., Atangana, J., Otia, V. S., Fondjo, E., Moyou, R. S. & Leke, R. G. (2012) Seasonal prevalence of malaria vectors and entomological inoculation rates in the rubber cultivated area of Niete, South Region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 5 - 197","Tabue, R. N., Awono-Ambene, P., Etang, J., Atangana, J., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Toto, J. C., Patchoke, S., Leke, R. G., Fondjo, E., Mnzava, A. P., Knox, T. B., Tougordi, A., Donnelly, M. J. & Bigoga, J. D. (2017) Role of Anopheles (Cellia) rufipes (Gough, 1910) and other local anophelines in human malaria transmission in the northern savannah of Cameroon: a cross-sectional survey. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 22. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 016 - 1933 - 3","Bamou, R., Mbakop, L. R., Kopya, E., Ndo, C., Awono-Ambene, P., Tchuinkam, T., Rono, M. K., Mwangangi, J. & Antonio- Nkondjio, C. (2018) Changes in malaria vector bionomics and transmission patterns in the equatorial forest region of Cameroon between 2000 and 2017. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 3049 - 4","Makanga, B., Costantini, C., Rahola, N., Yangari P., Rougeron, V., Ayala, D., Prugnolle, F. & Paupy, C. (2017) \" Show me which parasites you carry and I will tell you what you eat \", or how to infer the trophic behaviour of hematophagous arthropods feeding on wildlife. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (19), 7578 - 7584. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.2769","Hamon, J., Adam, J. P. & Grjebine, A. (1956) Observations sur la repartition et le comportement des anopheles de l'Afrique- Equatoriale Francaise, du Cameroun et de l'Afrique Occidentale. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 15 (3 - 5), 549 - 591.","Ndiath, M. O., Mazenot, C., Gaye, A., Konate, L., Bouganali, C., Faye, O., Sokhna, C. & Trape, J-F. (2011) Methods to collect Anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: A comparative study in two villages in Senegal. Malaria Journal, 10, 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1475 - 2875 - 10 - 270"]}

Anopheles (Cellia) amharicus Hunt, Wilkerson & Coetzee, sp.n. Anopheles quadriannulatus species B, Hunt et al. 1998. Holotype female and associated pupal and larval exuviae. Essentially as in the description of Anopheles coluzzii above with the following additional observations. Female (Figs. 4 A���E). Head: Antenna about 1.2 mm. Proboscis 2.05 mm. Maxillary palpus 1.83 mm. Palpomere lengths: 1, 0.1 mm; 2, 0.5 mm; 3, 0.675 mm; 4, 0.35 mm; 5, 0.2 mm. Palpal index (MPlp 4 + MPlp 5 / MPlp 3) 0.81. Subapical dark band (dark portion of MPlp 4) 0.25 mm; apical pale band (apical pale of MPlp 4 + MPlp 5) 0.275 mm (see White 1985). Thorax: Pleura with pale yellow setae on proepisternum (3) prespiracular area (2), prealar knob (4), upper (2) and lower (5) mesokatepisternum and upper mesepimeron (2). Wing: Length 3.75 mm. Pale scales pale yellowish-white. Following costal pale spots absent: basal pale, accessory sector pale. Preapical dark spot on vein R 1 with pale interruption. Scales of prehumeral pale spot yellowish brown, slightly darker than other pale spots. Halter: Scabellum and pedicel pale yellow, capitellum dark with dark brown scales. Legs: Forefemur with ventral silvery-white scales and golden-yellow setae. Other than sparse speckling, femora dark. Midtibia with basal pale band; mid- and hindtibiae with apical pale bands; foretibia with apical anterodorsal pale spot. Apices of all tarsomeres with narrow pale bands; bases of foretarsomeres 2���4 with pale bands; fore- and midtarsomere 5 dark, hindtarsomere 5 yellowish. Abdomen: Very pale with golden-yellow setae dorsally, venter with golden-yellow setae changing to brown mesally, lacking small tuft of posteromesal dark setae on sternum VII. Cerci dark brown with dark scales and setae. Male, allotype. As in An. coluzzii. Proboscis slightly longer than in female (2.5 mm). Pale scales of maxillary palpus yellowish white, less extensive than in An. coluzzii (possibly rubbed). Male genitalia: As in White (1985) except subapical seta of gonostylus less distal than figured. Pupa (Figs. 5 A���C). Positions of setae essentially as illustrated for An. bwambae (White 1985). Branch numbers for holotype in Table 1. Counts of possible diagnostic use in Table 2. Cephalothorax: Evenly lightly pigmented except for darker areas beneath trumpet and mesally on metathoracic wing. Trumpet: Lightly pigmented. Length 0.5 mm; meatus 0.26 mm; pinna 0.24 mm. Abdomen: Length 1.46 mm; evenly lightly pigmented. Seta 9 -II���IV peg-like and progressively longer; seta 9 -V���VII slender, short to very long, curved inward; seta 9 -VIII with many branches or long aciculae. Seta 9 lengths: II, 0.01 mm; III, 0.02 mm; IV, 0.024 mm; V, 0.12 mm; VI, 0.17 mm; VII, 0.19 mm; VIII, 0.17 mm. Paddle: Length from base to seta 1 -Pa 0.39 mm, width 0.31 mm. Paddle lightly pigmented; midrib well developed basally, becoming weak about 0.7 from base. Marginal serrations begin about 0.18 mm from base (straight line), abruptly changing to short filaments about 0.75 from base; filaments inconspicuous beyond seta 1 -Pa. Larva (Figs. 6 A���F). Positions of setae essentially as illustrated for An. bwambae (White 1985). Branch numbers for holotype in Table 3. Counts of possible diagnostic use in Table 4. Head: Width 0.82 mm, length 0.68 mm. As in An. coluzzii except dark ventral area not evenly pigmented, with intermixed pale areas. Antenna: Length 0.31 mm, width at widest point 0.04 mm; seta 1 -A inserted 0.39 and 0.47 from base, longer than for An. coluzzii, about half antennal width; spicules ventral, sparse, small. Thorax and abdomen: Positions and form of setae essentially as in White (1985) for An. bwambae. Branch numbers for holotype in Table 3. Seta 1 -I reduced palmate with about half number of leaflets as on following segments. Pecten plate: Pecten spines as follow: anterior spine longest, 6 short, 1 long, 3 short, 1 long, 2 short, 1 long; members of each size class not necessarily of equal length (subequal). Denticles of short spines more abundant than in An. coluzzii, some extending nearly to apices of spines. Egg. Unknown. Bionomics. Ethiopian populations are strongly associated with cattle, being found abundantly in animal shelters, or mixed human/animal dwellings (White 1974; Hunt et al. 1998; Fettene et al. 2004). Females are rarely found in human only dwellings or artificial pit shelters and are not known to transmit malaria parasites (White 1974; Fettene et al. 2004). Nothing is known about the larval habitats. Distribution. Known from the following localities in Ethiopia: Bahir Dar 11 �� 36 'N, 37 �� 22 E, Bako 5 �� 47 'N, 36 �� 33 E, Bedele 8 �� 27 'N, 36 �� 21 E, Dejen 10 �� 10 'N, 38 ��08E, Jimma 7 �� 40 'N, 36 �� 50 E, Omo River 8 �� 13 'N, 37 �� 35 E. Etymology. This species is named after Amharic, the official Semitic language of Ethiopia and is derived as a Latinized adjective. Type series. Type material of An. amharicus was collected resting inside a cattle structure in Babo village (7 �� 42 ���45.00���N, 3658 ���00.00���E) outside Jimma, Ethiopia in 01���05.xii. 1997. HOLOTYPE female with the following labels: An. quadriannulatu (sic) sp B; Ethiopia, Babo: 01���05.xii. 1997 / Cattleshed; Coll. R. Hunt; Det. M. Coetzee; ETH 445.1 / WRBU Digital Image Prep # 2127. Paratypes with the same data as the holotype: collection code 388.1 (4 males, 5 females); collection code 445.1 (3 males, 13 females), including a male labeled as the allotype and a male with dissected slide-mounted genitalia with a WRBU prep label of 12 / 2. Slide-mounted LePe not directly associated with the adult holotype: collection code 388.1 (3 males, 4 females), collection code 445.1 (2 males, 4 females), a female with WRBU Digital Image Prep # 2125 and a male with WRBU Digital Image Prep # 2126., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, Hunt, Richard H., Wilkerson, Richard, Torre, Alessandra Della, Coulibaly, Mamadou B. & Besansky, Nora J., 2013, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, pp. 246-274 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 264-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/219374

Coetzee, Maureen, Kment, Petr (2013): Rusingeria nom. nov, a new substitute name for Usingeria Coetzee & Segerman, 1992 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Zootaxa 3664 (1): 99-100, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3664.1.10

Anopheles (Cellia) gambiae Giles Anopheles costalis Loew, 1866 Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 Anopheles gracilis D��nitz, 1902 Anopheles gambiae molecular S form, della Torre et al. 2001 Anopheles (Cellia) coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson , sp.n. Anopheles gambiae molecular M form, della Torre et al. 2001 Holotype female and associated pupal and larval exuviae. Essentially as in the descriptions of Anopheles gambiae given by Gillies & de Meillon (1968, pp. 208���209) and as figured by White (1985) for An. bwambae, with the following additional observations. Description. Female (Figs. 1 A���F), holotype. Head: Frontal tuft of long white scales extending well beyond base of antenna; interocular space above frontal tuft with small golden appressed fusiform scales; ocular setae pale brown near vertex, dark laterally; scales of vertex erect, long slender, pale yellow anteriorly, becoming abruptly shorter, broader and dark brown laterally. Antenna about 1.2 mm; pedicel with short white fusiform scales mesally, dorsally and laterally; flagellomere 1 with distinct basomesal patch of white fusiform scales. Proboscis 1.95 mm; prementum dark with dark brown scales, scales on basal 0.25 semi-erect; labella yellowish brown. Maxillary palpus 2.4 mm, dark brown-scaled with three white-scaled bands: narrow band at apex of palpomere 2, wider band on apex of palpomere 3 and base of 4, and third band on apical half of palpomere 4 and all of 5. Palpomere lengths: 1, 0.125 mm; 2, 0.5 mm; 3, 0.8 mm; 4, 0.375 mm; 5, 0.235 mm. Palpal index (MPlp 4 + MPlp 5 / MPlp 3) 0.75. Subapical dark band (dark portion of MPlp 4) 0.2 mm; apical pale band (apical pale of MPlp 4 + MPlp 5) 0.325 mm (see White 1985). Ventral surface of palpus bare; MPlp 2 with erect scales, those on basal 0.5 about twice length of apical scales. Clypeus bare. Thorax: Integument pale yellowish brown, scutum and scutellum silvery pruinose, pleura silvery pruinose with 3 irregular transverse dark areas. Anterior promontory with few pale yellow erect falcate scales, mostly appressed falcate scales continue onto anterior dorsocentral area and on to prescutellar area; scutal, fossal and supraalar areas with sparse golden yellow spatulate and fusiform scales and sparse brown setae; dorsocentral and acrostichal setae brown; scutellum with row of long brown and golden-brown setae and a few pale falcate scales. Mesopostnotum and postpronotum bare. Antepronotum with few long yellowish-brown and brown setae. Pleura with pale yellow setae on: proepisternum (1), prespiracular area (4), prealar knob (7), upper (3) and lower (5) mesokatepisternum and upper mesepimeron (5). Wing: Length 3.4 mm. Pale scales yellowish. Following costal pale spots absent: basal pale, presector pale and accessory sector pale. Preapical dark spot on vein R 1 with pale interruption on one wing but not other (i.e. proximal dark scales absent). Scales of prehumeral pale spot yellowish-brown, slightly darker than other pale spots. Halter: Scabellum and pedicel pale yellow, capitellum dark with dark brown scales. Legs: Forecoxa with about 15 dark dorsal and anterior setae and few small dark spatulate scales; mid- and hindcoxae as in forecoxa but with fewer setae and scales. Trochanters with dark brown scales and pale yellow setae. Femora and tibiae mostly dark with sparse, mostly irregularly shaped speckling. Incomplete narrow pale bands on bases of midfemur and mid- and hindtibiae. Complete narrow pale bands on: apices of all tibiae; basal 0.3 of foretarsomere 1, apices of foretarsomeres 1���3 and base of foretarsomere 4; apices of midtarsomeres 1���3 and apices of hindtarsomeres 1���4; pale band at apex of hindtarsomere 3 0.05 mm. Pale markings of foreleg more extensive than on other legs. Midtarsomere 4 and tarsomere 5 of all legs dark. Abdomen: Very pale with golden-yellow setae dorsally, venter with golden-yellow setae changing to brown mesally, small tuft of posteromesal dark setae on sternum VII. Cerci dark brown with dark scales and setae. Male, allotype. Similar to holotype except for the usual sexual differences. Head: Flagellomere 1 with few pale scales, pedicel without scales. Proboscis slightly longer than in female (2.25 mm). Maxillary palpus: palpomeres 3 and 4 with intermixed dark and pale slender appressed fusiform scales, darker at base and distal 0.67 of palpomere 3 and sub-apically on 4; distal most part of 4 with discrete pale yellow band contrasting with dark band at base of 5; palpomere 5 with dark-scaled basal band and median dark band connected by dark ventral line, remainder pale yellow. Combined segments 4 and 5 (club) with basal narrow pale band, followed toward apex by dark band, pale band, median broad pale area, narrow dark band and pale apex. Thorax: Wing scales more sparse, roughly 0.67 of female. Genitalia (specimen MaliM 2.29): As figured in White (1985) for An. bwambae. Most distal parabasal seta (Harbach & Kitching 2005) gradually tapered and then more abruptly tapered to fine point; parabasal closest to distal parabasal broadened toward apex and then abruptly attenuated to fine point. Apex of gonostylus beyond subapical seta slightly flattened. Pupa (Figs. 2 A���C). Positions of setae essentially as illustrated for An. bwambae (White 1985). Branch numbers for the holotype of An. coluzzii in Table 1. Counts that differ of possible diagnostic use in Table 2. Cephalothorax: Evenly lightly pigmented except for darker areas beneath trumpet and mesally on metathoracic wing. Trumpet: Slightly pigmented. Length 0.46 mm; meatus 0.23 mm; pinna 0.23 mm. Abdomen: Length 1.37 mm; evenly lightly pigmented. Seta 9 -II���IV peg-like and progressively longer; seta 9 -V���VII slender, short to very long, curved inward; seta 9 -VIII with many branches or long aciculae. Seta 9 lengths: II, 0.012 mm; III, 0.02 mm; IV, 0.032 mm; V, 0.12 mm; VI, 0.15 mm; VII, 0.16 mm; VIII, 0.12 mm. Paddle: Length from base to seta 1 -Pa 0.38 mm, width 0.28 mm. Paddle lightly pigmented; midrib well developed basally becoming weak about 0.7 from base. Marginal serrations begin about 0.23 mm from base (straight line) abruptly changing to short filaments about 0.75 from base; filaments inconspicuous beyond seta 1 -Pa. Larva (Figs. 3 A���F). Positions of setae essentially as illustrated for An. bwambae (White 1985). Branch numbers for holotype of An. coluzzii in Table 3. Counts that differ of possible diagnostic use in Table 4. Head: Width 0.77 mm, length 0.59 mm. Evenly pigmented but ventrally with darkened area with irregular border roughly at level of anterior tentorial arms. Antenna: Length 0.27 mm, width at widest point 0.04 mm; seta 1 -A inserted 0.33 from base, minute, about as long as longest antennal spicule; spicules ventral, sparse, small. Distance between setae 2 -C about twice distance between setae 2 -C and 3 -C on one side. Seta 2 -C nearly as long as antenna, about 3 times longer than seta 3 -C. Seta 2 -C branches could be interpreted as aciculae. Thorax and abdomen: Positions and form of setae essentially as in White (1985) for An. bwambae. Seta 1 -I reduced palmate with about half number of leaflets as on following segments. Pecten plate: Pecten spines as follow; anterior spine longest, 3 short, 1 long, 2 short, 1 long, 2 short, 1 long, 1 short, 1 long, 1 short; members of each size class not necessarily of equal length (subequal). Denticles of small spines sparse and basal, or absent. Body region/segment; Seta An. coluzzii An. amharicus An. quadriannulatus An. bwambae An. arabiensis composite counts number (Coetzee 1987, n = (White 1985, (Ribeiro et al. 30) illustration) 1979, illustration) Cephalothorax 1 3 / 5 3 / 2 2���3 2 2 2 2 / 2 2 / 2 2���3 2 2 3 3 / 2 2 / 2 3���5 3 3 4 3 / 2 2 / 3 3���5 4 3 5 2 / 4 6 / 6 3���7 4 4 6 2 / 2 2 / 2 2���3 1 3 7 1 / 1 2 / 2 2���3 2 3 8 2 / 1 1 / 1 1���3 1? 1 9 1 / 2 1 / 1 2���3 1 2 10 2 / 1 2 / 2 1���4 1? 2 11 1 / 1 2 / 2 2���4 2 3 12 1 / 1 1 / 1 1���3 1 1 Abdomen II 0 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1? nn 1 3 / 4 4 / 4 5���7 5 6 2 5 / 5 6 / 5 5���7 8 4 3 1 / 1 1 / 1 1���3 1 1 4 3 / 2 2 / 2 4���9 4? 5 5 3 / 2 2 / 2 3 4? 2 6 2 / 3 1 / 1 1 1 1 7 1 / 1 4 / 1 4��� 12 2 2 8?/??/? 0���3? 2 9 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 10?/??/? 1���3 1? 3 11?/??/? - - 1 Abdomen IV 0 1 / 1 3 / 3 1���2 1 nn 1 4 / 3 3 / 4 3���4 3 5 2 3 / 4 3 / 3 3���5 5 3 3 4 / 2 2 / 3 5���7 4 5 4 4 / 1 4 / 4 3���5 1? 3 5 4 / 3 1 / 1 3���6 4 5 6 m / 1 2 / 2 1���3 1 1 7 2 / 1 1 / 3 3���5 2 2 8 1 / 1 1 / 1 2���3 2? 3 9 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 10 2 / 1 1 / 1 1���2 1 1 11 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 14 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 nn Abdomen V 0 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 nn 1 1 / 1 1 /m 1���3 1 1 2 4 / 4 3 / 3 3���4 4 3 3 1 / 1 1 / 1 1���3 1 1 4 3 / 2 2 / 1 4���5 3 4 5 5 / 5 3 / 4 3���4 3 4 6 1 / 1 1 / 1 1���2 1 1 7 2 / 2 1 / 1 2���4 2 3 8 1 / 1 1 / 1 1���2? 2 9 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 10 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 11 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1? 1 14 1 / 1 1 / 1 1 1 nn Not noted = nn; Not counted = nc; Missing = m; Alveolus = alv. Seta number An. coluzzii An. amharicus An. quadriannulatus An. bwambae (White (Coetzee 1987, n = 30) 1985, illustration) Range Seta number An. coluzzii An. amharicus An. quadriannulatus An. bwambae (White (Coetzee 1987, n = 30) 1985, illustration)...... continued on the next page Seta number An. coluzzii An. amharicus An. quadriannulatus An. bwambae (White (Coetzee 1987, n = 30) 1985, illustration) Not noted = nn; Missing = m. Egg. Unknown. The descriptions given by Lounibos et al. (1990) for An. gambiae are derived from a very old colony from the type locality in The Gambia (very possibly a mixture of M and S forms) and a colony from Tanzania that is almost certainly An. gambiae (S form). Comparative analysis of these two samples showed that the Gambian colony eggs were significantly longer and wider than the Tanzanian eggs. Significant differences were also seen in the mean float length, float length per rib, anterior tubercle density and mean number of lobed tubercles (Lounibos et al. 1990). Bionomics. Anopheles coluzzii is associated with longer lasting breeding sites resulting from human activity. In the savannah, these tend to be irrigated habitats such as rice fields, reservoirs and drainage ditches. In forest areas, they tend to be urban pools, sometimes polluted. Anopheles gambiae, on the other hand, prefers habitats that are more ephemeral and rain-dependent (della Torre et al. 2005; Lehmann & Diabate 2008; Kamdem et al. 2012). Distribution. The distribution of An. coluzzii extends from northern Senegal in the west to east-central Africa and south to coastal Angola, with one specimen identified from the Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe. Anopheles gambiae shares the same distribution but extends across the continent and into Madagascar. (See Fig. 1, della Torre et al. 2005.) Etymology. This species is named in honor of the late Professor Mario Coluzzi, former Director of the Institute of Parasitology, University ���La Sapienza��� in Rome, Italy, who dedicated his life to the study of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Type series. Anopheles coluzzii was collected by indoor resting catches from Soukourani (14 �� 13 ��� 13.99 ���N, 6 �� 03���02.83���W), Niono District, 270 km NE of the capital Bamako in Mali in July 2010 and identified as the molecular M form of An. gambiae by PCR (Fanello et al. 2002). Pinned adults and associated mounted exuviae from the progeny of a single wild female ���MaliM 1 ��� is designated as the type series. HOLOTYPE female (MaliM 1.27) with associated LePe, WRBU digital prep # 2128. Paratypes: Males (with associated LePe unless otherwise noted): MaliM 1.1���1.5 (allotype), 1.7, 1.10, 1.14 (Pe), 1.21, 1.22, 1.24, 1.26, 1.30, 1.31, 1.33, 1.34, 1.37, 1.41, 1.43 (Pe), 1.47, 1.52, 1.54, 1.56, 1.57; females (with associated PeLe unless otherwise noted): MaliM 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, 1.12 (PeLe missing), 1.13, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18 (Pe), 1.19, 1.20, 1.23, 1.25, 1.28, 1.29, 1.32, 1.35, 1.36, 1.38���1.40 (Pe), 1.42, 1.44���1.46, 1.48���1.51 (1.50 no adult), 1.53, 1.55 (PeLe missing). Paratypes not mounted, stored dry: MaliM 1.60���1.69, 7 females, 2 males, mixed exuviae in ethyl alcohol. Other material examined. Progeny brood from female ���MaliM 2.��� Same data as for type series. Males (with associated PeLe unless otherwise noted): MaliM 2.1���2.3, 2.8 (Pe), 2.9 (Pe), 2.11���2.14, 2.17, 2.18, 2.23, 2.29 (genitalia dissected). Females (with associated PeLe unless otherwise noted): MaliM 2.4���2.7, 2.10, 2.15, 2.16, 2.19���2.22, 2.24���2.28., Published as part of Coetzee, Maureen, Hunt, Richard H., Wilkerson, Richard, Torre, Alessandra Della, Coulibaly, Mamadou B. & Besansky, Nora J., 2013, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, pp. 246-274 in Zootaxa 3619 (3) on pages 249-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/219374

Coetzee, Maureen, Hunt, Richard H., Wilkerson, Richard, Torre, Alessandra Della, Coulibaly, Mamadou B., Besansky, Nora J. (2013): Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Zootaxa 3619 (3): 246-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.2