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Lobothelphusa thewanica, new species (Figs. 4, 5, 6D–F, 7E–G) Material examined. Holotype: adult male (cw 31.44 mm, cl 26.14 mm, ch 15.38 mm, fw 10.96 mm), NNU16-BG1, Thewa Township, Pegu Range, Bago Division, 18.492°N, 96.387°E, 53 m asl, Myanmar (Fig. 1 light blue), coll. B. Shi, 11 May 2019. Paratypes: adult male (cw 32.84 mm, cl 26.88 mm, ch 15.68 mm, fw 11.12 mm), NNU16-BG2; adult female (cw 29.26 mm, cl 25.69 mm, ch 14.73 mm, fw 11.24 mm), SEABRIBG3; adult male (cw 30.26 mm, cl 24.13 mm, ch 14.44 mm, fw 9.13 mm), SEABRI-BG4; juvenile (cw 28.61 mm, cl 23.57 mm, ch 13.67 mm, fw 8.78 mm), SEABRI-BG5; juvenile (cw 28.31 mm, cl 23.22 mm, ch 13.32 mm, fw 8.52 mm), SEABRI-BG6; Same location as holotype. Description. Carapace subquadrate, slightly broader than long (cw/cl = 1.20; ch/cl = 0.58); dorsal surface smooth, gently swollen longitudinally and transversely; regions indistinct, cervical grooves developed, shallow, H-shaped groove well-developed (Fig. 4A). Epigastric cristae low, distinct, slightly rugose, separated by groove which opens up into inverted Y-shaped gap posteriorly, distinctly positioned anterior to postorbital cristae, separated from postorbital cristae by distinct narrow groove; postorbital cristae distinct, sinuous, slightly oblique, sharp, confluent with the first epibranchial teeth; regions behind epigastric and postorbital cristae smooth (Fig. 4A). Frontal margin slightly concave (fw/cw = 0.38), with very low, rounded granules; frontal region broad longitudinally (Fig. 4A). Antennular fossae rectangular when viewed from front; supraorbital margin sinuous, cristate; infraorbital margin sinuous, sloping downward, cristate; orbital region relatively broad; suborbital and pterygostomial regions granulose; eyes filling up most of orbital space; eyestalk short, stout; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Fig. 4C). External orbital angle well-developed, triangular, tip acute, outer margin convex, margins cristate, with deep cleft separating it from anterolateral margins; anterolateral margins gently convex, each with four prominent epibranchial teeth; epibranchial teeth 1–4 progressively smaller, tips directed anterolaterally, base of each tooth slightly broad; first and second epibranchial teeth distinctly broader; third and fourth epibranchial teeth slender; posterolateral margin sinuous; posterior carapace margin gently convex or straight; branchial region without oblique striae (Fig. 4A). Posterior margin of epistome with well-developed, triangular median tooth, lateral margins straight (Fig. 4C). Third maxilliped glabrous; ischium of third maxilliped rectangular, elongate longitudinally, ca. 0.65 times length of width, without median sulcus; merus squarish, ca. 1.52 times length of width; exopod reaching half-length of merus, with well-developed flagellum (Figs. 4B, C, 5A). Chelipeds asymmetrical, glabrous, major chela distinctly larger; dorsal surface smooth; merus with well-developed subdistal spine on dorsal margin; carpus with strong, welldeveloped spine on inner distal angle; inner distal angle sinuous (Fig. 4A–C). Fingers of major chela with numerous teeth of different size, large gape when finger closed; fingers of minor chela similar to major chela; fingers slightly curved, equal in length to palm; palm longer than high; inner and outer surfaces inflated (Fig. 4A–D). Ambulatory legs relatively long, slender, p3 longest, p5 shortest; p5 propodus relatively stouter than p2–p4 propodi; dactylus slightly curved, equal in length to propodus, with short, sharp chitinous spines on margins; outer edges with thick spongy tomentum (Fig. 4A, B, E). Male thoracic sternum smooth; thoracic sternites s1/s2 completely fused; suture between thoracic sternites s2/ s3 distinct; thoracic sternites s3/s4 fused, groove between sternites not discernible; sutures between thoracic sternites s4/s5, s5/s6, s6/s7, s7/s8 shallow, narrow (Fig. 4B, F, H). Pleonal locking mechanism with distinct, anteriorly directed tubercle on submedian part of sternite s5 (Fig. 4H). Narrow transverse ridge at the suture between thoracic sternites s7/ s8 that interrupts the median line (Fig. 4H, I). Male pleon narrowly triangular; telson with blunt apex and concave lateral margins, ca. 0.79 times length of width; somite 6 trapezoidal, ca. 2.12 times length of width, lateral margins straight; somites 4–6 trapezoidal, progressively less broad; lateral margins of somites 4–6 straight; lateral margins of somite 3 distinctly convex; suture between somites 5/4, 4/3 distinctly sinuous; somite 3 broader than somites 1 and 2 longitudinally; somite 2 longitudinally broader than somite 1; somite 1 longitudinally narrow (Fig. 4B, F); Female pleon ovate, covering the thoracic sternites when closed; telson broadly subtriangular, much broader than long, with slightly convex lateral margins; somites 5 longest, broader than long, with convex lateral margins; somites 4 and 6 almost equal; somites 1–3 progressively longer (Fig. 4G). G1 slightly sinuous, slender, tip of terminal segment situated adjacent to pleonal locking structure in situ (Figs. 4H, 5B, C, 6D, E); groove for G2 on ventral surface; terminal segment relatively short, conical in shape, tip acute, distal part slightly curved outward, ca. 0.29 times length of subterminal segment; dorsal fold relatively high, extending along one-quarter to three-quarters of terminal segment, with rounded apex in medial position; subterminal segment gently convex on upper part of inner margin (Figs. 5B, C, 6D, E). G2 length equal to length of G1; distal segment long, ca. 0.48 times length of basal segment (Figs. 5D, 6F). Vulvae on sternite 6, semicircular, occupying ca. 0.50 times the length of the thoracic sternite 6, almost reaching suture between thoracic sternites s4/s5 (Fig. 4I). Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, the township of Thewa, in the Pegu Range, Bago Division, Myanmar. Colour in life. The adult animals are olive green dorsally with the ventral surfaces yellow. The chelipeds and ambulatory legs are pale yellow. The black colouration seen in the photographs is due to the black sediment that has strongly adhered to the exoskeleton. The thick spongy tomentum of the ambulatory legs is usually brown (Figs. 4, 7F, G). Ecological note. Individuals were collected under stones and the layers of fallen leaves in the river or on its banks; the substrate consists mainly of stones and rocky rubble (Fig. 7E). Remarks. The new species fits well within the morphological definition of the genus Lobothelphusa, particularly the flat carapace with indistinct dorsal regions, the third maxilliped ischium without a median sulcus, and the anterior margins of the ambulatory carpi, propodi, and dactyli with a thick spongy tomentum. Lobothelphusa thewanica, new species, is similar to L. bagoensis, new species, and L. crenulifera in the morphology of the postorbital cristae and the G1, but markedly distinct in some characters: (1) the carapace is subquadrate, the outer margin of the external orbital angle is convex, the epigastric cristae are positioned distinctly anterior to the postorbital cristae, and the third and fourth epibranchial teeth are slender (Fig. 4A) (versus the carapace is subtrapezoidal, the epigastric cristae are gently anterior or parallel to the postorbital cristae, and the third and fourth epibranchial teeth are stout in L. bagoensis and L. crenulifera, Fig. 2A, cf. Rathbun, 1905: pl. 12, fig. 11; Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23, pl. 45, fig. 21; the outer margin of the external orbital angle is more pronouncedly convex in L. bagoensis, Fig. 2A); (2) the G1 is slightly sinuous, with the terminal segment proportionately longer, ca. 0.29 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is slightly curved outward (Figs. 5B, C, 6D, E) (versus the G1 is gently sinuous or straight, the terminal segment is relatively short, ca. 0.23 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is gently curved outward in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B; whereas the G1 is sinuous, the terminal segment is relatively short, ca. 0.21 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is curved outward in L. crenulifera, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23); (3) the dorsal fold of the G1 terminal segment is relatively high, and extends along a quarter to three-quarters of the length of the terminal segment (versus the dorsal fold is low in L. bagoensis and L. crenulifera, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23; the dorsal fold extends to three-quarters of the length of the terminal segment in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B); and (4) the G1 subterminal segment is slender, the upper part of the inner margin is gently convex (versus the upper part of the inner margin is convex in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B; the upper part of the inner margin is slightly concave in L. crenulifera, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23).

Lobothelphusa thewanica, new species (Figs. 4, 5, 6D–F, 7E–G) Material examined. Holotype: adult male (cw 31.44 mm, cl 26.14 mm, ch 15.38 mm, fw 10.96 mm), NNU16-BG1, Thewa Township, Pegu Range, Bago Division, 18.492°N, 96.387°E, 53 m asl, Myanmar (Fig. 1 light blue), coll. B. Shi, 11 May 2019. Paratypes: adult male (cw 32.84 mm, cl 26.88 mm, ch 15.68 mm, fw 11.12 mm), NNU16-BG2; adult female (cw 29.26 mm, cl 25.69 mm, ch 14.73 mm, fw 11.24 mm), SEABRIBG3; adult male (cw 30.26 mm, cl 24.13 mm, ch 14.44 mm, fw 9.13 mm), SEABRI-BG4; juvenile (cw 28.61 mm, cl 23.57 mm, ch 13.67 mm, fw 8.78 mm), SEABRI-BG5; juvenile (cw 28.31 mm, cl 23.22 mm, ch 13.32 mm, fw 8.52 mm), SEABRI-BG6; Same location as holotype. Description. Carapace subquadrate, slightly broader than long (cw/cl = 1.20; ch/cl = 0.58); dorsal surface smooth, gently swollen longitudinally and transversely; regions indistinct, cervical grooves developed, shallow, H-shaped groove well-developed (Fig. 4A). Epigastric cristae low, distinct, slightly rugose, separated by groove which opens up into inverted Y-shaped gap posteriorly, distinctly positioned anterior to postorbital cristae, separated from postorbital cristae by distinct narrow groove; postorbital cristae distinct, sinuous, slightly oblique, sharp, confluent with the first epibranchial teeth; regions behind epigastric and postorbital cristae smooth (Fig. 4A). Frontal margin slightly concave (fw/cw = 0.38), with very low, rounded granules; frontal region broad longitudinally (Fig. 4A). Antennular fossae rectangular when viewed from front; supraorbital margin sinuous, cristate; infraorbital margin sinuous, sloping downward, cristate; orbital region relatively broad; suborbital and pterygostomial regions granulose; eyes filling up most of orbital space; eyestalk short, stout; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Fig. 4C). External orbital angle well-developed, triangular, tip acute, outer margin convex, margins cristate, with deep cleft separating it from anterolateral margins; anterolateral margins gently convex, each with four prominent epibranchial teeth; epibranchial teeth 1–4 progressively smaller, tips directed anterolaterally, base of each tooth slightly broad; first and second epibranchial teeth distinctly broader; third and fourth epibranchial teeth slender; posterolateral margin sinuous; posterior carapace margin gently convex or straight; branchial region without oblique striae (Fig. 4A). Posterior margin of epistome with well-developed, triangular median tooth, lateral margins straight (Fig. 4C). Third maxilliped glabrous; ischium of third maxilliped rectangular, elongate longitudinally, ca. 0.65 times length of width, without median sulcus; merus squarish, ca. 1.52 times length of width; exopod reaching half-length of merus, with well-developed flagellum (Figs. 4B, C, 5A). Chelipeds asymmetrical, glabrous, major chela distinctly larger; dorsal surface smooth; merus with well-developed subdistal spine on dorsal margin; carpus with strong, welldeveloped spine on inner distal angle; inner distal angle sinuous (Fig. 4A–C). Fingers of major chela with numerous teeth of different size, large gape when finger closed; fingers of minor chela similar to major chela; fingers slightly curved, equal in length to palm; palm longer than high; inner and outer surfaces inflated (Fig. 4A–D). Ambulatory legs relatively long, slender, p3 longest, p5 shortest; p5 propodus relatively stouter than p2–p4 propodi; dactylus slightly curved, equal in length to propodus, with short, sharp chitinous spines on margins; outer edges with thick spongy tomentum (Fig. 4A, B, E). Male thoracic sternum smooth; thoracic sternites s1/s2 completely fused; suture between thoracic sternites s2/ s3 distinct; thoracic sternites s3/s4 fused, groove between sternites not discernible; sutures between thoracic sternites s4/s5, s5/s6, s6/s7, s7/s8 shallow, narrow (Fig. 4B, F, H). Pleonal locking mechanism with distinct, anteriorly directed tubercle on submedian part of sternite s5 (Fig. 4H). Narrow transverse ridge at the suture between thoracic sternites s7/ s8 that interrupts the median line (Fig. 4H, I). Male pleon narrowly triangular; telson with blunt apex and concave lateral margins, ca. 0.79 times length of width; somite 6 trapezoidal, ca. 2.12 times length of width, lateral margins straight; somites 4–6 trapezoidal, progressively less broad; lateral margins of somites 4–6 straight; lateral margins of somite 3 distinctly convex; suture between somites 5/4, 4/3 distinctly sinuous; somite 3 broader than somites 1 and 2 longitudinally; somite 2 longitudinally broader than somite 1; somite 1 longitudinally narrow (Fig. 4B, F); Female pleon ovate, covering the thoracic sternites when closed; telson broadly subtriangular, much broader than long, with slightly convex lateral margins; somites 5 longest, broader than long, with convex lateral margins; somites 4 and 6 almost equal; somites 1–3 progressively longer (Fig. 4G). G1 slightly sinuous, slender, tip of terminal segment situated adjacent to pleonal locking structure in situ (Figs. 4H, 5B, C, 6D, E); groove for G2 on ventral surface; terminal segment relatively short, conical in shape, tip acute, distal part slightly curved outward, ca. 0.29 times length of subterminal segment; dorsal fold relatively high, extending along one-quarter to three-quarters of terminal segment, with rounded apex in medial position; subterminal segment gently convex on upper part of inner margin (Figs. 5B, C, 6D, E). G2 length equal to length of G1; distal segment long, ca. 0.48 times length of basal segment (Figs. 5D, 6F). Vulvae on sternite 6, semicircular, occupying ca. 0.50 times the length of the thoracic sternite 6, almost reaching suture between thoracic sternites s4/s5 (Fig. 4I). Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, the township of Thewa, in the Pegu Range, Bago Division, Myanmar. Colour in life. The adult animals are olive green dorsally with the ventral surfaces yellow. The chelipeds and ambulatory legs are pale yellow. The black colouration seen in the photographs is due to the black sediment that has strongly adhered to the exoskeleton. The thick spongy tomentum of the ambulatory legs is usually brown (Figs. 4, 7F, G). Ecological note. Individuals were collected under stones and the layers of fallen leaves in the river or on its banks; the substrate consists mainly of stones and rocky rubble (Fig. 7E). Remarks. The new species fits well within the morphological definition of the genus Lobothelphusa, particularly the flat carapace with indistinct dorsal regions, the third maxilliped ischium without a median sulcus, and the anterior margins of the ambulatory carpi, propodi, and dactyli with a thick spongy tomentum. Lobothelphusa thewanica, new species, is similar to L. bagoensis, new species, and L. crenulifera in the morphology of the postorbital cristae and the G1, but markedly distinct in some characters: (1) the carapace is subquadrate, the outer margin of the external orbital angle is convex, the epigastric cristae are positioned distinctly anterior to the postorbital cristae, and the third and fourth epibranchial teeth are slender (Fig. 4A) (versus the carapace is subtrapezoidal, the epigastric cristae are gently anterior or parallel to the postorbital cristae, and the third and fourth epibranchial teeth are stout in L. bagoensis and L. crenulifera, Fig. 2A, cf. Rathbun, 1905: pl. 12, fig. 11; Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23, pl. 45, fig. 21; the outer margin of the external orbital angle is more pronouncedly convex in L. bagoensis, Fig. 2A); (2) the G1 is slightly sinuous, with the terminal segment proportionately longer, ca. 0.29 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is slightly curved outward (Figs. 5B, C, 6D, E) (versus the G1 is gently sinuous or straight, the terminal segment is relatively short, ca. 0.23 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is gently curved outward in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B; whereas the G1 is sinuous, the terminal segment is relatively short, ca. 0.21 times length of the subterminal segment, and the distal part is curved outward in L. crenulifera, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23); (3) the dorsal fold of the G1 terminal segment is relatively high, and extends along a quarter to three-quarters of the length of the terminal segment (versus the dorsal fold is low in L. bagoensis and L. crenulifera, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23; the dorsal fold extends to three-quarters of the length of the terminal segment in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B); and (4) the G1 subterminal segment is slender, the upper part of the inner margin is gently convex (versus the upper part of the inner margin is convex in L. bagoensis, Figs. 3D, E, 6A, B; the upper part of the inner margin is slightly concave in L. crenulifera, cf. Bott, 1970: pl. 38, fig. 23)., Published as part of Shi, Boyang, Chen, Xiaoyong & Sun, Hongying, 2022, On two new species of the genus Lobothelphusa Bouvier, 1917 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae: Potaminae) from the Pegu Range, central Myanmar, pp. 65-79 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on pages 71-74, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0005, http://zenodo.org/record/7174695, {"references":["Rathbun MJ (1905) Les crabes d'eau douce (Potamonidae). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 4, 7: 159 - 322.","Bott R (1970) Die Susswasserkrabben von Europa, Asien, Australien und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 526: 1 - 338."]}

Esanthelphusa kayinensis sp. nov. (Figures 2���4) Material examined Holotype male (adult), 31.58 �� 25.34 mm, NNU16C-PA1, Hpa-An Township, Kayin State, Myanmar, 17.041��N, 97.755��E, 23.5 m altitude, coll. Boyang Shi, 4 May 2019. Paratypes Female (adult), 29.65 �� 24.49 mm, NNU16C-PA2; male (adult), 29.26 �� 23.98 mm, SEABRIPA3; same data as holotype. Diagnosis Carapace subhexagonal; dorsal surface strongly inflated; regions indistinct; cervical grooves narrow and shallow, not reaching level of postorbital cristae; H-shaped grooves distinct. Anterolateral margins convex, with three prominent epibranchial teeth (Figure 2 (a)). Epigastric cristae well developed, sharp; postorbital cristae developed, rugose, straight (Figure 2 (a)). External orbital angle broadly triangular, outer margin gently convex (Figure 2 (a)). Frontal margin almost straight, cristate (Figure 2 (a)). Supraorbital and infraorbital margins sinuous, subcristate; orbital region relatively broad (Figure 2 (c)). Suborbital and pterygostomial regions partly with strong granules (Figure 2 (c)). Epistome anterior margin with low median triangle (Figure 2 (c)). Eyes relatively small compared to orbital space (Figure 2 (c)). Antennular fossae rectangular in frontal view (Figure 2 (c)). Third maxilliped generally glabrous; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, with deep, broad, longitudinal medial sulcus; exopod long, exceeding upper edge of merus, straight, with well-developed flagellum, longer than merus width (Figure 3 (a)). Chelipeds unequal, major (left) chela distinctly larger (Figure 2 (a���d)). Ambulatory legs relatively slender, shorter than chelae, glabrous, generally smooth (Figure 2 (a,b)). Pleon T-shaped, with strongly concave lateral margins (Figure 2 (b,e)). G1 distally strongly bent outwards; distal half cylindrical, abruptly narrow, strongly bent; tip acute, gently hooked, directed obliquely outwards (Figure 2 (b,c,e,f). G2 distal segment very short, slender, tapering (Figure 2 (d)). Description of holotype Carapace subhexagonal, broader than long (cw/cl = ca. 1.3), relatively high (ch/cl = ca. 0.6); dorsal surface strongly inflated, glabrous, with numerous punctation; regions indistinct; cervical grooves narrow and shallow, not reaching level of postorbital cristae; H-shaped grooves distinct; branchial regions smooth, inflated; metabranchial region laterally with distinct oblique striae (Figure 2 (a)). Anterolateral margins convex, with three prominent epibranchial teeth, tip of each tooth acute; epibranchial teeth stocky, progressively smaller, each tooth with broad base and acute tip; first and second teeth directed anteriorly; third epibranchial tooth directed anterolaterally (Figure 2 (a)). Epigastric cristae well developed, sharp, smooth, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae, separated from latter by shallow groove and from each other by distinct, long, posteriorly bifurcated mesogastric groove; postorbital cristae developed, rugose, straight, sloping posteriorly, not reaching margin (Figure 2 (a)). External orbital angle broadly triangular, outer margin gently convex, ca. 2�� length of inner margin, separated from first epibranchial tooth by triangular cleft (Figure 2 (a)). Frontal region gently convex, smooth; frontal margin almost straight, cristate (fw/cw = ca. 0.3) (Figure 2 (a)). Supraorbital and infraorbital margins sinuous, subcristate; orbital region relatively broad, with dense setae (Figure 2 (c)). Suborbital and pterygostomial regions partly with strong granules (Figure 2 (c)). Epistome anterior margin with low median triangle, posterior margin with well-developed, triangular median lobe, posterolateral margins sloping downward with gentle arch (Figure 2 (c)). Eyes relatively small compared to orbital space; eye stalk short, stout, medially strongly concave; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Figure 2 (c)). Antennular fossae rectangular in frontal view (Figure 2 (c)). Third maxilliped generally glabrous; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad (length ca. 1.7�� width), proximal part distinctly tapered, with deep, broad, longitudinal medial sulcus; merus subovate, broader than long (length ca. 0.7�� width), subequal to half of ischium length, with concave outer surface and smooth margins; exopod long, reaching up to half length of merus, straight, tapering distally, inner margin distally produced as tooth, with well-developed flagellum, longer than merus width (Figure 3 (a)). Chelipeds unequal, major (left) chela distinctly larger; outer surfaces of merus, carpus and palm generally smooth (Figure 2 (a���d)). Major chela with four or five large, rounded teeth, remaining teeth smaller, small gape when fingertips in contact; fingers gently curved, subequal to palm length, with hooked, overlapping tips; palm longer than high, with gently inflated, smooth inner and outer surfaces; carpus with narrow, obliquely directed, sharp subdistal spine on inner margin; merus with subterminal spine (Figure 2 (a,d)). Ambulatory legs relatively slender, shorter than chelae, glabrous, generally smooth; merus with subterminal spine, anterior margin rugose; dactylus gently recurved, elongated, ca. 5.1�� longer than proximal width, relatively longer than propodus, ca. 1.2�� as long as propodus in fourth ambulatory leg (Figure 2 (a,b)). Suture between thoracic sternites 1 and 2 completely fused (Figure 2 (b)); suture between thoracic sternites 2 and 3 sinuous, deep, broad, reaching lateral margins (Figure 2 (b)); suture between thoracic sternites 3 and 4 shallow and narrow (Figure 2 (b, e)); thoracic sternites 4 and 5 medially uninterrupted (Figure 2 (g)); thoracic sternites 6 and 7 medially interrupted by longitudinal groove, with transverse ridge at suture separating the two sternites (Figure 2 (g)). Sterno-pleonal cavity reaching beyond imaginary line joining anterior edge of cheliped coxae (Figure 2 (b,g)). Pleon T-shaped, with strongly concave lateral margins; pleonal somites 1, 2 shorter than somite 3; pleonal somites 3���5 trapezoidal, lateral margins convex in somites 3, 5 and gently concave in somite 4, proximal margin sinuous in somites 4 and 5; pleonal somite 6 distally broad and proximally narrow, distal margin ca. 1.2 �� wider than proximal margin, proximal margin almost straight, lateral margins strongly concave (Figure 2 (b,e)). Telson tongue shaped, subequal in length to pleonal somite 6, proximal margin sinuous, lateral margins concave, apex rounded (Figure 2 (b,e)). G1 distally strongly bent outwards; terminal and subterminal segments not separable; distal half cylindrical, abruptly narrow, strongly bent, appearing sinuous, with tip acute, gently hooked, directed obliquely outwards; proximal half stocky, strongly expanded, appearing suborbicular, outer margin with distinct, broad shelf, inner margin convex, lacking shelf (Figure 2 (b,c,e,f). G2 distal segment very short, slender, tapering; basal segment with expanded outer margin (Figure 2 (d)). Paratypes Female pleon is subovate, and covers entire thoracic sternites when closed (Figure 2 (f)). Pleonal somites distinctly broader than long, with convex lateral margins; pleonal somite 1 is the shortest; pleonal somites 1���3 are progressively longer; pleonal somites 4 and 5 are almost equal in length; pleonal somite 6 is the longest (Figure 2 (f)). Female telson is broadly triangular, much broader than long, with gently convex lateral margins (Figure 2 (d,f)). Female vulvae located on the thoracic sternite 6 are orbicular in shape, and each vulva occupies ca. 0.4�� the length of the thoracic sternite 6, close to the suture between the thoracic sternite 5 and 6 (Figure 2 (h)). The male specimens on hand show no substantial variation in the key characters of the species discussed above. Etymology Esanthelphusa kayinensis sp. nov. is named after the type locality. Colour in life Crabs are dark purplish brown on dorsal surface and relatively paler on ventral surface, with pale yellow thoracic sternites (Figures 2 (a���c, e���h, 4(a, b))). Ecological notes Esanthelphusa kayinensis sp. nov. was found to dwell inside shallow muddy burrows (up to 50 cm depth) along stream margins adjacent to rice fields and wetlands (Figure 4 (c)). Remarks The new species most resembles E. dugasti and E. nimoafi in many features of the carapace and G1. Esanthelphusa kayinensis sp. nov. is nevertheless distinguished from them by the following diagnostic characters: (i) the distal half of the G1 strongly bent but appears sinuous (Figure 3 (b,c,e,f)) (G1 distal half medially strongly bent at right angle from the longitudinal axis in E. dugasti and E. nimoafi; cf. Yeo 2004, figs. 2B, C, 5C, D, I���K); (ii) the G1 tip is acute, gently hooked and directed obliquely outwards (Figure 3 (b,c,e,f)) [vs the G1 tip broadly tapered, relatively less strongly hooked and directed downwards to obliquely outwards in E. dugasti (cf. Yeo 2004, fig. 2B���E); vs the G1 tip acute, relatively more strongly hooked and directed downwards to obliquely inwards in E.nimoafi (cf. Yeo 2004, fig. 5C���F,I��� K)]. The new species, E. kayinensis sp. nov., also differs from E. dugasti and E. nimoafi by the third maxilliped, which has a proximally more strongly tapered ischium and a subovate merus (vs third maxilliped with a proximally less strongly tapered ischium and a subrectangular merus in E. nimoafi and E. dugasti; cf. Yeo 2004, figs 2A, 5B). Furthermore, E. kayinensis sp. nov. can be differentiated from E. nimoafi by the anterolaterally directed third epibranchial tooth (Figure 2 (a)) (vs third epibranchial tooth anteriorly directed; cf. Yeo 2004, fig. 5A) and the broadly triangular external orbital angle (Figure 2 (a)) (vs external orbital angle acutely triangular; cf. Yeo 2004, fig. 5A). Among the other known species of Esanthelphusa, only E. chiangmai and E. phetchaburi resemble E. kayinensis sp. nov. in that both possess a distally hooked G1 (Figure 3 (b,c,e,f); cf. Ng and Naiyanetr 1993, figs 66B, C, F, G, 67B���F). The tip of the G1 is gently hooked and directed obliquely outwards in E. kayinensis sp. nov. (Figure 3 (b,c,e,f)), whereas the G1 tip is strongly hooked and directed obliquely inwards in E. chiangmai and E. phetchaburi (cf. Ng and Naiyanetr 1993, figs 66B, C, F, G, 67B���F). The relatively high and more acute epibranchial teeth separate E. kayinensis sp. nov. (Figure 2 (a)) from E. chiangmai and E. phetchaburi, which have relatively low and less acute epibranchial teeth (cf. Ng and Naiyanetr 1993, figs 31, 32). In biogeographical distribution, E. kayinensis sp. nov. is the first record of the genus Esanthelphusa species from Myanmar. Esanthelphusa chiangmai, being found in northern Thailand, is geographically closest to this new species (compared to E. dugasti and E. nimoafi in northeastern Thailand and E. phetchaburi in southern Thailand). Geographic distribution The new species is only known from the type locality, Hpa-An Township, Kayin, Myanmar, Kayin State, Myanmar (Figure 1). Phylogenetic analyses The phylogenetic tree based on 16S produced similar gene tree topologies and congruently revealed three well-supported monophyletic clades, identified here as clades A, B, or C (Figure 5). The gecarcinucid species analysed here are mainly categorised into three clades [clade C + (clade A + clade B)]: clade A consists of species from Oceania (shown in blue in Figure 5) and the Southeast Asia islands (shown in yellow in Figure 5); clade B includes mainly those species occurring in China and the adjacent Indochina Peninsula (shown in orange in Figure 5); and clade C comprises species from the Indian Peninsula (shown in green in Figure 5). The phylogenetic tree indicates that E. kayinensis sp. nov. clusters together with E. dugasti as a sister species with strong support (Bayesian posterior probabilitie / bootstrap values, BPP/BS = 0.98/98). The minimum K2P genetic distance between E. kayinensis sp. nov. and its congener E. dugasti is 2.59 �� 0.77% (Table 2), which is larger than the average genetic distance among congeneric species of the sister genus, Somanniathelphusa Bott, 1968, in clade B (1.44 �� 0.46%, range 0.21���2.16%), but lower than the average genetic distance among the phylogenetically close genus, Sayamia Naiyanetr, 1994 (2.93 �� 0.67%, range 1.29��� 4.43%) (Table 2)., Published as part of Shi, Boyang, Chen, Xiaoyong, Pan, Da & Sun, Hongying, 2021, First record of the freshwater crab genus Esanthelphusa Naiyanetr, 1994 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from Myanmar, with the description of a new species from the Kayin State, pp. 2299-2312 in Journal of Natural History 55 (35 - 36) on pages 2301-2310, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1983059, http://zenodo.org/record/5767602, {"references":["Yeo DCJ. 2004. A new species of Esanthelphusa (Crustacea: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae) from Laos, and a redescription of Potamon (Parathelphusa) dugasti rathbun, 1902. Raffles Bull Zool. 52: 219 - 226.","Ng PKL, Naiyanetr P. 1993. New and recently described freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae, Gecarcinucidae and Parathelphusidae) from Thailand. Zool Verh. 284: 1 - 117.","Naiyanetr P. 1994. On three new genera of Thai ricefield crabs allied to Somanniathelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Raffles Bull Zool. 42: 695 - 700."]}

Luo, Zhaojun, Chen, Xiaoyong (2020): Exostoma dulongensis a new glyptosternine catfish from the Irrawaddy basin Yunnan, China (Siluriformes: Sisoridae). Zootaxa 4802 (1): 99-110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4802.1.6

Karstodiaptomus sheni n. gen., n. sp. (Figs. 2���4) Type locality. A pool in Dadong Cave (coordinates of the entrance: 24�� 50' 54.95'' N; 104�� 23'39.90'' E; altitude 1451 m), Agou Village, Luoping County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China. Material examined. Holotype (male) total length 820 ��m (KIZ-CR-2012001); collected from type locality on 12 Sept. 2012 by Shusen Shu and Guihua Cui; dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol. Allotype (female) total length 970 ��m (KIZ-CR-2012002); collected on same date and locality as holotype; dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol. Paratypes: 2 males (KIZ-CR-2012003, 2012004); male 2012003 dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol; 12 females (KIZ-CR-2012005-16); female 2012005 dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol; all paratypes collected on the same date and locality as the holotype and allotype; 12 paratypes preserved in 95% ethanol. Description of female. Body length, from forehead margin to posterior margin of caudal rami, 760���1010 ��m; mean body length 900 ��m; mean prosome length 640 ��m; mean urosome length 270 ��m (n= 12). Body slender, with maximum width near middle of Pd1 (Fig. 2 A). Rostrum represented by pair of soft, finger-like filaments, pointed backward (Fig. 2 B). Pd4���Pd5 fused, except lateral margins. Pd5 with moderately developed asymmetrical lobes; left lobe distinctly slender than right one, triangular, with 1lateral sensillum; right lobe without sensillum. Urosome of 3 free somites. Genital double-somite slightly longer than following 2 urosomites combined; asymmetrical, anterior part only slightly curved, with distinct invagination at posterior part (Fig. 2 C). Right side slightly dilated, with a minute spine at 1/2 length of its margin. Urosomite 2 short, asymmetrical; left margin longer than right. Urosomite 3 (anal somite) sub-quadrate, longer than urosomite 2. Caudal rami symmetrical; each ramus about 2 times as long as wide, with medial and lateral margins smooth. Anterior lateral seta (I) not discernible; setae II���VI plumose on distal half; length of all setae subequal except outer one (II; about 80% of length of others). Dorsal seta (VII) inserted on medial distal corner of caudal ramus, as long as longest terminal seta, smooth. Antennule with 25 discernible segments (Fig. 2 D), reaching distal margin of anal somite (Fig 2 A). Seta on segment 1 short, not reaching distal margin of segment 2. Longest setae on segments 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21���25. Armature per segment as follows (Arabic numbers���discernible segments; numbers in brackets: s���number of setae, Sp���spine, A���aesthetasc): I(1s), II (3s + A), III(1s), IV(1s), V(1s + A), VI(1s), VII(1s), VIII(1s + Sp), IX(2s + A), X(1s), XI(1s), XII(1s + Sp + A), XIII(1s), XIV(1s + A), XV(1s), XVI(1s + A), XVII(1s), XVIII(1s), XIX(1s + A), XX(1s), XXI(1s), XXII(1s + Sp), XXIII(2s), XXIV(2s), XXV(4s). Antenna (Fig. 2 E) with Exp as long as Enp; coxa with 1 seta; basis with 2 smooth setae. Enp 2-segmented; Enp-1 with 2 short setae at 1/2 length of segment; Enp-2 with 2 lobes distally, proximal (inner) lobe with 7 setae increasing in length from anterior to posterior; 7 long setae apically, 1 long seta subapically. Exp 7-segmented; Exp-1 with 1, Exp-2 with 3 and Exp-3 to Exp-6 each with 1 seta laterally. Exp-7 with 1 laterally and 3 setae apically. Mandible (Fig. 2 F) basis with 4 setae, proximal 2 setae longest, uni-pinnate. Exp 4-segmented, with 1, 1, 1, 3 setae. Enp 2-segmented; Enp-1 with 4 setae, equal in length; Enp-2 with 7 setae apically, similar in length; gnathal lobe with 6 small teeth and strong outermost tooth. Maxillule (Fig. 2 G) well developed; praecoxal arthrite with 9 setae (proximal 2 longer and plumose), with 4 setae submarginally; epipod of coxa with 5 setae: 2 smooth, short and 3 plumose, long; coxal endite with 1 seta; basal endite small, with 6 setae; Exp fused, with 6 setae distally; Enp fused, with 4 setae laterally and 9 distal setae apically. Maxilla (Fig. 2 H) small, praecoxal endites separated, with 3 and 2 long setae, respectively; coxal endites with 2 and 2 long setae; basis with 1 short and 2 long setae; Enp 2-segmented: Enp-1 with 2 setae; Enp-2 with 4 setae, apical one very short. Maxilliped (Fig. 2 I) well developed; syncoxa with 4 lobes, with 1, 2, 3, 4 setae, unequal in length. Basis with 3 setae along distal margin and a row of slender spinules (about 9, n = 2) anteriorly. Enp 6-segmented; segments 1 and 2 completely separated, setal formula: 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5. P1���P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp; P4 with 3-segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp (Fig. 3 A���D). P2 Enp without Schmeil���s organ. Coxa and basis without setae. Armature formula of P1���P4 as follows (Roman numerals���spine; Arabic numerals���setae; lateral-medial, lateral-apical-medial): Exopodite Endopodite Segments 1 2 3 1 2 P 1 I-1 I- 3-2 - 0-1 0-2-2 P 2 I-1 I- 2-4 - 0-1 0-3-2 P 3 I-1 I- 3-3 - 0-1 0-2-3 P 4 I-1 I- 1 I-3-2 0-1 0-2-3 P5 (Fig. 3 E) slightly asymmetrical. Coxa as long as wide, with well-developed hyaline membrane along 3/4 of lateral distal margin; small spine in medial distal corner. Basis narrower than coxa, without seta. Exp-1 about 2 times as long as wide, with smooth margins. Basal region of Exp-2 as long as wide, prolonged into robust claw-like apophysis on medial corner, as long as Exp-1; short seta at 1/2 length of lateral margin of Exp-2. Exp-3 reduced; represented with 1 spine and short seta at the distal lateral corner of Exp-2. Enp 1-segmented; right one slightly shorter than Exp-1, with no armature; left one as long as Exp-1, with long seta subterminally. Egg sac (Fig. 2 A) with 6 relatively large eggs. Description of male. Body length from forehead margin to posterior margin of caudal rami, 810���890 ��m; mean body length: 840 ��m; mean prosome length: 584 ��m; mean urosome length: 281��m (n= 3). Body slender, with widest part at anterior portion of cephalothorax (Fig. 4 A). Rostrum as in female. Pd2���Pd4 incompletely separated; Pd4���Pd5 completely fused; Pd5 with moderately developed, asymmetrical wings; left with 2 sensilla; right with 1 sensillum. Urosome with 5 somites. Genital somite wider than long, slightly asymmetrical, left margin a little concave; with 1 spine on right margin distally. Caudal rami about 2.8 times as long as wide, medial and lateral margins smooth. Anterior lateral seta (I) not discernible/reduced. Setae II���VI sub-equal in length; plumose at distal half. Dorsal seta (VII) articulated, smooth, half of length of seta VI. Left antennule with 25 discernible segments, extending up to end of caudal rami. Right antennule with 23 discernible segment, geniculation between segments 18 and 19; with long setae on segments 7, 8,14, 16; aesthetascs on segments 5, 8, 14; small spines on segments 7, 9,10, 12, 13, 15; spine on segment 13 longest (Fig. 4 B). Segments 17���19 with 1, 1, 2 long spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Segments 13���16 slightly dilated. Antenna, mouthparts, P1���P4 as in female. Left P5 (Fig. 4 C) short, reaching middle of Exp-2 of right leg. Coxa as long as wide, without coxal lobe or spine. Basis trapezoidal, smooth, without hyaline lamella or sensory seta. Exp-1 incurved, with field of short bristles on distal half of medial margin. Exp-2 small, almost triangular; medial margin with bristles; proximal half with longer and sparser bristles, distal half with shorter and denser ones. Terminal spine small, finger-like; outcurved piniform seta sun-terminally. Enp-1 1-segmented, reaching middle of Exp-2, finger-like, without armature. Coxa of right P5 (Figs. 4 C���D) as long as wide, with 1 spine on posterior corner. Basis wide, with a chitinous, triangular process at proximal medial corner; a hyaline lobe with a sturdy spine distally from triangular process. Exp-1 as long as wide, with large hyaline lobe on medial part of segment dorsally. Exp-2 elliptical, about 1.7 times as long as wide, medial margin only slightly convex; lateral margin slightly convex; small hyaline lobe with a short spine near anterior medial corner dorsally. Lateral spine long, straight, inserted at 3/4 of margin length, about 0.9 times as long as segment bearing it. End claw long, slightly curved, slender, smooth, about 2.6 times as long as outer lateral spine, tip curved outward. Endopodite 1-segmented, finger-like, long, reaching middle of Exp-2. Etymology. The generic name is a compound formed with the root of ���karst���, which is the habitat of the new genus, prefixed to the existing generic name. The gender is masculine. The specific name is an accusative adjective, dedicated to Prof. Chia-Jui Shen, an excellent Chinese specialist on Copepoda and editor-in-chief of the book Crustacea: Freshwater Copepoda in a series of Fauna Sinica., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Brancelj, Anton, Chen, Feizhou, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2017, A new freshwater stygobiotic calanoid (Copepoda: Speodiaptominae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4290 (1) on pages 194-197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/828887

Genus: Karstodiaptomus n. gen. Diagnosis of the genus. Body transparent in live specimens and white when preserved in alcohol; body length about 1 mm; body shape typical for Diaptomidae; eye not discernible. Antennule with 25 discernible segments in female, 23 in right prehensile antennule in male. Segments 13–16 in male right antennule only slightly widened; segments 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 with 1 spine each, segment 19 with 2 spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Rostrum well developed in both sexes, with 2 finger-like projections. Pd4–Pd5 incompletely fused in female and in Pd2–Pd4 of male. Lateral wings of Pd 5 in both sexes moderately developed, with 1 sensillum on left side in female; 2 sensilla on left and 1 on right side in male. Urosome in female asymmetrical, with 3 discernible somites; 5-segmented in male. P1–P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp, P4 with 3- segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp. Number of setae on P1–P4 Exp-2 as: 5, 6, 6, 5. P5 Exp- 2 in female modified into beak-like extension, smooth; Exp-3 reduced, represented by 1 spine and 1 seta; Enp 1-segmented, long. Endclaw of P5 Exp-2 on right leg in male long, slender; Enp on right leg 1-segmented, long; Exp-2 on left leg short, with short process apically.

Genus: Karstodiaptomus n. gen. Diagnosis of the genus. Body transparent in live specimens and white when preserved in alcohol; body length about 1 mm; body shape typical for Diaptomidae; eye not discernible. Antennule with 25 discernible segments in female, 23 in right prehensile antennule in male. Segments 13���16 in male right antennule only slightly widened; segments 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 with 1 spine each, segment 19 with 2 spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Rostrum well developed in both sexes, with 2 finger-like projections. Pd4���Pd5 incompletely fused in female and in Pd2���Pd4 of male. Lateral wings of Pd 5 in both sexes moderately developed, with 1 sensillum on left side in female; 2 sensilla on left and 1 on right side in male. Urosome in female asymmetrical, with 3 discernible somites; 5-segmented in male. P1���P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp, P4 with 3- segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp. Number of setae on P1���P4 Exp-2 as: 5, 6, 6, 5. P5 Exp- 2 in female modified into beak-like extension, smooth; Exp-3 reduced, represented by 1 spine and 1 seta; Enp 1-segmented, long. Endclaw of P5 Exp-2 on right leg in male long, slender; Enp on right leg 1-segmented, long; Exp-2 on left leg short, with short process apically., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Brancelj, Anton, Chen, Feizhou, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2017, A new freshwater stygobiotic calanoid (Copepoda: Speodiaptominae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4290 (1) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/828887

Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers, and Dumont, 2000 (Figs 1 and 2) Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers, and Dumont, 2000; Sanoamuang et al., 2007; Dararat et al., 2012; Sornsupharp et al., 2013; Rogers et al., 2013; Rogers and Padhye, 2014. Material examined. China: Yunnan, Luxi County: Laogantang temporary pond, 24 36 ' 07.05" N, 103 42 ' 33.88 " E, 5 males, 6 females, total body length 23.1 to 30.8 mm, September 2008, S.S. Shu legit. Chongzuo City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Ecology Park, swamp for white-headed langur, 22 16 ' 22.13 " N, 107 30 ' 54.87 " E, 7 males, 6 females, total body length 20.4 to 23.3 mm, August 2009, M. Hou legit. Thailand: Maha Sarakham: aquaculture pond, 16 �� 15 ��� 56.50 ������ N, 103 ��08��� 27.65 ������ E, 10 males, 8 females, August 2012, S.S. Shu legit. Diagnosis. Male. Frontal appendage simple and short. First antenna filiform, second antenna well developed (Fig. 1 B). Distal antennomere with distinct basomedial outgrowth (wart) (Fig. 1 C). Proximal antennomere with stout distomedial outgrowth, consisting of a cylindrical, robust, bigeniculated peduncle of the long type (sensu Maeda- Martinez et al. 1995), terminating in a scleroid cheliform structure (hand) (Fig. 1 B); peduncle without pulvinus, with three to five dorsobasal fleshy processes with their ventral surfaces bearing longitudinal rows of papillae (Fig. 1 B); peduncle inflexion lateral side with longitudinal row of 9 to 14 slender conical processes (Fig. 1 B, C); medial side with longitudinal row of triangular protuberances (Fig. 1 C). Posterior ramus (so called ���finger in Maeda-Martinez et al. 1995) biramous and longer than anterior ramus (so called thumb in Maeda-Martinez et al. 1995); posterior ramus with a dorsolateral (lower) sickle-shaped subramus, that is curved dorsally, sharply keeled over most of length, with apical third bearing an undulating free margin; posterior ramus with medial (upper) subramus with small rounded protuberances along dorsal margin, with two apical additional subramium equal in length bearing few small rounded protuberances (Fig. 1 B; Fig. 2 A, B, C); spur of thumb broad basally, apically subacuminate (Fig. 2 E, F). Genitalia with lateral linguiform outgrowths, and tubular gonopods ventrally projected with a spinulated medial appendix (Fig. 1 D), basal parts not rigid, non-retractile. Cercopods setose. Female. Ovaries uniramous; brood pouch elongate and fusiform; eggs spherical, ornamented by ribs forming polygonal areas (Fig. 1 E). Cercopods setose. Distribution. Streptocephalus sirindhornae is reported from Thailand (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), southern Laos, and central Cambodia (Rogers et al., 2013), and now China (this study) (Fig. 1 A). Streptocephalus sirindhornae occurs in Yunnan, Luxi County, at an altitude of 1,791 ma.s.l; at the time of the field collection in this site water was turbid, temperature 22.8 ��C, pH 8.3, and dissolved oxygen 5.5 mg /L. The species also occurs in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in an Ecology Park at 169 ma.s.l. The materials from these two locations represent the first records of the family, genus and species in China, and document their northern and easternmost distributional range in South East Asia. Comments.The Chinese Streptocephalus material corresponds to the description of S. sirindhornae, in having the main diagnostic characters described by Sanoamuang et al. (2000): (1) second antenna proximal antennomere (���basal joint) with a basal projection (���wart) (Fig. 2 C); (2) the form of the antennal appendage (peduncle and���hand); the form of the gonopods (Fig. 2 B); and (3) egg morphology (Fig. 2 E). Conversely, the total body length of the specimens from China (23.1 to 30.8 mm of Yunnan specimens, and 20.4 to 23.3 mm of Guangxi specimens), is longer than those from the type locality (14.2 to 17.7 mm) (Sanoamuang et al., 2000). The variation range of the number of slender conical processes located at the lateral side of the antennal peduncle inflexion (Fig. 1 B) were originally reported as from 10 to 12 (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), whereas in our material they were from 9 to 10 in material from Yunnan, and 12 to 14 in material from Guangxi (Fig. 1 B). The original description reported the distal antennomere (slender processes) on both sides of the peduncle inflexion (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), however the specimens we examined from Thailand and China had these processes on the lateral side only. The triangular protuberances located at the medial side of the antennal peduncle (Fig. 1 C) are present in all specimens from Thailand and China. Their number and size are variable among individuals, even in the same population. Such triangular protuberances were not mentioned in the original description of the species. As in Streptocephalus dichotomus Baird, 1860, we confirm that the basal lateral side of the thumb in S. sirindhornae has a well developed hollow (Sanoamuang et al., 2000) (Fig. 1 B). The fingers of S. dichotomus and S. sirindhornae were shown by Sanoamuang et al. (2000) with a depression on the ventral margin near to the confluence of the two rami. This depression is deeper in the material from Thailand, than in material from Yunnan and Guangxi (Fig. 2 G-I). The two apical subrami of posterior ramus is unequal in the material from Thailand and Guangxi but subequal from Yunnan (Fig. 2 A-C).The spur of the anterior ramus was described as broadly knife shaped, not constricted apically (Sanoamuang et al., 2000); the spur in specimens from Thailand and Yunnan fits the original description (Fig. 2 D, E), however the Guangxi specimens bear a triangular spur (Fig. 2 F). Phenotypic plasticity in inter- and intra-populations is an important adaptation in response to variable environments and predators (Cohen, 2012). Based on the morphological differences, the populations of S. sirindhornae from Maha Sarakham in Thailand, and Yunnan and Guangxi in China show phenotypic plasticity possibly related to environmental differences. The new records extend the known distribution range of S. sirindhornae in altitude (up to 1791 ma.s.l.), and in eastern and northern latitudes, from tropical Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia to temperate zones in China. The fairy shrimp S. sirindhornae contains high levels of protein (Dararat et al., 2012), and is widely cultured commercially in aquaculture farms as live food for freshwater ornamental fish and prawns (Sornsupharp et al., 2013).The species was imported to China in 2011 in Xiamen City, Fujian Province as an ornamental pet named the ���Queen Fairy Shrimp(http://konglongxia.ywbb.com). The morphological variation of the Chinese populations here reported may help researchers to distinguish between natural and introduced forms. FIGURE. 2. Details of the second antenna of Streptocephalus sirindhornae. A, D, G, male from Maha Sarakham, Thailand. B, E, H, male from Yunnan, China. C, F, I, male from Guangxi, China. A, B, C, distal part of medial (upper) subramus of the posterior ramus showing rounded protuberances and the two apical subrami unequal in length. D, E, F, lateral view of the spur of thumb. G, H, I, lateral view of the right posterior ramus showing the depression on the ventral margin near to the confluence of the two rami., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Maeda-Martinez, Alejandro M., Rogers, D. Christopher, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2015, Morphological characterization of Streptocephalus sirindhornae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from South East Asia: First record of the Streptocephalidae from China, pp. 447-450 in Zootaxa 3911 (3) on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/236184, {"references":["Sanoamuang, L., Murugan, G., Weekers, P. H. & Dumont, H. J. (2000) Streptocephalus sirindornae, new species of freshwater fairy shrimp (Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 20, 559 - 565. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 20021975 - 99990073","Sanoamuang, L., Sanoamuang, N., Saengphan, N., Chusing, R., Athibai, S. & Lekchan, S. (2007) Species diversity and distribution of fairy shrimps in Thailand. KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, 19 pp.","Dararat, W., Lomthaisong, K. & Sanoamuang, L. (2012) Biochemical composition of three species of fairy shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 81 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724011 X 615352","Sornsupharp, S., Dahms, H. U. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Nutrient composition of fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae nauplii as live food and growth performance of giant freshwater prawn postlarvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19, 349 - 359.","Rogers, D. C., Thaimuangphol, W., Saengphan, N. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Current knowledge of the South East Asian large branchiopod Crustacea (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida). Journal of Limnology, 72 (S 2), 69 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2013. s 2. e 5","Rogers, D. C. & Padhye, S. (2014) A new species of Streptocephalus (Crustacea: Anostraca: Streptocephalidae) from the Western Ghats, India, with a key to the Asian species. Zootaxa, 3802 (1), 075 - 084. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3802.1.6","Cohen, R. G. (2012) Morphological diversity displayed by high altitude Branchinecta papillata (Anostraca) and additional morphological comparisons with Branchinecta achalensis. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 1 - 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724011 X 617404"]}

Shu, Shusen, Maeda-Martinez, Alejandro M., Rogers, D. Christopher, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2015): Morphological characterization of Streptocephalus sirindhornae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from South East Asia: First record of the Streptocephalidae from China. Zootaxa 3911 (3): 447-450, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3911.3.11

Stenorynchoacrum new genus Type species: Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis new species Diagnosis. Stenorynchoacrum can be distinguished from existing genera of Labeoninae by the following characters. Middle part of rostral cap undeveloped, narrow, only covering the base of the upper jaw, both sides of rostral cap well developed and extending upward, rostral cap connected the lower lip, both lateral part of which free, as the result of a long postlabial groove separating the posterior margin of lateral part of lower lip and the isthmus, the median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, whose posterior margin continuous with the mental region, no crescentic fold surrounding the fleshy pad (Fig. 2). The genus possesses some additional characters: the ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, upper lip regresses to form a row of thin, tiny lobes adnated to upper jaw, the posterior margin of lower jaw connected the anterior part of lower lip, lower lip well developed, variable papillae scattered on rostral cap and lower lip, the anterior margin of upper and lower jaws born flexible, cornified sheath, two pairs of barbels, three rows of pharyngeal teeth, and eight branched dorsal-fin rays. Etymology. Sten from stenos Greek, means narrow; ryncho from rhynchos, Greek, means snout; acr, Greek, means the extremities of the body (snout, ears or trotters), so rynchoacrum means ventral margin of rostral cap. Stenorynchoacrum alludes to the narrow and undeveloped rostral cap of this genus., Published as part of Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2014, Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 3793 (3) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/231574

Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2014): Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3793 (3): 379-386, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6

Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, new species (Table 1, Figures 2–4 a) Holotype. KIZ 2001060488, 78.3 mm SL, Xiangsi Jiang, a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang (Pearl River drainage), Dabu Village, Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China, collected by J. H. Lan on June, 2001 (Fig. 1). Paratypes: KIZ 2001060482−2001060487, 2001060490 − 2001060494, 11 specimens, 45.1-83.3 mm SL, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data for 12 type specimens are given in Table 1. Body elongate and compressed. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin with the greatest depth, straight from there to caudal-fin base. The ventral profile of body convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin, straight from anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base. Snout rounded and blunt. Snout length almost equal to postorbital length. Mouth gape arched and narrow, its width accounting for 14.1%−22.7% corresponding head length. Nostrils closer to anterior margin of eye than to snout tip. The ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, completely covering upper lip and the base of upper jaw. Rostral cap connected to lower lip at the corner of mouth. A depression behind rostral barbel base, extending obliquely upward to lateral extremity of snout cap but not meeting with the sublachrymal groove. The lachrymal groove below rostral barbel base extending obliquely down to the corner of mouth and continuous with postlabial groove. The deep postlabial grooves whose length is about 1 / 3 of corresponding mouth width, divide lower lip into three parts including median portion and two lateral portions. Lateral portions of lower lip free. The median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, the posterior of which continuous with the mental region. Rostral cap and lower lip covered by regularly arranging, variable fleshy papillae. Among them, two or three rows of papillae at the most-anterior of round fleshy pad smallest, those middle rows of papillae largest. Papillae on the middle part of rostral cap smaller than those on the sides. Eyes large, dorsolaterally situated in the middle of head, visible from ventral view. Interorbital space wide and flat. Two pairs of barbels, rostral barbels longer than maxillary barbels but shorter than eye diameter, maxillary barbels close to corners of mouth. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 branched rays, emarginate; the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and smooth; dorsal-fin origin at midpoint of snout tip and caudal-fin base, and located vertically in front of pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin with one simple and 14 (7) or 15 (5) branched rays, lightly falcate, shorter than head length; tip of depressed pectoral-fin rays extending along 72 %− 98 % of the distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin with one simple and 8 (12) branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip and closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin; tip of depressed pelvic-fin rays nearly or already reaching anus, its length shorter than head length. Anal-fin with three simple and five branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal-fin deeply forked, upper and lower lobes almost equal in length and symmetrical in shape, length of the longest ray 1.7−2.4 times length of the shortest median ray. Lateral line complete and horizontal. Lateral line scales 39 (11) or 38 (1); scale rows above lateral line 6 (12); scale rows below lateral line 4 (12). Predorsal scales irregularly arranged, embedded in small-sized specimens. Scales of abdomen from thorax to base of pectoral-fin small and embedded under skin. Axillary scales at the base of pelvic-fin, scale vagina at dorsal-fin and anal-fin. Circumpeduncle scales 16 (12). Anus located immediately in front of anal-fin origin. Vertebrae 35 (1), 36 (3), 37 (2). Swimbladder with two chambers: anterior one oval, posterior one elongated, 1.5−2.0 times as long as the anterior one. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (1) or 10 (2). Pharyngeal teeth 3 rows, 5, 4, 2−2, 4 and 5. Digestive tract long and coiled, the length is 7.5−8.7 (3) times standard length. Color pattern in formalin. Preserved in formalin, body gray and yellowish dorsally and laterally, slightly pale ventrally. All fins gray. No stripe or blotches along dorsal and sides of body. Distribution. Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis is only known from Xiangsi Jiang, which is a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang Drainage (Pearl River Drainage) in Dabu Village, the south of Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China. Ecology. The species lives in underground caves connected to the surface river in the Karst area. Fish stay in the underground caves in the dry season and swim upward into the rivers during the flood season. Etymology. It alludes Xi Jiang, the drainage of the type locality.

Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, new species (Table 1, Figures 2���4 a) Holotype. KIZ 2001060488, 78.3 mm SL, Xiangsi Jiang, a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang (Pearl River drainage), Dabu Village, Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China, collected by J. H. Lan on June, 2001 (Fig. 1). Paratypes: KIZ 2001060482���2001060487, 2001060490 ��� 2001060494, 11 specimens, 45.1-83.3 mm SL, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data for 12 type specimens are given in Table 1. Body elongate and compressed. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin with the greatest depth, straight from there to caudal-fin base. The ventral profile of body convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin, straight from anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base. Snout rounded and blunt. Snout length almost equal to postorbital length. Mouth gape arched and narrow, its width accounting for 14.1%���22.7% corresponding head length. Nostrils closer to anterior margin of eye than to snout tip. The ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, completely covering upper lip and the base of upper jaw. Rostral cap connected to lower lip at the corner of mouth. A depression behind rostral barbel base, extending obliquely upward to lateral extremity of snout cap but not meeting with the sublachrymal groove. The lachrymal groove below rostral barbel base extending obliquely down to the corner of mouth and continuous with postlabial groove. The deep postlabial grooves whose length is about 1 / 3 of corresponding mouth width, divide lower lip into three parts including median portion and two lateral portions. Lateral portions of lower lip free. The median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, the posterior of which continuous with the mental region. Rostral cap and lower lip covered by regularly arranging, variable fleshy papillae. Among them, two or three rows of papillae at the most-anterior of round fleshy pad smallest, those middle rows of papillae largest. Papillae on the middle part of rostral cap smaller than those on the sides. Eyes large, dorsolaterally situated in the middle of head, visible from ventral view. Interorbital space wide and flat. Two pairs of barbels, rostral barbels longer than maxillary barbels but shorter than eye diameter, maxillary barbels close to corners of mouth. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 branched rays, emarginate; the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and smooth; dorsal-fin origin at midpoint of snout tip and caudal-fin base, and located vertically in front of pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin with one simple and 14 (7) or 15 (5) branched rays, lightly falcate, shorter than head length; tip of depressed pectoral-fin rays extending along 72 %��� 98 % of the distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin with one simple and 8 (12) branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip and closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin; tip of depressed pelvic-fin rays nearly or already reaching anus, its length shorter than head length. Anal-fin with three simple and five branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal-fin deeply forked, upper and lower lobes almost equal in length and symmetrical in shape, length of the longest ray 1.7���2.4 times length of the shortest median ray. Lateral line complete and horizontal. Lateral line scales 39 (11) or 38 (1); scale rows above lateral line 6 (12); scale rows below lateral line 4 (12). Predorsal scales irregularly arranged, embedded in small-sized specimens. Scales of abdomen from thorax to base of pectoral-fin small and embedded under skin. Axillary scales at the base of pelvic-fin, scale vagina at dorsal-fin and anal-fin. Circumpeduncle scales 16 (12). Anus located immediately in front of anal-fin origin. Vertebrae 35 (1), 36 (3), 37 (2). Swimbladder with two chambers: anterior one oval, posterior one elongated, 1.5���2.0 times as long as the anterior one. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (1) or 10 (2). Pharyngeal teeth 3 rows, 5, 4, 2���2, 4 and 5. Digestive tract long and coiled, the length is 7.5���8.7 (3) times standard length. Color pattern in formalin. Preserved in formalin, body gray and yellowish dorsally and laterally, slightly pale ventrally. All fins gray. No stripe or blotches along dorsal and sides of body. Distribution. Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis is only known from Xiangsi Jiang, which is a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang Drainage (Pearl River Drainage) in Dabu Village, the south of Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China. Ecology. The species lives in underground caves connected to the surface river in the Karst area. Fish stay in the underground caves in the dry season and swim upward into the rivers during the flood season. Etymology. It alludes Xi Jiang, the drainage of the type locality., Published as part of Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2014, Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 3793 (3) on pages 381-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/231574

Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2012): A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2): 363-389, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x

KEY TO GLYPTOTHORAX IN THE SALWEEN RIVER DRAINAGE 1. Thoracic adhesive apparatus extending onto gular region........................................................................2 – Thoracic adhesive apparatus not extending onto gular region.................................................................. 3 2. Flanks with irregular dark blotches; head and body not prominently tuberculate; pectoral spine with seven to eight serrations; dorsal-fin base 11.0–13.2% SL; pectoral-fin length 15.6–19.6% SL; caudal peduncle depth 8.6–9.8% SL ........................................................................................................................ G. obliquimaculatus – Flanks without prominent dark blotches; head and body prominently tuberculate; pectoral spine with ten to 12 serrations; dorsal-fin base 13.7–15.8% SL; pectoral-fin length 20.2–22.6% SL; caudal peduncle depth 6.1–7.6% SL.............................................................................................................................. G. rugimentum 3. Tooth band on upper jaw very broad, forming roof of oral cavity; thoracic adhesive apparatus with ovoid central pit............................................................................................................................... G. burmanicus – Tooth band on upper jaw narrow, restricted on anterior margin of oral cavity; thoracic adhesive apparatus without ovoid central pit.............................................................................................................................. 4 4. Prominent pale longitudinal stripe along lateral line, broader than lateral line........................... G. trilineatus – Prominent pale longitudinal stripe along lateral line absent, or if present, as wide as or narrower than lateral line............................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Flanks pale or predominantly pale, with scattered dark spots frequently present........................................6 – Flanks dark, without dark spots.........................................................................................................7 6. Nuchal plate elements frequently pale and strongly contrasting with rest of predorsal region; prominent pale patches on flanks; caudal peduncle depth 6.9–7.9% SL.............................................................. G. dorsalis – Nuchal plate elements frequently dark and not strongly contrasting with rest of predorsal region; flanks uniform or nearly so, without prominent pale patches; caudal peduncle depth 5.3–6.9% SL........................ G. ngapang 7. Flanks dark, fading to paler colour ventrally; triangular anterior nuchal plate element with concave anterolateral edges and extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element, lacking saddle-shaped lateral extensions............................................................................................................................ G. fucatus sp. nov. – Flanks uniformly dark; triangular anterior nuchal plate element either with straight anterolateral edges and lacking extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element, or with concave anterolateral edges, extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element and saddle-shaped lateral extensions.......................................8 8. Diverging pattern of striae running along edges of median depression in thoracic adhesive apparatus.................................................................................................................................................. G. zanaensis – Striae radiating in single series along median depression in thoracic adhesive apparatus.............................9 9. Anterior nuchal plate elements with lateral saddle-shaped extensions; depth of caudal peduncle 5.7–7.6% SL; body depth at anus 12.9–16.5% SL; head width 16.6–19.5% SL ........................................... G. granosus sp. nov. – Anterior nuchal plate elements without lateral saddle-shaped extensions; depth of caudal peduncle 7.1–10.6% SL; body depth at anus 14.6–20.4%% SL; head width 19.3–22.9% SL ............................................. G. longinema, Published as part of Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2012, A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species, pp. 363-389 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 385, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5407817

GLYPTOTHORAX ZANAENSIS WU, HE & CHU, 1981 (FIG. 4) Glyptothorax zanaensis Wu, He & Chu, 1981: 74 (type locality: Zana, Tibet); Zhang et al., 1995: 130, fig. 57–1. Glyptothorax zainaensis Chu, Mo & Kuang, 1990: 187 (in part); Chu & Mo, 1999: 146 (in part)., Published as part of Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2012, A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species, pp. 363-389 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5407817, {"references":["Wu XW, He MJ, Chu XL. 1981. On the fishes of Sisoridae from the region of Xizang (in Chinese). Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica 12: 74 - 79.","Zhang CG, Cai B, Xu TQ. 1995. Fishes and fish resources in Xizang, China. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 130 - 131. (in Chinese).","Chu XL, Mo TP, Kuang PR. 1990. Sisoridae. In: Chu XL, Chen YR, Zhou W, Yang JX, Kuang PR, Cui GH, Mo TP, eds. The fishes of Yunnan, China. Part II. Beijing: Science Press, 170 - 192. (in Chinese).","Chu XL, Mo TP. 1999. Sisoridae. In: Chu XL, Zheng BS, Dai DY, eds. Fauna sinica osteichthyes siluriformes. Beijing: Science Press, 114 - 181. (in Chinese)."]}

GLYPTOTHORAX ZANAENSIS WU, HE & CHU, 1981 (FIG. 4) Glyptothorax zanaensis Wu, He & Chu, 1981: 74 (type locality: Zana, Tibet); Zhang et al., 1995: 130, fig. 57–1. Glyptothorax zainaensis Chu, Mo & Kuang, 1990: 187 (in part); Chu & Mo, 1999: 146 (in part).

Schizothorax nudiventris, sp. nov. Figure 7 Schizothorax progastus: Chaudhuri, 1911: 14; Chen, 1958: 155. Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin), Cao, 1964: 161, Figs. 4 ���20; Li, 1982: 169; Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Schizothorax yunnanensis, Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20050507224, holotype, 149.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Wulonglong village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. Paratypes: KIZ 200401003416 ���417, 2 specimens, 168.0��� 172.5 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province, collected by Chen Yinrui and Pan Xiaofu, 3 Oct. 2004; KIZ 20050507219 ���223, 20050507227, 20050507229, 7 specimens, 68.6���134.8 mm SL; China: same data as holotype; KIZ 20050507146 ���147, 2 specimens, 141.4 ���170.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Xianglidi village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province; KIZ 20050503051, 1 specimen, 83.6 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Tuoba village, Weideng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 20050509242 ���243, 20050509245, 20050509247 ���248, 5 specimens, 100.0���117.0 mm SL; China: Guyong, Deqin County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 839087, 866090���093, 9805017, 6 specimens, 55.8 ���243.0 mm SL; China: the Yangbi River (a tributary of the Lancang Jiang), Yangbi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2005000612 ���613, 2 specimens, 143.0��� 145.9 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Quzika Town, Mangkang County, Tibet, China, collected by Chen Yinrui and Chen Ziming, 10 May 2005. Diagnosis. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, trilobed, the median lobe minute, the lateral lobes forming a splayed. Postlabial groove continuous. Thorax scaleless in mature individuals; distal onefourth of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and articulated, proximal three-fourths of it strong, with 15���21 serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 B); pelvic-fin origin beneath or posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on flank; eye diameter mean 92.0 % of maxillary barbel. Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus Tsao and S. dolichonema Herzenstein by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on the lower jaw and having a smooth, trilobed lower lip (vs. bi-lobed in S. lissolabiatus and papillated and single-lobed lower lip in S. dolichonema). Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from another species from the same drainage, S. yunnanensis, by having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft); length of barbels equal to or longer (vs. shorter) than eye diameter. Schizothorax nudiventris resembles the sympatric S. lantsangensis Tsao, with which is shares a scalesless thorax, lower lip tri-lobed and postlabial groove continuous, but differs from it in having larger eyes [diameter 57.2 ���160.0 % (mean 92.0) maxillary barbel vs. 33.9���60.1 % (mean 46.1)]; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 27���34 (12 *) (vs. 33���40 (9 *)); median lobe of lower lip distinct, free and smooth (vs. indistinct and covered with papillae). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 2. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout blunt, short. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, tri-lobed, median lobe minute, its width equal to that of isthmus; lateral lobes superficially rugged posteriorly (Fig. 3 B); postlabial groove continuous. In small specimens (Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey; irregular black spots scattered on upper body; lower body beneath lateral line more yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the mainstream and tributaries of the upper Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong River) drainage (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Lancang Jiang River, Schizothorax nudiventris usually coexists with the cyprinid species Schizothorax lissolabiatus Tsao, the sisorid catfishes Pseudecheneis immaculatus Chu, Glyptothorax zainaensis Wu, He & Chu, Pareuchiloglanis gracilicaudata (Wu & Chen), and Pareuchiloglanis kamengensis (Jayaram); the balitorid loach Triplophysa brevicauda (Herzenstein), Paracobitis anguillioides Zhu & Wang and botiid loach Sinibotia longiventralis Yang & Chen. Etymology. From the Latin nudus meaning naked and venter, abdomen, possessive; nudiventris, in reference to the scalesless thorax and abdomen anterior to the pelvic-fin origin of this species. Remarks. Schizothorax nudiventris was identified as S. griseus (Cao, 1964; Mo, 1989; Chen & Huang, 1998; Chen & Cao, 2000). The two species share a similar mouth structure. Biplots of the maxillary barbel against SL and HL for S. griseus and S. nudiventris (Figs. 8, 9), indicate that the regression lines are significantly different (p Schizothorax griseus ��� examined by Cao (1964) from the Lancang Jiang drainage area to S. yunnanensis. According to the descriptions of S. griseus in Cao (1964), we feel certain that the specimens from the Lancang Jiang drainage examined by Cao (1964) were in fact S. nudiventris. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from S. yunnanensis in having its lower lip divided into three lobes (vs. two lobes); having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; and last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft). Schizothorax nudiventris is restricted to the Lancang Jiang drainage area., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Chaudhuri, B. L. (1911) Contributions to the fauna of Yunnan based on collections make by J. Coggin Brown 1909 - 10. Records of Indian Museum, 6, 13 - 24.","Chen, Q. - T. (1958) Fishes of Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 155. [In Chinese.]","Cao, W. - X. (1964) Schizothoracinae. In: Wu, X. - W. (Ed.), The Cyprinid Fishes of China. Vol. I. Science Press, Shanghai, pp. 137 - 197. [In Chinese.]","Li, S. - S. (1982) Fish fauna and its differentiation in upland lakes of Yunnan. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 2, 169 - 176. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]","Tchang, T. - L. (1933) The study of Chinese Cyprinoid fishes. Part I. Zoologia Sinica, (B) 2, 37 - 38.","Zhang, C. - L. (1959) Chinese System carp fishes. High Education Press, Beijing, 81 pp. [In Chinese.]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - Z. (1991) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax heterophysallidos, sp. nov. Figure 10 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Lu in Wu ed. 1989: 192 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20060038, 210.0 mm SL; China: Yingshang, Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province, 25 �� 29 �� 26.5 ��N 104 �� 17 �� 12.3 ��E, 1733 m above sea level, 24 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060037, 20060039���040, 3 specimens, 134.1 ���163.0 mm SL; China: same data as holotype. KIZ 60122 ���60125, 4 specimens, 127.4 ���197.0 mm SL; China: the Nanpan Jiang. KIZ 2000609 ���019, 2006021 ���023, 14 specimens, 53.2 ���150.0 mm SL; China: Xiaoshiqiao, Hongta, Yuxi, Yunnan Province. KIZ 775847 ���849, 775853���854, 775857���860, 775863��� 866, 7751000, 14 specimens, 96.4 ���165.0 mm SL; China: Luoping, Yunnan Province. KIZ 774717, 774718, 2 specimens, 88.4 ���159.0 mm SL; China: Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 874010, 1 specimen, 143.8 mm SL; China: Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 791014, 1 specimen, 158.0 mm SL; China: Zhushan, Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. Diagnosis. Schizothorax heterophysallidos can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, with three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute lobe present medially on lower lip; thorax scaleless in mature individuals; lower part of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with 15���23 serrae; pelvic-fin origin beneath or anterior to vertical from dorsal-fin origin; eye diameter 57.2 ���160.0 (mean 92.4) % of maxillary���barbel length; length of posterior chamber of air bladder three to six times that of anterior one. Schizothorax heterophysallidos is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on lower jaw; having the lower lip with three (vs. two) lobes and the posterior groove continuous (vs. discontinuous). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 3. Body elongate, laterally compressed. An inconspicuous shallow ethmoidal groove present before nostrils. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, posterior parts of both side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 C). In some young specimens (Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the upper reach of the Nanpan Jiang in Yunnan Province (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In Yingshang (a tributary of the Nanpan Jiang), Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in small streams. Here the river is 0.5���1.5 m deep, 5���15 m wide. The river substrate is comprised of sand and pebbles. At the time of capture the water was black-grey, most likely due to the presence of a coal mine upstream. In May, many young S. heterophysallidos 40���50 mm SL were seen to inhabit shallow water. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan), D. macrophysallidos Huang, and Sinocyclocheilus multipunctatus (Pellegrin); the sisorid catfish Pareuchiloglanis longicauda (Yue); and the cobitid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor). Etymology. From the greek heteros, meaning special or different, and physallidos, from the greek ���physal���, possessive, meaning air bladder or bleb. An adjective, in reference to the species having an unique air bladder. Remarks. Schizothorax heterophysallidos is unique amongst the members of the ��� S. griseus complex��� in possessing an elongated posterior chamber of the air bladder. The length of the posterior chamber of air bladder is three to six times greater than that of the anterior one (Fig. 3 C). Schizothorax heterophysallidos is restricted to the Nanpan Jiang drainage area., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931 Figures 1���2 Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931: 146, type locality: Koei-Tch��ou (Guizhou) Province, China; Fang, 1936: 421; Nichols, 1943: 82 (in part); Lu in Wu ed. 1989: 192 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Racoma griseus, Wu & Wu, 1991: 323, Fig. 80. Schizothorax yunnanensis (non Norman), Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Material examined. MNHN 1913 ���0157, 1913 ���0158, Syntype, 2 specimens, 240���250 mm SL; China: Koei- Tch��ou (Guizhou Province). KIZ 20060156, 20060158, 20060175 ���178, 20060180, 7 specimens, 100.9 ���252.0 mm SL; China: the Zhongxi River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), Weixin Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 27 ��02��53.0��N 105 �� 12 �� 52.5 ��E. KIZ 20060206 ���209, 20060211, 5 specimens, 85.2���144.7 mm SL; China: the Sancha River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 25 �� 38 �� 58.5 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 49.9 ��E. KIZ 20060222, 20060224���225, 20060229���231, 20060288, 7 specimens, 138.7 ���335.0 mm SL; China: Zhiku stream (a tributary of the Sancha River), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 26 �� 40 �� 12.1 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 46.4 ��E. Uncatalogued: 4 specimens, 108.1���124.4 mm SL; China: Zhiku stream (a tributary of the Sancha River), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 26 �� 40 �� 12.1 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 46.4 ��E. KIZ 20060302 ��� 303; 2 specimens, 97.0��� 144.5 mm SL; China: the Niulan Jiang (a tributary of the lower Jinsha River), Huodehong Town, Zhaotong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006113001, 2006113008���010, 2006113012, 2006113020, and 2 uncatalogued specimens = 7 specimens, 97.4 ���171.0 mm SL; China: the Niulan Jiang, Wangzhai Village, Malu Town, Zhaotong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Diagnosis. Schizothorax griseus is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: horny sheath on lower jaw absent; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, modified into three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute labial lobe present at middle of lower lip; scales present or embedded beneath skin on thorax in mature individuals (scalesless on thorax in juveniles); last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with 16���24 serrae; a shallow ethmoidal groove present before nostrils; pelvic-fin origin below or anterior to vertical from dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on side of body; barbels much longer than eye diameter (maxillary-barbel length 1.6 times eye diameter). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 1. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout long. Head length greater than body depth; dorsal surface of head descending sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an ethmoidal groove; head depth greater than head width. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three labial lobes; median lobe minute, its width less than width of isthmus or eye diameter, superficially both side lobes posteriorly rugged (Fig. 3 A). Postlabial groove continuous. Two pairs of barbels: rostral barbel equal to or shorter than maxillary barbel, reaching middle of eye; maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior border of eye. Scales minute, absent on the thorax and abdomen before pectoralfin origin in juveniles up to 144 mm SL, present or embedded beneath the skin on thorax in adults. Lateral line straight, with 95���114 (22 *) scales; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line, 21���27 (23 *); scales in transverse series from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line, 17���25 (14 *). Two rows of enlarged scales on each side, extending from base of vent to anal fin. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (32 *) branched rays, last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 16���22 (10 *) serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 A); dorsal-fin origin below or posterior to pelvic-fin origin; predorsal length greater than distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 16 (1 *), 17 (5 *), 18 (6 *), 19 (10 *), 20 (1 *) branched rays, its length more than half distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 9 (12 *), 10 (12 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (32 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females, surpassing caudal-fin base in mature males. Caudal fin forked, its lower lobe slightly longer than upper one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5���5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked, first tooth on inner row much small than others on same row. Outer side of first gill arch with 13���19 (20 *) gill rakers, inner side with 17���26 (20 *). Gas bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber twice that of anterior one (Fig. 5 A). Intestine simple, with three principal bends (including ventricle) in juveniles, complicated, with five principal bends (including ventricle), in larger specimens. Minimum Maximum Mean S.D. Pectoral-fin length/Length of pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin 59.2 82.9 71.0 6.5 origin Coloration. In fresh specimens, dorsum and upper body above lateral line grey, rest of body silvery white. Pelvic, anal and caudal fins red; pectoral fin straw yellow. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body yellowish grey, lower body whitish; black spots scattered on upper body surface. Distribution. The species is known from tributaries of the upper Yangtse River drainage area, including the Niulan Jiang, Yunnan, China and the Wu Jiang, Bijie, Guizhou, China (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In Zhongxi River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), on 4 Nov. 2006, these fishes were seen in fast flowing water with a pH of 6.2 and water temperature of 16.5 ��C. Here the river is 15���30 m wide, 0.5���3 m deep, and the river substrate is comprised of sand, cobblestones and boulders. The water colour is milky blue, owing to the typical karst topography of this region. Schizothorax griseus lives in the deeper layer of the river, especially in deep water close to the river bank and to large boulders and underwater caves. Other syntopic fishes include the cyprinid species Schizothorax wangchiachii, Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan), Zacco platypus (Temminck & Schlegel), Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus (Sauvage & Dabry), Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Regan); the balitorid loach Schistura dabryi (Sauvage) and the sisorid catfish Glyptothorax fukiensis fukiensis (Rendahl). Remarks. The type locality of S. griseus is Koei-Tch��ou (Guizhou Province), China. The species was earlier thought to be widely distributed, having been reported from the Yangtse, the Pearl, the Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong) and the Irrawaddy drainages (Fang, 1936; Cao, 1964; Huang, 1989; Mo in Chu & Chen, 1989; Wu & Wu, 1991; Chen & Cao, 2000). In this study, we examined specimens from Guizhou Province, which are clearly different from those described by Pellegrin (1931) and Fang (1936) in that scales are present on the thorax in adults. Pellegrin (1931) indicated no scales on thorax of S. griseus, but Fang (1936) examined two syntypes and stated that one of these had scales on the thorax. In the material of S. griseus deposited in KIZ, scales were obviously present or embedded beneath thoracic skin in adults. Furthermore, an examination of photographs of the syntypes of S. griseus shows scales apparently present on the thorax in the bigger specimen (MNHN 1913 -0158) (Fig. 1). Material of S. griseus examined by Pellegrin (1931), Fang (1936) and this study share the following characters: mouth in mature specimens inferior, lower lip developed with three labial lobes in mature individuals, postlabial groove continuous with a small median lobe, last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with numerous serrae, and barbels much longer than eye diameter. Fang (1936) illustrated the intestine of a specimen of 90 mm SL. This drawing is consistent with the four specimens we examined, the longest of which is 260 mm SL. Fang (1936) noticed the variation between specimens of S. griseus of different ages; we too, detected variations of snout length and lower-lip structure as noted by Fang (1936). Additionally, our 230 mm SL specimen had an intestine with 5 principal bends (including the ventricle) according to the notation of Fang (1936). Although some variation is apparent between their results and ours, we feel all the material represent same species, S. griseus., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Pellegrin, J. (1931) Description de deux Cyprinides nouveaux de Chine appartenant au genre Schizothorax Heckel. Bulletin de la. Societe Zoologique de France, 24, 145 - 149.","Fang, P. - W. (1936) On some Schizothoracid fishes from western China preserved in the national research institute of biology, Academy Sinica. Sinensia, 7, 421 - 458.","Nichols, J. T. (1943) The Fresh-water Fishes of China, Natural History of Central Asia Vol. I X. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 322 pp.","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - Z. (1991) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [In Chinese.]","Tchang, T. - L. (1933) The study of Chinese Cyprinoid fishes. Part I. Zoologia Sinica, (B) 2, 37 - 38.","Zhang, C. - L. (1959) Chinese System carp fishes. High Education Press, Beijing, 81 pp. [In Chinese.]","Cao, W. - X. (1964) Schizothoracinae. In: Wu, X. - W. (Ed.), The Cyprinid Fishes of China. Vol. I. Science Press, Shanghai, pp. 137 - 197. [In Chinese.]","Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (1989) The fishes of Yunnan, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, 377 pp. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax beipanensis, sp. nov. Figure 11 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 200600065, 167.0 mm SL; China: the Suoqiao River, Shanbanqiao Town, Pu���an County, Gui- Zhou Province, 25 �� 47 �� 7.3 ��N 104 �� 43 �� 31.3 ��E, 1326 m above sea level, 25 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060064, 1 specimen, 163.0 mm SL; same data as holotype. KIZ 82100080, 82100199���203, 82100205, 7 specimens, 61.5 ���151.0 mm SL; China: Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 871001 ���004, 4 specimens, 86.4���123.4 mm SL; China: Yangliu, Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006001 ���003, 2006005, 2006009, 3 specimens, 86.4���125.3 mm SL; China: the Xiaochahe River, Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, 25 �� 54 �� 49.5 ��N 104 �� 10 �� 54.3 ��E, 1945 m above sea level, 22 May 2006. Diagnosis. Schizothorax beipanensis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: absence of horny sheath on the lower jaw; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, trilobed; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute median lobe. Schizothorax beipanensis can be distinguished from S. griseus by the absence (vs. presence) of black spots on the flank, along the lateral line; distal 20-25 % of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft (vs. strong); rostral barbel not reaching (vs. reaching) the middle of the eye; eye diameter 58.5���120.1 % length of maxillary barbel (vs. 33.4���93.7 %). Schizothorax beipanensis is most similar to S. heterophysallidos, from which it is distinguished, however, by the unique air bladder of the latter. Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 4. Body elongated, laterally compressed. Snout blunt. Dorsal surface of head descends sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an inconspicuous ethmoidal groove. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, surface of posterior parts of side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 D). Only two labial lobes present in some specimens (Coloration. In life, dorsal surface darkish cyan; margins of pectoral, pelvic and anal-fins reddish; dorsal and caudal fins grey; abdomen whitish. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish-yellow. Distribution. The species is known from the upper tributaries of the Beipan Jiang (a tributary of the Pearl River) drainage area (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Xiaochahe River (a tributary of Beipan Jiang), Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in slow-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5���1.5 m deep. The river substrate comprises of mud, sand and large stones. Schizothorax beipanensis inhabits deep pools with large stones. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Discogobio elongatu s Huang, D. yunnanensis (Regan), Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus), Aphyocypris chinensis G��nther, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner), Sinocyclocheilus sp. and the cobitid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. In Suoqiao River (a tributary of the Beipan Jiang River), Shanbanqiao Town, Pu���an County, GuiZhou Province, these fishes occur in clear, fast-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5 ���3.0 m deep. The river substrate is comprised of sand, pebbles and boulders. Sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species Discogobio elongatus, S. lissolabiatus and Sinocyclocheilus sp. Etymology. The species name is a reference to the type locality, the Beipan Jiang, formed as an adjective., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax beipanensis, sp. nov. Figure 11 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 200600065, 167.0 mm SL; China: the Suoqiao River, Shanbanqiao Town, Pu’an County, Gui- Zhou Province, 25 ° 47 ΄ 7.3 ʺN 104 ° 43 ΄ 31.3 ʺE, 1326 m above sea level, 25 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060064, 1 specimen, 163.0 mm SL; same data as holotype. KIZ 82100080, 82100199−203, 82100205, 7 specimens, 61.5 −151.0 mm SL; China: Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 871001 −004, 4 specimens, 86.4−123.4 mm SL; China: Yangliu, Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006001 −003, 2006005, 2006009, 3 specimens, 86.4−125.3 mm SL; China: the Xiaochahe River, Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, 25 ° 54 ΄ 49.5 ʺN 104 ° 10 ΄ 54.3 ʺE, 1945 m above sea level, 22 May 2006. Diagnosis. Schizothorax beipanensis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: absence of horny sheath on the lower jaw; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, trilobed; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute median lobe. Schizothorax beipanensis can be distinguished from S. griseus by the absence (vs. presence) of black spots on the flank, along the lateral line; distal 20-25 % of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft (vs. strong); rostral barbel not reaching (vs. reaching) the middle of the eye; eye diameter 58.5−120.1 % length of maxillary barbel (vs. 33.4−93.7 %). Schizothorax beipanensis is most similar to S. heterophysallidos, from which it is distinguished, however, by the unique air bladder of the latter. Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 4. Body elongated, laterally compressed. Snout blunt. Dorsal surface of head descends sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an inconspicuous ethmoidal groove. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, surface of posterior parts of side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 D). Only two labial lobes present in some specimens ( Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (18 *) branched rays. Last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 13−19 (10 *) serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 D). Dorsal-fin origin above or posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal length equal to or greater than distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 16 (1 *), 17 (6 *), 18 (7 *), 19 (3 *) branched rays, its length 56.7−80.5 % of distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 8 (2 *), 9 (9 *), 10 (6 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (18 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5−5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked. Outer side of first gill arch with 14−19 (14 *) gill rakers, inner side with 18−25 (14 *). Air bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber twice that of anterior one. Coloration. In life, dorsal surface darkish cyan; margins of pectoral, pelvic and anal-fins reddish; dorsal and caudal fins grey; abdomen whitish. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish-yellow. Distribution. The species is known from the upper tributaries of the Beipan Jiang (a tributary of the Pearl River) drainage area (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Xiaochahe River (a tributary of Beipan Jiang), Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in slow-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5−1.5 m deep. The river substrate comprises of mud, sand and large stones. Schizothorax beipanensis inhabits deep pools with large stones. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Discogobio elongatu s Huang, D. yunnanensis (Regan), Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus), Aphyocypris chinensis Günther, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner), Sinocyclocheilus sp. and the cobitid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. In Suoqiao River (a tributary of the Beipan Jiang River), Shanbanqiao Town, Pu’an County, GuiZhou Province, these fishes occur in clear, fast-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5 −3.0 m deep. The river substrate is comprised of sand, pebbles and boulders. Sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species Discogobio elongatus, S. lissolabiatus and Sinocyclocheilus sp. Etymology. The species name is a reference to the type locality, the Beipan Jiang, formed as an adjective.

Schizothorax nudiventris, sp. nov. Figure 7 Schizothorax progastus: Chaudhuri, 1911: 14; Chen, 1958: 155. Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin), Cao, 1964: 161, Figs. 4 −20; Li, 1982: 169; Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Schizothorax yunnanensis, Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20050507224, holotype, 149.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Wulonglong village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. Paratypes: KIZ 200401003416 –417, 2 specimens, 168.0− 172.5 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province, collected by Chen Yinrui and Pan Xiaofu, 3 Oct. 2004; KIZ 20050507219 −223, 20050507227, 20050507229, 7 specimens, 68.6−134.8 mm SL; China: same data as holotype; KIZ 20050507146 –147, 2 specimens, 141.4 −170.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Xianglidi village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province; KIZ 20050503051, 1 specimen, 83.6 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Tuoba village, Weideng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 20050509242 −243, 20050509245, 20050509247 –248, 5 specimens, 100.0−117.0 mm SL; China: Guyong, Deqin County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 839087, 866090–093, 9805017, 6 specimens, 55.8 −243.0 mm SL; China: the Yangbi River (a tributary of the Lancang Jiang), Yangbi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2005000612 –613, 2 specimens, 143.0− 145.9 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Quzika Town, Mangkang County, Tibet, China, collected by Chen Yinrui and Chen Ziming, 10 May 2005. Diagnosis. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, trilobed, the median lobe minute, the lateral lobes forming a splayed. Postlabial groove continuous. Thorax scaleless in mature individuals; distal onefourth of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and articulated, proximal three-fourths of it strong, with 15−21 serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 B); pelvic-fin origin beneath or posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on flank; eye diameter mean 92.0 % of maxillary barbel. Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus Tsao and S. dolichonema Herzenstein by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on the lower jaw and having a smooth, trilobed lower lip (vs. bi-lobed in S. lissolabiatus and papillated and single-lobed lower lip in S. dolichonema). Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from another species from the same drainage, S. yunnanensis, by having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft); length of barbels equal to or longer (vs. shorter) than eye diameter. Schizothorax nudiventris resembles the sympatric S. lantsangensis Tsao, with which is shares a scalesless thorax, lower lip tri-lobed and postlabial groove continuous, but differs from it in having larger eyes [diameter 57.2 −160.0 % (mean 92.0) maxillary barbel vs. 33.9−60.1 % (mean 46.1)]; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 27−34 (12 *) (vs. 33−40 (9 *)); median lobe of lower lip distinct, free and smooth (vs. indistinct and covered with papillae). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 2. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout blunt, short. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, tri-lobed, median lobe minute, its width equal to that of isthmus; lateral lobes superficially rugged posteriorly (Fig. 3 B); postlabial groove continuous. In small specimens ( Paratypes (n= 25) Holotype Minimum Maximum Mean S.D. Pectoral-fin length/Length of pectoral-fin origin to 61.6 50.7 69.4 62.2 4.4 pelvic-fin origin Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (26 *) branched rays, last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 12−20 (16 *) serrae along its posterior edge; dorsal-fin origin posterior to pelvic-fin origin; predorsal length equal to distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 17 (1 *), 18 (10 *), 19 (13 *) branched rays, its length more than half of distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 9 (9 *) or 10 (15 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (26 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one, longest ray twice or more as long as shortest one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5−5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked. Outer side of first gill arch with 14−19 (18 *) gill rakers; inner side with 19−27 (18 *). Air bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber 3−3.5 times that of anterior one (Fig. 5 B). Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey; irregular black spots scattered on upper body; lower body beneath lateral line more yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the mainstream and tributaries of the upper Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong River) drainage (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Lancang Jiang River, Schizothorax nudiventris usually coexists with the cyprinid species Schizothorax lissolabiatus Tsao, the sisorid catfishes Pseudecheneis immaculatus Chu, Glyptothorax zainaensis Wu, He & Chu, Pareuchiloglanis gracilicaudata (Wu & Chen), and Pareuchiloglanis kamengensis (Jayaram); the balitorid loach Triplophysa brevicauda (Herzenstein), Paracobitis anguillioides Zhu & Wang and botiid loach Sinibotia longiventralis Yang & Chen. Etymology. From the Latin nudus meaning naked and venter, abdomen, possessive; nudiventris, in reference to the scalesless thorax and abdomen anterior to the pelvic-fin origin of this species. Remarks. Schizothorax nudiventris was identified as S. griseus (Cao, 1964; Mo, 1989; Chen & Huang, 1998; Chen & Cao, 2000). The two species share a similar mouth structure. Biplots of the maxillary barbel against SL and HL for S. griseus and S. nudiventris (Figs. 8, 9), indicate that the regression lines are significantly different (p Schizothorax griseus ’ examined by Cao (1964) from the Lancang Jiang drainage area to S. yunnanensis. According to the descriptions of S. griseus in Cao (1964), we feel certain that the specimens from the Lancang Jiang drainage examined by Cao (1964) were in fact S. nudiventris. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from S. yunnanensis in having its lower lip divided into three lobes (vs. two lobes); having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; and last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft). Schizothorax nudiventris is restricted to the Lancang Jiang drainage area.

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2009): The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China. Zootaxa 2006: 23-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2008): Clarification of the nomenclatural status of Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 1897: 67-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184474

Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus Mo, in Chu & Chen, 1989 Cao et al. (1981: 125) were the first to use the name Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus. They wrote ��� G. integrigymnatus feeds mainly on fishes��� and mentioned in a footnote that ������this information was provided by Mr. Huang Shunyou���. In the following sentence they stated, that ��� Gymnodiptychus species obviously differ from Diptychus species in having reduced scales, especially in G. integrigymnatus, where the scales on the humeral region and lateral line are reduced.��� These words do not diagnose the new species from its congeners and thus cannot be treated as a statement of characters purported to differentiate the taxon. Because of the lack of a diagnosis for G. integrigymnatus in Cao et al. (1981), the conditions for availability in this work do not satisfy those specified in Articles 13.1. 1 and 13.1. 2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). The name G. integrigymnatus Cao, Chen, Wu and Zhu, 1981 should therefore be treated as a nomen nudum. While Mo (1989: 319���321, fig. 298 and 299) provided the first complete description of G. integrigymnatus, the authorship of the name was given as Huang in Cao et al. (1981). Mo (1989) listed 12 specimens (deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ)), collected from the vicinity of Ruidian Town and Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, as material examined. In their account of G. integrigymnatus, Wu & Wu (1992: 434���435, fig. 118) cite as sources ������the draft of the Schizothoracinae fishes of Yunnan��� (type localities: Ruidian Town and Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province) by Huang in 1980 and Mo (1989), attributing authorship of the name to Huang in the unpublished draft. Huang in Chen & Huang (1998: 231���233, fig. 162) described G. integrigymnatus as a new species, stating in a footnote that ������this is the first formal description of the species since it was cited by Cao et al. (1981) ���. The second reference Chen & Huang (1998) cited was Mo (1989). Chen & Cao (2000: 348���349, fig. 215) subsequently gave the authorship of G. integrigymnatus as Huang (1998). Mo (1989) attributed the authorship of G. integrigymnatus to Huang in Cao et al. (1981). According to Article 13.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), the name G. integrigymnatus Mo, in Chu & Chen, 1989, is available and should be regarded as the first formal description of this taxon. Following Article 21.1 and Article 50.1 of the Code, the publication date of 1989 and the authorship of Mo should be adopted for G. integrigymnatus. According to Article 72.1 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), the 12 specimens examined by Mo (1989) and deposited in KIZ should be treated as syntypes. Some of these specimens are also listed as types by Huang in Chen & Huang (1998) in his description of G. integrigymnatus (the material from Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan listed in Mo, 1989, is not mentioned by Huang in Chen & Huang, 1998). The indication in Chen & Huang (1998) that G. integrigymnatus was being described for the first time is therefore incorrect. We examined the specimens of G. integrigymnatus deposited in KIZ. There are a total of 39 specimens collected before 1980, of which 27 are from Ruidian Town, Tengchong, Yunnan (23 specimens collected in February 1978 and 4 specimens collected in April 1976) and 12 are from Minguang Town, Tengchong, Yunnan (in April 1976). The standard lengths (SL) range from 27.8 to 107.3 mm. Of these 39 specimens, 13 are measured 73.0���110.0 mm SL and 89.0���133.0 mm TL respectively, which corresponds to Mo (1989). The number of specimens listed by Mo (1989) should be 13, not 12 (a counting error made by Mo, 1989). According to Articles 72.1 and 73.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), the 13 specimens examined by Mo (1989) are syntypes. The type series of G. integrigymnatus are as follows: KIZ 764003 ���006, 4 specimens, 85.6���106.4 mm SL, April 1976, Ruidian Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan; KIZ 764178 1 specimen, 97.7 mm SL, April 1976, Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan; KIZ 78020315 ��� 321, KIZ 78020323, 8 specimens, 74.8���107.3 mm SL, February 1978, Ruidian Town, Yunnan Province, China., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2008, Clarification of the nomenclatural status of Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), pp. 67-68 in Zootaxa 1897 on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184474, {"references":["Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (Eds) (1989) The Fishes of Yunnan, China, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, 377 pp. [in Chinese].","Cao, W. - X., Chen, Y. - Y., Wu, Y. - F. & Zhu, S. - Q. (1981) Origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes in relation to the upheaval of the Xizang Plateau. In: Tibetan Expedition Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (ed), Studies on the period, amplitude and type of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 118 - 130. [in Chinese]","Mo, T. - P. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (Eds), The Fishes of Yunnan, China, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 286 - 221. [in Chinese]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - J. (Eds) (1992) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Sciences & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [in Chinese]","Chen, Y. - F. & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y. - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [in Chinese]","Chen, Y. - F. & Cao, W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. (ed.), Fauna Sinica, Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 237 - 388. [in Chinese]"]}

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2007): A new species of Metahomaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from China. Zootaxa 1526: 63-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177533

Metahomaloptera longicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: KIZ 20060304, 41.9 mm SL, Chuanhedong village, Deze town, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 �� 54 ' 9.4 '' N, 103 �� 34 ' 49.5 '' E; 2 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. Paratypes: KIZ 20060305, 36.9 mm SL, 1 ex. Same data as holotype, KIZ 20060306, 43.5 mm SL, 1 ex. Tuole village, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 �� 41 ' 28.2 '' N, 103 �� 33 ' 01.5'' E; 1 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. KIZ 603672, 38.4 mm SL, 1 ex. Fumin, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Metahomaloptera longicauda is distinguished from M. omeiensis omeiensis in dorsal fin inserting before the middle of body (vs. dorsal fin inserting in the middle of body), having a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), anal fin far from caudal-fin base (vs. anal fin reaching base of caudal fin), pelvic fin reaching or expending beyond anus (vs. pelvic fin far from anus), head narrow (head width 19.4���22.6 % SL, vs. 22.7���30.2), pre-anal length 69.0��� 74.3 % SL (vs. 80.7���87.4), having a longer (17.1���20.7 % SL vs. 8.4���11.9) and more slender (caudal-peduncle depth 33.7���43.1 % caudal-peduncle length vs. 62.7���87.6) caudal peduncle, eye small (eye diameter 14.6���16.6 % HL vs. 16.7���23.9), mouth wide (mouth width 63.2���75.5 % body width at pectoral-fin origin vs. 30.3���42.3). Metahomaloptera longicauda can be further distinguished from M. omeiensis hangshuiensis in having fewer blackish blotches along the median dorsal line from occipital region to base of caudal (8���9 vs. 10���15), a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), more lateral-line scale rows (66���78 vs. 59���63), fewer branched pectoral rays (11���15 vs. 16���18), fewer branched pelvic rays (10���12 vs. 13���15), a longer (17.1���20.7 % SL vs. 7.1���10) and more slender (caudal peduncle depth 33.7���43.1 % caudal peduncle length vs. 76.9���111.1) caudal peduncle. Description. Biometric comparisons of M. longicauda and M. omeiensis omeiensis are presented in Table 1. Ventral view of head of M. longicauda is presented in Figure 2. Body elongate and compressed; head longer than width at pectoral-fin origin. Snout spatulate and broad; snout longer than half of head, 3���4 times eye diameter. Numerous small white tubercles on dorsal surface of head. Anterior and posterior nostrils closely situated; anterior nostril in short tubular flap. Eye small, 1 / 6 of head length; eye diameter slightly shorter than gill opening. Interorbital width shorter than snout length and less than 1 / 2 of head length. Gill opening very small, crescent-shaped, and situated entirely above base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior, wide, and crescentshaped; corner of mouth almost reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth with four pairs of barbels, rostral fold with four notches to accommodate rostral barbels, a fleshy lobe between two neighboring notches, and the inner fleshy lobe larger than the lateral two. Four rostral barbels of equal length. Fleshy lobe enlarged between rostral and maxillary barbels. Rostral fold and upper lip separated by shallow groove; upper lip with single row of papillae and continuous with lower lip at mouth corner. Maxillary barbels at corner of mouth; inner pair of barbels shorter and more slender than outer pair. Lower lip plain and thin. Jaws with sharp largely exposed horny edge. Lower jaw with radial ridges on surface. Dorsal-fin origin located before middle of body with iii, 8 rays. Dorsal-fin margin straight. Base of dorsal fin shorter than head length. Pectoral fin with 13 simple and 11���15 branched rays; fin expanded and inserted vertical of nostrils. Tip of pectoral fin overlapping anterior part of pelvic fin and extending beyond vertical origin of dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with 8���9 simple and 10���12 branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fins fused posteriorly; posterior edge reaching or extending beyond anus and far from anal fin. Expanded muscular band present above pelvic-fin base. Anal fin with ii, 5 rays and far from caudal-fin base. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior edge of pelvic-fin base. Caudal fin shallowly emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Body covered with tiny cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight and with 66���78 scales. Coloration. After fixed in 10 % formalin and storage in 75 % ethanol, body is dark grey. Median dorsal line with 8���9 blackish blotches from occipital region to base of caudal fin; 2���3 blotches anterior to dorsal-fin origin and 5���6 posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays dark grey with two blackish bands. Caudal and anal fins with one wide vertical blackish band. Distribution. Presently known from the Niulan Jiang River and the Pudu River (tributaries of the lower Jinsha River) (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology. In Tuole (Niulan Jiang River), the river is clear and fast flowing, 8���20 m wide, 0.5��� 2 m deep, and with a pH 6.0. The river substrate is sand, cobbles and boulders. Metahomaloptera longicauda was collected in the rapid water amongst boulders. Other fishes found in the same locality include Discogobio yunnanensis (Cyprinidae), Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae), Pseudorasbora parvus (Cyprinidae), Beafortia szechuanensis (Balitoridae), Sinogastromyzon dezeensis (Balitoridae), Triplophysa grahami (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Balitoridae) and Liobagrus marginatus (Amblycipitidae). In Deze (downstream of Tuole,), the habitat is the same as that at Tuole, but more speceis coexist with M. longicauda. Those include the species listed above and Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae), Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus (Cyprinidae), Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae), Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) and Paracobitis variegatus variegatus (Balitoridae). Etymology. A noun from the Latin longus, meaning long, and caudal, meaning the tail of an animal, in reference to the species having a longer caudal peduncle when compared with M. oemeiensis omeiensis and M. oemeiensis hangshuiensis. Discussion. To date, only one species containing two subspecies is considered valid in Metahomaloptera (Chen & Tang, 2000; Tang & Chen, 2000), viz. M. omeiensis omeiensis Chang, 1944, M. omeiensis hangshuiensis Xie, Yang & Gong, 1984. The description of M. longicauda raises the number of known species in the genus to two. The significantly longer caudal peduncle and wider mouth of M. longicauda easily distinguishes it from M. omeiensis omeiensis (Figs. 4, 5). Metahomaloptera is is restricted to the lower Jinsha River (the name the Yangtse River in Yunnan Province) and the upper Yangtse River (Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei Province) (Fig. 3). The distribution of M. omeiensis hangshuiensis is desctibed by Chen & Tang (2000) as the Hanshui River. Chang (1944) indicated that the rudimentary nature of the gill-opening in Metahomaloptera must be of generic significance, and Metahomaloptera is obviously more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Chen (1980) discussed the phylogenetic position of Metahomaloptera based on an osteological study, corroborated the hypothesis of Chang (1944) that Metahomaloptera is more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Metahomloptera is adapted to fast-flowing streams, and many of the morphological features are adaptations to the special environment. Notable adaptations includes those of the mouth, pelvic fin, maxillary barbels and gillopening, and the depressed body and head. These specialized characters are always used to distinguish genera and species. Their function and importance in phylogenetic analyses should be studied further. Comparative material. Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis: KIZ 795676, 51.1 mm SL, Yaan, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 840157, 53.0 mm SL, KIZ 840158, 57.8 mm SL, Emei, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 82100932 41.3 mm SL, KIZ 82100944, 36.6 mm SL, KIZ 82100943, 36.9 mm SL, Weixin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 82101071, 32.9 mm SL, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 2004008087, 31.8 mm SL, KIZ 2004008086, 30.9 mm SL, KIZ 2004008088, 31.6 mm SL, Shizi village, Baishui River, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2007, A new species of Metahomaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from China, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1526 on pages 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177533, {"references":["Chang, H. - W. (1944) Notes of the fishes of western Szechwan and eastern Sikang. Sinensia 15, 27 - 60.","Xie, C. - X., Yang G. - R. & Gong, L. - X. (1984) The homalopterid fishes from Hubei Province, China, with description of a new species and a new subspecies. Journal of Huazhong Agriculture College 3, 62 - 68 (in Chinese).","Chen, Y. - Y. (1980) Systematic studies on the fishes of the family Homalopteridae of China III. Phyletic studies of the Homalopterid fishes. Acta Zoologica Sinica 5, 200 - 211."]}

Metahomaloptera longicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: KIZ 20060304, 41.9 mm SL, Chuanhedong village, Deze town, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 ° 54 ' 9.4 '' N, 103 ° 34 ' 49.5 '' E; 2 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. Paratypes: KIZ 20060305, 36.9 mm SL, 1 ex. Same data as holotype, KIZ 20060306, 43.5 mm SL, 1 ex. Tuole village, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 ° 41 ' 28.2 '' N, 103 ° 33 ' 01.5'' E; 1 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. KIZ 603672, 38.4 mm SL, 1 ex. Fumin, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Metahomaloptera longicauda is distinguished from M. omeiensis omeiensis in dorsal fin inserting before the middle of body (vs. dorsal fin inserting in the middle of body), having a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), anal fin far from caudal-fin base (vs. anal fin reaching base of caudal fin), pelvic fin reaching or expending beyond anus (vs. pelvic fin far from anus), head narrow (head width 19.4–22.6 % SL, vs. 22.7–30.2), pre-anal length 69.0– 74.3 % SL (vs. 80.7–87.4), having a longer (17.1–20.7 % SL vs. 8.4–11.9) and more slender (caudal-peduncle depth 33.7–43.1 % caudal-peduncle length vs. 62.7–87.6) caudal peduncle, eye small (eye diameter 14.6–16.6 % HL vs. 16.7–23.9), mouth wide (mouth width 63.2–75.5 % body width at pectoral-fin origin vs. 30.3–42.3). Metahomaloptera longicauda can be further distinguished from M. omeiensis hangshuiensis in having fewer blackish blotches along the median dorsal line from occipital region to base of caudal (8–9 vs. 10–15), a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), more lateral-line scale rows (66–78 vs. 59–63), fewer branched pectoral rays (11–15 vs. 16–18), fewer branched pelvic rays (10–12 vs. 13–15), a longer (17.1–20.7 % SL vs. 7.1–10) and more slender (caudal peduncle depth 33.7–43.1 % caudal peduncle length vs. 76.9–111.1) caudal peduncle. Description. Biometric comparisons of M. longicauda and M. omeiensis omeiensis are presented in Table 1. Ventral view of head of M. longicauda is presented in Figure 2. Body elongate and compressed; head longer than width at pectoral-fin origin. Snout spatulate and broad; snout longer than half of head, 3–4 times eye diameter. Numerous small white tubercles on dorsal surface of head. Anterior and posterior nostrils closely situated; anterior nostril in short tubular flap. Eye small, 1 / 6 of head length; eye diameter slightly shorter than gill opening. Interorbital width shorter than snout length and less than 1 / 2 of head length. Gill opening very small, crescent-shaped, and situated entirely above base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior, wide, and crescentshaped; corner of mouth almost reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth with four pairs of barbels, rostral fold with four notches to accommodate rostral barbels, a fleshy lobe between two neighboring notches, and the inner fleshy lobe larger than the lateral two. Four rostral barbels of equal length. Fleshy lobe enlarged between rostral and maxillary barbels. Rostral fold and upper lip separated by shallow groove; upper lip with single row of papillae and continuous with lower lip at mouth corner. Maxillary barbels at corner of mouth; inner pair of barbels shorter and more slender than outer pair. Lower lip plain and thin. Jaws with sharp largely exposed horny edge. Lower jaw with radial ridges on surface. Dorsal-fin origin located before middle of body with iii, 8 rays. Dorsal-fin margin straight. Base of dorsal fin shorter than head length. Pectoral fin with 13 simple and 11–15 branched rays; fin expanded and inserted vertical of nostrils. Tip of pectoral fin overlapping anterior part of pelvic fin and extending beyond vertical origin of dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with 8–9 simple and 10–12 branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fins fused posteriorly; posterior edge reaching or extending beyond anus and far from anal fin. Expanded muscular band present above pelvic-fin base. Anal fin with ii, 5 rays and far from caudal-fin base. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior edge of pelvic-fin base. Caudal fin shallowly emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Body covered with tiny cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight and with 66–78 scales. Coloration. After fixed in 10 % formalin and storage in 75 % ethanol, body is dark grey. Median dorsal line with 8–9 blackish blotches from occipital region to base of caudal fin; 2–3 blotches anterior to dorsal-fin origin and 5–6 posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays dark grey with two blackish bands. Caudal and anal fins with one wide vertical blackish band. Distribution. Presently known from the Niulan Jiang River and the Pudu River (tributaries of the lower Jinsha River) (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology. In Tuole (Niulan Jiang River), the river is clear and fast flowing, 8–20 m wide, 0.5– 2 m deep, and with a pH 6.0. The river substrate is sand, cobbles and boulders. Metahomaloptera longicauda was collected in the rapid water amongst boulders. Other fishes found in the same locality include Discogobio yunnanensis (Cyprinidae), Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae), Pseudorasbora parvus (Cyprinidae), Beafortia szechuanensis (Balitoridae), Sinogastromyzon dezeensis (Balitoridae), Triplophysa grahami (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Balitoridae) and Liobagrus marginatus (Amblycipitidae). In Deze (downstream of Tuole,), the habitat is the same as that at Tuole, but more speceis coexist with M. longicauda. Those include the species listed above and Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae), Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus (Cyprinidae), Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae), Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) and Paracobitis variegatus variegatus (Balitoridae). Etymology. A noun from the Latin longus, meaning long, and caudal, meaning the tail of an animal, in reference to the species having a longer caudal peduncle when compared with M. oemeiensis omeiensis and M. oemeiensis hangshuiensis. Discussion. To date, only one species containing two subspecies is considered valid in Metahomaloptera (Chen & Tang, 2000; Tang & Chen, 2000), viz. M. omeiensis omeiensis Chang, 1944, M. omeiensis hangshuiensis Xie, Yang & Gong, 1984. The description of M. longicauda raises the number of known species in the genus to two. The significantly longer caudal peduncle and wider mouth of M. longicauda easily distinguishes it from M. omeiensis omeiensis (Figs. 4, 5). Metahomaloptera is is restricted to the lower Jinsha River (the name the Yangtse River in Yunnan Province) and the upper Yangtse River (Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei Province) (Fig. 3). The distribution of M. omeiensis hangshuiensis is desctibed by Chen & Tang (2000) as the Hanshui River. Chang (1944) indicated that the rudimentary nature of the gill-opening in Metahomaloptera must be of generic significance, and Metahomaloptera is obviously more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Chen (1980) discussed the phylogenetic position of Metahomaloptera based on an osteological study, corroborated the hypothesis of Chang (1944) that Metahomaloptera is more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Metahomloptera is adapted to fast-flowing streams, and many of the morphological features are adaptations to the special environment. Notable adaptations includes those of the mouth, pelvic fin, maxillary barbels and gillopening, and the depressed body and head. These specialized characters are always used to distinguish genera and species. Their function and importance in phylogenetic analyses should be studied further. Comparative material. Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis: KIZ 795676, 51.1 mm SL, Yaan, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 840157, 53.0 mm SL, KIZ 840158, 57.8 mm SL, Emei, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 82100932 41.3 mm SL, KIZ 82100944, 36.6 mm SL, KIZ 82100943, 36.9 mm SL, Weixin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 82101071, 32.9 mm SL, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 2004008087, 31.8 mm SL, KIZ 2004008086, 30.9 mm SL, KIZ 2004008088, 31.6 mm SL, Shizi village, Baishui River, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China.