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Chilecicada curacaviensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 3 (morphology), Plate 2 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Melipilla Pr. Comuna de / Curacav��: G-864-F, 4 km east of El / Pangue, / 33.26978S, 71.18206W, 431 m. / 5-I-2019. JA Cole, FA Calderon / leg. S19-47 // 190105-010 (FC) // JAC000003273 ��� ♂ (LACM). Etymology. The name is a combination of curacavi -and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the place of origin of the type specimen. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, probably faded from green due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate and anteromedial corner of vertex, short silvery pile on dorsal head, longer, denser pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined with ground color at medial angle. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, piceous fusing medially across transverse ridges near apex, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous except for ground color spot lateral to anterior terminus of central sulcus, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin and within transverse grooves. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color posterior half of carina, medial anterior margin and posterior margin, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum piceous with ground color medial margin, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color posteriorly, piceous expanding from ambient fissure over most of the dorsal and mediolateral collar along ambient fissure, piceous on lateral collar extending to lateral margin continuing on anterolateral margin of lateral angle margining the lateral angle of the pronotal collar with piceous. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining submedian sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, surrounding posterior two-thirds of lateral sigilla, on anterolateral corner, lateral margin, cruciform elevation and wing groove, piceous mark on central disk extends across central cruciform elevation midline, posterior of anterior arms and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous extending to form piceous spots on distal terminus of posterior arm, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color medially, lateral segments ground color with piceous central regions. Ventral segments covered with short and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein ochraceous separated by piceous fascia proximally along basal cell, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, cubitus posterior, anal vein 2, and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and red area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, tibiae striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color majority of mesotari and proximal pretarsus in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, stout, secondary spine almost upright, slightly widened base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching to about middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly, well separated medially extending medially under lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally to dorsolateral timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, castaneous posterior to piceous, lighter on posterior margin, ground color on anterolateral corner of timbal cavity, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, amount of castaneous increasing in posterior tergites, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous near anterior and posterior margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin extending to medial third of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule piceous, sternite III testaceous with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin extending on midline forming central spot, sternites IV���VI testaceous with transverse piceous mark in center bordered posteriorly with castaneous, increasing in size in posterior sternites, sternite VII testaceous with small piceous mark on anterior midline. Epipleurites testaceous with large piceous spots. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally, ventrolaterally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally, dorsolaterally and posterolaterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer covered with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding after angle before forming rounded terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous with dark ground color lateral margin distal to base, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal surface smoothly curved and ventral surface straight with down turned terminus when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small castaneous ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus not visible in type specimen. Female is unknown. Measurements (mm). n= 1♂. Length of body: 17.35; length of fore wing: 20.70; width of fore wing: 7.10; length of head: 3.00; width of head including eyes: 5.80; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.45; width of mesonotum: 5.55. Song. (n=4, holotype and 3 topotype males not captured) Echemes of length 0.58��0.11 repeat at a rate of 1.43�� 0.46 s- 1. The C. curacaviensis echeme duration is significantly longer than those of C. oraria and C. trifasciunca (MANOVA, P =2.26��10 -3). The echeme rate is at the upper end of variation for this song type and is often faster than the rates of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca but the differences are not significant (MANOVA, P =9.00��10 -2). The dominant frequency band is 9.22���11.58 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.46��0.04 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length about 17.35 mm, fore wing length about 20.70 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.50 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell lacking a piceous marking, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, a ground color medial opercular margin, a semicircular a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae and smoothly curved on the dorsal surface. It is most similar to C. culenesensis n. sp. but differs in the ambient vein of the fore wing is smoothly curved posteriorly rather than being obtusely angled and the dorsal uncus is only curved distally in that species. Shares the common medium echeme duration, slow echeme rate song type shared with C. culenesensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca. Longer echemes separate C. curacaviensis from the shorter echemes of C. oraria, C. trifasciunca, and perhaps also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis.Although the echeme durations are similar, echeme rate tends to be faster in C. curacaviensis than in C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca. The song is perhaps indistinguishable from C. culenesensis. Distribution. The species is known from the type specimen collected 4 km east of El Pangue, Comuna de Curacav��, Provincia de Melipilla, Metropolitana de Santiago Region, Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada culenesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 2 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “15.CL. RM.LCN.716.4 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. “15.CL. RM.LCN.713 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (MNNC); “15.CL. RM. LCN.716.3 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “15.CL. RM.LCN.714.1 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♀ (AFSC); “15.CL. RM.LCN.714.2 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. RM.LCN.715 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L. // Seq.” 1♀ (UCMS). The code 15.CL. RM. LCN refers to a hill near the village of Los Culenes, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is a combination of culenes - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the type locality of the species. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in most paratypes due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, and anteromedial corner of vertex and posterior epicranial suture, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supraantennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves with castaneous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral castaneous mark, expanding to cover most of mentum in one paratype, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin along ambient fissure, mark on anterolateral margin of lateral angle expanded medially forming fascia connecting to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, on anterolateral corner, cruciform elevation and wing groove, mark on central disk extends along anterior half of cruciform elevation midline, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly in some paratypes. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, one paratype fore wing and one paratype hind wing with modified venation pattern in apical cells but same number of apical cells. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia proximally, piceous extending to node in some paratypes, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2, anal vein 3 and proximal cubitus posterior, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and red area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking distal fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color majority of mesotari and majority of pretarsus in hind tarsi, piceous expanding or hind tarsi metatarsi also ground color in some paratypes, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine upright, sinuate with broad proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to posterior of sternite I. Female meracanthus similarly colored but not curving distally, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial and posterior margins, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching to about middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly shaped and colored with lateral margin also piceous, reaching to middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, lateral margin in some paratypes, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, castaneous posterior to piceous and dorsolateral timbal cavities with ground color laterally and on posterior margin, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, small amount of ground color on dorsolateral posterior margin of tergite 3 in holotype, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous near anterior and posterior margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin almost reaching piceous auditory capsule, sternite III with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin, castaneous with testaceous posterior margin, sternites IV–VII testaceous with transverse castaneous mark in center, reducing in size in posterior sternites becoming a spot on central sternite VII. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous anterior margin and piceous spots posterior to dorsal margin curve, spots expanded or absent in various paratypes, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and posteriorly surrounding piceous stigma, piceous anteriorly, dorsolaterally, dorsally, and on dorsal beak, margined with castaneous laterally, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally and posterolaterally, separated from ground color by castaneous laterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous. Median uncus lobe piceous with ground color spot on either side of dorsal carina at base and ground color on middle of lateral margin proximal to terminal bend, all but lateral margin base ground color in most paratypes, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, sinuate when viewed from the side, distal terminus angled toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous with piceous tips, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.48 (17.90–21.10), ♀ 18.08 (17.55– 18.60); length of fore wing: ♂ 21.50 (20.75–22.50), ♀ 21.33 (20.85–21.80); width of fore wing: ♂ 7.86 (7.50–8.30), ♀ 8.03 (7.95–8.10); length of head: ♂ 3.06 (2.95–3.20), ♀ 3.10 (3.00–3.20); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.15 (5.95–6.40), ♀ 6.13 (6.00–6.25); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.05 (6.80–7.35), ♀ 6.98 (6.85–7.10); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.80 (5.65–6.05), ♀ 5.85 (5.80–5.90). Song. (n=1 paratopotype song recording of 21 s duration) The 0.62 s long echemes of C. culenesensis occur at a rate of 1.47 s- 1. The C. culenesensis echeme duration is significantly longer than that of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =8.07×10 -9) and similar to the durations of C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.59×10 -2). The C. culenesensis echeme rate is indistinguishable from those of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =9.69×10 -1), but is faster than those of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.60×10 -7) owing to a short interecheme interval of 0.058 s. The dominant frequency band is 9.03–10.89 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.16 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.55–21.10 mm, fore wing length between 20.75–22.50 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.50 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated, triangular meracanthus, piceous marking on the medial opercular margin, a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a large central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae curving slightly to terminus. It is most similar morphologically to C. curvacaviensis n. sp. but differs in the ambient vein of the fore wing being obtusely angled posteriorly rather than being smoothly curved and the dorsal uncus is smoothly curved in that species. This species shares a common song type with C. curacaviensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca: a continuous song with one approximately 0.5 s echeme produced roughly every s. Based on the single recorded male, the combination of long echemes produced at a fast rate may separate C. culenesensis from all species but C. curacaviensis: C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca, and probably also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis sing with slow echeme rates; C. oraria songs have a similar fast echeme rate but with short echemes. Distribution. The species is known from the type locality near the village of Los Culenes, Región Metropolitana, Chile.

Chilecicada partemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 10 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_08 // JAC000003294” ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puentes el Manzano (curva 14), / 33.34859S, 70.35332W, 1549 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-02 // JAC000003290” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puentes el Manzano (curva 14), / 33.34859S, 70.35332W, 1549 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-02 // JAC000003291” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, / FA Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_03 or 06 // JAC000003292” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_06 or 03 // JAC000003293” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_09 // JAC000003295” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-03 // JAC000003296” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19- XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-03 1♂ (MNNC), 1♂ and 1♀ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo, Camino Al Volcán, / 3.2 km E of El Volcán pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1487 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-50 // 190106-09? // JAC000003303” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo, Camino Al Volcán, / 3.2 km E of El Volcán pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S19-50 // 190106-020 (FC) // JAC000003304” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo; Camino Al Volcán, / 3.2 km E of El Volcán pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1487 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-50 // 190106-021 (FC) // JAC000003305” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo, Camino Al Volcán, / 3.2 km E of El Volcán pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S19-50 // JAC000003306” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de / San José de Maipo; Camino Al / Volcán, 3.2 km E of El Volcán / pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, C. / Veloso leg. S18-50” 1♂ (MNNC), 2♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de San / José de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volcán pueblo on / Villorio El Volcán / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JCR190106_06 // JAC000003300” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volcán pueblo on / Villorio El Volcán / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JCR190106_07 // JAC000003301” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / José de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volcán pueblo on / Villorio El Volcán / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I- 2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JAC000003302” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de / San José de Maipo; Campground / 1.26 km east of El Volcán pueblo on / Villorio El Volcán / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, C. / Veloso leg. S18-49 // 190106-05” 1♂ (MNNC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali, Puente Chacayes, road / H-33 at El / Manzanar, / 34.23566S, 70.48223W, 844 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-14 // JAC000003299” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Puente Chacayes, road H-33 at El / Manzanar, / 34.23566S, 70.48223W, 844 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-14” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali, Entrance of Club de / Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13 // 181222-002 (FC) // JAC000003297” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali; Entrance of Club de / Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22- XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-13 // JAC000003298” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Entrance of Club de Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Entrance of Club de Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13 / 181222-003 (FC)” 1♂ (MNNC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Colchagüa: Comuna de San / Fernando: Sierra Bellavista, / 34.82697S, 70.74717W, 118 0 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-19” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Universidad de / Ibáñez, Botánico, Peñalolén / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 998 m. / 4-I- 2018, JA Cole leg. // 18.CL. SA.UUB // Santiago Reg. CL / 18.CL. SA.UBB / U. Adolfo Ibanez / 4 Jan 18 JC, EG, CS, SC / Chilecicada verde // JAC000003289” 1♀ (LACM); “14.CL.LI.BLV.421 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (MNNC); “14.CL.LI.BLV.423.1 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (MNNC); “14.CL.LI.BLV.423.2 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (AFSC); “14.CL.LI.BLV.424.1 / - 34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (UCMS); “14.CL.LI.BLV.424.3 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL.LI.CRC.475.3 / -34.1596, -70.6347 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL.LI.CLT.510 / -34.74115, -70.7655 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “16.CL.LI. RTT.048.2 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.” 1♂ (MNNC); “16.CL.LI.RTT.048.1 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL.LI.RTT.047 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.” 1♂ (UCMS); “ Sex: Male (05) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’54” S. 70°21’18”W. 1583 m)” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (02) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’54” S. 70°21’18”W. 1583 m)” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (11) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’54” S. 70°21’18”W. 1583 m)” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Female (04) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’54” S. 70°21’18”W. 1583 m)” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 14.CL.LI.BLV corresponds to Sierra de Bellavista, O’Higgins Region, Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.CRC corresponds to Camino Rancagua-Coya, VI Region (O’Higgins Region), Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.CLT corresponds to side of the road towards Termas del Flaco, O’Higgins Region, Chile. The code 16.CL.LI.RTT corresponds to the road to Termas del Flaco, -34.7838, -70.6465, VI Region (O’Higgins Region), Chile, collected by Claudio Veloso and John McCutcheon. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. Etymology. The name is a combination of par - (L. par, equal, even) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the temporally consistent song echemes of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous, castaneous in some paratypes, heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Head and thorax greenish in live specimens, greenish tint remaining in some specimens of the type series. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in some paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior supra-antennal plate margin, anteromedial corner of vertex and mark on medioposterior head in posterior epicranial suture extending laterally along posterior head to expand anteriorly to posterior cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Gena piceous with ground color margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color anterior and lateral margins, ground color margin thicker in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina and anterior margins, piceous connected across carina in some paratypes, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum piceous except ground color ventral midline and posterior margins, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing anteriorly and posteriorly producing short ground color fascia on midline, fissures piceous, incomplete anterior or lateral ambient fissures or posterior paramedian fissure in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from middle of lateral ambient fissure to anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, separated in some paratypes, lateral sigilla mottled piceous, completely piceous or with ground color lateral region in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla expanding to large rectangular spot including scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extending onto midline of cruciform elevation, anterolateral curve reduced in some paratypes connecting to lateral sigilla in other paratypes, mark expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, anterior and medial portion of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, small piceous mark crossing middle of anterior arms of cruciform elevation in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color, piceous fascia on dorsal midline, piceous anterolateral and piceous posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, radiating from posterolateral margin, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, central meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and lateral trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes, plates almost completely piceous in one paratype. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia along basal cell, fascia extending to node in some paratypes, reduced to proximal spot in other paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in middle, completely piceous in some paratypes. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange with piceous posterior margin, mottled with red in some paratypes. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange, mottled with red in some paratypes, infuscation in proximal anal cell 1, anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with castaneous or testaceous in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and distally piceous, middle tibiae with proximal and distal piceous marks, hind tibiae with on proximal piceous mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color distal mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, middle tarsi piceous, hind tarsi with ground color proximal pretarsus, some or all tarsi completely piceous in some paratypes, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base, completely piceous in some paratypes. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with proximally expanded base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip and majority of anterior surface, tertiary spine piceous. Segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle anterior or sternite II. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to middle of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, curved obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, rounded medial margin, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching posteriorly to middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 piceous with ground color anterior margin and posterolateral corners, tergite 2 with piceous interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 2–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins, castaneous expanded in posterior tergites, castaneous replaced with piceous in some paratypes, tergite 8 with piceous on dorsolateral posterior margin, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some paratypes, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 3–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with anterolateral piceous spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near anterior margin, short fascia on posterior margin in middle of tympanal cavity, these marks fuse with central marks in some paratypes, and on auditory capsule, sternites III–VII ground color, sternite III with piceous anterior margin expanding on midline. Epipleurites ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve at posterior of tergite 8 forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, U-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and along dorsal midline terminated at end of dorsal beak, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large piceous dorsolateral spots angled mediad posteriorly margined with castaneous, dorsolateral spots terminate anterior to posterior margin, castaneous connecting on midline, small piceous spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, and a castaneous dorsal spot anterior to posterior margin, piceous and connecting across midline in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer

Morphological key to the species of Chilecicada 1 Fore wing basal cell length greater than 3.95 times width..................................................... 2 - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.95 times width........................................................ 4 2 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.00 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites with central spot.................................................. C. mapuchensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length greater than 4.10 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites without central spot........................................................... 3 3 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 19.8 mm, body length greater than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell lacking piceous mark, meracanthus triangular................................... C. oraria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 4.20 times width, fore wing length less than 19 mm, body length less than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell with piceous mark, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus.................................................................................................. C. pehuenchesensis n. sp. 4 Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fasciae in central sulcus and along lateral margins............... C. trifascia n. sp. - Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fascia only in central sulcus.............................................. 5 5 Proximal basal cell without piceous mark.................................................................. 6 - Proximal basal cell with piceous mark.................................................................... 8 6 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 20.5 mm, piceous mark along medial opercular margin........................................................................... C. curacaviensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.20 times width, fore wing length less than 20.5 mm, medial opercular margin lacking piceous mark........................................................................................ 7 7 Fore wing basal cell length about 2.78 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle........................................................................................................................................................................................ C. occidentis - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.14 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus triangular, posteromedial opercular margin straight............................... C. viridicitata n. sp. 8 Body length less than 17 mm........................................................................... 9 - Body length greater than 17 mm........................................................................ 10 9 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.67 times width, posteromedial opercular margin straight, abdominal epipleurites with central spot...................................................................... C. citatatemporaria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.00 times width, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lacking central spot.................................................... C. impartemporaria n. sp. 10 Abdominal epipleurites without central spot............................................................... 11 - Abdominal epipleurites with central spot................................................................. 12 11 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, medial opercular margin barely medial to anteromedial margin........................................................................................ C. partemporaria n. sp., - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.88 times width, medial opercular margin extended to meracanthus.................................................................................................... C. trifasciunca n. sp., 12 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin ground color, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus........................................................... C. magna n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin piceous, meracanthus triangular........ 13 13 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.70 times width, fore wing length 20.75 mm or greater, terminus of male uncus bent, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle.................................. C. parrajaraorum n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, fore wing length 20.75 mm or shorter, terminus of male uncus straight, posteromedial opercular margin straight.................................................. C. culenesensis n. sp. Bioacoustics. The fine structure of timbalization is remarkably conserved: pulse rates (MANOVA, P =7.44��10-1) and syllable rates (MANOVA, P =6.61��10-2) were not significantly different among species (character definitions illustrated in Plate 2A). Rather, higher order temporal characters varied among Chilecicada species. Multivariate analysis of echeme duration (MANOVA, P =5.89��10 -8) and echeme rate (MANOVA, P =2.2��10 -16) produced clusters of four song types (Fig. 15): type 1) medium echeme duration (0.25��� 1.0 s) and slow echeme rate (0.5��� 1.7 s- 1) in C. culenesensis, C. curacaviensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca; type 2) long echeme duration (>1 s) and slow echeme rate (C. impartemporaria; type 3) short echeme duration (0.07��� 0.08 s) and medium echeme rate (8���10 s-1) in C. viridicitata; and type 4) short echeme duration (16 s-1) in C. citatatemporaria and C. occidentis. Although mean dominant frequency distributions of most species were variable, some species were divided among high (C. impartemporaria, C. citatatemporaria, and C. viridicitata) and low (C. oraria and C. partemporaria) frequency distributions (MANOVA, P =7.78��10 -8; Fig. 16). Pulse rate (MANOVA, P =7.15��10 -1), syllable rate (MANOVA, P =7.39��10 -1), and mean dominant frequency (MANOVA, P =3.09��10 -1) showed no relationship with temperature. Significant temperature by species interactions were found initially for echeme duration (MANOVA, P =6.17��10 -5). When partitioned by species the C. impartemporaria echeme duration showed a positive relationship with temperature (GLM, P =4.28��10 -2, R 2 = 32.30%; Fig. 17). Removal of C. impartemporaria rendered the temperature by species interaction nonsignificant for the remainder of Chilecicada (MANOVA, P =3.21��10 -1). Male Chilecicada relied on crypsis and remained stationary for long periods, rarely flying even when disturbed; C. citatatemporaria and C. impartemporaria did not attempt to fly even when captured, and C. occidentis occasionally flew short distances when disturbed but males also dropped to the ground. Chilecicada males sang in aggregations from mid morning (1043 h) to late afternoon (1758 h) and called repeatedly from the same perches. Shortly after an echeme was initiated a male would often lift the abdomen, which was correlated with an increase in echeme amplitude (Plate 2C). Perch height was different among sympatric C. occidentis and C. partemporaria at Pe��aol��n: the former perched on low bushes and forbs, while the latter tended to perch 2m or above on acacia and other trees. In addition to timbalization, wing flicks (Plate 4) were observed in six Chilecicada species: C. citatatemporaria (n=1), C. impartemporaria (n=3), C. magna (n=1), C. partemporaria (n=3), C. pehuenchesensis (n=1), and C. trifasciunca (n=1). Males inserted wing flicks within the interecheme intervals of their songs. Females were observed neither within the vicinity of wing flicking males nor to flick their own wings. Molecular phylogenetics. Molecular voucher accessions and collecting data are found in Supp. Table 1. Four independent runs resulted in identical topologies (Fig. 18), and MCMC chains converged given the average standard deviation of split frequencies of 0.005146, which falls below the minimum threshold of 0.02. A monophyletic Chilecicada received 1.0 posterior probability. C. viridicitata is monophyletic and sister to all other Chilecicada. Two exemplars that fall into other clades make C. impartemporaria polyphyletic. C. curacaviensis form a grade leading up to a clade of mixed taxa.All but one C. occidentis exemplar form a clade. Two clades of C. partemporaria correspond to a geographic break: the totopotype from Santiago belongs to a clade of Santiago and Cordillera Province exemplars, while the other contains exemplars from the south in Cachapoal and Colchag��a provinces (Fig. 19). Sister to the northern C. partemporaria clade is topotype C. culenesensis from Melipilla Province west of Santiago (Fig. 19). Each clade consists of a single song type (Fig. 18), barring the intrusion of the two wandering C. impartemporaria that bring type 2 songs into clades consisting of type 1 and type 4 songs, respectively. Genetic distance between C. viridicitata and the remainder of Chilecidada is on the order of 9.5% - 11%, for an estimated divergence time of 8-14 Ma (Supp. Table 2)., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 61-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada oraria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 8 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345. Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región del Maule: / Cauquenes Pr.: Comuna de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, Ruta / 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, / FA Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-24 // JCR181225_ 00 // JAC000003272” ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. “ CHILE. Región del Maule: Provincia / de Cauquenes: Communa de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, ruta 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-24 // S18-24” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región del Maule: Provincia / de Cauquenes: Communa de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, ruta 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-24 // 181225-21 / S18-24” 1♂ in ethanol (UCMS); “15.CL. ML.CQQ.734 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L. // Seq.” 1♂ (UCMS); “Angol-Chile / 19.XI.1958 / S. Sénez ” 1♂ (AFSC); “Pelluhue / Chile. Dec. 2 1953 / L.E. Pena ” 2♂ (AFSC); “Tregualemo / Chile / Dec. 1953 / L.E. Pena” 1♂ (AFSC); “Concepcion— Chile / Feb. 1940 / D.S. Bullock” 1♂ (AFSC); “Carmavida / Chile / Dec. 25–31 1953 / L.E. Pena” 1♂ (AFSC); “Nogueche / Chile / Dec. 15–17 1953 / L.E. Pena” 1♀ (AFSC); “Constitucion / Chile / Nov. 1953 / L.E. Pena” 1♂ (AFSC); “15. CL. ML.CQQ.735 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “15.CL. ML.CQQ.749 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (MNNC); “15.CL. ML.CQQ.003 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. ML.CQQ.002 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. ML.CQQ on the label of the last five specimens listed refers to Ruta 126 between Cauquenes and Quirihue, near Estero el Cajon, Maule Region, Chile collected by Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is in reference to the distribution of the species being near the coast (L. orarius, of the coast). Description. Ground color testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous with green costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in most of type series. Testaceous greenish in some paratypes, live specimens with green more pronounced, especially dorsolaterally and posteriorly, with green pronotal collar, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture and anterior to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark, extending anteriorly only to posterior cranial depression in some paratypes, short golden pile and radiating long golden pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous with ground color medial and anterior margins and piceous posteromedial margin along anteclypeus, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, castaneous spot in middle, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum castaneous with piceous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral ovoid castaneous mark and anterolaterad angled castaneous mark in middle, remaining along midline or forming short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and posterior paramedian fissure, ground color mark remaining on midline extending more posterior in some paratypes, piceous fuses anteriorly and posteriorly on midline into triangular mark expanding laterally in anterior and ambient fissures, small fascia extending on anterior margin of posterior paramedian fissure, separated from longitudinal fasciae in some paratypes, anterior half of paramedian fissure piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spot on disk just anterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots in some paratypes, posterior two-thirds of lateral fissure piceous connecting to piceous ambient fissure, piceous in ambient fissure extends to middle of lateral fissure, extends around disk to anterior lateral fissure in some paratypes, mark in ambient fissure extends irregularly onto posterior lateral disk. Pronotal collar ochraceous, bright green in live specimens, greenish tint in some paratypes, with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to anterolateral corner of lateral angle. Pronotum covered with short golden pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, lateral sigilla piceous with mottled posterior region, anchor-shaped castaneous mark central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, posterior mark expands to fuse with lateral anchor-shaped mark in some paratypes, marks completely fuse in some paratypes and may extend anterolateral to between submedian and lateral sigilla, lateral X of cruciform elevation piceous with mark curving along anterior of lateral cruciform elevation and expanding to spot on anterolateral margin, wing groove ground color with castaneous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline spot and piceous fasciae anterolaterally, mediolaterally and posterolaterally. Dorsum with short silvery pile, denser long silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, on posterior mesonotum, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, posterior margin of trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, mark on medial katepimeron 2 along meron 2 in some paratypes, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, right hind wing of holotype with five apical cells due to the fusion of apical cells 5 and 6. Venation greenish ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, basal veins bright green in living specimens, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein ochraceous, green in fresh specimens, castaneous mark on base of cubitus anterior adjacent to basal cell, distal anal vein 2 + 3 castaneous. Basal cell about 4.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except castaneous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area. Legs. Legs ochraceous, green in some paratypes, proximal coxae piceous, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and piceous distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except dark ground color ventral and lateral mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base. Fore femora with primary spine adpressed to femur, elevated above femur in most paratypes, secondary spine almost upright with curved tip, and very small tertiary and apical spines, primary and secondary spines ground color with piceous tips, tertiary and apical spines castaneous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to anterior of sternite II. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, curved in some paratypes, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but not reaching half the length of meracanthus nor middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, tergite 2 with ground color anterior and posterior margins, transverse piceous fascia connecting to anterodorsal timbal cavity, interior timbal cavity piceous, transverse castaneous fascia posterior to piceous fascia extending almost to middle of timbal cavity, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins, tergite 8 of holotype with short transverse castaneous fascia across midline anterior to posterior margin, mark not found in paratypes, tergites covered with long silvery pile, denser on dorsal tergite 1 and lateral tergites 7 and 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with piceous anterior spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near posterior margin and on posterior auditory capsule, sternites III–VII dark ground color, sternite III with piceous anterior margin, holotype with some castaneous staining on sternites, paratypes unicolorous posterior to sternite III. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base the sides almost forming a right triangle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color with piceous anteromedial and anterolateral margins reducing posteriorly forming a piceous triangular mark terminating as thin fascia on piceous dorsal beak, stigma piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous anteriorly, ground color posteriorly and ventrally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile dorsally and posteriorly. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening to semicircular apex, apex convex laterally and concave medially forming a spoon-like terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with red posterior margin, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with red posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal surface arched with distal quarter angled anteriorly, posterior surface smoothly curved, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, small ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus. Only terminal aedeagus of holotype visible, dark castaneous with at least two terminal spines extending from lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath reaching to distal dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 1♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.20 (17.90–21.00), ♀ 19.75; length of fore wing: ♂ 21.48 (19.90–22.75), ♀ 21.75; width of fore wing: ♂ 7.55 (6.75–8.50), ♀ 7.75; length of head: ♂ 3.37 (3.10–3.45), ♀ 3.15; width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.44 (5.85–6.95), ♀ 6.55; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.36 (6.30–8.15), ♀ 7.35; width of mesonotum: ♂ 6.26 (5.75–7.00), ♀ 6.35. Song. (n=4: holotype and 1 paratopotype from Región Maule, Cauquenes Pr., 2 paratypes from Q15.CL.ML. CQQ, Regíon Maule, Quirihue) The echeme duration of 0.39± 0.11 s is significantly shorter than all other Chilecicada (MANOVA, P = 1.12×10 -3). These echemes occur at a rate of 1.51± 0.26 s- 1, a rate that is not significantly different from C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca (MANOVA, P =9.00×10 -1). The dominant frequency band is 8.89–11.52 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.21±0.42 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.90–21.00 mm, fore wing length between 19.90–22.75 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.50 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, no piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, a triangular meracanthus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base with the dorsal side arched and curving to the terminus. Among the species with slow (~1 s-1) medium echeme duration (~ 0.5 s) songs, C. oraria males deliver short echemes at the upper end of the echeme rate variation. The short echemes of C. oraria will separate that species from those with longer echemes: C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and probably also C. culenesensis, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. magna. The faster echeme rate will separate C. oraria from species that tend to sing at slower echeme rates: C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca and probably also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in Cauquenes Province in the southwestern corner of the Región del Maule, and a number of coastal communities in central Chile.

Chilecicada citatatemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 1 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / Puente La Mora, Camino E-41, / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-05 // JAC000003271” 1♂ (LACM). Paratypes. “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Provincia de Petorca; Comuna de / Cabildo; Puente La Mora, / Camino E-41 / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-05 // 181220-12” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / Puente La Mora, Camino E-41, / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-05 // JAC000000615” 1♂ (LACM). Etymology. The name is a combination of citata - (L. citatus, quick, rapid, speedy) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the rapidly produced echemes in the song of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing ochraceous, costal margin green in live specimens. Body covered with silvery pile giving a grayish appearance when alive. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior supra-antennal plate, anterolateral corner of vertex, and posterior epicranial suture with mark extending laterally along posterior of head to level of lateral ocelli, castaneous spots on anterolateral corners of frons, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli dark red, eyes dark castaneous. Gena piceous margined with ground color along medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, medially castaneous in paratype, lorum ground color with piceous mark in anteromedial corner and posteromedial corner, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, castaneous mark on posterolateral corners continuous with castaneous spots on anterolateral frons, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color proximally, castaneous distally, labium castaneous proximally, piceous distally, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, lateral and anterior ambient fissures, paramedian, lateral, and lateral portion of posterior ambient fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in paratype, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous mark on anterolateral margin of lateral angle, mark expanded in paratype forming fascia connecting from anterior pronotal collar lateral angle to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous, lateral longitudinal fascia, darker and larger in paratype, diamond-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding laterally to piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation but not reaching posterior margin, piceous spot on posterior mesonotum continuous with piceous mark on anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolaterally in wing groove. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, on posterior mesonotum, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous spots on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, and lateral trochantin 2. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline, holotype with eight and seven apical cells in the fore wing and four or five apical cells in the hind wings, paratype exhibits eight and six apical cells in the fore and hind wings respectively. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia to node, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.67 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation greenish with castaneous margining anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spots on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, and proximal anal cell 1 gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, striped with piceous, fascia incomplete in hind tibiae, fore tibiae piceous distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, fore tarsi piceous except ground color ventral mesotarus and proximal metatarsus, middle and hind tarsi castaneous with greater proportion of ground color, pretarsal claws ground color proximally with piceous or castaneous tips. Fore femora with primary spine perpendicular to femoral axis, secondary spine upright, longest, with wide base, and very small tertiary spine, spines ground color with piceous proximal margin on primary spine and piceous tip on secondary spine. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin and middle of tympanal cavity. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, semicircular medial margin, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 castaneous medially, ground color laterally, with piceous spot anteromedially, expanded into transverse piceous fascia in one paratype, and small piceous spots on either side of midline on posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous posterior to piceous and timbal cavities with greenish testaceous posterior margin, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with greenish testaceous, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fasciae near anterior margin on either side of midline and in middle of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule castaneous centrally, piceous in one paratype, sternites III–VII testaceous, sternite III with piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spots on anterolateral corners, sternites IV and V with small transverse fascia on anterior midline, small transverse fasciae on anterior of sternites IV–VII in one paratype, sternite VII with ground color posterior margin. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spots. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with gentle curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterolateral margin, piceous dorsally separated from ground color by castaneous, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, reaching to base of anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly curved dorsally, extending more than half pygofer length, distal lobe with parallel sides and semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube castaneous, piceous in paratype, with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous at base with castaneous proximal half of lateral margin, ground color distally, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distally curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, small ridge on dorsal surface midline, castaneous proximally, ground color distally, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, terminus not visible in type series, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Measurements (mm). n= 2♂, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 16.35 (15.75–16.95); length of fore wing: ♂ 17.30 (16.60–18.00); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.38 (6.15–6.60); length of head: ♂ 3.10 (3.00–3.20); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.33 (5.15–5.50); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.30 (6.15–6.45); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.13 (5.00–5.25). Song. (n=4: 1 paratopotype, 2 topotypes (UCMS alcoholic molecular vouchers), 1 male from type locality not captured) Brief echemes of 0.04± 0.00 s duration delivered at a rapid rate of 18.13± 0.89 s- 1. The dominant frequency band is 9.84–12.59 kHz (mean dominant frequency=11.18±0.61 kHz). Echemes are grouped into echeme sequences that vary widely in length, from 1.67 to 24.51 s. The songs of C. citatatemporaria and C. occidentis are not significantly different (MANOVA, P =2.90×10 -1). Diagnosis. This is one of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 14.75–16.95 mm, fore wing length between 15.30–18.00 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.67 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins to node, a triangular meracanthus, ground color medial opercular margin, a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous proximally and ground color distally curving distally to terminus. Rapid sequences of echemes separate the song of this species from all other Chilecicada except C. occidentis. The echeme rate is also rapid in C. viridicitata songs but is half (~10 s-1) the C. citatatemporaria rate (~20 s-1). Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in the Petorca Province of Región de Valparaíso of central Chile.

Chilecicada viridicitata n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 14 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: / Colcahg��a Pr.; Comuna de San / Fernando; Camino a Termas del / Flaco, I-45, 37 km east of San / Fernando, / 34.77050S, 70.67348W, 784 m. / 22-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-15 // JCR181222_19 // JAC000003274��� ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Colcahg��a; Comuna de San / Fernando; Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco road, 26 km NW of / Termas del Flaco at La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-18 // 181224-08��� 1♂ (MNNC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Colcahg��a; Comuna de San / Fernando; Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco roas, 26 km NW of / Termas del Flaco at La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-18 // 181224-10��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: / Colcahg��a Pr.; Comuna de San / Fernando, Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco Road, 26 km / northwest of Termas del Flaco at / La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII- 2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-18 // JAC000003275��� 1♀ (LACM) ���14.CL.LI.CLT.469 / -34.7412, -70.7566 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS). The code 14.CL.LI.CLT refers to the side of the road towards Termas del Flaco, O���Higgins Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of viridi - (L. viridis, green) in reference to the bright green basal fore wing venation of live specimens and - citata (L. citatus, quick, rapid, speedy) in reference to the rapidly produced echemes in the song of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous marked with castaneous and piceous, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing ochraceous due to ethanol exposure, vibrant green in live specimens. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum with greenish tinge in one paratype and in live specimens. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, reduced to lateral half or extending along medial margin in some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture, mark extends anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous with lighter margin. Gena piceous except ground color medial and anterior margins, lorum piceous with ground color anteromedial and posteromedial margins, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, piceous expanding along posterior margin in some paratypes, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina, anterior and medial posterior margins, transverse piceous band across anterior carina, expanded with additional mark across posterior carina in some paratypes, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum castaneous, labium castaneous at base becoming piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of posterior midline, along entire midline and fusing medially in anterior fissure in paratypes, fusing in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, posterior paramedian and anterior lateral fissures ground color in some paratypes, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk and medial margin of lateral pronotal collar, reduced in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin continuous with ambient fissure mark, transverse piceous mark from lateral ambient fissure to anterolateral margin of pronotal collar lateral angle, mark reduced in one paratype. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous mark extending laterally from anterior sigilla not reaching lateral margin, reduced to spot in some paratypes, central fascia expanding posteriorly, forming anchor-shaped mark in some paratypes, piceous between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, piceous scutal depressions, fusing to piceous mark between anterior arms of cruciform elevation in some paratypes, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation, mark extending over anterior of cruciform elevation midline in some paratypes, cruciform elevation castaneous in some paratypes, posterior of anterior arm and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with castaneous midline, piceous laterally with ground color margin. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, several paratype hind wings with additional crossveins in apical cells. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, small piceous spot on base extending along anteroproximal basal cell, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.14 times longer than broad. Pterostigma reduced but present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except green extending into vein separating apical cells and castaneous anal veins 2 and 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial, radial and costal cells with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area. Legs. Legs ground color, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, femora striped additionally with castaneous, stripes reduced in some paratypes, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, castaneous anterior side, mark not reaching proximal terminus in hind tibiae, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi castaneous with piceous distal segmental margins except ground color proximal mesotarus and metatarsus of hind tarsi, pretarsal claws dark ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine almost perpendicular to femur, secondary spine upright, longest, with broad base, and very small tertiary spine, spines ground color, primary and secondary spines with piceous tips. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with lateral margin distally curving mediad, reaching slightly beyond operculum posterior margin not reaching posterior of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous along medial margin, piceous expanded in some paratypes, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, smoothly curved posteromedial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped reaching to anterior of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous dorsally with ground color posterolateral margin, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous dorsally with ground color lateral posterior margins, amount of castaneous increasing and ground color decreasing in posterior tergites, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 4���8, missing in some paratypes. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline near anterior margin angled posteromedially and fusing on posterior margin, second transverse fascia on anterior margin in middle of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule piceous, sternites III���VII testaceous, central castaneous mark in some paratypes, sternite III with piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spot on anterolateral corner. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII testaceous with castaneous anterior margin, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, Vshaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, denser on posterior sternites. Female sternite VII testaceous with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch reaching posterior margin of sternite VI, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally and laterally castaneous posteriorly, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous except ground color ventrally and ground color dorsoposterior margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening distal to angle before tapering to leaf-like apex, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface piceous, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating silvery pile. Aedeagus castaneous, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Female gonocoxite IX castaneous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, 1♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 17.11 (16.70���17.55), ♀ 17.65; length of fore wing: ♂ 17.85 (17.15���18.40), ♀ 18.15; width of fore wing: ♂ 6.66 (6.45���6.85), ♀ 6.60; length of head: ♂ 2.86 (2.7���2.95), ♀ 2.70; width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.59 (5.35���5.80), ♀ 5.65; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 5.93 (5.60���6.30), ♀ 6.05; width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.21 (4.90���5.50), ♀ 5.05. Song. (n=7: holotype, 2 paratypes, and 4 uncaptured males from Maule Region, Colchag��a Pr.) A unique combination of a brisk 9.50�� 0.37 s- 1 repetition rate of short echemes of duration 0.07�� 0.00 s. The dominant frequency band is 9.87���12.03 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.92��0.19 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 16.70���17.65 mm, fore wing length between 17.15���18.40 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.14 times longer than broad, ground color proximal fore wing basal cell, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, a triangular meracanthus, a piceous mark on the medial opercular margin, semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and a narrow uncus that is piceous with ground color dorsal fascia with the distal third bent. The rapid echeme song resembles the songs of C. citatatemporaria and C. occidentis but is half the rate of those species. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitana and O���Higgins Regions of central Chile. Morphological key to the species of Chilecicada 1 Fore wing basal cell length greater than 3.95 times width..................................................... 2 - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.95 times width........................................................ 4 2 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.00 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites with central spot.................................................. C. mapuchensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length greater than 4.10 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites without central spot........................................................... 3 3 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 19.8 mm, body length greater than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell lacking piceous mark, meracanthus triangular................................... C. oraria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 4.20 times width, fore wing length less than 19 mm, body length less than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell with piceous mark, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus.................................................................................................. C. pehuenchesensis n. sp. 4 Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fasciae in central sulcus and along lateral margins............... C. trifascia n. sp. - Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fascia only in central sulcus.............................................. 5 5 Proximal basal cell without piceous mark.................................................................. 6 - Proximal basal cell with piceous mark.................................................................... 8 6 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 20.5 mm, piceous mark along medial opercular margin........................................................................... C. curacaviensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.20 times width, fore wing length less than 20.5 mm, medial opercular margin lacking piceous mark........................................................................................ 7 7 Fore wing basal cell length about 2.78 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle........................................................................................................................................................................................ C. occidentis - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.14 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus triangular, posteromedial opercular margin straight............................... C. viridicitata n. sp. 8 Body length less than 17 mm........................................................................... 9 - Body length greater than 17 mm........................................................................ 10 9 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.67 times width, posteromedial opercular margin straight, abdominal epipleurites with central spot...................................................................... C. citatatemporaria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.00 times width, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lacking central spot.................................................... C. impartemporaria n. sp. 10 Abdominal epipleurites without central spot............................................................... 11 - Abdominal epipleurites with central spot................................................................. 12 11 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, medial opercular margin barely medial to anteromedial margin........................................................................................ C. partemporaria n. sp., - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.88 times width, medial opercular margin extended to meracanthus.................................................................................................... C. trifasciunca n. sp., 12 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin ground color, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus........................................................... C. magna n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin piceous, meracanthus triangular........ 13 13 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.70 times width, fore wing length 20.75 mm or greater, terminus of male uncus bent, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle.................................. C. parrajaraorum n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times, Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 57-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada mapuchensis n. sp. Sanborn Fig. 6 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345. Type material. Holotype. ���14.CL. RM.PLN.518.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. ���15.CL.LI.RT1.720 / -34.0617, -71.3773 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL.VS. PBA.989 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���16.CL.VS.PBA.986 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L. // Seq.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.997 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.998 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL.VS.PBA.990 / - 33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL.VS.LVZ.991 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���16.CL.VS.PBA.987 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♀ (UCMS); ���15.CL. RM. LCN.716.2 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. RM.LCN.716.1 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���15.CL. RM.LCN.717 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.518.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (15) / Collector: Leonardo Diaz / Date: 12/26/04 / Location Curacacv��. RM. / (33��22���32��� S. 71��08���23���W. 240 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (16) / Collector: Leonardo Diaz / Date: 12/26/04 / Location Curacacv��. RM. / (33��22���32��� S. 71��08���23���W. 240 m) ��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (07) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���54��� S. 70��21���18���W. 1583 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Pe��alolen, Quebrada de Macul, Santiago, Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile and is the type locality for the species, 15.CL.LI.RT1 C. V., K.N., P.L. refers to Side of Ruta 66, Regi��n O���Higgins, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. 16.CL.VS.PBA refers to the hill near the exit from Ruta 60, near Pe��ablanca, Regi��n Valpara��so, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. 16.CL.VS.LVZ refers to the side of road F-50, 5.5 km N from the intersection with Ruta 68, 8 km from Lo Vasquez, -33.2255, - 71.4092, Regi��n Valpara��so, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil, -33.0730, -70.9639, Regi��n Metropolitana, collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. Finally, 15.CL. RM.LCN refers to the hill near the village of Los Culenes, Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is a combination of mapuch - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the distribution of the species over much of the historical territory of the Mapuche civilization where the type series was collected. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in most paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture, mark extends anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short golden pile and radiating long golden pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous medially and laterally to eye surrounded by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, castaneous spot in middle in some paratypes, mostly piceous in some paratypes, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum castaneous with piceous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some paratypes, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, castaneous fascia, piceous in some paratypes, on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, dorsal ambient fissures castaneous, lateral ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to posterolateral corner of lateral angle, posterolateral mark castaneous in some paratypes. Pronotum with short golden pile in fissures in some paratypes. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous with slightly mottled posterior region, anchor-shaped castaneous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding to large rectangular spot or expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, mark extends along midline of cruciform elevation but not reaching posterior margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, expanding to spot on anterolateral margin in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with castaneous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, posterior margin of trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, some paratype hind wings with five apical cells, one paratype with four apical cells in one hind wing and five apical cells in the other. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia, absent in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in some paratypes. Basal cell about four times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except castaneous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with castaneous in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and transverse piceous mark near distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except ground color ventral and lateral mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, amount of ground color increasing in posterior segments, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur with distally curved tip, secondary spine almost upright with proximally curved tip, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color, darker in some paratypes, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle with mediad curved tip, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color in holotype, ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, castaneous dorsoposterior castaneous in some paratypes, tergite 2with ground color castaneous spot on dorsal midline and light castaneous transverse dorsal fascia, paratypes generally with ground color anterior dorsolateral margin and posterior margin and transverse piceous fascia connecting to anterodorsal timbal cavity on primarily castaneous tergite with dark castaneous spot on dorsal midline, interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins with dark castaneous spot on dorsal midline, piceous expanded in most paratypes, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some paratypes, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 6���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with anterolateral castaneous spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near posterior margin and on posterior auditory capsule, sternites III���VII dark ground color with castaneous lateral spot, sternite III with piceous anterior margin expanding into spot on midline. Epipleurites dark ground color with castaneous spot, spots becoming darker in posterior epipleurites. Sternite VIII ground color with elongated, lateral piceous spots, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and spots on the middle of the ventral margin, with castaneous spots on dorsoanterior and dorsally between posterior piceous marks, dorsal beak ground color with piceous tip, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as castaneous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large dorsolateral spots, dorsolateral spots anterior to posterior margin and a spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, and a castaneous dorsal spot anterior to posterior margin, piceous with ground color margin in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to leaf-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margin on ventral style, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube castaneous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, lateral piceous fascia becoming castaneous before terminating proximal to terminus, piceous on terminus, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ridge on distal dorsal surface midline, ventral surface almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X castaneous with piceous tip. Ovipositor sheath reaching beyond dorsal beak to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 18.16 (16.35���19.55), ♀ 18.70 (18.10��� 19.30); length of fore wing: ♂ 19.64 (18.50���20.75), ♀ 20.68 (20.45���20.90); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.88 (6.35���7.30), ♀ 7.03 (6.80���7.25); length of head: ♂ 3.12 (2.65���3.45), ♀ 3.38 (3.35���3.40); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.84 (5.35���6.20), ♀ 6.20 (6.10���6.30); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.20 (5.60���6.65), ♀ 6.73 (6.70���6.75); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.46 (4.95���5.80), ♀ 5.93 (5.75���6.10). Song. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 16.35���19.55 mm, fore wing length between 18.50���20.90 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.00 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins extending to node, a triangular meracanthus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base and tip and a distal third of the dorsal side smoothly curving to the terminus. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitan, O���Higgins, and Valpara��so Regions of central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 23-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada magna n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 5 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: Figs. 1���9, 341, 345. Type material. Holotype. ���16.CL. ML.CCP.037 / -35.8144, -70.8314 / 6.I.2016 C. V., J.M.��� ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. ���14.CL.LI.CCC.493.1 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (MNNC); ���14.CL.LI.CCC.493.2 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���14.CL.LI.CCC.491.1 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (UCMS); ���14.CL.LI.CCC.491.2 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. ML.LMT.721 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. ML. LMT.724.2 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. ML.LMT.725 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♀ (AFSC); ���15.CL. ML.LMT.724.1 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (12) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchi / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���51��� S. 70��19���15���W. 1830 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���El Canelo / Chile / Dec. 29 1950 / L. E. Pena ��� 2♂ and 2♀ (AFSC); ���Cjn. Del Maipo / Santiago / X-XII-1978 / Coll. L.E. Pena ��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE: Regi��n Metro. / curva 18, 6km W. / Corral Qumada / 33��21��� S 180m / 70��20��� W 11.XI.1994 / SL Heydon & E. Arias / ex Baccharis ��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 16.CL. ML.CCP.037 refers to the side of the road, Valley of Rio Maule, Maule Regi��n, Chile collected by collected by Claudio Veloso and John McCutcheon and is the type locality of the species. The code 14.CL.LI.CCC refers to the area near the confluence of rivers Pangal and Cachapoal, 7 km SE from the village of Coya, O���Higgins Regions, Chile. The 15.CL. ML.LMT refers to the View point near the village of La Montana, Maule Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name (L. magnus, large, great) in reference to the large body size of the species in comparison to the majority of congeneric species. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded with greenish tinge in some paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, medial margin along postclypeus ground color in some paratypes, medial supra-antennal plate piceous in one paratype, ground color anteromedial corner of vertex ground color posterior cranial depression with mark extending laterally to level of posterior cranial depression, extending as far laterad as medial angle of eye in some paratypes, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture or anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, denser in some paratypes, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Two ocelli rosaceous, one ochraceous, rosaceous or combination in paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous centrally surrounded by ground color on anterior, medial and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color anteromedial corner and anterior and lateral margins, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous with angled elongated castaneous spot on either side of midline, long white pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, ground color expanding laterally in some paratypes, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to anterior of hind coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, mark extending laterad anteriorly and posteriorly to form triangular mark terminating in fissure, anteromedial, lateral and posterior ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, anterior paramedian and lateral fissures ground color in some paratypes, mark in ambient fissure extending irregularly onto disks, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin dorsally, angled piceous fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle, mark extending to posterolateral corner of lateral angle in some paratypes. Short silvery pile in pronotal fissures, also on disks in some paratypes. Mesonotum piceous with ground color anterolateral corner, lateral margin, J-shaped fascia along parapsidal suture, posterolateral surface extending as fascia to surround posterior lateral sigilla connecting to anterior arm of cruciform elevation, piceous mark lateral to lateral sigillum extending to lateral margin, reduced or absent in some paratypes, cruciform elevation ground color except between anterior arms, small mark on anterior midline, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse piceous fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, small, semicircular notch in posteromedial margin. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove, short silvery pile on dorsum in some paratypes. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on central basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on episternum 3 and lateral trochantin 3, piceous expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous, greenish-ochraceous in some paratypes, proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia proximally along basal cell, extending distal to basal cell or absent in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.75 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, striped with piceous and piceous distal terminus, middle with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, hind tibiae proximal spot reduced to three small spots without the fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus in fore tarsi, ventral and lateral mesotarsus also ground color in middle tarsi, and all but distal pretarsus ground color in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws piceous. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright, angled distally in some paratypes, with proximally expanding base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous with ground color base, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip, darker in some paratypes, tertiary spine ground color, piceous in some paratypes. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating white silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base and triangular tip, reaching to posterior margin of sternite I but not reaching posterior of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rectangular, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, lightly margined with piceous in some paratypes, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially extending under lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long white pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and dark ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavity medial margins, piceous margined with castaneous posteriorly, ground color posteriorly and laterally, piceous within timbal cavity, tergites 3���8 piceous bordered posteriorly and laterally with ground color, ground color proportion increasing in tergites 7 and 8 becoming half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, ground color in holotype, piceous in some paratypes, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II ground color with small piceous spots on either side of midline and posterior auditory capsule, sternite III ground color with piceous anterior margin and transverse piceous spot posterior to piceous fascia, fusing to piceous fascia in some paratypes, sternites IV���VII ground color. Epipleurites ground color, light castaneous spot centrally, much darker and obvious in some paratypes. Sternite VIII ground color with small piceous spot ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin with curve near base forming a slightly obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I and II and on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved, connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and posteriorly, piceous dorsally, dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, on stigma, piceous margined with castaneous, castaneous fascia on ventrolateral surface ventral to stigma in one paratype, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous dorsally, anterolaterally, and dorsolateral spots anterior to posterior margin that fuse to dorsal mark, a small castaneous spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, piceous or absent in some paratypes, ground color expanded in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to middle of anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to spoon-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, dorsolateral castaneous fascia narrowing and terminating proximal to terminus, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third angled toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin leaving small notch on terminus, small ground color ridge on distal dorsal surface midline, ventral surface recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile.Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous with piceous tip, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching terminus of dorsal beak, reaching to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 5♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.61 (18.45���20.70), ♀ 19.67 (18.80��� 20.45); length of fore wing: ♂ 22.49 (21.35���23.20), ♀ 23.33 (22.30���24.80); width of fore wing: ♂ 8.24 (7.95���8.85), ♀ 8.55 (8.00���9.30); length of head: ♂ 3.40 (3.25���3.60), ♀ 3.43 (3.35���3.60); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.60 (6.40���6.80), ♀ 6.68 (6.20���7.00); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.12 (7.05���7.35), ♀ 7.58 (7.20���8.00); width of mesonotum: ♂ 6.14 (6.00���6.30), ♀ 6.33 (6.70���6.10). Song. (n=1, a 45 s recording of a paratype from 15.CL.ML.LMT, O���Higgins Region, La Montana) Echemes lasting 0.53 s produced at a rate of 1.20 s- 1. Echeme duration is significantly shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =3.86��10 -7) but significantly longer than C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =1.65��10 -6). There are no significant echeme rate differences between C. magna and C. curacaviensis, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca. The dominant frequency band is 8.96���11.08 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.25 kHz). Diagnosis. One of the larger of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 18.45���20.70 mm, fore wing length between 21.35���24.80 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.75 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with a parallelsided base and triangular distal terminus, ground color medial opercular margin, rectangular medial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae with the distal third bent to terminus. The song is the common medium echeme duration (~ 0.5 s) slow echeme rate (~1 s-1) type shared with C. culenesensis, C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. oraria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca. The single recording suggests that the C. magna echeme duration may be intermediate between other species with similar songs: shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and perhaps C. culenesensis, but longer than C. oraria. Echeme durations may be indistinguishable between C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis. The lack of concomitant echeme rate differences will make song-based diagnosis difficult. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Maule, Metropolitana, and O���Higgins Regions of central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 19-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada parrajaraorum n. sp. Sanborn Fig. 9 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ���15.CL.LI.LCB.722 / -34.2993, -71.2636 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. 14.CL. RM.PLN.520.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik ��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. LI.LCB refers to a hill near the village of Las Cabras, O���Higgins Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Park Quebrada de Macul, Pe��alolen, Santiago, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of parra -, - jara - and - orum (L. genitive plural). The species is named in honor of Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval (1917-1967) and Victor Lidio Jara Martinez (1932-1973), popular Chilean singers and songwriters in reference to the importance of the songs in identifying species of Chilecicada. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, greenish testaceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, probably faded from green in live specimens due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color spots on junction of anterolateral supra-antennal plate margin and anteromedial corner of vertex and in posterior epicranial suture, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum ground color with piceous spots on anteromedial and posteromedial corners, piceous with ground color lateral margin in paratype, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves, central sulcus and dorsum, 12 transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, piceous extending across middle of carina in holotype, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous mark, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially anteriorly and posteriorly forming a triangular mark tapering laterally to anterior fissure and posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous extending from ambient fissure, dorsally piceous covering majority of pronotal collar, lateral angle margined with piceous extended medially from anterolateral corner to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile in fissures, additional pile on pronotal collar lateral angle in paratype. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, on anterolateral corner, most of cruciform elevation and wing groove, mark on central disk extends along anterior half of cruciform elevation midline, anterior half and medial regions of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, mark extending onto posterior mesonotum, wing groove ground color with piceous medial spot, piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum with posterior notch on dorsal midline, ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color, ground color expanded in anepimeron 2 and katepimeron 2. Ventral segments covered with short silvery and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation greenishtestaceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia extending to node, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, piceous spot on basal vein of clavus. Basal cell about 3.7 times longer than broad with small infuscation in anterodistal corner, absent in paratype. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, cubitus posterior, anal vein 2, anal vein 3, cubitus posterior ground color and anal veins castaneous in paratype, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae with shorter distal fascia and lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus in middle leg and majority of tarsi in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with broad proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching slightly beyond operculum posterior margin to posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial margin, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin obtusely angled becoming transverse medially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching beyond middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly but not reaching sternite II, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, margined posteriorly with castaneous and ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, piceous extending posteriorly on dorsal midline not reaching posterior margin, castaneous posterior to piceous and dorsolateral timbal cavities with ground color dorsolaterally, tergites 3���8 piceous bordered posteriorly with ground color, transverse castaneous mark on dorsal midline posterior to piceous, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 7 and 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous along anterolateral and posteromedial margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anterior margin reaching piceous auditory capsule, sternite III with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin, large anteromedial and small lateral castaneous spots, sternites IV���VI testaceous anteromedial castaneous mark in center and lateral castaneous spots, reducing in size in posterior sternites, medial spots larger in paratype, sternite VII testaceous. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with curving castaneous marks on anterolateral margin and castaneous spot ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally and posterolaterally, separated from ground color by castaneous laterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, silvery pile on dorsolateral surfaces. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening distal to angle forming spoon-like terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with testaceous anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe dark castaneous distal two-thirds of lateral margin ground color, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal side slightly sinuate when viewed from the side, ventral side straight to downward angled distal terminus, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating silvery pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Measurements (mm). n= 2♂, mean (range). Length of body: 19.10 (18.00���20.20); length of fore wing: 20.45 (20.15���20.75); width of fore wing: 6.98 (6.95���7.00); length of head: 3.38 (3.35���3.40); width of head including eyes: 6.03 (5.90���6.15); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.68 (6.60���6.75); width of mesonotum: 5.70 (5.65���5.75). Song. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 18.00��� 20.20 mm, fore wing length between 20.15���20.75 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.70 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins extending to node, a triangular meracanthus, piceous marking on the medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color and/or castaneous lateral and dorsal fasciae with a sinuate dorsal surface when viewed from the side and the ventral terminus slightly bent. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in the O���Higgins and Metropolitana Regions, Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada trifascia n. sp. Sanborn Fig. 12 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ���14.CL.LI.TDF.430 / -34.9566, -70.4366 / 14. XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� ♂ (UCMS). The code 14.CL.LI.TDF refers to Sierra del Vista area, -34.8258, -70.7418, O���Higgins Region, Chile. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. Etymology. The name is a combination of tri - (L. tri-, thrice) and - fascia (L. fascia, band, stripe) in reference to the three longitudinal piceous stripes on the postclypeus of this species. Description. Ground color testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous with green costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in holotype due to ethanol exposure. The green was diagnostic when fresh. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, anteromedial corner of vertex and posteriorly expanding mark on posterior half of epicranial suture, castaneous mark on posterior head posterior to posterior cranial depressions, short golden pile and longer white pile on dorsal head, long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous centrally and laterally with ground color anterior, medial and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color anterior and lateral margins, castaneous spot in middle, short white pile and radiating long white silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves, central sulcus and longitudinal fascia connecting lateral transverse grooves, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous, short silvery pile laterally, dorsally and within central sulcus. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color anterolateral margin and fascia on posterior carina near posterior margin, medial anterior margin castaneous, covered with short white pile. Mentum ground color with anteriorly expanding lateral castaneous mark, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape castaneous, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, anterior, lateral and posterior ambient fissures, all but medial paramedian fissure, and lateral fissures piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous expanding onto anterior half from ambient fissure, fascia from lateral ambient fissure to lateral margin, expanding posterolaterally to anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle. Pronotum with short white pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, posterior to submedian sigilla and medial to lateral sigilla castaneous, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with castaneous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color with piceous anterior midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with sparse white pile, longer and denser between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, central trochantin 2, meron 2, medial margin of katepimeron 2, all but margins of basisternum 3, all but margins of episternum 3 and trochantin 3. Ventral segments covered with dense short white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein ochraceous with castaneous spot on base, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell cloudy, about 3.86 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area. Legs. Legs ground color, proximal coxae piceous, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with castaneous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally with castaneous fascia and distally castaneous, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color proximally with castaneous tips, tarsi castaneous except piceous fore and middle metatarsus, dark ground color ventral and lateral mesotarsus with piceous distal piceous margin, and piceous distal pretarsus, pretarsal claws dark ground color base with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine almost upright, secondary spine triangular, upright, and small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines ground color with piceous tips, tertiary spine ground color. Segments with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, base with parallel sides, extending as an elongated triangle reaching slightly beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching anterior of sternite II. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial margin, lateral margin angled slightly mediad, curved posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight but curled ventrally, rounded medial margin, anteromedial margin curving around meracanthus to base, posteriorly not reaching to anterior of sternite II, well separated medially reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long white pile radiating from operculum. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior and posterior margins, transverse piceous fascia connecting to anterodorsal timbal cavity, tergite 2 with piceous interior timbal cavity, tergites 2���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and thin ground color posterior margins, lateral margin castaneous, tergites covered with short white pile, denser on lateral tergites, long white pile radiating from lateral tergite 7 and lateral and dorsal tergite 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with piceous anterior margin, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near anterior margin, fusing on midline and extending to posterior margin, piceous spots on anterior margin in middle of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule piceous with greenish anterior margin, sternites III���VII castaneous with lighter posterior margin, sternite III with piceous anterior margin expanding into triangular spot on anterior midline. Epipleurites castaneous with piceous spot, spot becoming proportionately larger in posterior epipleurites. Sternite VIII castaneous, dorsal margin with slightly curved lateral margin and transverse posterior margin, Vshaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short white pile and radiating long white pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous with ground color ventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short white pile dorsally and posteriorly. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening to curved apex, apex convex laterally and concave medially forming a spoon-like terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color posterior margin, radiating short white pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe piceous, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal half curved anteriorly, posterior surface curled medially, widening laterally from base before tapering to slightly notched posterior margin, small ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surfaces meeting medially except for slit on underside of curved portion for extension of aedeagus. Distal aedeagus not visible, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female is unknown. Measurements (mm). n= 1♂. Length of body: 17.05; length of fore wing: 18.00; width of fore wing: 6.35; length of head: 2.55; width of head including eyes: 5.55; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 5.60; width of mesonotum: 5.35. Song. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from all known species of Chilecicada by the three piceous longitudinal fascia on the ventral postclypeus. In addition, this new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length about 17.05 mm, fore wing length about 18.00 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.86 times longer than broad, ground color proximal fore wing basal cell, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, a piceous mark on the medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum margin straight and curved ventrally, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color tip with the distal third curving to the terminus. Distribution. The species is known only from the holotype collected in the area of Sierra del Vista, O���Higgins Region, central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 50-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada magna n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 5 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: Figs. 1–9, 341, 345. Type material. Holotype. “16.CL. ML.CCP.037 / -35.8144, -70.8314 / 6.I.2016 C. V., J.M.” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. “14.CL.LI.CCC.493.1 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (MNNC); “14.CL.LI.CCC.493.2 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (MNNC); “14.CL.LI.CCC.491.1 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (UCMS); “14.CL.LI.CCC.491.2 / -34.2343, -70.4806 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. ML.LMT.721 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. ML. LMT.724.2 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. ML.LMT.725 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♀ (AFSC); “15.CL. ML.LMT.724.1 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (12) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchi / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’51” S. 70°19’15”W. 1830 m)” 1♂ (AFSC); “El Canelo / Chile / Dec. 29 1950 / L. E. Pena ” 2♂ and 2♀ (AFSC); “Cjn. Del Maipo / Santiago / X-XII-1978 / Coll. L.E. Pena ” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE: Región Metro. / curva 18, 6km W. / Corral Qumada / 33°21’ S 180m / 70°20’ W 11.XI.1994 / SL Heydon & E. Arias / ex Baccharis ” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 16.CL. ML.CCP.037 refers to the side of the road, Valley of Rio Maule, Maule Región, Chile collected by collected by Claudio Veloso and John McCutcheon and is the type locality of the species. The code 14.CL.LI.CCC refers to the area near the confluence of rivers Pangal and Cachapoal, 7 km SE from the village of Coya, O’Higgins Regions, Chile. The 15.CL. ML.LMT refers to the View point near the village of La Montana, Maule Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name (L. magnus, large, great) in reference to the large body size of the species in comparison to the majority of congeneric species. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded with greenish tinge in some paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, medial margin along postclypeus ground color in some paratypes, medial supra-antennal plate piceous in one paratype, ground color anteromedial corner of vertex ground color posterior cranial depression with mark extending laterally to level of posterior cranial depression, extending as far laterad as medial angle of eye in some paratypes, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture or anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, denser in some paratypes, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Two ocelli rosaceous, one ochraceous, rosaceous or combination in paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous centrally surrounded by ground color on anterior, medial and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color anteromedial corner and anterior and lateral margins, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous with angled elongated castaneous spot on either side of midline, long white pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, ground color expanding laterally in some paratypes, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to anterior of hind coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, mark extending laterad anteriorly and posteriorly to form triangular mark terminating in fissure, anteromedial, lateral and posterior ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, anterior paramedian and lateral fissures ground color in some paratypes, mark in ambient fissure extending irregularly onto disks, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin dorsally, angled piceous fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle, mark extending to posterolateral corner of lateral angle in some paratypes. Short silvery pile in pronotal fissures, also on disks in some paratypes. Mesonotum piceous with ground color anterolateral corner, lateral margin, J-shaped fascia along parapsidal suture, posterolateral surface extending as fascia to surround posterior lateral sigilla connecting to anterior arm of cruciform elevation, piceous mark lateral to lateral sigillum extending to lateral margin, reduced or absent in some paratypes, cruciform elevation ground color except between anterior arms, small mark on anterior midline, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse piceous fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, small, semicircular notch in posteromedial margin. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove, short silvery pile on dorsum in some paratypes. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on central basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on episternum 3 and lateral trochantin 3, piceous expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous, greenish-ochraceous in some paratypes, proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia proximally along basal cell, extending distal to basal cell or absent in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.75 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, striped with piceous and piceous distal terminus, middle with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, hind tibiae proximal spot reduced to three small spots without the fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus in fore tarsi, ventral and lateral mesotarsus also ground color in middle tarsi, and all but distal pretarsus ground color in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws piceous. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright, angled distally in some paratypes, with proximally expanding base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous with ground color base, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip, darker in some paratypes, tertiary spine ground color, piceous in some paratypes. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating white silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base and triangular tip, reaching to posterior margin of sternite I but not reaching posterior of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rectangular, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, lightly margined with piceous in some paratypes, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially extending under lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long white pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and dark ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavity medial margins, piceous margined with castaneous posteriorly, ground color posteriorly and laterally, piceous within timbal cavity, tergites 3–8 piceous bordered posteriorly and laterally with ground color, ground color proportion increasing in tergites 7 and 8 becoming half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, ground color in holotype, piceous in some paratypes, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II ground color with small piceous spots on either side of midline and posterior auditory capsule, sternite III ground color with piceous anterior margin and transverse piceous spot posterior to piceous fascia, fusing to piceous fascia in some paratypes, sternites IV–VII ground color. Epipleurites ground color, light castaneous spot centrally, much darker and obvious in some paratypes. Sternite VIII ground color with small piceous spot ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin with curve near base forming a slightly obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I and II and on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved, connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and posteriorly, piceous dorsally, dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, on stigma, piceous margined with castaneous, castaneous fascia on ventrolateral surface ventral to stigma in one paratype, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous dorsally, anterolaterally, and dorsolateral spots anterior to posterior margin that fuse to dorsal mark, a small castaneous spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, piceous or absent in some paratypes, ground color expanded in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to middle of anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to spoon-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, dorsolateral castaneous fascia narrowing and terminating proximal to terminus, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third angled toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin leaving small notch on terminus, small ground color ridge on distal dorsal surface midline, ventral surface recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile.Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous with piceous tip, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching terminus of dorsal beak, reaching to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 5♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.61 (18.45–20.70), ♀ 19.67 (18.80– 20.45); length of fore wing: ♂ 22.49 (21.35–23.20), ♀ 23.33 (22.30–24.80); width of fore wing: ♂ 8.24 (7.95–8.85), ♀ 8.55 (8.00–9.30); length of head: ♂ 3.40 (3.25–3.60), ♀ 3.43 (3.35–3.60); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.60 (6.40–6.80), ♀ 6.68 (6.20–7.00); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.12 (7.05–7.35), ♀ 7.58 (7.20–8.00); width of mesonotum: ♂ 6.14 (6.00–6.30), ♀ 6.33 (6.70–6.10). Song. (n=1, a 45 s recording of a paratype from 15.CL.ML.LMT, O’Higgins Region, La Montana) Echemes lasting 0.53 s produced at a rate of 1.20 s- 1. Echeme duration is significantly shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =3.86×10 -7) but significantly longer than C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =1.65×10 -6). There are no significant echeme rate differences between C. magna and C. curacaviensis, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca. The dominant frequency band is 8.96–11.08 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.25 kHz). Diagnosis. One of the larger of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 18.45–20.70 mm, fore wing length between 21.35–24.80 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.75 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with a parallelsided base and triangular distal terminus, ground color medial opercular margin, rectangular medial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae with the distal third bent to terminus. The song is the common medium echeme duration (~ 0.5 s) slow echeme rate (~1 s-1) type shared with C. culenesensis, C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. oraria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca. The single recording suggests that the C. magna echeme duration may be intermediate between other species with similar songs: shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and perhaps C. culenesensis, but longer than C. oraria. Echeme durations may be indistinguishable between C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis. The lack of concomitant echeme rate differences will make song-based diagnosis difficult. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Maule, Metropolitana, and O’Higgins Regions of central Chile.

Chilecicada curacaviensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 3 (morphology), Plate 2 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región Metropolitana: / Melipilla Pr. Comuna de / Curacaví: G-864-F, 4 km east of El / Pangue, / 33.26978S, 71.18206W, 431 m. / 5-I-2019. JA Cole, FA Calderon / leg. S19-47 // 190105-010 (FC) // JAC000003273 ” ♂ (LACM). Etymology. The name is a combination of curacavi -and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the place of origin of the type specimen. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, probably faded from green due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate and anteromedial corner of vertex, short silvery pile on dorsal head, longer, denser pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined with ground color at medial angle. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, piceous fusing medially across transverse ridges near apex, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous except for ground color spot lateral to anterior terminus of central sulcus, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin and within transverse grooves. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color posterior half of carina, medial anterior margin and posterior margin, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum piceous with ground color medial margin, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color posteriorly, piceous expanding from ambient fissure over most of the dorsal and mediolateral collar along ambient fissure, piceous on lateral collar extending to lateral margin continuing on anterolateral margin of lateral angle margining the lateral angle of the pronotal collar with piceous. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining submedian sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, surrounding posterior two-thirds of lateral sigilla, on anterolateral corner, lateral margin, cruciform elevation and wing groove, piceous mark on central disk extends across central cruciform elevation midline, posterior of anterior arms and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous extending to form piceous spots on distal terminus of posterior arm, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color medially, lateral segments ground color with piceous central regions. Ventral segments covered with short and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein ochraceous separated by piceous fascia proximally along basal cell, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, cubitus posterior, anal vein 2, and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and red area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, tibiae striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color majority of mesotari and proximal pretarsus in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, stout, secondary spine almost upright, slightly widened base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching to about middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly, well separated medially extending medially under lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally to dorsolateral timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, castaneous posterior to piceous, lighter on posterior margin, ground color on anterolateral corner of timbal cavity, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, amount of castaneous increasing in posterior tergites, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous near anterior and posterior margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin extending to medial third of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule piceous, sternite III testaceous with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin extending on midline forming central spot, sternites IV–VI testaceous with transverse piceous mark in center bordered posteriorly with castaneous, increasing in size in posterior sternites, sternite VII testaceous with small piceous mark on anterior midline. Epipleurites testaceous with large piceous spots. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally, ventrolaterally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally, dorsolaterally and posterolaterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer covered with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding after angle before forming rounded terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous with dark ground color lateral margin distal to base, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal surface smoothly curved and ventral surface straight with down turned terminus when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small castaneous ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus not visible in type specimen. Female is unknown. Measurements (mm). n= 1♂. Length of body: 17.35; length of fore wing: 20.70; width of fore wing: 7.10; length of head: 3.00; width of head including eyes: 5.80; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.45; width of mesonotum: 5.55. Song. (n=4, holotype and 3 topotype males not captured) Echemes of length 0.58±0.11 repeat at a rate of 1.43± 0.46 s- 1. The C. curacaviensis echeme duration is significantly longer than those of C. oraria and C. trifasciunca (MANOVA, P =2.26×10 -3). The echeme rate is at the upper end of variation for this song type and is often faster than the rates of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca but the differences are not significant (MANOVA, P =9.00×10 -2). The dominant frequency band is 9.22–11.58 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.46±0.04 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length about 17.35 mm, fore wing length about 20.70 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.50 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell lacking a piceous marking, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, a ground color medial opercular margin, a semicircular a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae and smoothly curved on the dorsal surface. It is most similar to C. culenesensis n. sp. but differs in the ambient vein of the fore wing is smoothly curved posteriorly rather than being obtusely angled and the dorsal uncus is only curved distally in that species. Shares the common medium echeme duration, slow echeme rate song type shared with C. culenesensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca. Longer echemes separate C. curacaviensis from the shorter echemes of C. oraria, C. trifasciunca, and perhaps also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis.Although the echeme durations are similar, echeme rate tends to be faster in C. curacaviensis than in C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca. The song is perhaps indistinguishable from C. culenesensis. Distribution. The species is known from the type specimen collected 4 km east of El Pangue, Comuna de Curacaví, Provincia de Melipilla, Metropolitana de Santiago Region, Chile.

Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 11 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “15.CL. RM. CDM.602 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. “15.CL. RM. CDM.604 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (MNNC); “14.CL. RM. CEY.517.1 / -33.7878, -70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CEY.516 / -33.7878, - 70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo, -33.8233, -70.1220, Metropolitan Region, Chile and is the type locality for the species. The GPS data on the label are incorrect. The code 14.CL. RM.CEY refers to Cajón del Maipo, Camino Embalse el Yeso 2 (sitio alto), Región Metropolitana, Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.CAV refers the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village El Volcan, Cajón del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of pehuenches - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the distribution of the species and the Pehuenches people of central Chile. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing probably faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in type series. Body covered with sparse, silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, mark extending along anteromedial and anterolateral margin, reduced in some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending laterally to posterior epicranial suture angled anterolaterally to anterior of piceous posterior cranial depressions, sparse, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli ochraceous, rosaceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous with lighter proximal margin. Gena piceous centrally margined by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin and central fascia splitting piceous into two large spots, short white pile and radiating long white pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, medial anterior margin and medial posterior margin extending laterad beyond carina, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fasciae on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding laterally into triangular mark along anterior and posterior fissures, fissures piceous except anterior fissure medial to anterior end of paramedian fissure, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior to middle of lateral fissure, central lateral fissure expanding onto disk, separating partially or completely to form short fascia parallel to lateral fissure in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous margin along ambient fissure, anterior half of lateral angle of pronotal collar piceous, reduced distally or absent in some paratypes. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, sigilla piceous surrounded with ground color not reaching anterior margin between sigilla, small longitudinal piceous mark lateral to lateral sigilla, central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous, cruciform elevation ground color anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, piceous anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, smoothly curved concavity in dorsal posterior margin. Dorsum covered with short silvery pile, longer and denser silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and radiating from lateral metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepimeron 2, lateral spot on trochantin 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on lateral episternum 3 and medial spot on trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, radial crossvein missing in hind wing of holotype and one paratype leaving five apical cells in one hind wing. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, proximal and distal venation distinctly contrasting, piceous fascia along anterior basal cell, piceous fascia on anterior costal margin to distal basal cell, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous at curve, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing gray mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein and castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1 and cubital cell 2. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus, pretarsal claws dark ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, longest, secondary spine upright with curving proximal base, and small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines piceous with ground color base, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated, with parallel sides proximally becoming triangular distally, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching posteriorly to posterior of sternite I, well separated medially not reaching lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral corner and lateral margin, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and not reaching lateral margin, posterior margin castaneous, ground color in some paratypes, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally with castaneous extending to medial timbal cavity margin, castaneous replaced with ground color in some paratypes, piceous within timbal cavity, remainder of tergite ground color, tergites 3–6 piceous bordered posteriorly and laterally with dark ground color and castaneous mark on dorsal midline posterior to piceous, ground color proportion increasing in posterior tergites until becoming more than half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergite 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II ground color with ground color anterolateral margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anteromedial margin posterior to tympanal cavity with piceous auditory capsule, sternite III dark ground color with piceous anterior margin, short, transverse piceous fascia across midline just posterior to piceous fascia along anterior margin, piceous fascia fused in some paratypes, sternites IV–VII dark ground color. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous spot on either side of midline near anterior margin, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I–III and on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Ventral male pygofer and posterior margin ground color, piceous dorsally and dorsolaterally, piceous spot on ventral base posterior to distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, and piceous anteroventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with long silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, distally with parallel sides rounded terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe with piceous base and dorsolateral fascia almost reaching terminus, dark ground color lateral margin distal to base and ground color dorsal ridge, uncus elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal quarter of ventral surface very slightly angled toward sternite VIII, dorsal surface straight to distal curve when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, ventral surface ground color with piceous base, recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of small terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female is unknown. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, mean (range). Length of body: 16.44 (15.85–17.15); length of fore wing: 18.76 (18.50–18.90); width of fore wing: 6.68 (6.30–7.00); length of head: 2.98 (2.90–3.05); width of head including eyes: 5.61 (5.50–5.75); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.06 (6.00–6.15); width of mesonotum: 4.94 (4.80–5.15). Song. (n=1 paratopotype from 15.CL.RM.CDM) Echemes lasting 0.53 s delivered at a rate of 1.11 s- 1. Male C. pehuenchesensis echemes are significantly longer than those of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =5.23×10 -3) and significantly shorter than those of C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =3.43×10 -7). The slow echeme rate is similar to that of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciata (1-sample t -test, P =1.71×10 -1) and significantly faster than that of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =2.31×10 -2). The dominant frequency band of 10.17–11.29 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.71 kHz) is at the upper end of variation for the genus. Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 15.85–17.15 mm, fore wing length between 18.50–18.90 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell ground color, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with a triangular terminus, ground color medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base and dorsolateral fasciae not reaching distal terminus, the distal quarter curving to the terminus. It has a similar appearance to C. trifasciunca but is smaller and narrower. Based on the single recording, the C. pehuenchesensis echeme duration may be longer than C. oraria and shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and probably C. culenesensis. The C. pehuenchesensis and C. magna songs may be indistinguishable. The high frequency may turn out to be diagnostic, and is approached only by certain songs of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitan Region of central Chile.

Chilecicada parrajaraorum n. sp. Sanborn Fig. 9 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “15.CL.LI.LCB.722 / -34.2993, -71.2636 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. 14.CL. RM.PLN.520.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik ” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. LI.LCB refers to a hill near the village of Las Cabras, O’Higgins Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Park Quebrada de Macul, Peñalolen, Santiago, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of parra -, - jara - and - orum (L. genitive plural). The species is named in honor of Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval (1917-1967) and Victor Lidio Jara Martinez (1932-1973), popular Chilean singers and songwriters in reference to the importance of the songs in identifying species of Chilecicada. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, greenish testaceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, probably faded from green in live specimens due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color spots on junction of anterolateral supra-antennal plate margin and anteromedial corner of vertex and in posterior epicranial suture, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum ground color with piceous spots on anteromedial and posteromedial corners, piceous with ground color lateral margin in paratype, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves, central sulcus and dorsum, 12 transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, piceous extending across middle of carina in holotype, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous mark, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially anteriorly and posteriorly forming a triangular mark tapering laterally to anterior fissure and posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous extending from ambient fissure, dorsally piceous covering majority of pronotal collar, lateral angle margined with piceous extended medially from anterolateral corner to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile in fissures, additional pile on pronotal collar lateral angle in paratype. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, on anterolateral corner, most of cruciform elevation and wing groove, mark on central disk extends along anterior half of cruciform elevation midline, anterior half and medial regions of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, mark extending onto posterior mesonotum, wing groove ground color with piceous medial spot, piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum with posterior notch on dorsal midline, ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color, ground color expanded in anepimeron 2 and katepimeron 2. Ventral segments covered with short silvery and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation greenishtestaceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia extending to node, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, piceous spot on basal vein of clavus. Basal cell about 3.7 times longer than broad with small infuscation in anterodistal corner, absent in paratype. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, cubitus posterior, anal vein 2, anal vein 3, cubitus posterior ground color and anal veins castaneous in paratype, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae with shorter distal fascia and lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus in middle leg and majority of tarsi in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with broad proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching slightly beyond operculum posterior margin to posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial margin, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin obtusely angled becoming transverse medially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching beyond middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly but not reaching sternite II, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, margined posteriorly with castaneous and ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, piceous extending posteriorly on dorsal midline not reaching posterior margin, castaneous posterior to piceous and dorsolateral timbal cavities with ground color dorsolaterally, tergites 3–8 piceous bordered posteriorly with ground color, transverse castaneous mark on dorsal midline posterior to piceous, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 7 and 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous along anterolateral and posteromedial margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anterior margin reaching piceous auditory capsule, sternite III with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin, large anteromedial and small lateral castaneous spots, sternites IV–VI testaceous anteromedial castaneous mark in center and lateral castaneous spots, reducing in size in posterior sternites, medial spots larger in paratype, sternite VII testaceous. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with curving castaneous marks on anterolateral margin and castaneous spot ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally and posterolaterally, separated from ground color by castaneous laterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, silvery pile on dorsolateral surfaces. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening distal to angle forming spoon-like terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with testaceous anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe dark castaneous distal two-thirds of lateral margin ground color, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal side slightly sinuate when viewed from the side, ventral side straight to downward angled distal terminus, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating silvery pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Measurements (mm). n= 2♂, mean (range). Length of body: 19.10 (18.00–20.20); length of fore wing: 20.45 (20.15–20.75); width of fore wing: 6.98 (6.95–7.00); length of head: 3.38 (3.35–3.40); width of head including eyes: 6.03 (5.90–6.15); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.68 (6.60–6.75); width of mesonotum: 5.70 (5.65–5.75). Song. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 18.00– 20.20 mm, fore wing length between 20.15–20.75 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.70 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins extending to node, a triangular meracanthus, piceous marking on the medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color and/or castaneous lateral and dorsal fasciae with a sinuate dorsal surface when viewed from the side and the ventral terminus slightly bent. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in the O’Higgins and Metropolitana Regions, Chile.

Chilecicada viridicitata n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 14 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: / Colcahgüa Pr.; Comuna de San / Fernando; Camino a Termas del / Flaco, I-45, 37 km east of San / Fernando, / 34.77050S, 70.67348W, 784 m. / 22-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-15 // JCR181222_19 // JAC000003274” ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Colcahgüa; Comuna de San / Fernando; Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco road, 26 km NW of / Termas del Flaco at La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-18 // 181224-08” 1♂ (MNNC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: Provincia / de Colcahgüa; Comuna de San / Fernando; Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco roas, 26 km NW of / Termas del Flaco at La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-18 // 181224-10” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región O’Higgins: / Colcahgüa Pr.; Comuna de San / Fernando, Parrot Colony along / Termas del Flaco Road, 26 km / northwest of Termas del Flaco at / La Rufina, / 34.79815S, 70.60658W, 945 m. / 24-XII- 2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-18 // JAC000003275” 1♀ (LACM) “14.CL.LI.CLT.469 / -34.7412, -70.7566 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS). The code 14.CL.LI.CLT refers to the side of the road towards Termas del Flaco, O’Higgins Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of viridi - (L. viridis, green) in reference to the bright green basal fore wing venation of live specimens and - citata (L. citatus, quick, rapid, speedy) in reference to the rapidly produced echemes in the song of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous marked with castaneous and piceous, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing ochraceous due to ethanol exposure, vibrant green in live specimens. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum with greenish tinge in one paratype and in live specimens. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, reduced to lateral half or extending along medial margin in some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture, mark extends anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous with lighter margin. Gena piceous except ground color medial and anterior margins, lorum piceous with ground color anteromedial and posteromedial margins, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, piceous expanding along posterior margin in some paratypes, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina, anterior and medial posterior margins, transverse piceous band across anterior carina, expanded with additional mark across posterior carina in some paratypes, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum castaneous, labium castaneous at base becoming piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of posterior midline, along entire midline and fusing medially in anterior fissure in paratypes, fusing in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, posterior paramedian and anterior lateral fissures ground color in some paratypes, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk and medial margin of lateral pronotal collar, reduced in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin continuous with ambient fissure mark, transverse piceous mark from lateral ambient fissure to anterolateral margin of pronotal collar lateral angle, mark reduced in one paratype. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous mark extending laterally from anterior sigilla not reaching lateral margin, reduced to spot in some paratypes, central fascia expanding posteriorly, forming anchor-shaped mark in some paratypes, piceous between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, piceous scutal depressions, fusing to piceous mark between anterior arms of cruciform elevation in some paratypes, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation, mark extending over anterior of cruciform elevation midline in some paratypes, cruciform elevation castaneous in some paratypes, posterior of anterior arm and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with castaneous midline, piceous laterally with ground color margin. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, several paratype hind wings with additional crossveins in apical cells. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, small piceous spot on base extending along anteroproximal basal cell, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.14 times longer than broad. Pterostigma reduced but present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except green extending into vein separating apical cells and castaneous anal veins 2 and 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial, radial and costal cells with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area. Legs. Legs ground color, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, femora striped additionally with castaneous, stripes reduced in some paratypes, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, castaneous anterior side, mark not reaching proximal terminus in hind tibiae, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi castaneous with piceous distal segmental margins except ground color proximal mesotarus and metatarsus of hind tarsi, pretarsal claws dark ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine almost perpendicular to femur, secondary spine upright, longest, with broad base, and very small tertiary spine, spines ground color, primary and secondary spines with piceous tips. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle with lateral margin distally curving mediad, reaching slightly beyond operculum posterior margin not reaching posterior of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous along medial margin, piceous expanded in some paratypes, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, smoothly curved posteromedial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped reaching to anterior of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous dorsally with ground color posterolateral margin, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous dorsally with ground color lateral posterior margins, amount of castaneous increasing and ground color decreasing in posterior tergites, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 4–8, missing in some paratypes. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline near anterior margin angled posteromedially and fusing on posterior margin, second transverse fascia on anterior margin in middle of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule piceous, sternites III–VII testaceous, central castaneous mark in some paratypes, sternite III with piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spot on anterolateral corner. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII testaceous with castaneous anterior margin, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, Vshaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, denser on posterior sternites. Female sternite VII testaceous with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch reaching posterior margin of sternite VI, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally and laterally castaneous posteriorly, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous except ground color ventrally and ground color dorsoposterior margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening distal to angle before tapering to leaf-like apex, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface piceous, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating silvery pile. Aedeagus castaneous, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Female gonocoxite IX castaneous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, 1♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 17.11 (16.70–17.55), ♀ 17.65; length of fore wing: ♂ 17.85 (17.15–18.40), ♀ 18.15; width of fore wing: ♂ 6.66 (6.45–6.85), ♀ 6.60; length of head: ♂ 2.86 (2.7–2.95), ♀ 2.70; width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.59 (5.35–5.80), ♀ 5.65; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 5.93 (5.60–6.30), ♀ 6.05; width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.21 (4.90–5.50), ♀ 5.05. Song. (n=7: holotype, 2 paratypes, and 4 uncaptured males from Maule Region, Colchagüa Pr.) A unique combination of a brisk 9.50± 0.37 s- 1 repetition rate of short echemes of duration 0.07± 0.00 s. The dominant frequency band is 9.87–12.03 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.92±0.19 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 16.70–17.65 mm, fore wing length between 17.15–18.40 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.14 times longer than broad, ground color proximal fore wing basal cell, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, a triangular meracanthus, a piceous mark on the medial opercular margin, semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and a narrow uncus that is piceous with ground color dorsal fascia with the distal third bent. The rapid echeme song resembles the songs of C. citatatemporaria and C. occidentis but is half the rate of those species. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitana and O’Higgins Regions of central Chile. Morphological key to the species of Chilecicada 1 Fore wing basal cell length greater than 3.95 times width..................................................... 2 - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.95 times width........................................................ 4 2 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.00 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites with central spot.................................................. C. mapuchensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length greater than 4.10 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, abdominal epipleurites without central spot........................................................... 3 3 Fore wing basal cell length about 4.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 19.8 mm, body length greater than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell lacking piceous mark, meracanthus triangular................................... C. oraria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 4.20 times width, fore wing length less than 19 mm, body length less than 17.5 mm, proximal basal cell with piceous mark, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus.................................................................................................. C. pehuenchesensis n. sp. 4 Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fasciae in central sulcus and along lateral margins............... C. trifascia n. sp. - Postclypeus with piceous longitudinal fascia only in central sulcus.............................................. 5 5 Proximal basal cell without piceous mark.................................................................. 6 - Proximal basal cell with piceous mark.................................................................... 8 6 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, fore wing length greater than 20.5 mm, piceous mark along medial opercular margin........................................................................... C. curacaviensis n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.20 times width, fore wing length less than 20.5 mm, medial opercular margin lacking piceous mark........................................................................................ 7 7 Fore wing basal cell length about 2.78 times width, piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle........................................................................................................................................................................................ C. occidentis - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.14 times width, no piceous fascia separating fore wing costa and radius & subcostal veins, meracanthus triangular, posteromedial opercular margin straight............................... C. viridicitata n. sp. 8 Body length less than 17 mm........................................................................... 9 - Body length greater than 17 mm........................................................................ 10 9 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.67 times width, posteromedial opercular margin straight, abdominal epipleurites with central spot...................................................................... C. citatatemporaria n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.00 times width, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lacking central spot.................................................... C. impartemporaria n. sp. 10 Abdominal epipleurites without central spot............................................................... 11 - Abdominal epipleurites with central spot................................................................. 12 11 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times width, medial opercular margin barely medial to anteromedial margin........................................................................................ C. partemporaria n. sp., - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.88 times width, medial opercular margin extended to meracanthus.................................................................................................... C. trifasciunca n. sp., 12 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin ground color, meracanthus elongated with parallel sided base and triangular terminus........................................................... C. magna n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length less than 3.75 times width, medial opercular margin piceous, meracanthus triangular........ 13 13 Fore wing basal cell length about 3.70 times width, fore wing length 20.75 mm or greater, terminus of male uncus bent, posteromedial opercular margin forming an obtuse angle.................................. C. parrajaraorum n. sp. - Fore wing basal cell length about 3.50 times

Chilecicada impartemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 4 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Quillota Pr.; Comuna de Quillota, / F-390, 0.75 km east of jct. / highway 60 and 4.38 east of / Tabolango, / 32.94236S, 71.32465W, 107 m. / 31-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / leg. S18-41 //JAC000003283” 1♂ (LACM). Paratypes. “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20- XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JCR181220_15 // JAC000003276” 1♂ (LACM); CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JCR181220_16 // JAC000003277” 1♂ (LACM); CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JAC000003278” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Melón, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-10 // 181221-04” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Melón, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-000 FC // JAC000003280” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Melón, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-00” 1♂ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Melón, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // JCR181221_01 // JAC000003279” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Melón, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // JAC000003281” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Melón, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-01 // JAC000003282” 1♂ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Melón, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-01 // JAC000001903” 1♀ (LACM); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Melón, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09”, 1♀ (AFSC); “ CHILE. Región de Valparaíso: / Provincia de Petorca; Comuna de / Zapallar; Cuesta El Melón, north / slope, 2.6 km south of Ruta 5, / 32.599158S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL. RM. TCD.980 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “16.CL. RM.TCD.981 / -33.0612, -71.0999 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (MNNC); “16.CL. RM.TCD.983 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL. RM.TCD.984 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL. RM.LPD.992 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1 ♂ (UCMS); “16.CL. RM.LPD.995 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CLU.325 / -33.0163, -70.9948 / 10.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM. CLU.323 / -33.0163, -70.9948 / 10.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (MNNC); “14.CL. RM.PLN.304.3 / -33.4926, - 70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM.PLN.520.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (MNNC); “14.CL.LI.BLV.425 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XiI.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “15. CL. RM. CDM.602 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL.CO.CHP.691 / -31.7222, -71.2747 / 12.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS). The code 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to paso superior Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Lukasik. The code 16.CL. RM.LPD refers to the side of highway 68, 3.5 km E from Los Panguiles, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Lukasik. The code 14.CL. RM.CLU refers to Caleu, Tiltil area, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Park Quebrada de Macul, Peñalolen, Santiago, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.BLV refers to Sierra de Bellavista area, O’Higgins Region, Chile. The code 15.CL. RM.LCN refers to the hill near the village of Los Culenes, Metropolitan Region Chile. The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The Code 15.CL.CO.CHP refers to the intersection between roads D-37-E and D-85, 9 KM W from the town of Choapa, Coquimbo Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of impar - (L. impar, unequal, uneven) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the temporally inconsistent song echemes of the species. Description. Ground color castaneous heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum greenish in some paratypes and live specimens. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in most paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile giving a grayish appearance when live. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin and anterolateral supra-antennal plate and posterior epicranial suture with mark extending laterally along posterior of head from posterior epicranial suture to cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating longer silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli dark red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, piceous expanded in some paratypes, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral and posterior margins. Anteclypeus ground color with piceous lateral spot extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some paratypes, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral castaneous fascia, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, lateral ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure in some paratypes, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous mark on posterolateral margin of lateral angle, mark expanded in some paratypes forming fascia connecting along anterior pronotal collar lateral angle which may connect to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla mottled piceous, completely piceous in some paratypes, lateral longitudinal fascia in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding to large rectangular spot or expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation, mark extending over most of cruciform elevation midline in some paratypes but not reaching posterior margin, posterior of anterior arm and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, anterior anepisternum 2 in some paratypes, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, medial margin of meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, several paratype hind wings with five apical cells, some with six in one hind wing and five in the other. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia proximally, piceous absent or extending to node in some paratypes, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about three times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae striped with piceous distally and fusing near distal terminus, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae, hind tibiae lacking distal fascia, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal mesotarus and metatarsus of fore tarsi, ventral and lateral mesotarsus and all but distal mesotarsus and pretarsus of hind tarsi, piceous expanding in some paratypes, pretarsal claws piceous. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright, longest, and very small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines piceous, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped reaching to anterior of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin and anterolateral corners with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous posterior to piceous and timbal cavities, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, piceous extending posteriorly on midline on tergite 3 half way to posterior margin, piceous expanding laterally or on dorsolateral tergites in some paratypes, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline near anterior margin and piceous auditory capsule, sternites III–VII testaceous, sternite III with ground color anterior and posterior margins and piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spots on anterolateral corners, sternite VII with ground color posterior margin. Epipleurites testaceous. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and laterally anterior to stigma, piceous anteriorly, dorsolaterally, dorsally, posteriorly and laterally on stigma, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally separated from ground color by castaneous, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe piceous with lateral margin castaneous in middle and ground color distally, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX ground color with piceous posterolateral spots, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 3♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 15.55 (14.60–16.55), ♀ 16.13 (15.65– 16.55); length of fore wing: ♂ 16.63 (15.60–17.65), ♀ 16.43 (15.65–17.65); width of fore wing: ♂ 5.79 (5.40–6.20), ♀ 5.80 (5.60–6.15); length of head: ♂ 2.66 (2.50–2.80), ♀ 2.63 (2.45–2.80); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.02 (4.80–5.30), ♀ 5.13 (5.00–5.30); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 5.32 (5.00–5.60), ♀ 5.60 (5.50–5.70); width of mesonotum: ♂ 4.57 (4.30–5.00), ♀ 4.63 (4.60–4.70). Song. (n=14: 2 paratypes, 1 UCMS alcoholic molecular voucher, and 1♂ not captured from Valparaíso Region, Petorca Pr. (S18-06); 2♂ not captured from Valparaíso Region, Choapa Pr. (S18-07); 2 paratypes and 1♂ UCMS alcoholic molecular vouchers from Valparaíso Region, Petorca Pr. (S18-09); 1 paratype and 1♂ UCMS alcoholic molecular voucher from Valparaíso Region, Quillota Pr. (S18-10), 1♂ not captured from Metropolitana Region, Chacabuco Pr. (S18-11); 2♂ topotypes not captured from Valparaíso Region, Quillota Pr. (S18-41)) Long, sustained echemes that vary in duration from 1 to 13 s (median=2.74 s) diagnose this species. The wide standard deviation of the mean echeme duration (3.85±3.42 s) emphasizes the substantial variation. The echeme rate is 0.37±0.20 s- 1. Dominant frequencies extend the highest among Chilecicada from 7.45 to 13.97 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.99±0.38 kHz). Diagnosis. One of the smaller species the Chilecicada species including the smallest specimen studied. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 14.60–16.55 mm, fore wing length between 15.60–17.65 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.00 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, a triangular meracanthus, ground color medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color and/or castaneous lateral and dorsal fasciae w

Chilecicada culenesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 2 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ���15.CL. RM.LCN.716.4 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. ���15.CL. RM.LCN.713 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���15.CL. RM. LCN.716.3 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���15.CL. RM.LCN.714.1 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♀ (AFSC); ���15.CL. RM.LCN.714.2 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. RM.LCN.715 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L. // Seq.��� 1♀ (UCMS). The code 15.CL. RM. LCN refers to a hill near the village of Los Culenes, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is a combination of culenes - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the type locality of the species. Description. Ground color dark testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in most paratypes due to ethanol exposure. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, and anteromedial corner of vertex and posterior epicranial suture, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli red, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supraantennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves with castaneous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral castaneous mark, expanding to cover most of mentum in one paratype, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, fissures piceous, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure and just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous anterior margin along ambient fissure, mark on anterolateral margin of lateral angle expanded medially forming fascia connecting to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with sparse, short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum piceous with ground color outlining sigilla but not reaching anterior margin, on anterolateral corner, cruciform elevation and wing groove, mark on central disk extends along anterior half of cruciform elevation midline, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly in some paratypes. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, anterolateral region, and posterolateral fascia. Dorsum covered with sparse silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments piceous margined with ground color. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, one paratype fore wing and one paratype hind wing with modified venation pattern in apical cells but same number of apical cells. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia proximally, piceous extending to node in some paratypes, cubitus posterior and anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with red with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2, anal vein 3 and proximal cubitus posterior, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and red area and in base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking distal fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color majority of mesotari and majority of pretarsus in hind tarsi, piceous expanding or hind tarsi metatarsi also ground color in some paratypes, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine upright, sinuate with broad proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to posterior of sternite I. Female meracanthus similarly colored but not curving distally, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous medial and posterior margins, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, reaching to about middle of tympanal cavity posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly shaped and colored with lateral margin also piceous, reaching to middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, lateral margin in some paratypes, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity and on lateral margin, castaneous posterior to piceous and dorsolateral timbal cavities with ground color laterally and on posterior margin, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, small amount of ground color on dorsolateral posterior margin of tergite 3 in holotype, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color marked with piceous near anterior and posterior margins, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin almost reaching piceous auditory capsule, sternite III with transverse piceous fascia on anterior margin, castaneous with testaceous posterior margin, sternites IV���VII testaceous with transverse castaneous mark in center, reducing in size in posterior sternites becoming a spot on central sternite VII. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous anterior margin and piceous spots posterior to dorsal margin curve, spots expanded or absent in various paratypes, dorsal margin smoothly curved near base, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and posteriorly surrounding piceous stigma, piceous anteriorly, dorsolaterally, dorsally, and on dorsal beak, margined with castaneous laterally, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterior margin, piceous dorsally and posterolaterally, separated from ground color by castaneous laterally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous margined with ground color at base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous. Median uncus lobe piceous with ground color spot on either side of dorsal carina at base and ground color on middle of lateral margin proximal to terminal bend, all but lateral margin base ground color in most paratypes, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, sinuate when viewed from the side, distal terminus angled toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces recurved, almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous, terminus not visible in type series. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous with piceous tips, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.48 (17.90���21.10), ♀ 18.08 (17.55��� 18.60); length of fore wing: ♂ 21.50 (20.75���22.50), ♀ 21.33 (20.85���21.80); width of fore wing: ♂ 7.86 (7.50���8.30), ♀ 8.03 (7.95���8.10); length of head: ♂ 3.06 (2.95���3.20), ♀ 3.10 (3.00���3.20); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.15 (5.95���6.40), ♀ 6.13 (6.00���6.25); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.05 (6.80���7.35), ♀ 6.98 (6.85���7.10); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.80 (5.65���6.05), ♀ 5.85 (5.80���5.90). Song. (n=1 paratopotype song recording of 21 s duration) The 0.62 s long echemes of C. culenesensis occur at a rate of 1.47 s- 1. The C. culenesensis echeme duration is significantly longer than that of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =8.07��10 -9) and similar to the durations of C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.59��10 -2). The C. culenesensis echeme rate is indistinguishable from those of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =9.69��10 -1), but is faster than those of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =5.60��10 -7) owing to a short interecheme interval of 0.058 s. The dominant frequency band is 9.03���10.89 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.16 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.55���21.10 mm, fore wing length between 20.75���22.50 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.50 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the proximal fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated, triangular meracanthus, piceous marking on the medial opercular margin, a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a large central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae curving slightly to terminus. It is most similar morphologically to C. curvacaviensis n. sp. but differs in the ambient vein of the fore wing being obtusely angled posteriorly rather than being smoothly curved and the dorsal uncus is smoothly curved in that species. This species shares a common song type with C. curacaviensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. trifasciunca: a continuous song with one approximately 0.5 s echeme produced roughly every s. Based on the single recorded male, the combination of long echemes produced at a fast rate may separate C. culenesensis from all species but C. curacaviensis: C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca, and probably also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis sing with slow echeme rates; C. oraria songs have a similar fast echeme rate but with short echemes. Distribution. The species is known from the type locality near the village of Los Culenes, Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 8-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada occidentis (Walker, 1850) Fig. 7 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Cicada occidentis Walker 1850: 225. Cicada crassimargo Spinola 1852: 241. Type material. Holotype. ���W. Coast / of Amer (circular label) // Type (circular label with green surrounding text) // 179. Cicada occidentis. // crassimargo / Spin.������ ♂ (BMNH). Material examined. ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003284��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003285��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // JAC000003286��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole leg. // 18.CL. SA.FQD // JAC000003287��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Parque Natural / Quebrada de Macul / 33.49278S, 70.51833W, 860 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg.��� 1♂ (MNNC), 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Universidad de / Iba��ez, Bot��nico, Pe��alol��n / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 998 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole, E Gordon, C Simon, S Chiswell leg. // 18.CL. SA.FQD // JAC000003288��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE, Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.; Universidad de / Iba��ez Bot��nico, Pe��alol��n / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 997 m. / 4-I-2018, JA Cole leg. ��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���El Canelo / Chile / Dec. 29 1950 / L. E. Pena��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.304.4 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14. CL. RM.PLN.304.5 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.304.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.304.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (AFSC); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.1000 / Pe��alol��n / 3.XII.2014 Claudio Veloso��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���14.CL.VS. CPA.370 / -32.4608, -70.7047 / 11.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.CPA.340 / -32.4804, -70.7091 / 11.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.979 / -33.0730, -70.9639 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL. RM.LPD.993 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS). The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Pe��alol��n, Quebrada de Macul, Santiago, Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile. The code 14.CL.VS.CPA refers to the high part of the road between Putaendo and Alicahue, Valpara��so Region, Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.CPA refers to the side of the road between Putaendo and Alicahue, Valpara��so Region, Chile. The code 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil, Regi��n Metropolitana, collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. Finally, 16.CL. RM.LPD refers to the side of highway 68, 3.5 km E from Los Panguiles, Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile, collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. Remarks. These specimens match the image of the holotype provided by M. Webb. The studied examples were also collected in the vicinity of Santiago that was the most likely place specimens were collected prior to the original description as a main port of entry and egress from the country. Etymology. The name is in reference to the collection locality of the holotype (L. occidentis, west). Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, greenish, but not the vibrant green of some of the new species, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous in many paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin of supraantennal plate, mark extends along medial margin with postclypeus in some specimens, anteromedial corner of vertex and triangular mark in posterior half of epicranial suture, mark extending laterad on posterior head margin in some specimens to level of lateral ocelli, short silvery pile, golden in some specimens, and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some specimens, eyes dark castaneous, ochraceous in a few specimens, margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous medially and laterally to eye surrounded by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous margined anteriorly and laterally with ground color, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some specimens, short fascia on either side of midline in some specimens where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some specimens, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous, junction of distal pedicel and first flagellar segment ground color in some specimens. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding into triangular mark anteriorly and posteriorly, all fissures piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded, reduced or fused in some specimens. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to posterolateral corner of lateral angle. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous, longitudinal fascia lateral to lateral sigilla, expanding and fusing anteriorly with lateral sigilla in some specimens, posterior mesonotum piceous, posteromedial central disk piceous, mark extending anteriorly between posterior submedian sigilla and anterolaterally to form ground color mark surrounding sigilla, scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous, mark extends along midline of cruciform elevation for various lengths but not reaching posterior margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally, additional transverse fascia in some specimens. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, lateral anepisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, transverse fascia in trochantin 2, meron 2, medial katepimeron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3, transverse fascia in trochantin 3, and meron 3, piceous expanded or reduced in various specimens. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, some specimens with five hind wing apical cells. Venation greenish, fading to ochraceous, proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin with piceous or castaneous fascia along anterior margin proximally extending as far as node, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia extending to node, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 at bend piceous or castaneous, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 2.78 times longer than broad with piceous mark in base. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 2. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous and/or castaneous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and annular piceous mark at distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete or absent distal mark in middle tibia, distal mark absent in hind tibia, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi ground color with piceous distal pretarsus, amount of piceous decreasing in middle and posterior tarsi, piceous expanding in some specimens, pretarsal claws ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with proximally extended base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip, piceous expanding in some specimens, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated with parallel-sided extension from base to triangular tip, reaching beyond operculum and sternite I posterior margins to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base and piceous and/or castaneous fascia along medial margin with meracanthus, may be reduced to spot in some specimens, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, castaneous dorsoposterior castaneous in some specimens, tergite 2 with transverse piceous fascia anterior and ground color posterior, piceous mark extending posteriorly on midline but not reaching posterior margin, piceous and ground color separated by castaneous in some specimens, interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly by ground color posterior, piceous expanding on lateral surface, proportion of piceous reducing in posterior tergites, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some specimens, longer pile radiating from posterior tergite margins and lateral tergites 6���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with lateral piceous fascia and castaneous spots on either side of posterior midline, sternite II with transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline, near posterior margin and piceous auditory capsule, sternites III���VII dark ground color with piceous anterior margin and lateral spots, spots connected to transverse fascia in some specimens, anteromedial piceous spot connected to transverse fascia, largest in sternite III, reducing in posterior sternites. Epipleurites dark ground color with central piceous spot. Sternite VIII ground color with elongated, lateral piceous or castaneous spots or fascia ventral to dorsal margin curve, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and tip of dorsal beak, castaneous mark on dorsal midline connecting to posterior dorsolateral piceous spots, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous margined proximally with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large dorsolateral spots that fuse posteriorly but anterior to posterior margin and recurving dorsal to ventral margin to terminate at distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, posterior and ventral margins ground color, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to paddle-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins and base, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous, ground color posterior margin in some specimens. Median uncus lobe piceous, narrow, elongated, undivided, expanding laterally only slightly near base, angled posteriorly from base, lateral margins straight, narrowing to pointed terminus, distal quarter curving toward sternite VIII, small ridge on distal dorsal surface midline ground color, ventral surface piceous with ground color medial margin, ground color expanding distally, medial margins almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous, basal aedeagus tubular, distal terminus not exposed in available specimens. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X castaneous with piceous tip. Ovipositor sheath reaching to terminus of dorsal beak and middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 17.12 (15.40���18.30), ♀ 17.33 (17.30��� 17.35); length of fore wing: ♂ 18.96 (18.20���19.90), ♀ 20.23 (20.10���20.35); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.72 (6.40���7.15), ♀ 7.23 (7.20���7.25); length of head: ♂ 3.22 (3.05���3.40), ♀ 3.43 (3.35���3.50); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.70 (5.50���5.90), ♀ 6.00 (6.00���6.00); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.23 (6.10���6.45), ♀ 6.58 (6.45���6.70); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.32 (5.15���5.55), ♀ 5.55 (5.50���5.60). Song. (n=9, from 3 localities in the Metropolitan Region) Brief, rapidly produced echemes, a song type shared only with C. citatatemporaria and that is indistinguishable from that species (MANOVA, P =2.90��10 -1). Echemes of 0.04�� 0.00 s are delivered at a rapid rate of 18.07�� 0.89 s- 1. Dominant frequency band is 9.11���12.63 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.69��0.52 kHz). Echemes are grouped into in echeme sequences that vary widely in length from 3.60 to 10.12 s. Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. The species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 15.40���18.30 mm, fore wing length between 18.20���20.35 mm, fore wing basal cell about 2.78 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell is ground color, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, an elongated meracanthus with a parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, a piceous mark along the medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and a narrow piceous uncus with the distal quarter curving to the terminus. The song with rapid sequences of echemes (~20 s-1) can be confused only with C. citatatemporaria. Brief, fast echemes also occur in C. viridicitata but the rate is half (~10 s-1) that of C. occidentis. Distribution. The specimens examined were collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitana and Valpara��so Regions of central Chile. Walker (1850) recorded the species from the west coast of America. Spinola (1852) provided no specific location data other than the central provinces of Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 27-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352, {"references":["Walker, F. (1850) 1 List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum Trustees, London, 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9063"]}

Chilecicada partemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 10 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_08 // JAC000003294��� ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puentes el Manzano (curva 14), / 33.34859S, 70.35332W, 1549 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-02 // JAC000003290��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puentes el Manzano (curva 14), / 33.34859S, 70.35332W, 1549 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-02 // JAC000003291��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, / FA Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_03 or 06 // JAC000003292��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_06 or 03 // JAC000003293��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-03 // JCR181219_09 // JAC000003295��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Comuna de Lo / Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-03 // JAC000003296��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Santiago: Comuna de / Lo Barnechea; Camino a Farellones / en Puente el Manzano (curva 16), / 33.34699S, 70.33109W, 1819 m. / 19- XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-03 1♂ (MNNC), 1♂ and 1♀ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo, Camino Al Volc��n, / 3.2 km E of El Volc��n pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1487 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-50 // 190106-09? // JAC000003303��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo, Camino Al Volc��n, / 3.2 km E of El Volc��n pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S19-50 // 190106-020 (FC) // JAC000003304��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo; Camino Al Volc��n, / 3.2 km E of El Volc��n pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1487 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-50 // 190106-021 (FC) // JAC000003305��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo, Camino Al Volc��n, / 3.2 km E of El Volc��n pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S19-50 // JAC000003306��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de / San Jos�� de Maipo; Camino Al / Volc��n, 3.2 km E of El Volc��n / pueblo, / 33.81716S, 70.15041W, 1478 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, C. / Veloso leg. S18-50��� 1♂ (MNNC), 2♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volc��n pueblo on / Villorio El Volc��n / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JCR190106_06 // JAC000003300��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volc��n pueblo on / Villorio El Volc��n / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JCR190106_07 // JAC000003301��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Cordillera Pr.: Comuna de San / Jos�� de Maipo; Campground 1.26 / km east of El Volc��n pueblo on / Villorio El Volc��n / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I- 2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S19-49 // JAC000003302��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Provincia de Cordillera: Comuna de / San Jos�� de Maipo; Campground / 1.26 km east of El Volc��n pueblo on / Villorio El Volc��n / 33.81446S, 70.17072W, 1398 m. / 6-I-2019, JA Cole, FA Calderon, C. / Veloso leg. S18-49 // 190106-05��� 1♂ (MNNC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali, Puente Chacayes, road / H-33 at El / Manzanar, / 34.23566S, 70.48223W, 844 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-14 // JAC000003299��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Puente Chacayes, road H-33 at El / Manzanar, / 34.23566S, 70.48223W, 844 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-14��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali, Entrance of Club de / Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13 // 181222-002 (FC) // JAC000003297��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: / Cachapoal Pr.: Comuna de / Machali; Entrance of Club de / Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22- XII-2018, JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C. Veloso leg. S18-13 // JAC000003298��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Entrance of Club de Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Cachapoal: Comuna de Machali; / Entrance of Club de Campo Coya, / 34.20087S, 70.55859W, 985 m. / 22-XII-2018, JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-13 / 181222-003 (FC)��� 1♂ (MNNC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n O���Higgins: Provincia / de Colchag��a: Comuna de San / Fernando: Sierra Bellavista, / 34.82697S, 70.74717W, 118 0 m. / 24-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-19��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n Metropolitana: / Santiago Pr.: Universidad de / Ib����ez, Bot��nico, Pe��alol��n / 33.48944S, 70.51194W, 998 m. / 4-I- 2018, JA Cole leg. // 18.CL. SA.UUB // Santiago Reg. CL / 18.CL. SA.UBB / U. Adolfo Ibanez / 4 Jan 18 JC, EG, CS, SC / Chilecicada verde // JAC000003289��� 1♀ (LACM); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.421 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (MNNC); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.423.1 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (MNNC); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.423.2 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.424.1 / - 34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♀ (UCMS); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.424.3 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL.LI.CRC.475.3 / -34.1596, -70.6347 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL.LI.CLT.510 / -34.74115, -70.7655 / 15.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL.LI. RTT.048.2 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���16.CL.LI.RTT.048.1 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL.LI.RTT.047 / -34.9595, -70.4329 / 8.I.2016 C. V., J.M.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ��� Sex: Male (05) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���54��� S. 70��21���18���W. 1583 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (02) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���54��� S. 70��21���18���W. 1583 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Male (11) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���54��� S. 70��21���18���W. 1583 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� Sex: Female (04) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33��20���54��� S. 70��21���18���W. 1583 m)��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 14.CL.LI.BLV corresponds to Sierra de Bellavista, O���Higgins Region, Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.CRC corresponds to Camino Rancagua-Coya, VI Region (O���Higgins Region), Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.CLT corresponds to side of the road towards Termas del Flaco, O���Higgins Region, Chile. The code 16.CL.LI.RTT corresponds to the road to Termas del Flaco, -34.7838, -70.6465, VI Region (O���Higgins Region), Chile, collected by Claudio Veloso and John McCutcheon. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. Etymology. The name is a combination of par - (L. par, equal, even) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the temporally consistent song echemes of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous, castaneous in some paratypes, heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Head and thorax greenish in live specimens, greenish tint remaining in some specimens of the type series. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in some paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior supra-antennal plate margin, anteromedial corner of vertex and mark on medioposterior head in posterior epicranial suture extending laterally along posterior head to expand anteriorly to posterior cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on dorsal head, long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous. Gena piceous with ground color margin along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color anterior and lateral margins, ground color margin thicker in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina and anterior margins, piceous connected across carina in some paratypes, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum piceous except ground color ventral midline and posterior margins, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing anteriorly and posteriorly producing short ground color fascia on midline, fissures piceous, incomplete anterior or lateral ambient fissures or posterior paramedian fissure in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from middle of lateral ambient fissure to anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, separated in some paratypes, lateral sigilla mottled piceous, completely piceous or with ground color lateral region in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla expanding to large rectangular spot including scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extending onto midline of cruciform elevation, anterolateral curve reduced in some paratypes connecting to lateral sigilla in other paratypes, mark expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, anterior and medial portion of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, small piceous mark crossing middle of anterior arms of cruciform elevation in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color, piceous fascia on dorsal midline, piceous anterolateral and piceous posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, radiating from posterolateral margin, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, central meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and lateral trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes, plates almost completely piceous in one paratype. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia along basal cell, fascia extending to node in some paratypes, reduced to proximal spot in other paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in middle, completely piceous in some paratypes. Basal cell about 3.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange with piceous posterior margin, mottled with red in some paratypes. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange, mottled with red in some paratypes, infuscation in proximal anal cell 1, anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with castaneous or testaceous in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and distally piceous, middle tibiae with proximal and distal piceous marks, hind tibiae with on proximal piceous mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color distal mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, middle tarsi piceous, hind tarsi with ground color proximal pretarsus, some or all tarsi completely piceous in some paratypes, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base, completely piceous in some paratypes. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright with proximally expanded base, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color with piceous tip and majority of anterior surface, tertiary spine piceous. Segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle with parallel-sided base, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle anterior or sternite II. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to middle of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, curved obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, rounded medial margin, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching posteriorly to middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 piceous with ground color anterior margin and posterolateral corners, tergite 2 with piceous interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 2���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins, castaneous expanded in posterior tergites, castaneous replaced with piceous in some paratypes, tergite 8 with piceous on dorsolateral posterior margin, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some paratypes, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 3���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with anterolateral piceous spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near anterior margin, short fascia on posterior margin in middle of tympanal cavity, these marks fuse with central marks in some paratypes, and on auditory capsule, sternites III���VII ground color, sternite III with piceous anterior margin expanding on midline. Epipleurites ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve at posterior of tergite 8 forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, U-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and along dorsal midline terminated at end of dorsal beak, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large piceous dorsolateral spots angled mediad posteriorly margined with castaneous, dorsolateral spots terminate anterior to posterior margin, castaneous connecting on midline, small piceous spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, and a castaneous dorsal spot anterior to posterior margin, piceous and connecting across midline in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 41-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 11 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ���15.CL. RM. CDM.602 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik��� ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. ���15.CL. RM. CDM.604 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���14.CL. RM. CEY.517.1 / -33.7878, -70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.CEY.516 / -33.7878, - 70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volc��n, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volc��n, Caj��n del Maipo, -33.8233, -70.1220, Metropolitan Region, Chile and is the type locality for the species. The GPS data on the label are incorrect. The code 14.CL. RM.CEY refers to Caj��n del Maipo, Camino Embalse el Yeso 2 (sitio alto), Regi��n Metropolitana, Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.CAV refers the side of the road Camino Al Volc��n, 3.5 km E from the village El Volcan, Caj��n del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of pehuenches - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the distribution of the species and the Pehuenches people of central Chile. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing probably faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in type series. Body covered with sparse, silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, mark extending along anteromedial and anterolateral margin, reduced in some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending laterally to posterior epicranial suture angled anterolaterally to anterior of piceous posterior cranial depressions, sparse, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli ochraceous, rosaceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous with lighter proximal margin. Gena piceous centrally margined by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin and central fascia splitting piceous into two large spots, short white pile and radiating long white pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, medial anterior margin and medial posterior margin extending laterad beyond carina, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fasciae on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding laterally into triangular mark along anterior and posterior fissures, fissures piceous except anterior fissure medial to anterior end of paramedian fissure, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior to middle of lateral fissure, central lateral fissure expanding onto disk, separating partially or completely to form short fascia parallel to lateral fissure in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous margin along ambient fissure, anterior half of lateral angle of pronotal collar piceous, reduced distally or absent in some paratypes. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, sigilla piceous surrounded with ground color not reaching anterior margin between sigilla, small longitudinal piceous mark lateral to lateral sigilla, central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous, cruciform elevation ground color anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, piceous anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, smoothly curved concavity in dorsal posterior margin. Dorsum covered with short silvery pile, longer and denser silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and radiating from lateral metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepimeron 2, lateral spot on trochantin 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on lateral episternum 3 and medial spot on trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, radial crossvein missing in hind wing of holotype and one paratype leaving five apical cells in one hind wing. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, proximal and distal venation distinctly contrasting, piceous fascia along anterior basal cell, piceous fascia on anterior costal margin to distal basal cell, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous at curve, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing gray mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein and castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1 and cubital cell 2. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus, pretarsal claws dark ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, longest, secondary spine upright with curving proximal base, and small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines piceous with ground color base, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated, with parallel sides proximally becoming triangular distally, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching posteriorly to posterior of sternite I, well separated medially not reaching lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral corner and lateral margin, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and not reaching lateral margin, posterior margin castaneous, ground color in some paratypes, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally with castaneous extending to medial timbal cavity margin, castaneous replaced with ground color in some paratypes, piceous within timbal cavity, remainder of tergite ground color, tergites 3���6 piceous bordered posteriorly and laterally with dark ground color and castaneous mark on dorsal midline posterior to piceous, ground color proportion increasing in posterior tergites until becoming more than half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergite 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II ground color with ground color anterolateral margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anteromedial margin posterior to tympanal cavity with piceous auditory capsule, sternite III dark ground color with piceous anterior margin, short, transverse piceous fascia across midline just posterior to piceous fascia along anterior margin, piceous fascia fused in some paratypes, sternites IV���VII dark ground color. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous spot on either side of midline near anterior margin, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I���III and on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Ventral male pygofer and posterior margin ground color, piceous dorsally and dorsolaterally, piceous spot on ventral base posterior to distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, and piceous anteroventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with long silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, distally with parallel sides rounded terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe with piceous base and dorsolateral fascia almost reaching terminus, dark ground color lateral margin distal to base and ground color dorsal ridge, uncus elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal quarter of ventral surface very slightly angled toward sternite VIII, dorsal surface straight to distal curve when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, ventral surface ground color with piceous base, recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of small terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female is unknown. Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, mean (range). Length of body: 16.44 (15.85���17.15); length of fore wing: 18.76 (18.50���18.90); width of fore wing: 6.68 (6.30���7.00); length of head: 2.98 (2.90���3.05); width of head including eyes: 5.61 (5.50���5.75); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.06 (6.00���6.15); width of mesonotum: 4.94 (4.80���5.15). Song. (n=1 paratopotype from 15.CL.RM.CDM) Echemes lasting 0.53 s delivered at a rate of 1.11 s- 1. Male C. pehuenchesensis echemes are significantly longer than those of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =5.23��10 -3) and significantly shorter than those of C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =3.43��10 -7). The slow echeme rate is similar to that of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciata (1-sample t -test, P =1.71��10 -1) and significantly faster than that of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =2.31��10 -2). The dominant frequency band of 10.17���11.29 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.71 kHz) is at the upper end of variation for the genus. Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 15.85���17.15 mm, fore wing length between 18.50���18.90 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell ground color, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with a triangular terminus, ground color medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base and dorsolateral fasciae not reaching distal terminus, the distal quarter curving to the terminus. It has a similar appearance to C. trifasciunca but is smaller and narrower. Based on the single recording, the C. pehuenchesensis echeme duration may be longer than C. oraria and shorter than C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and probably C. culenesensis. The C. pehuenchesensis and C. magna songs may be indistinguishable. The high frequency may turn out to be diagnostic, and is approached only by certain songs of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitan Region of central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 46-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada trifasciunca n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 13 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345. Type material. Holotype. “14.CL. RM.CEY.517.2 / -33.78776, -70.181615 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. “14.CL. RM.CAV.512.1/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14. CL. RM.CAV.512.2/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CAV.511/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (AFSC); “14.CL. RM.CAV.512.2/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (AFSC); “14.CL. RM.CEY.515 / -33.7878, -70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ (MNNC); “15. CL. ML.LMT.723 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L. // Seq.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. RM. CDM.600 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik ” 1♂ (UCMS); “ CHILE: R. Colorado / 40 Km. E. Santiago / 2 Jan. 1983 / R. L. Brown ” 2♂ (AFSC). The code 14.CL. RM. CEY refers to Cajón del Maipo, Camino Embalse el Yeso 2 (sitio alto), Región Metropolitana, Chile and is the type locality for the species. The code 14.CL. RM. CAV refers the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village El Volcan, Cajón del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo, -33.8233, -70.1220, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The GPS data on the label are incorrect. Finally, the code 15.CL. ML. LMT refers to the view point near the village of La Montana, Maule Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is a combination of tri - (L. tri-, thrice) and - fasci - (L. fascia, band, stripe) and - unca (L. uncus, hook) in reference to the three ground color stripes characteristic of the male uncus of this species. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, tinged with green in some paratypes. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing probably faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in type series. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, mark extending along anteromedial and anterolateral margin in holotype and some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending laterally to posterior epicranial suture angled anterolaterally to anterior of piceous posterior cranial depressions forming spots in mark where it bends posterolaterally to terminate on posterior dorsolateral head, mark reduced so posterior cranial depressions not surrounded by ground color in some paratypes, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous centrally margined by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin and central fascia splitting piceous into two large spots, central fascia absent in some paratypes, short white pile and radiating long white pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, mark in central sulcus extending to posterior margin in some paratypes, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, anterior, lateral and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending across anterior carina in some paratypes, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fasciae on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding laterally into triangular mark along anterior and posterior fissures, fissures piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes, mark extending from ambient fissure forming fascia on lateral disk, expanding along lateral fissure in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous margin along ambient fissure, anterior half of lateral angle of pronotal collar piceous, reduced to angled piceous fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle and may extend to posterolateral corner of lateral angle in some paratypes. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures in some paratypes. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous with slightly mottled posterior region anteriorly fusing with submedial sigilla, small longitudinal piceous mark lateral to lateral sigilla, larger and fusing with lateral sigilla in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding posteriorly to include scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extends as castaneous triangle on anterior midline of cruciform elevation margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation and anterior side of base of posterior arm piceous, mark on anterior to posterior arm absent in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous spot on anterior midline, piceous anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, smoothly curved concavity in dorsal posterior margin. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, lateral spot on trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial spot on trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous, tinged with green in some paratypes, proximally, becoming piceous distally, piceous fascia along anterior basal cell, piceous fascia on anterior costal margin slightly longer than basal cell, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia proximally or as far as node in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, distal posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, entire anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in some paratypes, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 3.88 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing gray mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein and castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1 and cubital cell 2. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae with shorter distal fascia and lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color lateral mesotarsus and proximolateral pretarsus, pretarsal mark extending across dorsal surface in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine upright with curving proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated, with parallel sides proximally becoming triangular distally, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially not reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the posterior of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and dark ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavity medial margins, piceous within timbal cavity and small spot on lateral margin, remainder of tergite ground color, tergites 3–8 piceous bordered posteriorly with dark ground color, ground color proportion increasing in posterior tergites until becoming half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anteromedial margin posterior to tympanal cavity and small spot on piceous auditory capsule, sternite III dark ground color with piceous anterior margin, piceous expanding medially, sternites IV–VII dark ground color. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base forming a slightly obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I and II and on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally, dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, on stigma, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as castaneous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventral and posterior margins, ground color dorsal midline in some paratypes, piceous dorsally and dorsolaterally, piceous spot on ventral base posterior to distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, and piceous anteroventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to spoon-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin.Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe with piceous base, castaneous dorsolateral fascia almost reaching terminus, ground color lateral margin distal to base and ground color dorsal ridge, uncus elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal quarter of ventral surface angled toward sternite VIII, dorsal surface sinuate when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, ventral surface slightly recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of small terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath reaching slightly beyond dorsal beak to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 8♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 18.94 (18.05–19.60), ♀ 17.80 (17.20– 18.40); length of fore wing: ♂ 20.51 (20.00–20.85), ♀ 19.93 (19.55–20.30); width of fore wing: ♂ 7.33 (6.70–7.60), ♀ 7.53 (7.50–7.55); length of head: ♂ 3.12 (3.00–3.20), ♀ 2.98 (2.95–3.00); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.16 (5.90–6.50), ♀ 5.88 (5.80–5.95); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.04 (6.50–7.50), ♀ 7.18 (7.15–7.20); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.79 (5.50–6.00), ♀ 5.68 (5.60–5.75). Song. (n=2 1 paratype from Maule Region, La Montana and 1 paratype from Metropolitana Region, Camino Al Volcan) Echeme of 0.57± 0.05 s duration at a rate of 1.12± 0.44 s- 1. The echemes are significantly longer than those of C. oraria and shorter than those of C. partemporaria (MANOVA, P =1.12×10 -3). The echeme rate tends to be slower than C. curacaviensis but the difference is not significant (MANOVA, P =9.00×10 -1). The dominant frequency band lies between 8.96 and 11.76 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.59±0.37 kHz). Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.20– 19.60 mm, fore wing length between 19.55–20.85 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.88 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, an elongated meracanthus with parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that has a piceous base, castaneous dorsolateral fascia not reaching the terminus and ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae with the distal quarter curving to the terminus whose dorsal surface is sinuate when viewed from the side. C. trifasciunca sings with the common slow rate (~1 s-1) medium duration echeme (~ 0.5 s) song type similar to C. culenesensis, C. curacaviensis, C. magna, C. oraria, C. partemporaria, and C. pehuenchesensis. The echemes are of an intermediate duration, longer than C. magna, C. oraria, C. pehuenchesensis, shorter than C. partemporaria, and perhaps indistinguishable from C. culenesensis. The slow echeme rate may separate C. trifasciunca from the faster rates in C. oraria, C. curacaviensi s, and perhaps C. culenesensis. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Maule and Metropolitana Regions of central Chile.

Chilecicada impartemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 4 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Quillota Pr.; Comuna de Quillota, / F-390, 0.75 km east of jct. / highway 60 and 4.38 east of / Tabolango, / 32.94236S, 71.32465W, 107 m. / 31-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / leg. S18-41 //JAC000003283��� 1♂ (LACM). Paratypes. ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20- XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JCR181220_15 // JAC000003276��� 1♂ (LACM); CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JCR181220_16 // JAC000003277��� 1♂ (LACM); CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / cuesta de Camino E-35, antes del / tunel a artificio, / 32.40900S, 71.06156W, 256 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-06 // JAC000003278��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Mel��n, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-10 // 181221-04��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Mel��n, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-000 FC // JAC000003280��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Mel��n, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-00��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Mel��n, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // JCR181221_01 // JAC000003279��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Mel��n, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // JAC000003281��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Mel��n, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-01 // JAC000003282��� 1♂ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Zapallar, / Cuesta El Mel��n, north slope, 2.6 / km north of Ruta 5, / 32.59915S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-09 // 181221-01 // JAC000001903��� 1♀ (LACM); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Provincia de Quillota; Comuna de / Nogales; Cuesta El Mel��n, south / slope, 2.5 km north of Ruta 5, / 32.61556S, 71.23225W, 498 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09���, 1♀ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Provincia de Petorca; Comuna de / Zapallar; Cuesta El Mel��n, north / slope, 2.6 km south of Ruta 5, / 32.599158S, 71.23936W, 447 m. / 21-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C Veloso leg. S18-09��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL. RM. TCD.980 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.981 / -33.0612, -71.0999 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.983 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL. RM.TCD.984 / -33.0612, -71.0099 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���16.CL. RM.LPD.992 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1 ♂ (UCMS); ���16.CL. RM.LPD.995 / -33.4397, -70.9913 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.CLU.325 / -33.0163, -70.9948 / 10.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM. CLU.323 / -33.0163, -70.9948 / 10.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.304.3 / -33.4926, - 70.5177 / 9.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���14.CL. RM.PLN.520.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���14.CL.LI.BLV.425 / -34.8258, -70.7418 / 14.XiI.2014 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15. CL. RM. CDM.602 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL.CO.CHP.691 / -31.7222, -71.2747 / 12.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik��� 1♂ (UCMS). The code 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to paso superior Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Lukasik. The code 16.CL. RM.LPD refers to the side of highway 68, 3.5 km E from Los Panguiles, Region Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Lukasik. The code 14.CL. RM.CLU refers to Caleu, Tiltil area, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Park Quebrada de Macul, Pe��alolen, Santiago, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 14.CL.LI.BLV refers to Sierra de Bellavista area, O���Higgins Region, Chile. The code 15.CL. RM.LCN refers to the hill near the village of Los Culenes, Metropolitan Region Chile. The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volc��n, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volc��n, Caj��n del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The Code 15.CL.CO.CHP refers to the intersection between roads D-37-E and D-85, 9 KM W from the town of Choapa, Coquimbo Region, Chile. Etymology. The name is a combination of impar - (L. impar, unequal, uneven) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the temporally inconsistent song echemes of the species. Description. Ground color castaneous heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum greenish in some paratypes and live specimens. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in most paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile giving a grayish appearance when live. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior margin and anterolateral supra-antennal plate and posterior epicranial suture with mark extending laterally along posterior of head from posterior epicranial suture to cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, short silvery pile and radiating longer silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli dark red, eyes dark castaneous lightly margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous margined with ground color medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, piceous expanded in some paratypes, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral and posterior margins. Anteclypeus ground color with piceous lateral spot extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some paratypes, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral castaneous fascia, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, lateral ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, mark in lateral fissure expanding onto lateral disk, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure in some paratypes, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous mark on posterolateral margin of lateral angle, mark expanded in some paratypes forming fascia connecting along anterior pronotal collar lateral angle which may connect to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla mottled piceous, completely piceous in some paratypes, lateral longitudinal fascia in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding to large rectangular spot or expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation, mark extending over most of cruciform elevation midline in some paratypes but not reaching posterior margin, posterior of anterior arm and anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, anterior anepisternum 2 in some paratypes, posterior katepisternum 2, lateral trochantin 2, medial margin of meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous expanded in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, several paratype hind wings with five apical cells, some with six in one hind wing and five in the other. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia proximally, piceous absent or extending to node in some paratypes, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about three times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, posterior to cubitus posterior, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ground color, tinged with green in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae striped with piceous distally and fusing near distal terminus, middle tibiae with thinner and shorter fasciae, hind tibiae lacking distal fascia, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal mesotarus and metatarsus of fore tarsi, ventral and lateral mesotarsus and all but distal mesotarsus and pretarsus of hind tarsi, piceous expanding in some paratypes, pretarsal claws piceous. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine almost upright, longest, and very small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines piceous, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped reaching to anterior of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin and anterolateral corners with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and castaneous posterior, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous posterior to piceous and timbal cavities, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous, piceous extending posteriorly on midline on tergite 3 half way to posterior margin, piceous expanding laterally or on dorsolateral tergites in some paratypes, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline near anterior margin and piceous auditory capsule, sternites III���VII testaceous, sternite III with ground color anterior and posterior margins and piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spots on anterolateral corners, sternite VII with ground color posterior margin. Epipleurites testaceous. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, large V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch curved anterolaterad to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally and laterally anterior to stigma, piceous anteriorly, dorsolaterally, dorsally, posteriorly and laterally on stigma, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally separated from ground color by castaneous, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, angled dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe piceous with lateral margin castaneous in middle and ground color distally, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ground color ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX ground color with piceous posterolateral spots, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath not reaching to tip of dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 3♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 15.55 (14.60���16.55), ♀ 16.13 (15.65��� 16.55); length of fore wing: ♂ 16.63 (15.60���17.65), ♀ 16.43 (15.65���17.65); width of fore wing: ♂ 5.79 (5.40���6.20), ♀ 5.80 (5.60���6.15); length of head: ♂ 2.66 (2.50���2.80), ♀ 2.63 (2.45���2.80); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.02 (4.80���5.30), ♀ 5.13 (5.00���5.30); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 5.32 (5.00���5.60), ♀ 5.60 (5.50���5.70); width of mesonotum: ♂ 4.57 (4.30���5.00), ♀ 4.63 (4.60���4.70). Song. (n=14: 2 paratypes, 1 UCMS alcoholic molecular voucher, and 1♂ not captured from Valpara��so Region, Petorca Pr. (S18-06); 2♂ not captured from Valpara��so Region, Choapa Pr. (S18-07); 2 paratypes and 1♂ UCMS alcoholic molecular vouchers from Valpara��so Region, Petorca Pr. (S18-09); 1 paratype and 1♂ UCMS alcoholic molecular voucher from Valpara��so Region, Quillota Pr. (S18-10), 1♂ not captured from Metropolitana Region, Chacabuco Pr. (S18-11); 2♂ topotypes not captured from Valpara��so Region, Quillota Pr. (S18-41)) Long, sustained echemes that vary in duration from 1 to 13 s (median=2.74 s) diagnose this species. The wide standard deviation of the mean echeme duration (3.85��3.42 s) emphasizes the substantial variation. The echeme rate is 0.37��0.20 s- 1. Dominant frequencies extend the highest among Chilecicada from 7.45 to 13.97 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.99��0.38 kHz). Diagnosis. One of the smaller species the Chilecicada species including the smallest specimen studied. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 14.60���16.55 mm, fore wing length between 15.60���17.65 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.00 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, a triangular meracanthus, ground color medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous with ground color and/or castaneous lateral and dorsal fasciae w, Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 15-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada mapuchensis n. sp. Sanborn Fig. 6 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345. Type material. Holotype. “14.CL. RM.PLN.518.2 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” ♂ (UCMS). Paratypes. “15.CL.LI.RT1.720 / -34.0617, -71.3773 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL.VS. PBA.989 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (MNNC); “16.CL.VS.PBA.986 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L. // Seq.” 1♂ (UCMS); “16.CL. RM.TCD.997 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “16.CL. RM.TCD.998 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “16.CL.VS.PBA.990 / - 33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “16.CL.VS.LVZ.991 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♂ (MNNC); “16.CL.VS.PBA.987 / -33.0468, -71.3229 / 22.I.2016 C. V., P.L.” 1♀ (UCMS); “15.CL. RM. LCN.716.2 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “15.CL. RM.LCN.716.1 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (AFSC); “15.CL. RM.LCN.717 / -33.8929, -71.4001 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L.” 1♂ (UCMS); “14.CL. RM.PLN.518.1 / -33.4926, -70.5177 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (15) / Collector: Leonardo Diaz / Date: 12/26/04 / Location Curacacví. RM. / (33°22’32” S. 71°08’23”W. 240 m)” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (16) / Collector: Leonardo Diaz / Date: 12/26/04 / Location Curacacví. RM. / (33°22’32” S. 71°08’23”W. 240 m) ” 1♂ (AFSC); “ Sex: Male (07) / Collector: C. Veloso & C. Cecchii / Date: 01/27/10 / Location Farellones. RM. / (33°20’54” S. 70°21’18”W. 1583 m)” 1♂ (AFSC). The code 14.CL. RM.PLN refers to Peñalolen, Quebrada de Macul, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile and is the type locality for the species, 15.CL.LI.RT1 C. V., K.N., P.L. refers to Side of Ruta 66, Región O’Higgins, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. 16.CL.VS.PBA refers to the hill near the exit from Ruta 60, near Peñablanca, Región Valparaíso, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. 16.CL.VS.LVZ refers to the side of road F-50, 5.5 km N from the intersection with Ruta 68, 8 km from Lo Vasquez, -33.2255, - 71.4092, Región Valparaíso, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. 16.CL. RM.TCD refers to Cuesta la Dormida, Tiltil, -33.0730, -70.9639, Región Metropolitana, collected by Claudio Veloso and Piotr Łukasik. The GPS data on the specimen label are incorrect. Finally, 15.CL. RM.LCN refers to the hill near the village of Los Culenes, Región Metropolitana, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is a combination of mapuch - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the distribution of the species over much of the historical territory of the Mapuche civilization where the type series was collected. Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, greenish costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in most paratypes. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark reduced to only epicranial suture in some paratypes, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture, mark extends anteriorly to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark in some paratypes, short golden pile and radiating long golden pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous medially and laterally to eye surrounded by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, castaneous spot in middle in some paratypes, mostly piceous in some paratypes, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum castaneous with piceous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, all but carina and anterior and posterior margins piceous in some paratypes, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, castaneous fascia, piceous in some paratypes, on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, dorsal ambient fissures castaneous, lateral ambient fissures, paramedian and lateral fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in some paratypes, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to posterolateral corner of lateral angle, posterolateral mark castaneous in some paratypes. Pronotum with short golden pile in fissures in some paratypes. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous with slightly mottled posterior region, anchor-shaped castaneous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding to large rectangular spot or expanding to cover all but ground color margin along submedian sigilla in some paratypes, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, mark extends along midline of cruciform elevation but not reaching posterior margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, expanding to spot on anterolateral margin in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with castaneous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, posterior margin of trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, some paratype hind wings with five apical cells, one paratype with four apical cells in one hind wing and five apical cells in the other. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia, absent in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in some paratypes. Basal cell about four times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except castaneous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area and base of cubital cell 1, cubital cell 2 and anal cell 1. Legs. Legs ochraceous, tinged with castaneous in some paratypes, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and transverse piceous mark near distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except ground color ventral and lateral mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, amount of ground color increasing in posterior segments, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur with distally curved tip, secondary spine almost upright with proximally curved tip, and very small tertiary spine, primary spine piceous, secondary spine ground color, darker in some paratypes, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle with mediad curved tip, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to middle of tympanal cavity. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color in holotype, ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, castaneous dorsoposterior castaneous in some paratypes, tergite 2with ground color castaneous spot on dorsal midline and light castaneous transverse dorsal fascia, paratypes generally with ground color anterior dorsolateral margin and posterior margin and transverse piceous fascia connecting to anterodorsal timbal cavity on primarily castaneous tergite with dark castaneous spot on dorsal midline, interior timbal cavity piceous, tergites 3–8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins with dark castaneous spot on dorsal midline, piceous expanded in most paratypes, tergites sparsely covered with short silvery pile, denser in some paratypes, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 6–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with anterolateral castaneous spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near posterior margin and on posterior auditory capsule, sternites III–VII dark ground color with castaneous lateral spot, sternite III with piceous anterior margin expanding into spot on midline. Epipleurites dark ground color with castaneous spot, spots becoming darker in posterior epipleurites. Sternite VIII ground color with elongated, lateral piceous spots, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, laterally on stigma and spots on the middle of the ventral margin, with castaneous spots on dorsoanterior and dorsally between posterior piceous marks, dorsal beak ground color with piceous tip, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as castaneous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color with piceous anterior, large dorsolateral spots, dorsolateral spots anterior to posterior margin and a spot on ventral base of distal shoulder, and a castaneous dorsal spot anterior to posterior margin, piceous with ground color margin in some paratypes, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to leaf-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margin on ventral style, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube castaneous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, lateral piceous fascia becoming castaneous before terminating proximal to terminus, piceous on terminus, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal third curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to transverse posterior margin, small ridge on distal dorsal surface midline, ventral surface almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X castaneous with piceous tip. Ovipositor sheath reaching beyond dorsal beak to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 18.16 (16.35–19.55), ♀ 18.70 (18.10– 19.30); length of fore wing: ♂ 19.64 (18.50–20.75), ♀ 20.68 (20.45–20.90); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.88 (6.35–7.30), ♀ 7.03 (6.80–7.25); length of head: ♂ 3.12 (2.65–3.45), ♀ 3.38 (3.35–3.40); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.84 (5.35–6.20), ♀ 6.20 (6.10–6.30); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.20 (5.60–6.65), ♀ 6.73 (6.70–6.75); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.46 (4.95–5.80), ♀ 5.93 (5.75–6.10). Song. Unknown. Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 16.35–19.55 mm, fore wing length between 18.50–20.90 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.00 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins extending to node, a triangular meracanthus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base and tip and a distal third of the dorsal side smoothly curving to the terminus. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitan, O’Higgins, and Valparaíso Regions of central Chile.

Chilecicada oraria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 8 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 5 (distribution) Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345. Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n del Maule: / Cauquenes Pr.: Comuna de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, Ruta / 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, / FA Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-24 // JCR181225_ 00 // JAC000003272��� ♂ (LACM). Paratypes. ��� CHILE. Regi��n del Maule: Provincia / de Cauquenes: Communa de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, ruta 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-24 // S18-24��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n del Maule: Provincia / de Cauquenes: Communa de / Cauquenes, Cauquenes, ruta 126, / 36.09182S, 72.43223W, 190 m. / 25-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon, / C. Veloso leg. S18-24 // 181225-21 / S18-24��� 1♂ in ethanol (UCMS); ���15.CL. ML.CQQ.734 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L. // Seq.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���Angol-Chile / 19.XI.1958 / S. S��nez ��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���Pelluhue / Chile. Dec. 2 1953 / L.E. Pena ��� 2♂ (AFSC); ���Tregualemo / Chile / Dec. 1953 / L.E. Pena��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���Concepcion��� Chile / Feb. 1940 / D.S. Bullock��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���Carmavida / Chile / Dec. 25���31 1953 / L.E. Pena��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���Nogueche / Chile / Dec. 15���17 1953 / L.E. Pena��� 1♀ (AFSC); ���Constitucion / Chile / Nov. 1953 / L.E. Pena��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���15. CL. ML.CQQ.735 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC); ���15.CL. ML.CQQ.749 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (MNNC); ���15.CL. ML.CQQ.003 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (UCMS); ���15.CL. ML.CQQ.002 / -36.0992, -72.4466 / 20.XII.2015 K.N., P.L.��� 1♂ (AFSC). The code 15.CL. ML.CQQ on the label of the last five specimens listed refers to Ruta 126 between Cauquenes and Quirihue, near Estero el Cajon, Maule Region, Chile collected by Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik. Etymology. The name is in reference to the distribution of the species being near the coast (L. orarius, of the coast). Description. Ground color testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous with green costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, faded to ochraceous in most of type series. Testaceous greenish in some paratypes, live specimens with green more pronounced, especially dorsolaterally and posteriorly, with green pronotal collar, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Body covered with silvery pile. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending lateral to posterior cranial depressions, mark extending anteriorly into posterior epicranial suture and anterior to surround piceous posterior cranial depression forming a spot on either side of ground color mark, extending anteriorly only to posterior cranial depression in some paratypes, short golden pile and radiating long golden pile on dorsal head, very dense on frons, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous with ground color medial and anterior margins and piceous posteromedial margin along anteclypeus, lorum ground color with piceous mark along anteromedial and posteromedial margins, castaneous spot in middle, short white pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum castaneous with piceous posterior margin, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous laterally with piceous extending towards midline in middle, short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes where piceous not expanding medially, with ground color carina, and medial anterior and posterior margins, covered with short white pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color with lateral ovoid castaneous mark and anterolaterad angled castaneous mark in middle, remaining along midline or forming short fascia on either side of midline in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline between anterior fissure and posterior paramedian fissure, ground color mark remaining on midline extending more posterior in some paratypes, piceous fuses anteriorly and posteriorly on midline into triangular mark expanding laterally in anterior and ambient fissures, small fascia extending on anterior margin of posterior paramedian fissure, separated from longitudinal fasciae in some paratypes, anterior half of paramedian fissure piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spot on disk just anterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots in some paratypes, posterior two-thirds of lateral fissure piceous connecting to piceous ambient fissure, piceous in ambient fissure extends to middle of lateral fissure, extends around disk to anterior lateral fissure in some paratypes, mark in ambient fissure extends irregularly onto posterior lateral disk. Pronotal collar ochraceous, bright green in live specimens, greenish tint in some paratypes, with piceous angled fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle to anterolateral corner of lateral angle. Pronotum covered with short golden pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, lateral sigilla piceous with mottled posterior region, anchor-shaped castaneous mark central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation fusing on midline with posterior of anchor-shaped mark, posterior mark expands to fuse with lateral anchor-shaped mark in some paratypes, marks completely fuse in some paratypes and may extend anterolateral to between submedian and lateral sigilla, lateral X of cruciform elevation piceous with mark curving along anterior of lateral cruciform elevation and expanding to spot on anterolateral margin, wing groove ground color with castaneous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline spot and piceous fasciae anterolaterally, mediolaterally and posterolaterally. Dorsum with short silvery pile, denser long silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, on posterior mesonotum, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, posterior margin of trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, mark on medial katepimeron 2 along meron 2 in some paratypes, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial margin of trochantin 3, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, right hind wing of holotype with five apical cells due to the fusion of apical cells 5 and 6. Venation greenish ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, basal veins bright green in living specimens, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein ochraceous, green in fresh specimens, castaneous mark on base of cubitus anterior adjacent to basal cell, distal anal vein 2 + 3 castaneous. Basal cell about 4.5 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing orange mottled with red. Hind wing venation similarly colored except castaneous median vein, anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, castaneous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with orange mottled with red, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering orange and red area. Legs. Legs ochraceous, green in some paratypes, proximal coxae piceous, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, fore tibiae with piceous spot proximally, thickly striped with piceous and piceous distal terminus, middle and hind tibiae with thinner and shorter fascia and incomplete marking distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs castaneous with darker tips, tarsi piceous except dark ground color ventral and lateral mesotarsus and annular ground color mark on proximal pretarsus just distal to proximal margin, pretarsal claws piceous with dark ground color base. Fore femora with primary spine adpressed to femur, elevated above femur in most paratypes, secondary spine almost upright with curved tip, and very small tertiary and apical spines, primary and secondary spines ground color with piceous tips, tertiary and apical spines castaneous. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with castaneous spot on base, an elongated triangle, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin to anterior of sternite II. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, curved in some paratypes, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but not reaching half the length of meracanthus nor middle of sternite II. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 ground color with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally, tergite 2 with ground color anterior and posterior margins, transverse piceous fascia connecting to anterodorsal timbal cavity, interior timbal cavity piceous, transverse castaneous fascia posterior to piceous fascia extending almost to middle of timbal cavity, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with castaneous and ground color posterior and lateral margins, tergite 8 of holotype with short transverse castaneous fascia across midline anterior to posterior margin, mark not found in paratypes, tergites covered with long silvery pile, denser on dorsal tergite 1 and lateral tergites 7 and 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color with piceous anterior spot, sternite II with small piceous spots on either side of midline near posterior margin and on posterior auditory capsule, sternites III���VII dark ground color, sternite III with piceous anterior margin, holotype with some castaneous staining on sternites, paratypes unicolorous posterior to sternite III. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base the sides almost forming a right triangle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color with piceous anteromedial and anterolateral margins reducing posteriorly forming a piceous triangular mark terminating as thin fascia on piceous dorsal beak, stigma piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as piceous anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight. Genitalia. Male pygofer piceous anteriorly, ground color posteriorly and ventrally, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile dorsally and posteriorly. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, widening to semicircular apex, apex convex laterally and concave medially forming a spoon-like terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with red posterior margin, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with red posterior margin. Median uncus lobe ground color with piceous base, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, dorsal surface arched with distal quarter angled anteriorly, posterior surface smoothly curved, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, small ridge on dorsal surface midline, ventral surface almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus. Only terminal aedeagus of holotype visible, dark castaneous with at least two terminal spines extending from lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath reaching to distal dorsal beak. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath. Measurements (mm). n= 10♂, 1♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 19.20 (17.90���21.00), ♀ 19.75; length of fore wing: ♂ 21.48 (19.90���22.75), ♀ 21.75; width of fore wing: ♂ 7.55 (6.75���8.50), ♀ 7.75; length of head: ♂ 3.37 (3.10���3.45), ♀ 3.15; width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.44 (5.85���6.95), ♀ 6.55; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.36 (6.30���8.15), ♀ 7.35; width of mesonotum: ♂ 6.26 (5.75���7.00), ♀ 6.35. Song. (n=4: holotype and 1 paratopotype from Regi��n Maule, Cauquenes Pr., 2 paratypes from Q15.CL.ML. CQQ, Reg��on Maule, Quirihue) The echeme duration of 0.39�� 0.11 s is significantly shorter than all other Chilecicada (MANOVA, P = 1.12��10 -3). These echemes occur at a rate of 1.51�� 0.26 s- 1, a rate that is not significantly different from C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca (MANOVA, P =9.00��10 -1). The dominant frequency band is 8.89���11.52 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.21��0.42 kHz). Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.90���21.00 mm, fore wing length between 19.90���22.75 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.50 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, no piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, a triangular meracanthus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base with the dorsal side arched and curving to the terminus. Among the species with slow (~1 s-1) medium echeme duration (~ 0.5 s) songs, C. oraria males deliver short echemes at the upper end of the echeme rate variation. The short echemes of C. oraria will separate that species from those with longer echemes: C. curacaviensis, C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca, and probably also C. culenesensis, C. pehuenchesensis, and C. magna. The faster echeme rate will separate C. oraria from species that tend to sing at slower echeme rates: C. partemporaria, C. trifasciunca and probably also C. magna and C. pehuenchesensis. Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in Cauquenes Province in the southwestern corner of the Regi��n del Maule, and a number of coastal communities in central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 33-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Chilecicada citatatemporaria n. sp. Sanborn and Cole Fig. 1 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 2 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution) Type material. Holotype. ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / Puente La Mora, Camino E-41, / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-05 // JAC000003271��� 1♂ (LACM). Paratypes. ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Provincia de Petorca; Comuna de / Cabildo; Puente La Mora, / Camino E-41 / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA Calderon / C Veloso leg. S18-05 // 181220-12��� 1♂ (AFSC); ��� CHILE. Regi��n de Valpara��so: / Petorca Pr.; Comuna de Cabildo, / Puente La Mora, Camino E-41, / 32.44125S, 71.00812W, 244 m. / 20-XII-2018. JA Cole, FA / Calderon, C Veloso leg. S18-05 // JAC000000615��� 1♂ (LACM). Etymology. The name is a combination of citata - (L. citatus, quick, rapid, speedy) and - temporaria (L. temporarius, of time) in reference to the rapidly produced echemes in the song of the species. Description. Ground color testaceous marked with piceous and castaneous, costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing ochraceous, costal margin green in live specimens. Body covered with silvery pile giving a grayish appearance when alive. Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color anterior supra-antennal plate, anterolateral corner of vertex, and posterior epicranial suture with mark extending laterally along posterior of head to level of lateral ocelli, castaneous spots on anterolateral corners of frons, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser longer pile posterior to eye. Ocelli dark red, eyes dark castaneous. Gena piceous margined with ground color along medial margin, anteriorly along supra-antennal plate, and posteromedial margin along lorum, medially castaneous in paratype, lorum ground color with piceous mark in anteromedial corner and posteromedial corner, short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, castaneous mark on posterolateral corners continuous with castaneous spots on anterolateral frons, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short silvery pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus piceous with ground color carina and anterior and posterior margins, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Mentum ground color proximally, castaneous distally, labium castaneous proximally, piceous distally, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to middle of middle trochanters. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous. Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fascia on either side of midline fusing medially in anterior fissure and in posterior ambient fissure, lateral and anterior ambient fissures, paramedian, lateral, and lateral portion of posterior ambient fissures piceous, all fissures piceous in paratype, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, additional spots just posterior to central paramedian fissure. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous mark on anterolateral margin of lateral angle, mark expanded in paratype forming fascia connecting from anterior pronotal collar lateral angle to lateral ambient fissure. Pronotum with short silvery pile, denser in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous, lateral longitudinal fascia, darker and larger in paratype, diamond-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding laterally to piceous scutal depressions and between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extends along anterior midline of cruciform elevation but not reaching posterior margin, piceous spot on posterior mesonotum continuous with piceous mark on anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected by transverse fascia anteriorly. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline and anterolaterally in wing groove. Dorsum covered with silvery pile, denser and longer between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, on posterior mesonotum, and in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous spots on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, and lateral trochantin 2. Ventral segments covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile. Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline, holotype with eight and seven apical cells in the fore wing and four or five apical cells in the hind wings, paratype exhibits eight and six apical cells in the fore and hind wings respectively. Venation greenish proximally, becoming piceous distally, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein greenish separated by piceous fascia to node, anal vein 2 + 3 piceous. Basal cell about 3.67 times longer than broad with piceous mark proximally on cubitus posterior + anal vein 1. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing grayish mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation greenish with castaneous margining anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spots on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, and proximal anal cell 1 gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray. Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, striped with piceous, fascia incomplete in hind tibiae, fore tibiae piceous distally, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, fore tarsi piceous except ground color ventral mesotarus and proximal metatarsus, middle and hind tarsi castaneous with greater proportion of ground color, pretarsal claws ground color proximally with piceous or castaneous tips. Fore femora with primary spine perpendicular to femoral axis, secondary spine upright, longest, with wide base, and very small tertiary spine, spines ground color with piceous proximal margin on primary spine and piceous tip on secondary spine. Proximal segments with short silvery pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, an elongated triangle distally curving mediad, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin and middle of tympanal cavity. Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, semicircular medial margin, anteromedial margin curved to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially barely reaching lateral meracanthus, covered with short silvery pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 castaneous medially, ground color laterally, with piceous spot anteromedially, expanded into transverse piceous fascia in one paratype, and small piceous spots on either side of midline on posterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavities, piceous within timbal cavity, castaneous posterior to piceous and timbal cavities with greenish testaceous posterior margin, tergites 3���8 piceous anteriorly bordered posteriorly with greenish testaceous, tergites covered with short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5���8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterior margin, small transverse piceous fasciae near anterior margin on either side of midline and in middle of tympanal cavity, auditory capsule castaneous centrally, piceous in one paratype, sternites III���VII testaceous, sternite III with piceous fascia on anterior margin expanding into spot on midline and small piceous spots on anterolateral corners, sternites IV and V with small transverse fascia on anterior midline, small transverse fasciae on anterior of sternites IV���VII in one paratype, sternite VII with ground color posterior margin. Epipleurites testaceous with central castaneous spots. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with gentle curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on sternites VII and VIII. Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventrally and on posterolateral margin, piceous dorsally separated from ground color by castaneous, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, reaching to base of anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, slightly curved dorsally, extending more than half pygofer length, distal lobe with parallel sides and semicircular terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube castaneous, piceous in paratype, with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe piceous at base with castaneous proximal half of lateral margin, ground color distally, elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distally curving toward sternite VIII, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, small ridge on dorsal surface midline, castaneous proximally, ground color distally, ventral surface dark ground color with piceous base, ventral surfaces almost meeting along midline expanding to small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia, terminus not visible in type series, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous. Measurements (mm). n= 2♂, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 16.35 (15.75���16.95); length of fore wing: ♂ 17.30 (16.60���18.00); width of fore wing: ♂ 6.38 (6.15���6.60); length of head: ♂ 3.10 (3.00���3.20); width of head including eyes: ♂ 5.33 (5.15���5.50); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 6.30 (6.15���6.45); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.13 (5.00���5.25). Song. (n=4: 1 paratopotype, 2 topotypes (UCMS alcoholic molecular vouchers), 1 male from type locality not captured) Brief echemes of 0.04�� 0.00 s duration delivered at a rapid rate of 18.13�� 0.89 s- 1. The dominant frequency band is 9.84���12.59 kHz (mean dominant frequency=11.18��0.61 kHz). Echemes are grouped into echeme sequences that vary widely in length, from 1.67 to 24.51 s. The songs of C. citatatemporaria and C. occidentis are not significantly different (MANOVA, P =2.90��10 -1). Diagnosis. This is one of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 14.75���16.95 mm, fore wing length between 15.30���18.00 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.67 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins to node, a triangular meracanthus, ground color medial opercular margin, a semicircular posteromedial operculum, abdominal epipleurites with a central spot, and an uncus that is piceous proximally and ground color distally curving distally to terminus. Rapid sequences of echemes separate the song of this species from all other Chilecicada except C. occidentis. The echeme rate is also rapid in C. viridicitata songs but is half (~10 s-1) the C. citatatemporaria rate (~20 s-1). Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in the Petorca Province of Regi��n de Valpara��so of central Chile., Published as part of Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, ��ukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 5078 (1) on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5078.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5766352

Neduba inversa Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 27 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3C (live habitus), Plate 5G (male calling song), Plate 8D (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10G (male titillators), Plate 12E (female subgenital plate). Common name. Kings Canyon Shieldback. History of recognition. Likely confused with N. sierranus. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE:, USA, CA, Fresno Co., Bretz Mill Campground, Sierra National Forest, 24 mi. NE Trimmer on Big Creek Rd., 37.03775N, 119.24040W, 871 m, 13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, JCT15-15 [karyotype], 150820_01 [recording], 206 [teeth], 3.3 [mm file count], tegmen in gel capsule and genitalia in vial below insect deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19710. PARATYPES (n = 19): Fresno Co., 1♁, same data as holotype, CAS; 2♁, same data as holotype, LACM; 3♁, 1♀, Bretz Mill Campground, Sierra National Forest, 24 mi. NE Trimmer on Big Creek Rd., 37.0375N, 119.2388W, 1006 m, 29-30-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 3♁, Princess Campground, Sequoia National Forest, 36.80456N, 118.94154W, 1797 m, 25-27-VII-2017, JA Cole, CAS; 7♁, 1♀, same data except LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 17, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ♁20.22–24.12, ♀ 23.15–23.40, pronotum total length ♁8.17–10.54, ♀ 8.48–9.42, prozona length ♁3.57–5.11, ♀ 4.06–4.98, metazona dorsal length ♁4.29–5.95, ♀ 3.50– 5.36, pronotum constriction width ♁2.22–2.95, ♀ 2.43–2.94, metazona dorsal width ♁5.68–6.63, ♀ 6.25–6.42, head width ♁4.84–5.47, ♀ 5.24–5.59, ovipositor length ♀ 15.81–16.78. Distribution. West slope of the Sierra Nevada, between the San Joaquin and Kings River watersheds in the vicinity of Kings Canyon National Park. Habitat. Understory of mixed conifer forests. Seasonal occurrence. Available records are midsummer from July (1-VII-1935, EE Honeycutt, CAS) through mid-August (13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM). Stridulatory file. (n = 7) length 3.0–4.0 mm, 206–266 teeth, tooth density 66.3 ± 6.9 (55.5–78.3) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 24) Qualitatively like Sierranus Group taxa, high frequency (PTF 15.9 ± 1.2 kHz) with a fluttering quality caused by multiple OPT (PTN 9.2 ± 3.4). PTR is significantly slower (1.3 ± 0.3 s- 1) than N. sierranus and faster than N. radocantans (ANCOVA, P = 3.96 × 10 -9) but is indistinguishable from that of N. arborea. Karyotype. (n = 5) 2n♁= 21 (2m + 16t + XtXtYm). JCT15-15, paratopotype. Recognition. Males have a high stridulatory file tooth density (64–68 teeth/mm) like N. sierranus and N. radocantans. A weakly constricted pronotum separates N. sierranus from this species. N. radocantans is morphologically separable only by its slightly higher stridulatory file tooth density (68–75 teeth/mm). This species belongs to the Sequoia Group lineage but has a Sierranus Group song with multiple OPT. The high PTN of N. radocantans will separate that otherwise cryptic species from N. inversa. Males of the neighboring species to the north, N. sierranus, have songs with a faster PTR than those of N. inversa. Songs from all population of the Sequoia Group to the south have only one OPT. Karyotypes also separate N. inversa from the geographically proximal species mentioned above. The distribution of this species lies between the San Joaquin and Kings River drainages in the vicinity of Kings Canyon National Park. Etymology. l. inversa “to change, to pervert, to turn upside down,” in reference to the mosaic of characters possessed by this species, with the song of one clade but the genetics of another. Notes. At the type locality the species was common, but the quiet male songs were drowned out by the incessant loud calls of the shield-back katydid Cyrtophyllicus chlorum Hebard. The distribution of N. inversa lies where the Sierranus and Sequoia Groups meet in the central Sierra Nevada (Figs. 8, 19). This species combines characters from the two lineages and gene flow between neighboring lineages has occurred during its evolutionary history (Fig. 4). The stridulatory file and the calling song with a fluttering sound, caused by numerous OPT, is similar to N. sierranus in the Sierranus Group, which is distributed to the north in the Yosemite Valley region. DNA places this species with Sequoia Group species to the south, however, and this species shares a karyotype with N. prorocantans. The remaining Sequoia Group species have simple songs with one OPT between any pair of MPT. Song alleles may have introgressed across species boundaries in this contact zone region (e.g. Cole 2016). Material examined. Type series only, see Type material above., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800

Neduba castanea (Scudder, 1899) Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 21 (male and female habitus, calling song, drumming, male and female tremulation karyotype), Plate 2 B–C (live habitus), Plate 5A (male calling song), Plate 7I (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10B (male titillators), Plate 11K (female subgenital plate). Common name. Chestnut Shieldback. History of recognition. Scudder (1899) described Tropizaspis castanea from Los Angeles County, California. Caudell (1907) transferred this species to Aglaothorax based on habitus, in particular the pronotal shape, but the species was moved to Neduba once the male genitalia were examined (Rentz 1988; Rentz & Birchim 1968). Our fieldwork shows that N. castanea is the only Neduba species found in mainland Los Angeles County (i.e. exclusive of the Channel Islands), where it is limited to the fringes of the Mojave Desert. Type material. The holotype male is housed at ANSP. Images of the type are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). PARATYPE (n = 1): USA, CA , Los Angeles Co., 1♀, Los Angeles Co., VII, Coquillett, USNM; TOPOTYPES EXAMINED (n = 26): USA, CA, Los Angeles Co., 2♁, County road N4 near Llano, 34.505828N, 117.817841W, 1280 m, 6-VIII-1988, DB Weissman & DC Lightfoot, CAS; 1♁, County Road N6, 2 mi. NW of Devil’s Punchbowl, 34.4267N, 117.8697W, 1250 m, 6-VIII-1988, DB Weissman & DC Lightfoot, CAS; 1♁, Devil’s Punchbowl County Park, 34.4138N, 117.8587W, 1445 m, 17-VIII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, Devil’s Punchbowl County Park, 34.4138N, 117.8587W, 1445 m, 30-VIII-1975, PH Sullivan, CAS; 1♁, Devil’s Punchbowl Road 1 mi. NW of Devil’s Punchbowl, 34.42382N, 117.86816W, 1341 m, 20-VI-2018, JA Cole, JAC; 1♁, Juniper Hills, Devil’s Punchbowl Road (County Road N6), 2 miles east of Longview Road, 34.4267N, 117.8697W, 1316 m, 2005, JA Cole, LACM; 3♁, 1♀ nymph, same data except 13-VI-2003, JA Cole, JN Hogue, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC; 2♁, same data except 14-VI-2015, JA Cole, GE Bell, T Farwell, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC; 2♁, same data except 14-VI-2017, JA Cole, LACM; 3♁, 1♀, same data except 18-VI-2008, JA Cole, LACM; 1♀ nymph, same data except 20-VI-2003, JA Cole, JN Hogue, LACM; 1♁, same data except 7-VII-2004, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, Largo Vista Rd. (county Road N4), 1 mi. S of Fort Tejon Rd., 34.4530N, 117.7649W, 1277 m, 22-VI-2008, JA Cole, LACM; 1♀, same data except 22-VI-2008, JA Cole, JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 14, ♀ n = 6) Hind femur ♁16.99–21.20, ♀ 18.50–23.87, pronotum total length ♁9.90–13.20, ♀ 10.08–13.20, prozona length ♁3.84–5.69, ♀ 4.83–6.92, metazona dorsal length ♁5.60–8.67 ♀ 4.72– 6.76, pronotum constriction width ♁2.70–3.68, ♀ 2.95–3.85, metazona dorsal width ♁7.24–8.49 ♀ 6.75–8.25, head width ♁4.94– 5.85, ♀ 5.05–6.81, ovipositor length ♀ 14.92–20.25. Habitat. Pinyon-juniper (Juniperus spp.- Pinus monophylla Torr & Frém.), Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia Engelm.) woodlands, Ceanothus scrub, and yellow pine forest. Specimens were taken from pinyon pine, juniper, mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus sp.), and Joshua tree. Distribution. Dry north slope of Transverse Ranges of California including the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, Liebre, and San Emigdio Mountains. Seasonal occurrence. Adult specimens have been taken from mid-June in foothill regions (13-VI-2003, JA Cole & JN Hogue, LACM) into September at high elevation (12-IX-2015, DA Gray, CAS). Females were last instar nymphs at the earliest date of occurrence listed above. Stridulatory file. (n = 5), length 3.7–4.6 mm, 79–99 teeth, tooth density 21.6 ± 1.1 (19.8–22.7) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 24) A continuous series of long MPTL (373.1 ± 51.5 ms) with widely spaced toothstrikes delivered at PTR of 2.6 ± 0.7 s- 1. The sound resembles a finger running along the teeth of a comb. The PTF of 13.7 ± 2.1 kHz extends comfortably into the audible range. There is a significant high frequency component, however, with 18.7 kHz PTF measured in one high frequency laboratory recording. Males begin calling at sunset. The population from McGill Campground on Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California has a significantly slower PTR than that of the type locality (2-sample t -test, P = 0.002). Males may also produce audible substrate vibrations via drumming. Drums precede bouts of stridulation (Fig. 21). Karyotype. (n = 5) 2n♁ = 22 (4m + 16t + XmYt), shared only with N. macneilli. T88-69, S88-72, topotype. Recognition. Morphological and color pattern differences thought to separate N. castanea from N. macneilli (per Rentz & Birchim 1968) are unreliable. The development of the styli on the subgenital plate, from absent to slight swellings to articulated, may vary within a population and even between the left and right sides of a single specimen. Both species exhibit the full range of variation in color patterns. Female N. castanea have round, highly convex subgenital plates, whereas those of N. macneilli are subtriangular with a bluntly pointed apex. Geographically N. castanea replaces N. macneilli, which is a Sierra Nevada species, in the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Notes. We treat N. castanea and N. macneilli as closely related sister species based on reproductive isolation via allopatry. Both inhabit the same life zone in different geographic regions of California. N. castanea and N. macneilli are sympatric with Aglaothorax ovata, and all three species share a similar robust habitus suggesting convergent evolution of body form in their habitat. Enlarged pronotal size may be adaptive for signal transmission in open habitats such as pinyon-juniper and Joshua tree woodlands, where trees and bushes are widely spaced, compared with the dense forest understories inhabited by other Neduba species Groups. Drumming was observed during courtship in the field at the Largo Vista Road locality (see Type material above), during which a male alternated drumming and stridulating. The signaling did not result in copulation in this observed instance (JAC pers. obs.). Material examined. (n = 26) All USA, CA, Kern Co., 3♀, McGill Campground, Los Padres National Forest, 34.82539N, 119.09791W, 12-IX-2015, DA Gray, LACM; 11♁, 1♀, McGill Campground, Los Padres National Forest, 34.81505N, 119.10014W, 2271 m, 8-9-VIII-2017, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, same data except JAC; Los Angeles Co., in addition to type material (above), 5♁, Sierra Highway, 0.6 miles west of Crown Valley Road, Acton, 34.4936N, 118.1834W, 929 m, 17-VI-2003, JA Cole, JN Hogue, LACM; 1♁, same data except 18-19-VI-2008, JA Cole, JAC sound record; 1♁, Spunky Canyon, 2 mi. SW of Green Valley, 34.6023N, 118.3863W, 1047 m, 16-VI- 2012, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, same data except 26-VII-2001, JA Cole, LACM., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Scudder, S. H. (1899) Two genera of North American Decticinae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 35, 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25129903","Caudell, A. N. (1907) The Decticinae (a group of Orthoptera) of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 285 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1530.285","Rentz, D. C. (1988) The shield-backed katydids of southern Africa: their taxonomy, ecology and relationships to the faunas of Australia and South America (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2, 223 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9880223","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0."]}

Neduba extincta Rentz, 1977 Fig. 19 (distribution). Common name. Extinct Shieldback. History of recognition. Described from a single male museum specimen deposited at CAS (Rentz 1977). Type material. The holotype male is the only specimen known. Images of the holotype are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). Measurements. See Rentz (1977). Distribution. Antioch Sand Dunes, Contra Costa County, California, on the western edge of the Central Valley. Habitat. Historically known from the sandy banks of the San Joaquin River, elevation 9 m. The 55 acre Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge is the only National Wildlife Refuge in the country established to protect endangered plants and insects. Seasonal occurrence. The only known specimen was collected 1-VII-1937 (ES Ross, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 1) length 3.2 mm, 167 teeth, tooth density 52.2 teeth/mm, Song. Unknown. Karyotype. Unknown. Recognition. Description indicates large body size and absence of styli on subgenital plate. The stridulatory file tooth density places this species at the upper end of variation for the Sequoia Group. The tooth density of the single known specimen is less than the closest geographic relative, N. inversa (density 64–68 teeth/mm). The single specimen is the only Sequoia Group individual collected in the Central Valley west of the Sierra Nevada. Notes. This species is one of four extinct North American Orthoptera species (Hoekstra 1998) and that status has not changed; David Rentz and DBW have searched for this species at the type locality on several occasions over the last few decades, visiting during summer months when Neduba are active and using a bat detector. On no occasion were individuals found. The lack of molecular, bioacoustical, and cytogenetic characters make this species difficult to place in context of this revision, but the stridulatory file tooth density is consistent with the Sequoia Group. Minimally destructive molecular work may be undertaken in the future to place N. extincta into phylogenetic context. Among the extant Sequoia Group species, N. inversa is distributed near the San Joaquin River watershed and is therefore a possible relative, and this lineage could have colonized the western edge of the Central Valley across riparian corridors. The description of N. arborea in this work reports the only other Sierranus or Sequoia Group members known west of the Sierra Nevada. Many Neduba populations were no doubt extirpated as the eastern slope of the Coast Ranges became more arid and as humans modified the Central Valley for agriculture. In the case of the Antioch dunes, sand mining and commercial development drove extinction of this species. Thorough collecting efforts are needed in the eastern slopes of the Coast Ranges to search for possible unknown populations., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. (1977) A new and apparently extinct katydid from Antioch Sand Dunes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Entomological News, 88, 241 - 245.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Hoekstra, J. M. (1998) Conserving Orthoptera in the wild: lessons from Trimerotropis infantilis (Oedipodinae). Journal of Insect Conservation, 2, 179 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1009612317241"]}

Neduba lucubrata Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 23 (male and female habitus, calling song, drumming, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 2E (live habitus), Plate 5C (male calling song), Plate 7 G–H (male ventral sclerites), Plate 10D (male titillators), Plate 12A (female subgenital plate). Common name. Midnight Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE, USA, CA, Monterey Co., Miller’s Lodge, 0.6 miles west jct. Arroyo Seco Road and G16, 36.25466N, 121.43208W, 192 m, 22-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC000002197 [specimen barcode], DNA161 [tissue], SING0503 [DNA extraction], JCT15-08 [karyotope], genitalia in vial under specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19712. PARATYPES (n = 32): All USA, CA , Monterey Co., 4♁, 1♀, same data as holotype, LACM; 2♁, 1♀, Arroyo Seco Rd., 0.6 mi. W of intersection with G16, 36.235139N, 121.473392W, 274 m, 29-VII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 3♁, Bottcher’s Gap, Los Padres National Forest, 19 miles north of Big Sur off SR1 on Palo Colorado Road, 36.355N, 121.8138W, 652 m, 20-21-VIII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except 7-8-IX-2002, JA Cole, LACM; 7♁, Nacimiento-Ferguson Rd., at bridge of Nacimiento River, 8.4 miles east of SR1, 36.0135N, 121.4216W, 587 m, 19-20-VIII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; San Benito Co., 9♁, Short Fence Trailhead, Coalinga Road, Laguna Mountain Recreation Area, BLM, 36.36403N, 120.8784W, 670 m, 10-11-VIII-2017, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, same data except 10-11-VIII-2017, JA Cole, JAC; 2♁, Upper Sweetwater Campground, Coalinga Road, Laguna Mountain Recreation Area, BLM, 36.36067N, 120.85256W, 848 m, 10-11-VIII-2017, JA Cole, LACM. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 24, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ♁16.35–20.74, ♀ 21.61–22.90, pronotum total length ♁7.04–9.03, ♀ 8.95–9.17, prozona length ♁2.65–4.78, ♀ 4.02–4.18, metazona dorsal length ♁3.85–5.10, ♀ 4.77– 5.15, pronotum constriction width ♁1.85–2.66, ♀ 2.70–3.35, metazona dorsal width ♁5.36–6.25, ♀ 5.76–6.35, head width ♁3.90–4.70, ♀ 5.11–5.46, ovipositor length ♀ 16.50–16.60. Distribution. Santa Lucia and Diablo Ranges in the South Coast Range, California. Habitat. Mixed woodland and chaparral. Taken from twigs in tangles, poison oak, and California sage (Artemisia californica Less.). Males call approximately 1 m above ground level in thick tangles. At dusk two males and one female emerged for nocturnal activity from a pack rat nest, suggesting that this structure served as a daytime shelter for an aggregation of individuals. These individuals retreated into the nest when disturbed. Seasonal occurrence. Adults from late July (22-VII-2015, JA Cole and DB Weissman, LACM) through early September (8-IX-2002, JA Cole, LACM). Stridulatory file. (n = 7) length 3.2–3.8 mm, 121–186 teeth, tooth density 45.9 ± 4.2 (38.4–50.0) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 31) Brief bouts separated by long intervals between bouts. PTR is 4.0 ± 0.5 s- 1. Males may add one PT to each successive bout, for example three successive bouts may consist of 3 PT, 4 PT, then 5 PT, and then the cycle recommences at 3 PT. PTF is 14.9 ± 0.8 kHz. Males may accompany stridulation with audible drumming, which is generated by the abdomen striking the substrate (Weissman 2001; JAC pers. obs.). Drumming coincides with partial PT at the beginning of a bout (Fig. 23). Drumming does not occur frequently and may not occur in all populations. Drumming was observed at the Monterey County localities of Arroyo Seco (one of two males, DBW, JAC, pers. obs.) and Bottcher’s Gap (JAC, pers. obs.), but not at any San Benito County localities. Karyotype. (n = 8) Unique. 2n♁ = 24 (2m + 20t + XtYt). T83-37, S83-107, paratopotype. Recognition. With a single apical protibial spine, dark apical tegminal spots and prosternal spines, this species may be confused only with N. propsti, a larger species that does not occur on the California mainland. The female subgenital plate length and width are subequal, in contrast with the elongated subgenital plate of N. propsti. The song, which consists of short stridulation bouts accompanied by drumming, is unique. Etymology. l. lucubrata burning the midnight oil, descriptive of male acoustic activity continuing throughout the night. Notes. This species shares morphological and genitalic characteristics with N. propsti as well as with the species of the Sierranus and Castanea Groups. Santa Lucia Range and Diablo Range populations are genetically distinct (Figs. 3–5) but are separable neither morphologically nor bioacoustically. The chirping song structure combined with abdominal drumming makes N. lucubrata the most acoustically distinct species of Neduba. Selection for mate recognition may have driven the evolution of distinctive song phrasing in N. lucubrata, as within its distribution are found two sympatric nedubines: N. carinata and a small Aglaothorax species. Females may require silent periods of an appropriate intermediate length between bouts to recognize a conspecific male signal (Cole 2016): intermediate length gaps between PT bouts will contrast with the continuous PT production of sympatric N. carinata as well and the long periods of silence between pulse production in Aglaothorax. Material examined. Type series only. See Type material above. Sierranus Group The Sierranus Group is composed of 3 species (sierranus, arborea, and radocantans). Like the Sequoia Group, all Sierranus Group species have a single spine on the posterior margin of the forefemur, a pair of prosternal spines, and the entire male tegmen ivory or white. The male subgenital plate has lateral carinae that converge to the apex, which is devoid of styli, petal-like and often reflexed. The stridulatory file tooth density is the highest of all Neduba species groups (59–77 teeth/mm), and this character alone separates it from all Sequoia Group species except N. inversa. The Sierranus Group is distributed in the central and northern Sierra Nevada while the Sequoia Group occupies the southern portions of that mountain range (Figs. 8, 19). Within this Group are morphologically cryptic species defined by song and/or karyotype. Body part measurements and stridulatory files offer the only means to identify males that lack song data. Females may also be identified by body part measurements and sometimes the shape of the subgenital plate. Species are parapatric in the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 19) and thus geography will serve to narrow species possibilities. Molecular data show hybridization (Fig. 4) between species with adjacent ranges., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 55-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Weissman, D. B. (2001) Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (Ed.), The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 351 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994086.0351"]}

Neduba duplocantans Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 30 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3H (live habitus), Plate 5J (male calling song), Plate 12H (female subgenital plate). Common name. Doubletime Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Tulare Co., South Fork Road, 9.75 miles southeast of Three Rivers, 36.35334N, 118.78451W, elev. 970 m, 25-VI-2017, JA Cole, W Chatfield-Taylor, 170625_03 [recording], JCT17-1 [karyotype], 173 [teeth], 3.4 [mm], tegmen in gelcap below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19709. PARATYPES (n = 24): Fresno Co., 1♀, Big Creek Road, 5 mi. S of Bretz Mill Campground, 36.97546N, 119.21088W, 810 m, 13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM; Tulare Co., 3 ♁, 8♀, same data as holotype, LACM; 2♁, same data as holotype, CAS; 1♀, same data as holotype, JAC; 1♁, 1♀, South Fork Campground, Sequoia National Park, 36.35209N, 118.76511W, 1112 m, 12-13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, CAS; 1♁, 6♀, same data except LACM. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 7, ♀ n = 17) Hind femur ♁19.46–21.95, ♀ 21.44–22.69, pronotum total length ♁8.20–9.28, ♀ 8.10–8.95, prozona length ♁3.30–4.71, ♀ 3.48–5.28, metazona dorsal length ♁4.42–5.44, ♀ 3.09– 4.75, pronotum constriction width ♁2.00–2.35, ♀ 2.03–2.95, metazona dorsal width ♁5.60–6.05, ♀ 5.20–6.41, head width ♁4.60–5.12, ♀ 4.85–5.85, ovipositor length ♀ 13.09–17.60. Distribution. At present, known only from the vicinity of the Kaweah River in the Sequoia National Forest. Habitat. Found in tangles and among grass along a stream flowing out of a side canyon. Also collected on bushes along the road paralleling the Kaweah River. Seasonal occurrence. Males were active and females were a mixture of last instar nymphs, teneral adults, and mature adults in late June (25-VI-2017, JA Cole & W Chatfield-Taylor, LACM). By August this species was rare (12-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM). This species may be active earlier in the season than sympatric N. sequoia. Stridulatory file. (n = 7) length 2.7–3.4 mm, 126–173 teeth, tooth density 51.0 ± 4.9 (45.8–60.7) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 7) Unique. The PTR of 5.1 ± 0.3 s- 1 is much faster than any other Sequoia or Sierranus Group species, and twice as fast as sympatric N. sequoia. The MPTL is brief at 72.3 9.1 ms. The short MPTL contributes to a low PTdc of 35.8 ± 4.9%. PTF of 17.0 ± 1.0 kHz is higher than other Sequoia Group species and is difficult to hear except at short range. Karyotype. (n = 3) 2n♁= 21 (18t + XtXtYm), shared with N. sierranus, JCT 15-12, paratopotype. Recognition. Male N. duplocantans are separated from sympatric N. sequoia by stridulatory file tooth density (47–52 teeth/mm vs. 55–59 teeth/mm, respectively). To the north, N. inversa has a similarly constricted pronotum but that species also has a higher tooth density (64–68 teeth/mm). Male N. prorocantans to the south have similar stridulatory files but have a weakly constricted pronotum. The fast song PTR is unique, and readily separates this species by ear from syntopic N. sequoia as well as from neighboring N. prorocantans to the south, as well as N. inversa to the north due to the multiple OPT in that species. Adult activity apparently commences earlier in the season than N. sequoia in areas where they co-occur, but the two species may be found together in midsummer. Etymology. l. duplo “twice as much, double” + cantans “singing,” referring to the rate of PT production that is twice as fast as a sympatric congener. Notes. This species was discovered by song while collecting a series of N. sequoia, and its distinctiveness was appreciated further when cytogenetic analysis revealed a distinct karyotype. The discovery of two morphologically cryptic Sequoia Group species (N. duplocantans and N. sequoia) that are both sympatric and syntopic is of considerable evolutionary interest. The species pair has diverged in several aspects: calling song, karyotype, and phenology. The calling song PTR differed by a factor of two. Considering the remarkably different songs and distinct karyotypes, stasipatric and secondary contact hypotheses should be tested in the Sequoia Group. With N. duplocantans adult activity commencing before N. sequoia have matured, allochronic isolation may also be evolving between the two species. Two females among the paratype series were identified through rDNA sequence (Figs. 4-5). Introgression of mtDNA among the Sequoia Group species (Fig. 4) is expected if young, geographically proximal species have a history of hybridization as observed in Aglaothorax (Cole 2016). Material examined. (n = 2) Tulare Co., in addition to Type material (above), 1♀, Hammond, Kaweah Powerhouse 3 Forebay, 36.48618N, 118.83553W, 853 m, 17-VIII-2010, W Chatfield-Taylor, LACM; 1♀, Ash Mountain, Kaweah Power Station 3, 36.48606N, 118.83586W, 7-VI-1986, DJ Burdick, CAS.

Neduba macneilli Rentz & Birchim, 1968 Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 22 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 2D (live habitus), Plate 5B (male calling song), Plate 7 J–K (male ventral sclerites), Plate 10C (male titillators), Plate 11L (female subgenital plate). Common name. MacNeill’s Shieldback. History of recognition. N. macneilli was described from the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains of California by Rentz & Birchim (1968). The type locality is 1 mile west of Tom’s Place, Mono County, California. Tinkham (1944) referred to this species under the name carinata. Type material. The male holotype is housed at ANSP. Images of the holotype are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). PARATYPES (n = 2): USA, CA , Mono Co., 2♁, Rock Creek, 1 mi. W Tom’s Place, 37.5586N, 118.7025W, 2143 m, 10-IX-1966, DC & KA Rentz, CAS; TOPOTYPES (n = 16): 4♁, 1♀, Tom’s Place, 37.5586N, 118.7025W, 2143 m, 28-VIII-1986, DB & BI Weissman, DCF Rentz, CAS; 8♁, 1♀, Tom’s Place, 1 mi. W, 37.5586N, 118.7025W, 2143 m, 15-16-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, same data except JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 19, ♀ n = 4) Hind femur ♁16.35–21.50, ♀ 22.55–28.10, pronotum total length ♁9.89– 11.85, ♀ 10.15–12.13, prozona length ♁4.59–6.30, ♀ 4.61–6.68, metazona dorsal length ♁4.90–6.20, ♀ 4.78–5.54, pronotum constriction width ♁2.58–3.85, ♀ 3.15–3.42, metazona dorsal width ♁6.65–7.81, ♀ 6.96–7.55, head width ♁4.13–5.83, ♀ 5.93–6.25, ovipositor length ♀ 17.14–19.35. Distribution. Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Habitat. Yellow pine forest and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Specimens were taken from Purshia tridentata Pursh (DC) and Pinus monophylla. Seasonal occurrence. Adult specimens have been taken from mid-July (10-VII-2003, JA Cole & JF Eguizabal, LACM) through October (22-X-1939, ER Tinkham, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 19) length 3.4–4.4 mm, 71–99 teeth, tooth density 23.1 ± 1.8 (19.8–26.4) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 43) The song of this species was published in Morris et al. (1975). The calling song of N. macneilli is not distinguishable from that of N. castanea (see discussion under the former species). In addition to calling song, 2 of 5 recorded males of N. macneilli (identified as N. castanea in Weissman (2001)) from 1.3 m E Walker Pass, Kern Co. (S88-68), produced an audible drumming by visibly tapping the substrate in the laboratory simultaneously with both hind legs. Of many males recorded from various populations, these were the only males of N. macneilli ever heard drumming. A courting topotypic male produced short PT accompanied by obvious body movements (tremulations) that could have caused substrate vibration. This male was displaying to a female nymph (JAC, pers. obs., 15-VII-2012). Karyotype. (n = 14) 2n♁ = 22 (4m + 16t + XmYt), identical to that of N. castanea, and corrects the result of Ueshima and Rentz (1979). T86-83, S86-98, topotype. Recognition. Males are indistinguishable from N. castanea. The female subgenital plate is subtriangular, in contrast to the rounded plate of N. castanea. This species inhabits the southeastern Sierra Nevada, whereas N. castanea inhabits the Transverse Ranges. Notes. Color pattern features that were used to separate N. macneilli and N. castanea (Rentz & Birchim 1968) are variable and are correlated with habitat rather than with lineage. The darker, mottled coloration of N. macneilli matches the background in higher elevation pinyon-juniper woodlands, while the lighter coloration typical of N. castanea is more cryptic in Joshua tree woodlands of the lower, arid foothill slopes. Both N. castanea and N. macneilli may have greenish or bluish abdominal pleura when alive (Plate 2C), colors that are invariably lost in museum specimens even if gutted and stuffed. Only freeze-drying retains such colors. Material examined. (n = 110). All USA, CA, Inyo Co, 1♁, 4 Jeffrey Campground, Inyo National Forest, 37.24759N, 118.56942W, 2479 m, 10-11-IX-2016, JA Cole, J Bailey, JAC sound record; 1♁, 8.1 mi. W of Big Pine on road to Sage Flat Camp, 37.164839N, 118.43694W, 2195 m, 28-VIII-1986, DB & BI Weissman, DCF Rentz, CAS; 11♁, 1♀, Big Pine Canyon, 37.164931N, 118.289546W, 16-VIII-1938, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1♁, same data except J Davis, CAS; 2♁, same data except 22-VIII-1948, ER Tinkham, CAS; 9♁, same data except 24-X-1939, ER Tinkham, CAS; 5♁, Glacier Lodge Rd. SR168, 1.38 mi. NE of Aspendell, 37.25047N, 118.58169W, 2497 m, 10-IX-2016, JA Cole, J Bailey, LACM; 1♀, Glacier Lodge, 11 mi. W of Big Pine, 37.164762N, 118.48971W, 4- VIII-1931, ER Tinkham, CAS; 5♁, 5♀, Lone Pine Canyon, 36.606044N, 118.062865W, 3-VIII-1931, ER Tinkham, CAS; 2♁, Lone Pine, 9 mi. W, 36.605934N, 118.225457W, 7-VIII-1961, JS Buckett, BMED; 2♁, Mouth Big Pine Canyon, 37.164931N, 118.289546W, 22-X-1939, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1♁, Sage Flat Camp, 8 mi. W of Big Pine, 37.082856N, 118.392482W, 2243 m, 19-VIII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, Sage Flat, 6 mi. SW of Big Pine on Glacier Lodge Rd., 37.1279N, 118.4037W, 2204 m, 13-VII-2003, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC; 1♁, same data except 4-VIII-2004, JA Cole, LACM; 1♀, Saline Valley, Grapevine Canyon Road Station 3, 36.58917N, 117.58472W, 1958 m, 18-VIII-1959, B. Banta, CAS; Kern Co., 6♁, 2♀, 1.3 mi. E of Walker Pass on SR178, 35.66245N, 118.003532W, 1460 m, 5-VIII-1988, DB Weissman & DC Lightfoot, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, Freeman Canyon, 1.5 miles southeast of Walker Pass on SR178, 35.6509N, 118.0055W, 1470 m, 10-VII-2003, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, LACM; 2♁, 2♀, same data except 14-VII-2005, JA Cole, LACM; 4♁, SR178, 4.1 mi. W of Walker Pass, 35.662431N, 118.099936W, 1280 m, 5-VIII-1988, DB Weissman & DC Lightfoot, CAS; 2♁, 1♀, Walker Pass, 35.662453N, 118.02674W, 1600 m, 18-VIII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, Walker Pass, 35.67669N, 118.04383W, 1416 m, 21-22-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC sound record; 1♁, Walker Pass, 35.662453N, 118.02674W, 1537 m, 21-IX-1967, RE Love, CAS; 4♁, 4♀, Walker Pass, 35.662453N, 118.02674W, 1537 m, 22- VIII-1938, ER Tinkham, CAS; 2♁, same data except 29-IX-1960, JR Helfer, CAS; 3♁, Walker Pass, 35.662453N, 118.02674W, 1524 m, 7-IX-1966, DC & KA Rentz, CAS; 1♁, Walker Pass Campground, BLM, 15 mi. E of Onyx off SR178, 35.689934N, 117.952753W, 1537 m, 13-14-VII-2012, JA Cole, JAC sound record; 2♁, Walker Pass Recreation Area, BLM, 15 miles east of Onyx off SR178, 35.6646N, 118.037W, 1537 m, 13-14-VII-2005, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except 23-24-VI-2008, JA Cole, JAC sound record; Mono Co., in addition to type material (above), 2♁, 13 mi. N of Lee Vining, 38.145913N, 119.121816W, 2164 m, 24-VIII-1957, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1♁, French Camp, Inyo National Forest, 0.25 mi. S of Tom’s Place on Rock Creek Rd., 37.5505N, 118.6836W, 2249 m, 16-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 11♁, Mono Lake, 38.007604N, 119.014763W, 1958 m, 11-VIII-1938, ER Tinkham, CAS; 7♁, Mouth of Tioga Pass, nr. Mono Lake, 38.007604N, 119.014763W, 1-VIII-1931, ER Tinkham, CAS; Tulare Co., 2♁, Kennedy Meadow, 26 miles northwest of Pearsonville via Nine Mile Canyon Road and Kennedy Meadows Road, 36.0518N, 118.1288W, 1883 m, 11-13-VII-2003, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, LACM. Lucubrata Group The Lucubrata Group contains one early branching species (Figs. 3–5) that inhabits the South Coast Ranges of California (Figs. 8, 19). This group is defined by having one spine on the posterior margin of the fore femora, a pair of well-developed prosternal spines, and in having the apices of the tegmina darkened. This suite of characters is shared only with the Propsti Group. The lateral carinae of the male subgenital plate taper regularly to a narrow apex and styli are rudimentary. Male subgenital plates of the Carinata, Propsti, and Castanea Groups have subparallel lateral carinae and well-developed articulate styli. The song of the Lucubrata Group is delivered in bouts (Plate 5C), as opposed to the continuous PT of the Propsti Group (Plate 4J). The karyotype is unique., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Tinkham, E. R. (1944) Biological, taxonomic and faunistic studies on the shield-back katydids of the North American deserts. American Midland Naturalist, 31, 257 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421073","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Morris, G. K., Aiken, R. B. & Kerr, G. E. (1975) Calling songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 83, 229 - 234.","Weissman, D. B. (2001) Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (Ed.), The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 351 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994086.0351","Ueshima, N. & Rentz, D. C. (1979) Chromosome systems in the North American Decticinae with reference to Robertsonian changes. Cytologia, 44, 693 - 714. https: // doi. org / 10.1508 / cytologia. 44.693"]}

Neduba ambagiosa Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot sp. n. Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 12 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 1 B– C (live habitus), Plate 4C (male calling song), Plate 6I (male ventral sclerite), Plate 6 G–H (male ventral sclerites, ambagiosa x carinata hybrids), Plate 9D (male titillators), Plate 11C (female subgenital plate). Common name. Ambiguous Shieldback. History of recognition. Individuals of this species were encompassed in the type series of N. convexa (Caudell 1907). Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Lake Co., Middle Creek, 2.7 mi. S of Middle Creek Campground on Elk Mountain Road, 39.21569N, 122.93381W, 430 m, 6-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC000001944 [specimen barcode], S14-64 [stop], JCR140918_00 [recording], 110 T [teeth] 3.4 [mm stridulatory file length], genitalia extracted and cleared in vial and excised tegmen in gelcap below specimen, deposited at CAS, Entomology type #19706. PARATYPES (n = 27): USA, CA, Lake Co., 6♁, 3♀, Middle Creek Campground, 7 miles northwest of Upper Lake on Elk Mountain Road, 39.2537N, 122.9502W, 610 m, 3-6-VII-2003, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, same data except JAC; 5♁, 4♀, Middle Creek, 2.7 miles south of Middle Creek Campground on Elk Mountain Road, 39.21569N, 122.93381W, 430 m, 6-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; Mendocino Co., 4♁, 3♀, Tranquility, 1 mile south of Caspar, 39.349009N, 123.815849W, 7-VII-1982, JR Helfer, CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 16, ♀ n = 9) Hind femur ♁17.59–22.4, ♀ 19.95–22.36, pronotum total length ♁7.82– 11.14, ♀ 6.90–8.84, prozona length ♁3.26–4.91, ♀ 3.75–5.12, metazona dorsal length ♁4.35–6.23, ♀ 2.93–3.87, pronotum constriction width ♁1.55–2.93, ♀ 2.30–3.15, metazona dorsal width ♁5.43–7.00, ♀ 4.20–6.15, head width ♁3.75–4.80, ♀ 4.42–5.10, ovipositor length ♀ 13.43–18.81. Distribution. North Coast Ranges of California. The type locality is in the vicinity of Clear Lake. Habitat. Understory of chaparral and mixed conifer forests, riparian corridors, and canyon bottoms. On leaf litter, poison oak, and on tree trunks. Seasonal occurrence. mid-June (16-VI-1978, DB Weissman, CAS) through November (15-XI-1953 JR Helfer, CAS). Nymphs from December through July. Stridulatory file. (n = 13) length 2.6–3.9 mm, 94–139 teeth, tooth density 34.2 ± 2.6 (30.8–40.9) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 11) PTR 2.9 ± 0.3 s- 1, identical to topotype N. convexa. PTF 13.0 ± 0.9 kHz. Males are nocturnal singers. A genetically identified hybrid population (Fig. 4; see also Notes under N. carinata) from Solano County, California has a significantly faster pulse rate of 3.1 ± 0.2 s- 1 (ANCOVA, P = 1.08×10 -5). Karyotype. (n = 9) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt). T14-24, S14-64, paratopotype. Recognition. A low stridulatory file tooth density (30–40) will separate this species from N. carinata and N. diabolica distributed to the south. The ventral sclerite apex is usually conical to pyramidal, rarely flat, with a short to medium-length lateral process. The length of the lateral process is shorter than most N. convexa, a species of the Sierra Nevada, northern Central Valley and Cascade Range, but is longer than that of N. oblongata in the Diablo Range. The lateral process is shorter than the shaft, separating this taxon morphologically from N. longiplutea distributed farther north in the North Coast Ranges. Curved apical margins and a distinct central groove on the triangular subgenital plate will separate females of this species from N. carinata, N. diabolica, and N. oblongata which are pentagonal with straight apical margins. The subgenital plate of N. longiplutea to the north is longer than wide with a bifurcate apex in contrast to the subequal length and width and entire, acute apex of this species. Calling song will separate this species from N. carinata, N. oblongata, and N. diabolica as all are species with similar length MPT and OPT and fast PTR. Etymology. l. ambagiosa circuitous, indirect, roundabout, referring to the distribution being the southwestern extent of a ring of Convexa Clade taxa around the Central Valley (Fig. 8). Notes. This species has exchanged genes with populations of N. carinata (see also Notes section under N. carinata species account). In addition to DNA evidence (Fig. 4), males from a population along Putah Creek in Solano County have a high stridulatory file tooth density as in N. carinata but sing with N. convexa song, albeit with a faster PTR that may be influenced by N. carinata alleles. The geography of this hybrid population suggests that other populations from the northern and eastern Bay Area may also have hybrid characteristics. Stridulatory files from north Bay Area populations that we have examined are within the range for this species. Populations in inland locations such as Solano County may experience gene flow that is otherwise prevented across the Coast Ranges by San Francisco Bay.A precopulatory pair was observed (JAC pers. obs.) at the type locality (Fig. 2G, Plate 1B). After phonotaxis the female oriented directly behind the male and palpated the male with her antennae. Material examined. DETERMINED (n = 51): All USA, CA , Alameda Co., 1♁, Berkeley, Strawberry Canyon, 37.871593N, 122.272747W, 4-VII-1959, RW Thorp, CAS; Humboldt Co., 1♁, Scotia, 40.482357N, 124.100881W, 18-VII-1958, JR Helfer, CAS; Lake Co., in addition to type material (above), 2♁, 1♀, Anderson Springs, 38.775N, 122.69194W, 29-VII-1961, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♀, Anderson Springs, 38.775N, 122.69194W, 7-VIII-1955, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♁, Blue Lakes, 39.17111N, 123.01111W, 414 m, 30-VII-1949, HA Hurt, BMED; 1♁, SR20, mile marker 114, 39.01101N, 122.4908W, 423 m, 5-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC sound record; Marin Co., 1♁, 2.9 km Samuel P Taylor State Park, 38.02583N, 122.72667W, 61 m, 27-IX-1981, VF Lee, CAS; 1♁, Lagunitas, 38.011312N, 122.702208W, 5-VII-2009, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, Lake Lagunitas, 37.946869N, 122.594742W, 24-VI-1958, DC Rentz, CAS; 1♁, McClures Beach, 38.187421N, 122.965276W, 15-VII-1960, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♁, same data except CAS; 1♁, same data except 2-X-1960, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♁, same data except 6-VIII-1964, JS Buckett, BMED; 2♁, Tomales Bay State Park, beach area, 38.166667N, 122.916667W, 16-VI-1978, DB Weissman, CAS; Mendocino Co., 5♁, Mendocino, 39.307674N, 123.799459W, 37 m, 1960, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1♀, same data except 10-XI-1959, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, same data except, 10-XI-1961, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, same data except 15-X-1959, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♀, same data except 15-XI-1953, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, same data except 20-X-1962, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♀, same data except 22-X-1961, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♀, same data except, 3-X-1958, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, same data except 3-XI-1959, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, same data except 3-XI-1961, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♁, same data except 30-X-1959, JR Helfer, CAS; 1♀, same data except 5-XII-1958, JR Helfer, CAS; 3♁, Ukiah, 39.15017N, 123.20778W, 196 m, 2014, JN Hogue, CSUN; 1♁, 3♀, Mendocino Co., 20-VII-1923, ER Leach, CAS; Napa Co., 1♁, end of Atlas Peak Road 10 mi. airline N of Napa, 38.450743N, 122.262753W, 6-VII-1973, JA Sutro, CAS; 1♀, north side Howell Mountain, 2 miles NNE Angwin, 38.602527N, 122.435787W, 396 m, 18-X-1974, HB Leech, CAS; San Francisco Co., 5♁, Lands End, 37.787707N, 122.505528W, 17-X-1909, FX Williams, CAS; Solano Co., 1♀ nymph, Green Valley, 38.227515N, 122.151579W, 34 m, 16-VI-1953, AA Grigarick, BMED; Sonoma Co., 1♁, Bodega Bay, 38.33325N, 123.048057W, 20-VII-1974, LD & MD Anderson, UCR; QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT (n = 20): Alameda Co., 1♀, Oakland Hills, 37.804372N, 122.270803W, 6-IX-1948, CD MacNeill, CAS; Marin Co., 1♁, McClures Beach, Pt. Reyes Peninsula, 38.187421N, 122.965276W, 2-X-1960, JS Buckett, CAS; 1♀, Mill Valley, 37.89076N, 122.523586W, 2-VIII-1925, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data except 24-VI-1923, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data except 25-VI-1925, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀, same data except 26-VII-1926, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀, same data except 27-VI-1925, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀, same data except 5-VII-1925, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀, same data except 7-XI-1925, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 2♁, Mount Tamalpais, NE slope, 37.927425N, 122.591924W, 700 m, R Hunt, BMED; Mendocino Co., 1♀, Navarro, 39.151843N, 123.541956W, 18-XII-1973, DO Clark, CSCA; 1♁, VanDamme State Park, 39.27639N, 123.77333W, 13-X-1979, T Tyler, CSCA; Napa Co., 1♀, Hwy 121, 6 mi. NW of Napa, 38.403064N, 122.4184W, no collector, CSCA; 1♀ nymph, Lake Berryessa, 38.58903N, 122.229496W, 20-V-1961, CD Macneill, CAS; Solano Co., 1♁, Vallejo, 38.104086N, 122.256637W, 18 m, 6-VIII-1956, D Haug, CSCA; Sonoma Co., 1♁ nymph, Cazadero, 38.533246N, 123.08528W, 36 m, 5-VII-1962, R Bartges, BMED; 1♀, Jenner, 38.449636N, 123.115559W, 17-X- 1937, no collector, BMED; 1♀ nymph, Kenwood, 38.4138N, 122.546094W, 126 m, 14-V-1960, TH Gantenbein, BMED; 1♀ nymph, Stillwater Cove, 38.545833N, 123.298611W, 23-V-1954, EI Schlinger, BMED; HYBRIDS WITH N. CARINATA: Napa Co., 1♀, Monticello Dam, 38.513394N, 122.104351W, 8-X-1969, F Andrews, CSCA; Solano Co., 3♁, Lake Solano County Park, 5 mi. SW of Winters off SR128, 38.49576N, 122.03399W, 51 m, 30- VII-2016, JA Cole, LACM; 12♁, 3♀, same data except 31-VII-1-VIII-2013, JA Cole, LACM; 7♁, same data except 31-VII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 2♁, 1♀, same data except 31-VII-1-VIII-2013, JA Cole, JAC; 1♀, same data except 25-VII-2019, JA Cole, JAC, Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Caudell, A. N. (1907) The Decticinae (a group of Orthoptera) of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 285 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1530.285"]}

Neduba steindachneri (Herman, 1874) Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 18 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 1E (live habitus), Plate 4I (male calling song), Plate 7D (male ventral sclerite), Plate 9I (male titillators), Plate 11I (female subgenital plate). Common name. Steindachner’s Shieldback. History of recognition. Originally described in Tropizaspis from Fox Island, Puget Sound, Washington. Caudell (1907) synonymized this species under N. carinata. This species was subsequently removed from synonymy on the basis of the wide distance between type localities, but without examination of specimens (Rentz & Birchim 1968). NEW COMBINATION: N. picturata (Scudder 1899) is transferred under the synonymy of this species, rather than N. diabolica, given the type was collected during the Northwestern Boundary Survey (Caudell 1907). This survey, from 1857-1861, was led by B.R. Kennerly, along the 409-mile-long Canadian-US border between the Rocky Mountains and Point Roberts on coastal Washington. Type material. The syntype series of males and females is in NMW Vienna. Lectotype male here chosen as the adult whose images appear, along with collection labels, on the OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). Label data of this specimen is as follows: Small square label: “Stein-/dachner /1869[typed]/Califor [handwritten over label] Wide rectangular label [handwritten]: Type n. sp. steindachneri/Fox Island Pouget Sound/1874 (http:// orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/ShowImage.aspx?TaxonNameID=1141747&ImageID=208936) TOPOTYPES EXAMINED (n = 4): WA, Pierce Co., 4♁, Puget Sound, Fox Island, 47.235925N, 122.626948W, 16-VIII-1986, DB Weissman, CAS Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 20, ♀ n = 1) Hind femur ♁16.72–21.00, ♀ 19.80, pronotum total length ♁7.61–9.55, ♀ 7.56, prozona length ♁3.34–4.41, ♀ 1.94, metazona dorsal length ♁4.15–5.83, ♀ 5.62, pronotum constriction width ♁1.95–2.55, ♀ 2.60, metazona dorsal width ♁5.65–6.90, ♀ 5.50, head width ♁3.71– 4.45, ♀ 4.69, ovipositor length ♀ 14.18. Distribution. Central Oregon Cascade and Coast Ranges north to coastal British Columbia. Habitat. Understory of fir and fir-oak forests. On grasses, low branches, Ribes, and leaf litter. Seasonal occurrence. Summer through fall, from July (6-VII-1926, CL Hubbs, CAS) through September (19- IX-2015, JA Cole, LACM). Stridulatory file. (n = 11) length 3.5–4.0 mm, 108–127 teeth, tooth density 31.3 ± 2.3 (27–35.3) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 26) Male songs are of the zwee-zwee type with PTR 3.7 ± 0.4 s- 1, faster than all other Convexa Clade species except some males of N. radicata. Males sometimes add partial PT when initiating song bouts. MPTL is 250.4 ± 47.6 ms. The OPT is poorly developed or absent. PTF is 13.1 ± 1.7 kHz. Males are nocturnal singers. Karyotype. (n = 5) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtXt) T86-74, S86-95, topotype. Recognition. The male ventral sclerite is mushroom-shaped with a short, broad shaft and a wide, evenly curved apex with a short, blunt, recurved anterolateral projection. Tubercles are large, sparse, and confined to the apex. The titillators of N. steindachneri begin curvature after the midpoint of the shaft and are not as strongly curved dorsally (>90 o) as seen in most other Carinata Group species (Plate 9). Stridulatory file tooth density (27–35 teeth/mm) is lower than that of N. convexa (2-sample t -test, P = 5.48 ×10 -3) and also trends lower than N. cascadia (33–39 teeth/ mm). The female subgenital plate is pentagonal, flat, subequal in length and width, and with curved apical margins and a strongly pointed apex, which separates this species from N. cascadia females which have straight apical margins and from N. convexa and N. longiplutea females which have plates that are longer than wide. The song is unique in having reduced or absent OPT. The PTR is faster than all other convexa clade species. This species has the most northern range of any Neduba (Fig. 9). Notes. N. steindachneri is locally common in the forest understory of the western slopes of Oregon and Washington Cascade Range and primarily the eastern slopes of the Oregon and Washington coastal ranges. A phylogeographic break separates populations north and south of the Willamette River (Figs. 3–4) that suggests historical isolation that indicates historical isolation. Hybridzation with N. cascadia is possible and should be sought from populations in central Oregon, where the ranges of these two species overlap. Material examined. (n = 28) USA, OR, Benton Co., 8♁, McDonald-Dunn Forest, Corvallis, 44.60382N, 123.33253W, 144 m, 18-IX-2015, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC; 5♁, same data except 19-VII-1982, DC Lightfoot, CAS; Columbia Co., 1♀, Wilson Creek, 46.07701N, 123.02315W, EH Nast, CAS; Hood River Co., 1♁, 1♀, Hood R., 45.70556N, 121.52028W, 122 m, 17-VII-1931, RH Beamer, CAS; Marion Co., 1♁, Sublimity, Silver Creek Falls, 45.000267N, 122.840916W, 167 m, 19-VIII-1945, W Blehm, CAS; Multnomah Co., 3♁, Dabney State Park, 45.51766N, 122.35429W, 22 m, 19-IX-2015, JA Cole, JAC; 5♁, Oxbow Regional Park Day Use Area, SE Gordon Creek Rd., 1.2 mi. SE jct. Hurlburt Rd., 45.49821N, 122.27871W, 59 m, 19-IX-2015, JA Cole, JAC; 1♁ same data except JAC; 1♁, SE Gordon Creek Rd., 2.7 mi. S jct. Hurlburt Rd., 45.4784N, 122.28107W, 257 m, 19-IX-2015, JA Cole, JAC sound record; Tillamook Co., 1♁, Tillamook, 45.51667N, 123.71667W, 30- VII-1926, CL Hubbs, CAS; WA, Kitsap Co., 1♁, Holly, 47.557593N, 122.978488W, 3 m, 6-VII-1926, CL Hubbs, CAS; 5♁, Margarete Ranch, Port Orchard, 47.47137N, 122.65009W, 1525 m, 13-14-VIII-2013, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, same data except JAC; Mason Co., 1♁, 1♀, Lake Cushman, 47.487964N, 123.266471W, 244 m, 27-VIII-1919, P Putnam, CAS, Pierce Co., see Type material (above). QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT: OR, Douglas Co., 1♁ nymph, Drain, 43.658731N, 123.318699W, 9-VI-2014, EC VanDyke, CAS. Material from databases not examined by us (n = 7): CANADA, BC, Departure Bay, 49.20, 123.98W, 1925, GJ Spencer, Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN, https://scan-bugs.org/portal); UBC Campus 49.26N, 123.25W, 3-X-1946, D Evans, SCAN; Gailano Island, 48.93N, 123.45W, 4-IX-1971, J Scudder, SCAN; same data except 1971, J Scudder, SCAN; same data except 11-X-1976, GGE Scudder, SCAN; same data except 1976, GGE Scudder, SCAN; Vancouver Island, 49.66667N, 125.83333W, 9-VIII-2007, J Miskelly, SINA. Propsti Group The Propsti Group contains a single species, the Santa Catalina Island endemic (Fig. 8) N. propsti. The Group is defined by having a single spine on the fore tibia located on the posterior margin, a pair of prosternal spines, darkened male tegminal apices, and a female subgenital plate that is over half again as long as wide. Only N. lucubrata from mainland California shares this suite of characters, but this species has a smaller body size, a male subgenital plate that narrows from base to apex along the lateral carinae, and a song that consists of a bout (chirp) structure (Plate 5C) whereas the song of N. propsti is continuous (Plate 4J). The karyotype is unique. Propsti Group The Propsti Group contains a single species, the Santa Catalina Island endemic (Fig. 8) N. propsti. The Group is defined by having a single spine on the fore tibia located on the posterior margin, a pair of prosternal spines, darkened male tegminal apices, and a female subgenital plate that is over half again as long as wide. Only N. lucubrata from mainland California shares this suite of characters, but this species has a smaller body size, a male subgenital plate that narrows from base to apex along the lateral carinae, and a song that consists of a bout (chirp) structure (Plate 5C) whereas the song of N. propsti is continuous (Plate 4J). The karyotype is unique., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 44-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Herman, O. (1874) Die Decticiden der Brunner von Wattenwyl'schen Sammlung. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 24, 191 - 210.","Caudell, A. N. (1907) The Decticinae (a group of Orthoptera) of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 285 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1530.285","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Scudder, S. H. (1899) Two genera of North American Decticinae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 35, 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25129903","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0."]}

Neduba propsti Rentz & Weissman, 1981 Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 20 (male and female habitus, calling song, drumming, male and female tremulation karyotype), Plate 2A (live habitus), Plate 4J (male calling song), Plate 7F (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10A (male titillators), Plate 11J (female subgenital plate). Common name. Santa Catalina Island Shieldback. History of recognition. Described as a Santa Catalina Island endemic (Rentz & Weissman 1981). Listed under Aglaothorax in OSFO for unspecified reasons (Cigliano et al. 2020). Type material. The holotype male is in the CAS collection. Images of the holotype are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 9, ♀ n = 5) Hind femur ♁20.86–23.47, ♀ 24.10–25.89, pronotum total length ♁8.30– 9.45, ♀ 9.15–9.89, prozona length ♁4.15–5.55, ♀ 5.15–5.93, metazona dorsal length ♁3.90–4.90, ♀ 3.88– 4.15, pronotum constriction width ♁2.44–3.13, ♀ 2.98–3.22, metazona dorsal width ♁6.37–7.01, ♀ 6.27–7.22, head width ♁4.25–4.95, ♀ 5.18–5.54, ovipositor length ♀ 18.04–19.14. Distribution. Restricted to Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California, USA. Probably found throughout the island in suitable habitat. Habitat. Dense chaparral vegetation, often on steep hillsides and in canyon bottoms. Individuals prefer to sit on the inner twigs of tangles. Also, in gardens on non-native vegetation. One individual taken from ornamental eucalyptus (JAC, pers. obs.). Seasonal occurrence. Adult records from mid-June (14-VI-1985, S Bennett, CAS) through July (28-VII-1981 DB Weissman, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 5) length 3.2–3.9 mm, 94–111 teeth, tooth density 30.4 ± 2.1 (28.2–33.0) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 10) Continuous 200 ms MPTL at a brisk PTR of 4.4 ± 0.4 s- 1. PT consist of the least amount of pulses (toothstrikes) of any species (~20). PTF approaches the ultrasonic at 18.5 ± 3.5 kHz. A captive male drummed at irregular intervals while stridulating (Fig. 20); the drums were audible and induced considerable substrate vibration in the cage. Karyotype. (n = 4) Unique. 2n♁ = 24 (4m + 18t + XmYt). T85-12, S85-70, topotype. Recognition. Shares the following morphological characters with N. lucubrata: a single apical spine on the fore tibiae, prosternal spines, and tegmina darkened apically. The stridulatory file has a lower tooth density (28–33 teeth/ mm) than any other species except those of the Castanea Group. Male genitalia of N. propsti are similar to those of N. castanea and N. macneilli, but the arms of the titillators of N. propsti have a shaft that is straight and not swollen at a distance of 1/6 from the base as in the latter two species (Plate 10). The song is unique in having short MPTL produced continually at a rapid PTR. Females have the longest subgenital plate of any species, approximately 1.5 times longer than wide. This is the only nedubine on Santa Catalina Island (Figs. 8, 19) with the most southerly distribution of any Neduba. Notes. N. propsti is an early branching lineage (Figs. 3–5) that has apparently been isolated on Santa Catalina Island for a long time. The island has never been connected to mainland California (Legg et al. 2004) being the product of tectonic uplift. Males may be wary and cease calling at the slightest disturbance, as much as a single leaf falling, and jump with little provocation (JAC pers. obs.). This is one of a handful of Neduba species that drum (Weissman 2001; see also N. castanea, N. macneilli, and N. lucubrata below). Drumming was observed in captivity by a single male without a female present (JAC pers. obs) and not in the field; the context of drumming in the mating system is not known in this species. Material examined. (n = 14) All USA, CA, Los Angeles Co.: 3♁, Hermit Gulch Campground, Avalon Canyon, Santa Catalina Island, 33.38265N, 118.33951W, 91 m, 9-10-VII-2013, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁ same data except JAC; 2♀, Santa Catalina Island, 33.383361N, 118.417576W, 1-VII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♀, same data except 20-VII-1982, S Bennett, CAS; 1♀, same data except 28-VII-1981, S Bennett, LACM; 1♁, same data except 30-VI-1973, DB Weissman, CAS; 4♁, Santa Catalina Island, Toyon Bay, 33.383N, 118.416W, 14-VI-1985, S Bennett, CAS; 1♀, same data except 5-VII-1986, S Bennett, CAS. Castanea Group The Castanea Group is readily recognizable on account of the robust habitus, the short hind femora, by having only one spine on the anterior margin of the fore tibiae, and by the lack of prosternal spines. The lateral carinae of the male subgenital plate converge apically, although not as dramatically as in the Sierranus and Sequoia Groups, and the styli vary from articulate to rudimentary to absent. The posterior margins of the abdominal tergites have only slight crenulations. Superficially the species of this group resemble sympatric Aglaothorax ovata. Karyotypes also separate the two species in this group from all other Neduba. Castanea Group species occupy the dry slopes of central and southern California mountain ranges (Fig. 8).

Neduba convexa Caudell, 1907 Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 16 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 4G (male calling song), Plate 7 A–C (male ventral sclerites), Plate 9H (male titillators), Plate 11G (female subgenital plate). Common name. Convex Shieldback. History of recognition. This taxon was described as a variety of N. carinata (Caudell 1907). The type series included specimens from widely separated localities in California: Mount Shasta and Napa County. We resolved the taxonomy in relation to topotypes from the Mount Shasta type locality designated by Rentz & Birchim (1968). The North Coast Range type material from Napa County belongs to N. ambagiosa. (see species account above). Type material. The type specimen is a lectotype male from Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., in the USNM. Images of the type are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). TOPTYPES EXAMINED (n = 19): USA, CA, Siskiyou Co., 7♁, McBride Camp, 4 mi. E of Mount Shasta City on Rd A10, 41.409294N, 122.117727W, 1433 m, 2-IX-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, same data except 29-VI-1992, DB Weissman, CAS; 7♁, McBride Springs Campground, 4 mi. NE of Mount Shasta City, 41.3529N, 122.28328W, 1487 m, 1-2-VIII-2013, JA Cole, LACM; 3♁, same data except JAC; 1♁, same data except 22-25-VIII-2019, JA Cole, JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 27, ♀ n = 5) Hind femur ♁18.38–20.60, ♀ 21.42–24.22, pronotum total length ♁8.50–10.36, ♀ 7.78–9.50, prozona length ♁2.95–4.45, ♀ 3.39–4.60, metazona dorsal length ♁5.03–6.55, ♀ 4.39– 5.17, pronotum constriction width ♁2.35–3.06, ♀ 2.57–3.04, metazona dorsal width ♁5.38–6.95, ♀ 5.55–6.05, head width ♁4.06– 4.87, ♀ 5.03–5.80, ovipositor length ♀ 15.80–21.19. Distribution. Widely distributed in the northern Central Valley and Cascade Range of Northern California, extending east along the junction of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range to the Diamond Mountains. Habitat. Understory vegetation, tangles, and leaf litter of chaparral and mixed conifer forests. Also, in remaining northern Central Valley riparian forests. Seasonal occurrence. Specimens suggest a long summer and fall adult activity from July (1-VII-2000, JA Cole, LACM) through November (10-XI-1948, HP Chandler, CAS). Nymphs have been collected from early April through late August. Adult activity will commence earlier in the lower elevations of the Central Valley. Stridulatory file. (n = 8) length 3.1–3.9 mm, 106–145 teeth, tooth density 35.3 ± 2.8 (29.7–38.2) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 14) The male song is of the “zwee-zwee type with PTR 2.6 ± 0.3 s- 1 at 25 oC, MPTL 308.1 ± 51.1 ms, and PTF 14.0 ± 0.8 kHz. OPT are well developed. A distinct amplitude increase commences at the middle of each MPT. Males are nocturnal and may sing in aggregations. Karyotype. (n = 15) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt). T83-48, S83-119, topotype. Recognition. N. convexa can be confused with N. longiplutea distributed to the west, but the latter has a male ventral sclerite lateral process that is longer than the shaft, unlike the reverse condition in the former. To the south and north of N. convexa are N. radicata and N. cascadia, respectively, both of which have small lateral process on the male ventral sclerite. N. ambagiosa is also similar but males usually have a more conical ventral sclerite apex and that is a Coast Range species. Females may often be separated from N. longiplutea by the lack of a bifurcate subgenital plate apex, but this is variable in N. convexa. The N. radicata subgenital plate is wider than long with a deep notch, and that of N. cascadia does not have curved apical margins. The song of N. radicata to the south has a faster PTR, whereas the song of N. cascadia to the north has a slower PTR. Notes. This species has a wide range and can be locally abundant. N. convexa was probably widespread in the Central Valley riparian forests before modification of the region for agriculture. Local variation is evident. Males from the populations along the Feather River Drainage and Laufman Campground in the Diamond Mountains tend to have flatter ventral sclerite apices (Plate 7C) and are genetically distinct (Figs. 3–5), but these populations are not reliably separable using any character. Further study may conclude that cryptic species are present along this east-west transect across the northern rim of the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada. The physiology of this species is apparently adapted for activity at cold temperatures. On Mount Shasta, males sang between 10–15 oC. When brought into the laboratory at standard temperature, individuals became hyperactive and did not survive long (JAC pers. obs.). Material examined. (n=88) All USA, CA, Butte Co., 1♀ nymph, Chico, 39.728494N, 121.837478W, 59 m, 7-V-1968, T Kone, B Wilkey, W Wiard, CSCA; 6♁, Sacramento River State Park, Indian Fishery Day Use Area, 39.70522N, 121.93905W, 42 m, 18-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; Lassen Co., 3♁, 2♀, Dyer Mountain Rdg., 40.239055N, 121.03246W, 2279 m, 27-VIII-1968, FL Blanc, CSCA; 1♁, Laufman Campground, Plumas National Forest, 3.5 mi. S of Milford on Milford Grade Rd., 40.135N, 120.3483W, 1554 m, 13- 14-VIII-2002, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except JA Cole, JAC; 2♁, same data except 18-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 5♁, same data except 8-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; Plumas Co., 1♁, Almanor, 40.217386N, 121.17413W, 1377 m, 16-VII-1940, no collector, CAS; 2♁, Hallsted Campground, 0.25 mi. W of Twain on SR 70, 40.0174N, 121.0745W, 864 m, 1-4-VII-2000, JA Cole, LACM; 3♁, same data except 13-16-VII- 2004, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 2♀, same data except JAC; 1♁, same data except 15-17-VIII-1997, JA Cole, LACM; 4♀, same data except 7-10-IX-2001, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except 15-17-VIII-1998, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, Johnsville, 39.76073N, 120.695498W, 1573 m, 16-VII-1973, RA Belmont, BMED; 1♁, same data except 9-VIII-1961, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♁, same data except 25-VIII-1961, JS Buckett, BMED; 1♁, same data except 9-X-1974, H Pini, BMED; 1♀, Meadow Valley, 39.929612N, 121.060791W, 1153 m, 30-X-1954, B Forbs, BMED; 2♁ adults, 1♁ nymph, same data except 5-VII-1924, EC Van Dyke, CAS; 1♀, Quincy, 39.936836N, 120.947176W, 27-IX-1967, J Badaj, CSCA; Shasta Co., 1♁, Bridge Bay Rd., yacht area, 40.75611N, 122.32167W, 4-VIII-1980, no collector, CAS; 1♁, Burney Fall, 41.010716N, 121.652765W, 853 m, 10-XI-1948, HP Chandler, CAS; 1♁, Crystal Lake, 40.934999N, 121.556861W, 1585 m, 2-IX-1953, HP Chandler, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Hat Creek, 40.829684N, 121.508994W, 1003 m, 10-VII-1952, GF Pronin, CAS; 2♁, same data except 11-VIII-1964, RE Pinger, CSCA; 1♀, same data except 19-VIII-1951, no collector, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data except 20-VIII-1951, GF Pronin, CAS; 1♁, 4♀, same data except 22-VII-1965, S Seminoff, CSCA; 1♀ nymph, same data except 23-VI-1951, GF Pronin, CAS; 1♁, same data except 25-VIII-1951, GF Pronin, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Iron Mountain Mine, 40.675427N, 122.52807W, 305 m, 30-VII-1947, HP Chandler, CAS; 1♁, Lamoine, 40.977927N, 122.430847W, 377 m, 2-IX- 1970, RE Whipp, CSCA; 1♀, Whiskeytown, 40.63876N, 122.559737W, 390 m, 10-X-1976, TR Haig, CSCA; Siskiyou Co., in addition to type material (above), 1♀, Castle Lake, 41.227294N, 122.383254W, 1554 m, IX-1953, HP Chandler, CAS; 1♀, Dunsmuir, 41.208209N, 122.271953W, 698 m, 7-VII-1970, V Pierce, CSCA; 1♀, Specimen Gulch, 41.13986N, 123.124485W, 25-VII-1967, AD & GJ Keuter, CAS; Tehama Co., 1♁ nymph, 7 mi. NE Red Bluff, 40.25019N, 122.141936W, 4-IV-1961, T Gallion, CSCA; 11♁, 1♀, Potato Patch Campground, Lassen National Forest, 21.5 mi. SW of Chester off SR36 and SR32, 40.1894N, 121.5315W, 1128 m, 19-20-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 4♁, same data except JAC; ♁3, ♀ 2, same data except 7-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Caudell, A. N. (1907) The Decticinae (a group of Orthoptera) of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 285 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1530.285","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0."]}

Neduba diabolica (Scudder, 1899) Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 13 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 4D (male calling song), Plate 6F (male ventral sclerite), Plate 9E (male titillators), Plate 11D (female subgenital plate). Common name. Mount Diablo Shieldback. History of recognition. Originally described in Tropizaspis from a female taken at “Monte Diablo, California ” (Scudder 1899). Rentz & Birchim (1968) assigned the majority of South Coast Range Neduba populations to this species and synonymized variety picturata (Scudder 1899) under this name. We reassign all other South Coast Range populations to N. carinata. The type of picturata was collected during the Northwestern Boundary Survey (Caudell 1907), which makes picturata a synonym of N. steindachneri (see discussion under that species) and not N. diabolica. Type material. The female holotype is housed in ANSP. Type not examined by us but images available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). TOPOTYPES EXAMINED (n = 23): USA, CA, Contra Costa Co., 1♀, Mount Diablo State Park, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 1021 m, 1-IX-2002, DB Weissman, CAS; 3♁, Mount Diablo State Park, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 670-1160 m, 30-VI-1990, DB & DD Weissman, CAS; 3♁, Mount Diablo State Park, Fire Interpretive Trail, 37.8807N, 121.9172W, 1131 m, 20-21-VII-2005, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, LACM; 1♁, Mount Diablo State Park, Juniper Camp, 37.8785N, 121.9339W, 886 m, 27-28-VI-2008, JA Cole, W Chatfield-Taylor, W Ericson, JAC; 1♁, 1♀, same data except LACM; 1♁, Mount Diablo State Park, Juniper Camp, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 886 m, 28-VIII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, Mount Diablo State Park, Lookout Point, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 7-VI-1967, DC & KA Rentz, CAS; 2♁, Mount Diablo State Park, near North Gate Entrance, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 229 m, 13-VII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, 2♀, Mount Diablo State Park, summit, 37.862703N, 121.93107W, 1021 m, 11-VIII-1990, DB Weissman & DW Weissman, CAS; 1♁, same data except 13-VII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 2♁ nymphs, 1♀ nymph, Russelman Park, Mount Diablo East Slope, 19- IV-1931, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♁ nymph, same data except 24-IV-1932, EC VanDyke, CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 8, ♀ n = 3) Hind femur ♁20.09–22.49, ♀ 21.80–23.09, pronotum total length ♁9.50– 11.02, ♀ 9.40–9.98, prozona length ♁4.38–4.92, ♀ 4.81–5.34, metazona dorsal length ♁4.86–6.10, ♀ 4.59–4.75, pronotum constriction width ♁2.55–3.21, ♀ 2.55–3.10, metazona dorsal width ♁6.30–6.86, ♀ 5.89–6.05, head width ♁4.60–5.95, ♀ 4.95–5.39, ovipositor length ♀ 16.47–18.04. Distribution. Known only from Mount Diablo at the north end of the Diablo Range, California. Not known from Mt. Hamilton, also in the Diablo Range, some 67 km southeast of Mt. Diablo where N. oblongata occurs. The Vallecitos Valley is a possible biogeographic break between these two species (See N. oblongata species account above). Habitat. Oak woodland and chaparral habitats. Males call from the interior of large bushes, especially in canyon bottoms. Seasonal occurrence. Adults have been taken from late June (27-VI-2008, JA Cole, W Chatfield-Taylor, W Ericson, LACM) to September (1-IX-2002, DB Weissman, CAS). Nymphs were collected 7-VI-1967 (Rentz & Birchim 1968). Stridulatory file. (n = 4) length 3.0– 3.5 mm, 132–145 teeth, tooth density 43.2 ± 4.5 (37.7–48.3) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 12) The song of N. diabolica consists of bouts of uniform rate “lisping” as in N. carinata. PTR 10.8 ± 0.7 s- 1 is identical to N. carinata. PTF 13.3 ± 2.3 kHz; a high frequency lab recording measured PTF at 19.2 kHz. PTdc 80.4 ± 8.0% is significantly higher than that found in N. carinata songs (ANOVA, P = 2.36 ×10 -3). PTdc is a temperature-invariant song character (linear regression, P = 0.188), and thus can be compared among recordings that lack temperature control. Males are nocturnal singers. Bout length is variable, but the bouts of N. diabolica males tend to be shorter and more even in length than those of N. carinata males. Karyotype. (n = 4) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt) T90-12, S90-61, topotype. This corrects the information of Ueshima and Rentz (1979). Recognition. The high stridulatory file tooth density (37–48) is shared only with N. carinata in the Carinata Group. The ventral sclerite is narrow with a high convex to pyramidal apex and a poorly developed anterolateral process. In contrast, ventral sclerites of N. oblongata have a low convex apex and a minute lateral process. Except for N. radicata, all other Convexa Clade taxa have long anterolateral processes. The female subgenital plate is pentagonal and flat as in N. carinata and N. oblongata, but those two species lack a distinct medial groove, which is present in this species. Songs of N. diabolica males are qualitatively similar to those of N. carinata but have a higher duty cycle. The distribution is restricted to the vicinity of Mount Diablo, California. Notes. This species exhibits a mosaic of characters. DNA places N. diabolica with the Convexa Clade, the song type and stridulatory file are like those of N. carinata, and the genitalia resemble those of N. radicata. Mount Diablo has remained above sea level since the early Miocene (Bartow 1991) and lies at the junction of the distributions of the southern Carinata and northern Convexa Clades. The mixture of characters found in N. diabolica suggests past introgression. By maintaining its species status, we recognize that N. diabolica is a phylogenetically distinct, philopatric lineage that inhabits an ancient region of high endemism and provided it remains protected (Mount Diablo is a California State Park), this lineage may persist into the future with its mixture of characters. The name picturata Scudder was originally described to differentiate insects with a mottled color pattern as opposed to uniform or striped coloration. These color pleomorphisms are shared by all species in the Carinata Group. Material examined. See Type material above., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Scudder, S. H. (1899) Two genera of North American Decticinae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 35, 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25129903","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Caudell, A. N. (1907) The Decticinae (a group of Orthoptera) of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 285 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.32 - 1530.285","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Ueshima, N. & Rentz, D. C. (1979) Chromosome systems in the North American Decticinae with reference to Robertsonian changes. Cytologia, 44, 693 - 714. https: // doi. org / 10.1508 / cytologia. 44.693","Bartow, J. A. (1991) The Cenozoic Evolution of the San Joaquin Valley, California. United States Geological Survey, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 40 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / pp 1501"]}

Neduba propsti Rentz & Weissman, 1981 Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 20 (male and female habitus, calling song, drumming, male and female tremulation karyotype), Plate 2A (live habitus), Plate 4J (male calling song), Plate 7F (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10A (male titillators), Plate 11J (female subgenital plate). Common name. Santa Catalina Island Shieldback. History of recognition. Described as a Santa Catalina Island endemic (Rentz & Weissman 1981). Listed under Aglaothorax in OSFO for unspecified reasons (Cigliano et al. 2020). Type material. The holotype male is in the CAS collection. Images of the holotype are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 9, ♀ n = 5) Hind femur ♁20.86–23.47, ♀ 24.10–25.89, pronotum total length ♁8.30– 9.45, ♀ 9.15–9.89, prozona length ♁4.15–5.55, ♀ 5.15–5.93, metazona dorsal length ♁3.90–4.90, ♀ 3.88– 4.15, pronotum constriction width ♁2.44–3.13, ♀ 2.98–3.22, metazona dorsal width ♁6.37–7.01, ♀ 6.27–7.22, head width ♁4.25–4.95, ♀ 5.18–5.54, ovipositor length ♀ 18.04–19.14. Distribution. Restricted to Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California, USA. Probably found throughout the island in suitable habitat. Habitat. Dense chaparral vegetation, often on steep hillsides and in canyon bottoms. Individuals prefer to sit on the inner twigs of tangles. Also, in gardens on non-native vegetation. One individual taken from ornamental eucalyptus (JAC, pers. obs.). Seasonal occurrence. Adult records from mid-June (14-VI-1985, S Bennett, CAS) through July (28-VII-1981 DB Weissman, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 5) length 3.2–3.9 mm, 94–111 teeth, tooth density 30.4 ± 2.1 (28.2–33.0) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 10) Continuous 200 ms MPTL at a brisk PTR of 4.4 ± 0.4 s- 1. PT consist of the least amount of pulses (toothstrikes) of any species (~20). PTF approaches the ultrasonic at 18.5 ± 3.5 kHz. A captive male drummed at irregular intervals while stridulating (Fig. 20); the drums were audible and induced considerable substrate vibration in the cage. Karyotype. (n = 4) Unique. 2n♁ = 24 (4m + 18t + XmYt). T85-12, S85-70, topotype. Recognition. Shares the following morphological characters with N. lucubrata: a single apical spine on the fore tibiae, prosternal spines, and tegmina darkened apically. The stridulatory file has a lower tooth density (28–33 teeth/ mm) than any other species except those of the Castanea Group. Male genitalia of N. propsti are similar to those of N. castanea and N. macneilli, but the arms of the titillators of N. propsti have a shaft that is straight and not swollen at a distance of 1/6 from the base as in the latter two species (Plate 10). The song is unique in having short MPTL produced continually at a rapid PTR. Females have the longest subgenital plate of any species, approximately 1.5 times longer than wide. This is the only nedubine on Santa Catalina Island (Figs. 8, 19) with the most southerly distribution of any Neduba. Notes. N. propsti is an early branching lineage (Figs. 3–5) that has apparently been isolated on Santa Catalina Island for a long time. The island has never been connected to mainland California (Legg et al. 2004) being the product of tectonic uplift. Males may be wary and cease calling at the slightest disturbance, as much as a single leaf falling, and jump with little provocation (JAC pers. obs.). This is one of a handful of Neduba species that drum (Weissman 2001; see also N. castanea, N. macneilli, and N. lucubrata below). Drumming was observed in captivity by a single male without a female present (JAC pers. obs) and not in the field; the context of drumming in the mating system is not known in this species. Material examined. (n = 14) All USA, CA, Los Angeles Co.: 3♁, Hermit Gulch Campground, Avalon Canyon, Santa Catalina Island, 33.38265N, 118.33951W, 91 m, 9-10-VII-2013, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁ same data except JAC; 2♀, Santa Catalina Island, 33.383361N, 118.417576W, 1-VII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♀, same data except 20-VII-1982, S Bennett, CAS; 1♀, same data except 28-VII-1981, S Bennett, LACM; 1♁, same data except 30-VI-1973, DB Weissman, CAS; 4♁, Santa Catalina Island, Toyon Bay, 33.383N, 118.416W, 14-VI-1985, S Bennett, CAS; 1♀, same data except 5-VII-1986, S Bennett, CAS. Castanea Group The Castanea Group is readily recognizable on account of the robust habitus, the short hind femora, by having only one spine on the anterior margin of the fore tibiae, and by the lack of prosternal spines. The lateral carinae of the male subgenital plate converge apically, although not as dramatically as in the Sierranus and Sequoia Groups, and the styli vary from articulate to rudimentary to absent. The posterior margins of the abdominal tergites have only slight crenulations. Superficially the species of this group resemble sympatric Aglaothorax ovata. Karyotypes also separate the two species in this group from all other Neduba. Castanea Group species occupy the dry slopes of central and southern California mountain ranges (Fig. 8)., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 46-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. & Weissman, D. B. (1981) Faunal affinities, systematics and bionomics of the Orthoptera of the California Channel Islands. University of California Publications in Entomology, 94, 1 - 240.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Legg, M. R., Davis, P. M. & Gath, E. M. (2004) Geology and Tectonics of Santa Catalina Island and the California Continental Borderland. In: South Coast Geological Society Annual Field Trip Guidebook. South Coast Geological Society, Santa Ana, pp. 409.","Weissman, D. B. (2001) Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (Ed.), The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 351 - 373. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851994086.0351"]}

Neduba oblongata Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot sp. n. Fig. 9. (distribution), Fig. 11 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 4B (male calling song), Plate 6E (ventral sclerite), Plate 11B (female subgenital plate). Common name. Mount Hamilton Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Santa Clara Co., Mount Hamilton, 2.6 road mi. W observatory, 37.341883N, 121.643002W, 1036 m, 12-VI-1982, DB Weissman, S 82-23 [stop], R82-47 [recording], T82-2 [karyotype], 127 [teeth] 3.5 [mm stridulatory file length], deposited at CAS, Entomology type #19713. PARATYPES (n=10): USA, CA, Santa Clara Co., 1♁, Mount Hamilton, 0.3 mi. W observatory, 37.341883N, 121.643002W, 1260 m, 6-VII-1997, DB Weissman, CAS; 3♁, Mount Hamilton, 15 mi. W observatory, 37.341883N, 121.643002W, 488 m, 12-VI-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 3♁, 1♀, Mount Hamilton, 2.6 mi. W observatory, 37.341883N, 121.643002W, 1036 m, 12-VI-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 2♁, Mount Hamilton, 6.5 mi. W observatory, 37.32864N, 121.65729W, 686 m, 8-VIII-2015, DB & DW Weissman, LACM Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 8, ♀ n = 1) Hind femur ♁18.44–20.61, ♀ 22.01, pronotum total length ♁8.65–11.01, ♀ 9.66, prozona length ♁3.65–5.21, ♀ 4.95, metazona dorsal length ♁4.80–6.27, ♀ 4.71, pronotum constriction width ♁2.50–3.14, ♀ 3.55, metazona dorsal width ♁6.00–7.39, ♀ 6.43, head width ♁4.26–4.85, ♀ 5.18, ovipositor length ♀ 18.58. Distribution. Known only from Mount Hamilton in the Diablo Range, Santa Clara County, California. Habitat. Oak woodland and chaparral. Seasonal occurrence. Available records indicate adult activity extends throughout the summer from mid-June (12-VI-1982, DB Weissman, CAS) through mid-August (8-VIII-2015, DB & DW Weissman, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 4) length 2.8–3.5 mm, 114–134 teeth, tooth density 39.1 ± 2.3 (36.3–41.3) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 9) Unique. PTR is bimodal and switches between a slow rate 7.45 ± 0.59 s- 1 and a fast rate of 11.2 ± 1.28 s- 1. Karyotype. (n = 4) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt), S82-23, T82-2, paratopotype. Recognition. Stridulatory file, male genitalia, song, and geography. A low stridulatory file tooth density separates this species (36–41 teeth/mm) from N. carinata, which has a significantly higher density (38–55 teeth/mm; two-sample t -test, P = 0.007). The ventral sclerite is robust with a straight shaft, low convex apex, and a minute lateral process. Other Carinata Group species have a longer lateral process, and the shaft of Convexa Clade species is curved. Santa Lucia Mountains N. carinata males may have a minute lateral process but the whole sclerite is not as robust as in N. oblongata. The ventral sclerite of N. diabolica, which inhabits the same mountain range, has a more conical apex, a longer lateral process, and a curved shaft. The calling song is unique among Carinata Group species in having a bimodal PTR. The female subgenital plate is pentagonal and flat, identical to N. carinata, both of which are separated from N. diabolica by the lack of a medial groove. This species is geographically restricted to the Mount Hamilton vicinity in the Diablo Range of California. Etymology. l. oblongata oblong, referring to the fusiform habitus and enlarged, oval pronotum. Notes. The two highest peaks in the Diablo Range, Mount Hamilton (1284 m) and Mount Diablo (1173 m) are mountain habitat islands separated by a mere 67 km, yet each harbors a distinct Carinata Group species (see N. diabolica below). This contrasts with a single (albeit variable) species, N. carinata, distributed across 200 km of the South Coast Ranges. The Santa Clara Valley is thus implicated as an isolating barrier between the Diablo Range and the Coast Ranges, while the Vallecitos Valley is a potential biogeographic break between populations in the north and south of the Diablo Range. The bimodal PTR in the male calling song is reminiscent of the songs of Sierranus Group species (see below). Given the evolutionary distance between the Carinata Group and the Sierranus Group (Figs. 3–5), the mostly likely explanation for shared bimodal PTR is convergent evolution. A preexisting receiver response may exist in Neduba females (e.g. Basolo 1996; Ryan & Rand 1999) that selects for male songs with an elaborate pattern or additional OPT. Material examined. Type series only. See Type material above., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Basolo, A. L. (1996) The phylogenetic distribution of a female preference. Systematic Biology, 45, 290 - 307. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 45.3.290","Ryan, M. J. & Rand, A. S. (1999) Phylogenetic influence on mating call preference in female tungara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus. Animal Behaviour, 57, 945 - 956. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1998.1057"]}

Neduba prorocantans Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 28 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3 D���E (live habitus), Plate 5H (male calling song), Plate 8E (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10H (male titillators), Plate 12F (female subgenital plate). Common name. Incessant Shieldback History of recognition. Records from Dougherty Creek, Kern River Canyon, CA (Rentz & Birchim 1968) were confused with N. sierranus. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Kern Co., Tehachapi, Water Canyon Rd., 0.15 mi. S of intersection with Highline Rd., 35.307739N, 118.021738W, elev. 1463 m, 28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, S 83-115, R83- 295 [recording], T83-46 [karyotype], 150 [teeth], 3.3 [mm file count], tegmen in gelcap and genitalia in vial below specimen, deposited at CAS, Entomology type #19681. PARATYPES (n = 30): USA, CA, Kern Co., 3���, 1♀, same data as holotype; 6���, Hobo Campground overflow area, 3 miles west of Bodfish on Kern River Canyon Road, 35.5752N, 118.5305W, 700 m, 23-VI-2003, JA Cole, LACM; 1���, horse trough spot, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, 34.97927N, 118.69159W, 1223 m, 3-VI-2017, L Pavliscak, LACM; 1���, Kern River Rd. 1.1 mi. from jct. Caliente-Bodfish Rd., 35.59429N, 118.5141W, 1470 m, 21- VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 1���, Kernville, 37 Sierra Way, 35.7561N, 118.4203W, 828 m, 26-28-VII- 2002, JA Cole, JAC; 2���, same data except LACM; 2���, same data except 27-VII-2004, JA Cole, LACM; 1���, same data except 28-VII-2004, JA Cole, JAC; 1♀, Lopez Flat, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, 34.94264N, 118.63381W, 816 m, 3-VI-2017, JA Cole, K Halsey, LACM; 3���, 1♀, Paradise Valley, Tehachapi Mountains, 34.91664N, 118.66759W, 7-VIII-1931, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1���, Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.06861N, 118.4825W, 1470 m, 20-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 2���, Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.06861N, 118.4825W, 1707 m, 28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♀, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, Indian Schoolhouse, Tejon Creek, 35.04512N, 118.67052W, 647 m, 1-IV-2018, K Moore, LACM; 4���, Water Canyon Rd., 1.4 mi. below entrance to Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.08258N, 118.49486W, 1571 m, 20-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM. Measurements. (mm, ���n = 14, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ���19.60���22.59, ♀ 22.55���23.50, pronotum total length ���8.25���10.15, ♀ 9.25���9.65, prozona length ���3.83���5.09, ♀ 4.54���5.65, metazona dorsal length ���4.07���5.35 ♀ 4.00��� 4.71, pronotum constriction width ���2.44���3.50, ♀ 3.24���3.29, metazona dorsal width ���4.99���6.80, ♀ 5.60���5.89, head width ���4.70���5.57, ♀ 5.47���5.60, ovipositor length ♀ 8.75���9.41. Distribution. West slope of the southern Sierra Nevada south of the Tule River watershed, south to the north slope of the Tehachapi Mountains. Habitat. Forest understory, often in thick tangles of vegetation. Taken from poison oak, willow (Salix spp.), and thorny brambles in riparian areas. Nymphs were collected from under bark of fallen tree limbs and from leaf litter under a valley oak tree (Quercus lobata N��e). Museum specimens (ER Tinkham, CAS) also indicate association with oaks. Seasonal occurrence. Adults collected in the field from late June (23-VI-2003, JA Cole, LACM) through August (28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS). Last instar nymph collected in early June (3-VI-2017, LA Pavliscak, LACM) matured 19-VI-2017. Stridulatory file. (n = 5) length 3.3���3.8 mm, 150���183 teeth, tooth density 49.1 �� 2.7 (45.5���52.4) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 12) A continuous train of alternating MPT and OPT delivered at PTR 2.4 �� 0.3 s- 1. The PTdc is 62.1 �� 9.7%, which is lower than that of N. sequoia (ANCOVA, P = 3.75��10 -4). The PTF is high at 15.6 �� 1.2 kHz. Karyotype. (n = 7) 2n��� = 21 (2m + 16t + XtXtYm). T83-44, S83-115, type locality. Recognition. This is the most morphologically distinctive species of the Sierranus and Sequoia Groups. Males combine a weakly constricted pronotum and a low stridulatory file tooth density (below 53 teeth/mm), lower than all other Sierranus and Sequoia Group species except N. duplocantans (47���52 teeth/mm) which has a more strongly constricted pronotum. Females have the shortest ovipositor of any Sierranus or Sequoia Group species, 10 mm or less in length. The song has a lower PTdc than that of the related N. sequoia. The karyotype is shared only by N. inversa. This species ranges the farthest south of any Sequoia or Sierranus Group species and occurs in the Tehachapi Mountains in addition to the Sierra Nevada. Etymology. l. proro ���to prolong, keep going��� + cantans ���singing,��� describing the incessant and repetitive nature of the male calling song. Notes. This species may be common in years of adequate rainfall and scarce in dry years, during which populations are localized around water sources. During the summer of 2001, a wet year for California, katydids were abundant in the Kernville area and males were seen walking and singing on bare soil on hillsides some distance from riparian or forested areas (JAC pers. obs). Material examined. Type series only, see Type material above., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, Marya��ska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851"]}

Neduba sierranus (Rehn & Hebard, 1910) Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 24 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 2 F–G (live habitus), Plate 5D (male calling song), Plate 8A (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10E (male titillators), Plate 12B (female subgenital plate). Common name. Yosemite Shieldback. History of recognition. Described in Aglaothorax from Yosemite Valley (Rehn & Hebard 1910) and transferred to Neduba (Rehn & Hebard 1912). The Tulare and Kern County records in Rentz and Birchim (1968) belong to Sequoia Group species that are described in this work (N. sequoia and N. prorocantans). Type material. The holotype male is in ANSP. Images of the holotype are available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). TOPOTYPES: All USA, CA, Mariposa Co., 2♁, Carl Inn, Yosemite, 12-VIII-1938, ER Tinkham, CAS; 4♁, Yosemite National Park, Wawona, 37.53694N, 119.65528W, 1223 m, 27-VIII-1982, DB & BI Weissman, CAS; 4♁, 4♀, Yosemite National Park, Wawona Area, Redwood Estates, 37.53694N, 119.65528W, 1250 m, 23-25-VI-1989, DB Weissman, CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 14, ♀ n = 5) Hind femur ♁18.11–22.25, ♀ 21.92–23.60, pronotum total length ♁7.87–9.90, ♀ 8.54–9.00, prozona length ♁3.80–4.99, ♀ 4.35–4.91, metazona dorsal length ♁4.01–5.45, ♀ 3.83– 4.50, pronotum constriction width ♁2.60–3.23, ♀ 2.85–3.20, metazona dorsal width ♁5.47–6.67, ♀ 5.64–6.05, head width ♁4.50–5.40, ♀ 5.20–5.65, ovipositor length ♀ 13.75–14.84. Distribution. Western slope of the Central Sierra Nevada of California, distributed between the Merced and Mokelumne River watersheds in the vicinity of Yosemite National Park. Habitat. Mixed conifer forests. Males call from dense understory vegetation and from pine needle litter, most commonly 15 cm or less from the ground but occasionally as high as 3 m above the ground in conifers. This species is associated with mountain misery (Chamaebatia foliosa Benth.), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin), western bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn), and white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.). Seasonal occurrence. Adults have been taken from early July (9-VII-1968, TR Haig, CSCA) into mid-September (12-IX-2015, JA Cole, LACM). Last instar nymphs from late June into early July. Stridulatory file. (n = 7) length 2.9–3.6 mm, 196–234 teeth, tooth density 66.1 ± 5.9 (58.8–75.5) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 14) The calling song of this species was published in Morris et al. (1975). The song of N. sierranus, like all other species in the Sierranus Group, has a complex pattern of several OPT between MPT, and gives the song a “fluttering” quality as perceived by a human listener. The PTF is 16.2 ± 1.2 kHz, and at this high carrier frequency the songs of these insects are difficult for many humans to hear, and a listener must be in close proximity to the singing male to detect him. The PTR of 1.7 ± 0.3 s- 1 is the fastest rate among the Sierranus Group (ANCOVA, P = 3.96×10 -9). Karyotype. (n = 9) 2n♁ = 21 (18t + XtXtYm), shared only with N. duplocantans. T89-20, S89-47, topotype. Recognition. Males may be identified by the combination of a high stridulatory file tooth density (62–70 teeth/ mm) and a pronotum that is not strongly constricted. N. sierranus has two parapatric neighbors that also have high tooth densities: N. inversa to the south and N. radocantans to the north, but those species have stronger pronotum constrictions. The PTR is faster than all other species with multiple OPT (N. arborea, N. radocantans, and N. inversa). Karyotype also separates this species from N. radocantans and N. inversa. The subtriangular subgenital plate that is longer than wide is unique among the Sierranus and Sequoia groups. Notes. Based on comparison of rDNA and mtDNA topologies (Fig. 4), this species has hybridized with its parapatric neighbors to the south and north: N. inversa and N. radocantans, respectively. The three species are morphologically cryptic. Species status for Sierranus Group lineages is based on song and karyotype. Song differences between these three species may reinforce prezygotic isolation if hybrids between species that differ in chromosome arrangement suffer reduced fitness. Material examined. DETERMINED (n = 23): Calaveras Co., 1♁, 1♀, Golden Pines RV Resort and Campground, 38.29808N, 120.28773W, 1570 m, 14-15-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM; Madera Co., 4♁, 2♀, Narrow Gauge Inn, Fish Camp, 37.45506N, 119.64345W, 1435 m, 11-12-IX-2015, JA Cole, LACM; 1♀, Narrow Gauge Inn, Fish Camp, 37.45506N, 119.64345W, 1435 m, 11-12-IX-2015, JA Cole, JAC; Mariposa Co., in addition to type material (above), 1♁, 1 mi. W El Portal, 37.67465N, 119.80238W, 29-VII-1965, RP Allen, CSCA; 1♀, Hites Cove, 37.64083N, 119.84806W, 9-VII-1968, TR Haig, CSCA; 1♁, Jerseydale Campground, Sierra National Forest, 13.5 miles northeast of Mariposa, 37.5451N, 119.8386W, 1131 m, 10-11-VIII-2002, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, same data except JAC; 3♁, same data except 28-29-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; Tuolumne Co., 3♁, Mill Creek Campground, Stanislaus National Forest, FR5N21 off Mono Way (SR108), 38.30168N, 119.93763W, 1918 m, 23-24- VIII-2019, JA Cole, J Bailey, SA Downing, LACM; 2♁, same data except JAC; QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT (n = 5): Amador Co., 1♀, Ponderosa Rd., 1.5 mi. N of Mokelumne River, 38.34889N, 120.77306W, 21-VIII-1984, RW, BMED; Calaveras Co., 1♀, West Point, 38.399079N, 120.527426W, 18-VIII-1929, CAS; Madera Co., 1♀, Bass Lake, 37.324666N, 119.566254W, 20-VII-1934, FE Blaisdell, CAS; 1♀, Oakhurst, 37.328N, 119.649315W, 914 m, 29-VI-1946, HP Chandler, CAS; Tuolumne Co., 1♀, Jamestown, 37.953258N, 120.422695W, 429 m, 1978, Schultz, CSCA., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M. (1912) Fixation of single type (lectotypic) specimens of species of American Orthoptera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 53, 60 - 276.","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Morris, G. K., Aiken, R. B. & Kerr, G. E. (1975) Calling songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 83, 229 - 234."]}

Neduba arborea Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 25 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3B (live habitus), Plate 5F (male calling song), Plate 8C (male ventral sclerite), Plate 12C (female subgenital plate). Common name. Arboreal Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Colusa Co., SR20, mile marker 11.36, 39.1056N, 122.31903W, 129 m, 19-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC000001958 [specimen barcode], JCR150803_01 [recording], DNA159 [tissue], SING0501 [extraction], JCT15-05 [karyotype], tegmen removed in gelcap below specimen, 219 [tooth count], 3.4 mm [file length], genitalia in vial below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19707. PARATYPES (n = 6): Colusa Co., 2♀, SR20, 11.5 miles west of I-5 at mile post 11.22., 39.10567N, 122.32102W, 150 m, 22-IV-2007, DB Weissman, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, SR20, mile marker 11.36, 39.1056N, 122.31903W, 129 m, 19-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, SR20, mile marker 11.4, 39.10547N, 122.31759W, 423 m, 5-VIII- 2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 1♀, same data except CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 3, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ♁22.23–23.27, ♀ 22.44–24.09, pronotum total length ♁10.54– 11.60, ♀ 10.09–10.49, prozona length ♁4.55–5.19, ♀ 4.94–5.76, metazona dorsal length ♁5.58–6.41, ♀ 4.33–5.55, pronotum constriction width ♁3.10–3.56, ♀ 3.08–3.58, metazona dorsal width ♁7.00–7.35, ♀ 6.72–6.80, head width ♁5.87–6.08, ♀ 5.72–5.87, ovipositor length ♀ 16.40–16.60. Distribution. East slopes of the North Coast Ranges bordering the California Central Valley. The type locality is along the Cortina Ridge. Habitat. Oak woodland. Topotype males sang from ground level or from oak branches 1 m or more above the ground. Seasonal occurrence. Limited records show that nymphs occur in April (11-IV-2007, DB Weissman, CAS) and adults are active by mid-July (19-VII-2015, JA Cole and DB Weissman, CAS) into August (5-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 3), length 3.2–3.5 mm, 190–219 teeth, tooth density 60.9 ± 3.1 (58.9–64.4) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 4) Similar to N. sierranus in consisting of several OPT (10.6 ± 3.7 (5.0-15.3)) that are interspersed between MPT. The PTR of 1.20 ± 0.03 is intermediate: slower than N. sierranus, faster than N. radocantans, and statistically indistinguishable from N. inversa. PTF is 16.9 ± 0.5 kHz. Karyotype. (n = 3) Unique. 2n♁ = 19 (16t + XmXtYm). JCT14-06, S14-61, paratopotype. Recognition. Both sexes have the largest body size (pronotum length more than 10 mm) of any Sierranus Group species and are noticeably robust in comparison with the typical fusiform shape of Neduba. The male pronotum is weakly constricted as in N. prorocantans and N. sierranus, but not only is N. arborea larger than those species but the stridulatory file tooth density is greater (59–62 teeth/mm) than the former (47–52 teeth/mm) and less than the latter (62–70 teeth/mm). N. inversa is also separated from this species by a higher tooth density (64–68 teeth/mm) and a strong pronotum constriction. The oval, highly convex female subgenital plate is distinctive. Song PTR will separate this species from all others in the Sierranus Group, but not from N. inversa in the Sequoia Group, a smaller species with a strong pronotum constriction. The karyotype is unique. This is the only extant Sierranus or Sequoia Group species known from the Coast Ranges of California. Etymology. l. arborea “of the trees” in reference to the male habit of singing from oak branches above the understory. Notes. The discovery of a member of the Sierranus Group in the Coast Ranges is significant as N. extincta, the only other species in either the Sierranus or the Sequoia Group distributed west of the Central Valley is, as the name suggests, extinct (Rentz 1977). Female nymphs were the first individuals of this species to be encountered. DNA from these females indicated that the population was distinct from known Sierranus Group taxa. Once males were collected the unique karyotype provided more evidence for specific distinction. Further investigation of the North Coast Ranges should be undertaken as the Sierranus Group may have crossed the Central Valley on multiple occasions. Material examined. Type series only. See Type material above., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 59-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. (1977) A new and apparently extinct katydid from Antioch Sand Dunes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Entomological News, 88, 241 - 245."]}

Neduba duplocantans Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 30 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3H (live habitus), Plate 5J (male calling song), Plate 12H (female subgenital plate). Common name. Doubletime Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Tulare Co., South Fork Road, 9.75 miles southeast of Three Rivers, 36.35334N, 118.78451W, elev. 970 m, 25-VI-2017, JA Cole, W Chatfield-Taylor, 170625_03 [recording], JCT17-1 [karyotype], 173 [teeth], 3.4 [mm], tegmen in gelcap below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19709. PARATYPES (n = 24): Fresno Co., 1♀, Big Creek Road, 5 mi. S of Bretz Mill Campground, 36.97546N, 119.21088W, 810 m, 13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM; Tulare Co., 3 ♁, 8♀, same data as holotype, LACM; 2♁, same data as holotype, CAS; 1♀, same data as holotype, JAC; 1♁, 1♀, South Fork Campground, Sequoia National Park, 36.35209N, 118.76511W, 1112 m, 12-13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, CAS; 1♁, 6♀, same data except LACM. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 7, ♀ n = 17) Hind femur ♁19.46–21.95, ♀ 21.44–22.69, pronotum total length ♁8.20–9.28, ♀ 8.10–8.95, prozona length ♁3.30–4.71, ♀ 3.48–5.28, metazona dorsal length ♁4.42–5.44, ♀ 3.09– 4.75, pronotum constriction width ♁2.00–2.35, ♀ 2.03–2.95, metazona dorsal width ♁5.60–6.05, ♀ 5.20–6.41, head width ♁4.60–5.12, ♀ 4.85–5.85, ovipositor length ♀ 13.09–17.60. Distribution. At present, known only from the vicinity of the Kaweah River in the Sequoia National Forest. Habitat. Found in tangles and among grass along a stream flowing out of a side canyon. Also collected on bushes along the road paralleling the Kaweah River. Seasonal occurrence. Males were active and females were a mixture of last instar nymphs, teneral adults, and mature adults in late June (25-VI-2017, JA Cole & W Chatfield-Taylor, LACM). By August this species was rare (12-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM). This species may be active earlier in the season than sympatric N. sequoia. Stridulatory file. (n = 7) length 2.7–3.4 mm, 126–173 teeth, tooth density 51.0 ± 4.9 (45.8–60.7) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 7) Unique. The PTR of 5.1 ± 0.3 s- 1 is much faster than any other Sequoia or Sierranus Group species, and twice as fast as sympatric N. sequoia. The MPTL is brief at 72.3 9.1 ms. The short MPTL contributes to a low PTdc of 35.8 ± 4.9%. PTF of 17.0 ± 1.0 kHz is higher than other Sequoia Group species and is difficult to hear except at short range. Karyotype. (n = 3) 2n♁= 21 (18t + XtXtYm), shared with N. sierranus, JCT 15-12, paratopotype. Recognition. Male N. duplocantans are separated from sympatric N. sequoia by stridulatory file tooth density (47–52 teeth/mm vs. 55–59 teeth/mm, respectively). To the north, N. inversa has a similarly constricted pronotum but that species also has a higher tooth density (64–68 teeth/mm). Male N. prorocantans to the south have similar stridulatory files but have a weakly constricted pronotum. The fast song PTR is unique, and readily separates this species by ear from syntopic N. sequoia as well as from neighboring N. prorocantans to the south, as well as N. inversa to the north due to the multiple OPT in that species. Adult activity apparently commences earlier in the season than N. sequoia in areas where they co-occur, but the two species may be found together in midsummer. Etymology. l. duplo “twice as much, double” + cantans “singing,” referring to the rate of PT production that is twice as fast as a sympatric congener. Notes. This species was discovered by song while collecting a series of N. sequoia, and its distinctiveness was appreciated further when cytogenetic analysis revealed a distinct karyotype. The discovery of two morphologically cryptic Sequoia Group species (N. duplocantans and N. sequoia) that are both sympatric and syntopic is of considerable evolutionary interest. The species pair has diverged in several aspects: calling song, karyotype, and phenology. The calling song PTR differed by a factor of two. Considering the remarkably different songs and distinct karyotypes, stasipatric and secondary contact hypotheses should be tested in the Sequoia Group. With N. duplocantans adult activity commencing before N. sequoia have matured, allochronic isolation may also be evolving between the two species. Two females among the paratype series were identified through rDNA sequence (Figs. 4-5). Introgression of mtDNA among the Sequoia Group species (Fig. 4) is expected if young, geographically proximal species have a history of hybridization as observed in Aglaothorax (Cole 2016). Material examined. (n = 2) Tulare Co., in addition to Type material (above), 1♀, Hammond, Kaweah Powerhouse 3 Forebay, 36.48618N, 118.83553W, 853 m, 17-VIII-2010, W Chatfield-Taylor, LACM; 1♀, Ash Mountain, Kaweah Power Station 3, 36.48606N, 118.83586W, 7-VI-1986, DJ Burdick, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 70-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800

Neduba radicata Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 15 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 1D (live habitus), Plate 4F (male calling song), Plate 6K (male ventral sclerite), Plate 9G (male titillators), Plate 11F (female subgenital plate). Common name. Lake Tahoe Shieldback. History of recognition. Confused with N. convexa, specimen from CA: El Dorado Co., Ice House Road, 22-X- 1965, D.C. Rentz, 1 male (Rentz & Birchim 1968). Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, El Dorado Co., Stanford University Sierra Camp, Fallen Leaf Lake, 38.901076N, 120.061626W, 1940 m, 9-VII-1988, DB Weissman, CAS, S88-60 [stop], R88-75 A [recording], T88-8 [karyotype], genitalia extracted and cleared in vial and excised tegmen in gelcap below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19679. PARATYPES (n = 36): USA, CA, El Dorado Co., 8♁, 1♀, China Flat Campground, El Dorado National Forest, 2 mi. SE of Kyburz off US50, 38.7535N, 120.2671W, 1470 m, 20-21-VII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC; 4♁, same data except 12-VIII-2002, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data JAC; 2♁, same data except 19-VII- 2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 1♁, Emerald Bay State Park, Lake Tahoe, 38.964888N, 120.090884W, 1890 m, 8-VII-2016, DI Weissman, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data as holotype except 10-VII-1935, FE Blaisdell, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data as holotype except 20-VII-1936, FE Blaisdell, CAS; 1♀, same data as holotype except 3-VIII- 1989, BI Weissman, CAS; 2♁, 2♀, same data as holotype except 9-VII-1988, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁ nymph, same data as holotype except VII-1915, LS Rosenbaum, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data as holotype except VII-1931, OH Swezey, CAS; 6♁, 1♀, Loon Lake, 38.997163N, 120.3095W, 1950 m, VIII-1991, BI Weissman, CAS; Placer Co., 1♁, Finning Mill Rd. at Forest Hill Rd., 39.0586N, 120.7696W, 1097 m, 20-VII-2012, JA Cole, JAC; 1♁, Squaw Valley, foot trail by Squaw Creek, 39.21169N, 120.198611W, 1920 m, 1-VIII-1988, VF Lee, CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 20, ♀ n = 4) Hind femur ♁18.00–20.91, ♀ 19.05–22.36, pronotum total length ♁8.70–10.16, ♀ 7.35–8.46, prozona length ♁3.38–4.36, ♀ 3.80–4.62, metazona dorsal length ♁4.82–6.47, ♀ 3.32– 4.66, pronotum constriction width ♁2.10–2.65, ♀ 2.55–2.87, metazona dorsal width ♁6.35–7.55, ♀ 5.28–5.62, head width ♁4.20–4.75, ♀ 4.50–5.22, ovipositor length ♀ 12.78–15.54. Distribution. High elevations in the central and northern Sierra Nevada of California. Habitat. Mixed conifer woodland. Taken from understory tangles and leaf litter in coniferous forest, under logs, in a small shrub in an open field, and from riverbanks. One male paratype sang from 2.4 m above ground in thicket of branches. He dropped to the ground when approached (JAC pers. obs.). Seasonal occurrence. Midsummer through fall, from July (1-VII-1950, HL McKenzie, CSCA) through November (17-XI-1967, HR Ingham, CSCA). Nymphs occur from early June through August, thus overlapping broadly with adult activity. Stridulatory file. (n = 6) length 3.3–3.9 mm, 115–135 teeth, tooth density 35.4 ± 3.4 (30.8–40.9) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 19) PTR is significantly faster than all other Convexa Clade lineages (ANCOVA, P = 1.08×10 -5), owing to significantly shorter MPTL of 202.5 ± 53.6 ms (ANCOVA, P = 4.27×10 -11). MPT often have a characteristic amplitude modulation pattern, with a gradual increase in amplitude followed by an abrupt increase at the middle of the PT (Plate 4F). Males may sing in the late afternoon as well as at night. Karyotype. (n = 7) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt), T88-8, S88-60, paratype. Recognition. The male ventral sclerite has straight, thick shaft, the apex rounded with the highest point lateral to the central axis, and the short lateral process directed 45 o anterior to plane of shaft. This genital morphology may only be confused with N. diabolica and some N. carinata, both of which have higher stridulatory file tooth densities and lisping songs and are distributed in the South Coast Ranges. The female subgenital plate is distinct from all other Carinata Group species: wider than long with a strongly bifurcate apex. The song PTR is faster and MPTL shorter than all other Convexa Clade taxa. This species is the only Neduba found in high elevation yellow pine forest in the central and northern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Etymology. l. radicata having roots, having found a home. Notes. At China Flat Campground, El Dorado County, California, two males were observed emerging from leaf litter to sing in understory tangles.Acoustical activity commenced before dusk at this locality during overcast conditions after a rainstorm. At the southern extent of the range along Finning Mill Road, males were singing before sunset at 2019 h. This species is sympatric with N. radocantans (Sierranus Group) in El Dorado County, California. Specimens examined. (n = 21) All USA, CA, El Dorado Co., in addition to type material (above), 1♁, Kelsey, 38.798791N, 120.820768W, 24-VII-1939, J Labadie, CSCA; 1♀, Pollock Pines, 38.761292N, 120.586594W, 1207 m, 1-VII-1950, HL McKenzie, CSCA; 1♀ nymph, Snowline Camp, 38.746292N, 120.624373W, 21-VI-1948, CD MacNeill, CAS; 1♁, Strawberry, 38.796852N, 120.145187W, 1768 m, 1-X-1954, ME Gardner, BMED; 1♀, same data except WJ Wall, BMED; 1♀ nymph, same data except 28-VII-1950, ME Gardner, BMED; 1♀ nymph, same data except 3-VIII-1952, WJ Wall, BMED; 1♁ nymph, Strawberry Valley, 38.796582N, 120.145187W, 12-VIII- 1912, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁ nymph, same data except 5-VIII-1912, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, US50 3.7 mi. W Kyburz, 38.76427N, 120.35897W, 1112 m, 19-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC sound record; Nevada Co., 1♁, junction SR20&I-80, 4-X-1972, AM Shapiro, BMED; Placer Co., Cisco, 39.301569N, 120.546874W, VI-1910, C VanGeldern, CAS; 3♁, Emigrant Gap, 39.300456N, 120.668268W, 1567 m, 17-XI-1967, HR Ingham, CSCA; 1♀, Michigan Bluff, 39.042956N, 120.741319W, 1073 m, 11-V-1962, G Buxton, CSCA; Sierra Co., 1♁, 10 mi. S Downieville, 39.41439N, 120.826891W, 28-VII-1962, WJ Turner, CSCA; 1♁, Goodyears Creek, 39.540911N, 120.88824W, 10-VII-1925, EB Nast, CAS; 1♁, St. Charles Hill, 39.56795N, 120.911061W, 7-VII-1925, EB Nast, CAS; Yuba Co., 1♁ nymph, Challenge, 39.487389N, 121.223572W, 1-VII-1963, J Vercamp, CAS; 1♁, same data except 20-VIII-1964, R Whitely, CAS; 1♀, same data except VIII-1963, E Ball Jr, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851"]}

Neduba radocantans Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 26 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3A (live habitus), Plate 5E (male calling song), Plate 8B (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10F (male titillators), Plate 12D (female subgenital plate). Common name. Raspy Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, El Dorado Co., Finnon Reservoir, 5 mi. NE Placerville, 38.780862N, 120.732843W, 790 m, 5-6-VIII-1995, DB Weissman, S 95-62 [stop], R95-49 [recording], T95-21 [testes], tegmen in gelcap and genitalia in vial below insect, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19680. PARATYPES (n = 17): USA, CA, El Dorado Co., 1♁, 2♀, same data as holotype; 4♁, 2♀, Finnon Reservoir, 5 mi. NE Placerville, 38.79978N, 120.74947W, 740 m, 8-9-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 8♁, US50 3.7 mi. W Kyburz, 38.76427N, 120.35897W, 1112 m, 19-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 12, ♀ n = 4) Hind femur ♁18.26–20.50, ♀ 19.48–21.29, pronotum total length ♁7.96–9.70, ♀ 7.85–8.85, prozona length ♁3.46–5.07, ♀ 3.89–5.08, metazona dorsal length ♁3.92–5.50, ♀ 3.32– 4.25, pronotum constriction width ♁2.20–2.63, ♀ 2.35–2.80, metazona dorsal width ♁5.47–6.41, ♀ 4.92–5.62, head width ♁4.40–4.75, ♀ 4.60–5.23, ovipositor length ♀ 13.45–18.05. Habitat. Oak woodland understory and riparian. In tangles, leaf litter, and bunch grass under oaks. This species inhabits mixed conifer forests at lower elevations than does N. radicata, but the two overlap at the extremes of their elevational distributions. Seasonal occurrence. Midsummer as indicated by scant records: July (19-VII-2015, JA Cole & DB Weissman, LACM) into August (9-VIII-2014, JA Cole, D.B. Weissman, LACM). Distribution. West slope of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of the American River watershed. Stridulatory file. (n = 5) length 3.2–3.4 mm, 200–250 teeth, tooth density 70.6 ± 5.5 (62.5–76.9) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 19) Unique in the high PTN of 19.9 ± 3.9 (two-way ANOVA, P = 1.93×10 -15). The greater portion of airtime spent producing OPT makes the PTR slower (0.8 ± 0.3 s- 1, ANCOVA, P = 3.96×10 -9) than that of other Sierranus Group species. PTF is 16.2 ± 1.2 kHz. Karyotype. (n = 6) Unique. 2n♁ = 22 (2m + 18t + XmYt), T95-20, S95-62, paratopotype. Recognition. Males have both a high stridulatory file tooth density (68–73 teeth/mm) and a strongly constricted pronotum. Male N. sierranus have a similar high tooth density but the pronotum constriction is weak. N. inversa is difficult to separate but tends to have a lower stridulatory file tooth density. Female hind femora are shorter than other Sierranus and Sequoia group species. The song has the slowest PTR and highest PTN of the Sierranus Group. The latter song feature is temperature-invariate and distinct to a human listener, and thus may be used to identify this species in song surveys that lack temperature correction. Inhabiting the vicinity of the American River drainage, this species ranges the farthest north of any in the Sierranus Group (Fig. 19). Etymology. l. rado “scrape” + cantans “singing”. Refers to the rasping, abrasive sound quality of the numerous minor PT in the male song. Notes. Distributed at the northern limit of the Sierranus Group, N. radocantans is sympatric with N. radicata, the species with the most southerly distribution in the Carinata Group where their elevational distributions overlap. Selection for mate recognition at a contact zone could have driven the evolution of the distinctive, elaborate song with numerous OPT in this species. The population near Kyburz, California was located with a bat detector while night driving. Males were common but no females could be found, even after trampling vegetation. N. radicata songs were heard in trees at this locality. The type locality of Finnon Lake is private property that is owned and managed by the Mosquito Volunteer Fire Association (www.gomvfa.org). The conservation prospectus of this area is unknown. Material examined. Type series only, see Type material above. Sequoia Group The phylogenetically defined Sequoia Group includes the species extincta, inversa, sequoia, prorocantans, and duplocantans. Males of all but one of the four species are morphologically separated from the Sierranus Group by the lower stridulatory file tooth density (46–62 teeth/mm). Like the Sierranus Group, the species are diagnosed by song and karyotype and are morphologically cryptic; only measurements of body parts and stridulatory file tooth density differ. As in the Sierranus Group, each species occupies distinct watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, albeit farther south (Fig. 8). This group contains the only pair of fully sympatric Neduba species within the same species Group., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800

Neduba carinata Walker, 1869 Figure 9 (distribution), Fig. 10 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 1A (live habitus), Plate 4A (male calling song), Plate 6 A–D (ventral sclerites), Plate 9 A–C (male titillators), Plate 11A (female subgenital plate). Common name. Carinate Shieldback. History of recognition. As the type species of Neduba, establishing the identity of N. carinata is of central taxonomic importance. In a situation resembling that of Gryllus assimilis (Rehn & Hebard 1915), N. carinata was at times used as a “trash can” taxon (Rentz & Birchim 1968), into which multiple species were binned (e.g. Tinkham 1944). The broad type locality of “ California ” was narrowed to Fremont Peak, San Benito County, California, USA (Rentz & Birchim 1968). We accepted this type locality designation and determined taxonomic and geographic relationships relative to this locality. The Fremont Peak type locality is in the Gabilan Range of the South Coast Ranges of California. In over 40 years of fieldwork by orthopterists at Fremont Peak (e.g. Helfer 1987; Rentz & Birchim 1968; Strohecker et al. 1968), sympatric Neduba species have not been found at this locality; however, the correct assignment of the name N. carinata requires that all other possibilities are eliminated. This is a valid concern considering that an additional Neduba species occurs in the South Coast Ranges (see N. lucubrata). Images of the N. carinata holotype show a subgenital plate with parallel lateral carinae and long, articulate styli (Cigliano et al. 2020), a condition that is found in all topotypic males that we have examined. In contrast, the subgenital plate of N. lucubrata has lateral carinae that converge to the apex and terminate in rudimentary knob-like styli. Thus, we conclude that the name N. carinata indeed belongs to our topotypic series. Variety picturata (Scudder 1899) was synonymized under N. diabolica (Rentz & Birchim 1968). Type material. F. Walker’s male holotype of N. carinata resides in the British Museum. Type not examined by us but images available at OSFO (Cigliano et al. 2020). TOPOTYPES EXAMINED (n = 25): USA, CA, San Benito Co., 2♁, Fremont Peak State Park, peak area, 36.760793N, 121.502442W, 457 m, 25-VI-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 6♁, 1♀, same data except 762 m, 25-VI-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 14♁, 1♀, Fremont Peak State Park, Valley View Campground, 11 mi. S of San Juan Bautista on County Road G1, 36.7597N, 121.505W, 829 m, 18–19- VII-2005, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, LACM; 1♁, same data except JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 34, ♀ n = 7) Hind femur ♁18.33–28.80, ♀ 21.55–26.21, pronotum total length ♁8.23–10.72, ♀ 8.35–10.05, prozona length ♁3.43–4.88, ♀ 4.02–5.20, metazona dorsal length ♁4.45–6.45, ♀ 3.67– 4.85, pronotum constriction width ♁2.00–2.78, ♀ 2.35–3.00, metazona dorsal width ♁5.11–7.25, ♀ 5.18–6.45, head width ♁3.89–4.84, ♀ 4.60–5.32, ovipositor length ♀ 16.00–18.27. Distribution. South Coast Ranges of California, from the southern San Francisco Bay Area south along the Santa Lucia Range to Morro Bay. Habitat. Understory vegetation, tangles, and leaf litter in mixed woodland, riparian woodland, and coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) forest. Males call near the forest floor from plants such as poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray)), introduced Mediterranean grasses, and peavines (Lathyrus sp.). Seasonal occurrence. Adults from late June (23-VI-1957, TJ Cohn, CAS) through December (18-XII-2016, DW Weissman, CAS). Nymphs collected in May and alongside adults in late June (CAS). Stridulatory file. (n = 24) length 2.4–3.4 mm, 115–159 teeth, tooth density 44.7 ± 3.9 (38.5–55.3) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 52) Frequent sustained bouts of low frequency lisping. Males call incessantly at night and sometimes during the afternoon. PTR 10.9 ± 2.1 s- 1. The MPT and OPT are subequal in length. Males spend a lot of time singing with PTdc 73.1 ± 9.7% (calculated by combining both MPT and OPT). PTF 11.4 ± 1.7 kHz is among the lowest carrier frequencies in the genus. Karyotype. (n = 22) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt). T82-6, S82-26, topotype. Recognition. This species is separated morphologically from all other species in the Carinata Group except N. diabolica by the high stridulatory file tooth density (38–55 teeth/mm). The male ventral sclerite throughout most of the range has the shaft broad and straight (narrow, curved shaft in Convexa Clade), the apex broad and convex to subconical covered with tubercles of large size, and a short lateral process (often long and shelf-like in the Convexa Clade). In N. carinata populations found near the Convexa Clade in the South Bay Area, the ventral sclerite of the former species resembles the latter and is an unreliable diagnostic feature; songs remain diagnostic. Acoustically, the low frequency, rasping or lisping bouts of song with a fast uniform PTR (~11 s-1) separate this species from all other Neduba except N. diabolica. Females have a pentagonal subgenital plate without sinuous distal margins and no medial groove, characters shared only with N. oblongata. Notes. This is a common species in California Coast Range woodlands throughout summer and fall. The proximity of the range to the heavily populated San Francisco Bay Area and the low frequency calling song that many people can hear makes this one of the most commonly encountered species. Considerable variation exists in the male internal genitalia, which we attribute to historical episodes of population isolation and contact as the California coastline and Coast Ranges changed repeatedly and dramatically over the Cenozoic Era. The Santa Lucia Range and portions of the Santa Cruz Mountains have changed between islands, peninsulas, and broad mainland connections (Bartow 1991). A distinct ventral sclerite shape is found in the Santa Lucia Range (Fig. 10, Plate 6B), which may reflect separation from the Coast Ranges north of Monterey Bay by a marine embayment that lasted from 18 to 2 Ma (Hall 2002). Santa Cruz Mountains N. carinata have ventral sclerites with long lateral processes (Fig. 10, Plate 6D) that resemble those of several Convexa Clade taxa (Plates 6–7). The Carinata and Convexa Clades meet geographically in the San Francisco Bay Area, where mtDNA introgression (Fig. 4) suggests gene flow as the explanation for shared ventral sclerite morphology despite distinct calling song differences. Material examined (n = 116). All USA, CA, Monterey Co., 1♁, 1.5 mi. N of Carmel, 36.58N, 121.92W, 213 m, 23-VI-1957, TJ Cohn, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, 11.2 mi. N Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park off Hwy 1, 36.411288N, 121.782732W, 5-VII-1986, DB & BI Weissman, CAS; 1♀, Asilomar, 1.3 mi. W of Pacific Grove, 36.617735N, 121.94011W, 10-VII-1957, TJ Cohn, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Big Sur River Trail, 36.280942N, 121.860028W, 21–23- V-1971, FS Bartholomew, CAS; 6♁, 1♀, Big Sur, SR1, 36.3547N, 121.8136W, 685 m, 20-VIII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, Bottcher’s Gap, Los Padres National Forest, 19 miles north of Big Sur off SR1 on Palo Colorado Road, 36.355N, 121.8138W, 652 m, 20-VIII-2012, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, same data except 7-IX-2002, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, 1♀, same data except JAC; 1♁, Nacimiento-Ferguson Rd., at bridge of Nacimiento R., 8.4 mi. E of SR1, 36.0135N, 121.4216W, 587 m, 19–20-VIII-2012, JA Cole, JAC sound record; 2♁, 1♀, Pacific Grove, 36.617738N, 121.916622W, 4-VII-1925, HH Keifer, CAS; 1♁, Palo Colorado Rd., 3 mi. E of SR1, 36.3864N, 121.8687W, 327 m, 20-VIII-2012, JA Cole, JAC sound record; 1♁ nymph, Pebble Beach, 36.56635N, 121.946622W, 18-V-1969, RP Allen, CSCA; 1♀ nymph, same data except 27-V-1921, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park, 36.248852N, 121.782732W, 60 m, 23-IX-1995, DB Weissman, CAS; 3♁, same data except 27-IX-1985, DB Weissman, CAS; 4♁, 3♀, same data except 5-VII-1986, DB & BI Weissman, CAS; San Benito Co., see Type material above; San Francisco Co., 1♁, San Francisco, 37.77493N, 122.419416W, 24-X-1909, FX Williams, CAS; San Mateo Co., 2♁, Jasper Ridge, 37.407995N, 122.22691W, 12-VII-1982, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, Kings Mount, 37.44083N, 122.32333W, 14-X-1946, ES Ross, CAS; 1♁, 1♀, same data except 17-VIII-1946, ES Ross, CAS; 1♁, Portola State Park, 37.2527N, 122.21854W, 8-VIII-1962, RP Allen, CSCA; Santa Clara Co., 1♀, Los Gatos, 12-XII-1965, J Harville, CAS; 2♁, Los Gatos, 15431 Francis Oaks Way, 37.22661N, 121.97468W, 22-VIII-2013, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♁, same data except VI-1986, DB Weissman, CAS; 7♁, 2♀, Los Gatos, Francis Oaks Way, 37.226611N, 121.97468W, 120 m, 6-VII-1987, DB Weissman, CAS; 2♁, Uvas Canyon County Park, 15 miles west of Morgan Hill on Croy Road, 37.0855N, 121.7954W, 349 m, 19-20-VII-2005, JA Cole, JF Eguizabal, JAC; 6♁, 1♀, same data except LACM; 1♁, 2♀, same data except 2-3-VII-2003, JA Cole, LACM; 2♁, 2♀, same data except 22-VIII-2014, DB & DW Weissman, CAS; 1♁, same data except 6-IX-2002, JA Cole, JAC; 2♁, same data except LACM; 1♁, Mount Umunhum, 37.15255N, 121.89897W, 1008 m, 5-VII-2018, DW & DB Weissman, CAS; Santa Cruz Co., 1♀, Loma Prieta, 37.110781N, 121.844676W, 2-VIII-1959, CAS; 1♀, Santa Cruz, 36.974117N, 122.030796W, 25-XI-1955, RL Lewis, CSCA; 1♁, Soquel, 36.98801N, 121.95663W, 18-XII-2016, DW Weissman, CAS; 4♁, same data except 9-IX-2014, DW Weissman, CAS; 1♁, Summit above Saratoga, 37.263832N, 122.023015W, 26-VIII-1968, J Smith, BMED; 6♁, 1♀, U.C. Santa Cruz Campus, 36.974117N, 122.030796W, 25- VI-1982, SI Weissman, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Walker, F. (1869) 2 Catalogue of the Specimens of the Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 216 pp.","Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M. (1915) The genus Gryllus (Orthoptera) as found in America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 67, 293 - 322.","Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851","Tinkham, E. R. (1944) Biological, taxonomic and faunistic studies on the shield-back katydids of the North American deserts. American Midland Naturalist, 31, 257 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421073","Helfer, J. R. (1987) How to Know the Grasshoppers, Crickets, Cockroaches and Their Allies. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, ix + 364 pp.","Strohecker, H. F., Middlekauf, W. W. & Rentz, D. C. (1968) The grasshoppers of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 10, 1 - 177.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2020) Orthoptera Species File Online v. 5.0 / 5.0.","Scudder, S. H. (1899) Two genera of North American Decticinae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 35, 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25129903","Bartow, J. A. (1991) The Cenozoic Evolution of the San Joaquin Valley, California. United States Geological Survey, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 40 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / pp 1501","Hall, C. A. (2002) Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing zoogeographic provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines, California: late Oligocene (27 Ma) to late Pliocene (2.5 Ma). Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 357, 1 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / SPE 357"]}

Neduba longiplutea Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 9. (distribution), Fig. 14 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 4E (male calling song), Plate 6J (male ventral sclerite), Plate 9F (male titillators), Plate 11E (female subgenital plate). Common name. Trinity Alps Shieldback. History of recognition. Apparently confused with N. convexa, 1 male and 1 female from CA, Trinity Co., Big Flat, 15-VIII-1960, PH Benson (Rentz & Birchim 1968). Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Humboldt Co., East Fork Campground, 5.2 mi. W of Willow Creek, Six Rivers National Forest, 40.90582N, 123.7068W, 471 m, 6-VIII-2014, JA Cole, DB Weissman, JAC000002182 [specimen barcode], DNA125 [tissue], SING0458 [DNA extraction], JCT14-2 [karyotype], deposited at CAS, Entomology type #19711. PARATYPES (n = 10): 5♁, 2♀, same data as holotype, LACM; 2♁, same data as holotype, CAS; 1♁, same data as holotype, JAC. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 8, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ♁18.35–20.00, ♀ 21.41–21.61, pronotum total length ♁8.17– 9.30, ♀ 7.60–7.78, prozona length ♁2.92–3.75, ♀ 3.93–3.96, metazona dorsal length ♁4.73–5.69, ♀ 3.64–3.85, pronotum constriction width ♁1.96–2.90, ♀ 2.21–2.51, metazona dorsal width ♁5.90–6.36, ♀ 5.20–5.40, head width ♁4.08– 4.30, ♀ 4.45–4.81, ovipositor length ♀ 15.68–16.45. Distribution. Trinity Alps in the North Coast Ranges of California. Habitat. Forest understory, on ferns, leaf litter, and occasionally arboreal. Some CSCA specimen labels indicate range grass. Seasonal occurrence. Midsummer through fall, from July (19-VII-1934, EC VanDyke, CAS) to October (17- X-1995, Spadoni, CSCA). Nymphs from May through July. Stridulatory file. (n = 4) length 3.4–3.9 mm, 114–125 teeth, tooth density 33.7 ± 3.0 (31.0–36.8) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 4). PTR 2.7 ± 0.3 s- 1, PTF 14.4 ± 2.7 kHz, indistinguishable from topotype N. convexa. Karyotype. (n = 4) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + XtYt). T14-25, S14-65, paratopotype. Recognition. Male genitalia unique: the lateral process is as long or longer than the short, thick shaft. Female subgenital plate longer than wide and has a bifurcate apex. The subgenital plate of N. convexa has similar proportions but the apex is usually entire, rarely bifurcate. Etymology. l. longi long + plutea barrier, screen, low wall, parapet. Descriptive of the long lateral process of the male ventral sclerite. Notes. This species replaces N. convexa to the west. Populations may be large and widespread, judging from an 80 km acoustic transect through Humboldt and Trinity Counties, California (JAC and DBW, pers. obs.) and from the number of nymphs in museum collections. The song is identical to that of N. convexa. Color patterns are variable and beautifully match the complex background of the forests of the Trinity Alps. Material examined. DETERMINED (n = 63): All USA, CA, Humboldt Co., 1♀ adult, 1♀ nymph, Bullrun Flat, Garberville, 40.100145N, 123.795029W, 27-VII-1934, EC VanDyke, CAS; 3♁, 1♀, Hoopa, 41.050408N, 123.674224W, 524 m, 19-VIII-1959, Tabor, Graham, Gallian, CSCA; 1♁, Humboldt County State Park, 40.70501N, 123.91582W, 6-VIII-1957, J Keefe, CSCA; 1♁ nymph, Johnsons Bar, 41.350401N, 123.872012W, 16-VII-1964, D Ramsey, CSCA; 1♁, Miranda, 40.234586N, 123.823646W, 19-VII-1934, EP VanDuzee, CAS; 1♀, Orick, 41.28679N, 124.059794W, 10 m, 17-X-1995, Spadoni, CSCA; 1♀ nymph, same data except 4-VII-1931, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, 2♀ nymphs, Weott, 40.321897N, 123.921706W, 12-VII-1929, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, 2♀ nymphs, same data except 13-VII-1929, EC VanDyke, CAS; 4♁, 4♀ nymphs, same data except 15-VII-1929, EC VanDyke, CAS; Tehama Co., 1♀, N Yollabolly, 40.17556N, 122.98W, 27-IX-1964, D Sale, CSCA; Trinity Co., in addition to type material (above), 1 ♁, 1♀ nymphs, Burnt Ranch, 40.809027N, 123.474208W, 449 m, 1-VI-1964, G Harmon, CSCA; 1♁ nymph, Carrville, 41.064868N, 122.70419W, 18-V-1934, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁ nymph, same data except 25-VI-1931, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, 1♀ nymphs, same data except 26-VI-1913, EC VanDyke, CAS; 2♀ nymphs, Carrville, same data except 27-V-1934, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Coffee Creek, 23-VI-1931, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♀, East Weaver Lake, 40.81389N, 122.98556W, 25-IX-1964, FL Blank, GM Buxton, CSCA; 1♁, 8♀, Grizzly Lake, 41.010046N, 123.049925W, 2166 m, 10-15-IX-1964, Buxton, Gurney, Forbes, Kamp, Thompson, CSCA; 3♀, Grizzly Meadows, 41.017084N, 123.05198W, 10-15-IX-1964, Buxton, Gurney, Forbes, Kamp, Thompson, CSCA; 1♀, Hyampom, 40.617364N, 123.452536W, 392 m, 27-VII-1962, J Reed, CSCA; 1♀, same data except CAS; 1♁, 4♀, Lamb Gap, South Fork Mountain, 40.507087N, 123.497257W, 19-IX-1962, FL Blanc, CSCA; 1♀, Ruth, 40.269591N, 123.321414W, 829 m, CSCA; 1♁, 1♀, Sids Place Hwy 36, 40.419033N, 123.456698W, 1109 m, 19-IX-1962, FL Blanc, CSCA; 1♁, 4♀, Weaver Bally, 40.815976N, 122.99364W, 2129 m, 9-VIII-1964, Buxton, Gurney, Forbes, Kamp, Thompson, CSCA; QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT (n = 2): Humboldt Co., 1♀, Mad River Mountains, 40.925112N, 124.115737W, 19-VII-1934, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♀, same data except no date, EC VanDyke, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 35-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. & Birchim, J. D. (1968) Revisionary studies in the Nearctic Decticinae. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 3, 1 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150851"]}

Neduba sequoia Cole, Weissman, and Lightfoot sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 29 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3 F–G (live habitus), Plate 5I (male calling song), Plate 8 F–H (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10I (male titillators), Plate 12G (female subgenital plate). Common name. Big Trees Shieldback History of recognition. Likely confused with N. sierranus. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Tulare Co., Coy Flat Campground, Sequoia National Forest, 0.5 miles south of Camp Nelson off SR190, 36.1269N, 118.6183W, 1524 m., 30-31-VII-2012, JA Cole, DNA67 [tissue], SING357 [DNA extraction], JCR120914_00 [recording], genitalia in vial below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19714. PARATYPES (n = 29): Tulare Co., 9♁, 1♀, same data as holotype, LACM; 1♁, same data as holotype JAC; 2♁, same data as holotype except, 20-VIII-2006, DB Weissman, DC Lightfoot, CAS; 11♁, 3♀, South Fork Campground, Sequoia National Park, 36.35029N, 118.76511W, 1112 m, 12-13-VIII-2015, JA Cole, LACM; 1m, same data except JAC; 1♁, Hwy 190 7 mi. E Springville, 36.156806N, 118.724278W, 707 m, 5-V-2011, DB Weissman, DBW. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 23, ♀ n = 5) Hind femur ♁17.48–24.26, ♀ 22.03–24.14, pronotum total length ♁8.36–10.66, ♀ 9.50–10.05, prozona length ♁3.34–5.40, ♀ 4.78–5.96, metazona dorsal length ♁4.08–6.05, ♀ 3.79– 4.72, pronotum constriction width ♁2.15–3.15, ♀ 2.57–2.96, metazona dorsal width ♁5.40–6.97, ♀ 5.85–6.65, head width ♁4.45–5.72, ♀ 5.10–5.90, ovipositor length ♀ 14.68–17.42. Distribution. Western slope of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains between the Kaweah River and Tule River watersheds, in the vicinity of Sequoia National Park. Habitat. Understory of mixed conifer forests, especially in riparian habitats and mesic areas. At the South Fork localities, many adults were feeding on green leaves of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus). Singing males at this locality were observed and recorded in young dead cedars at the forest edge. Seasonal occurrence. Adults from late July (27-VII-1986, DJ Burdick, CAS) through August (20-VIII-2006, DB Weissman, CAS). Nymphs from May through mid-June. Stridulatory file. (n = 18) length 2.7–3.7 mm, 152–203 teeth, tooth density 57.5 ± 3.4 (47.5–61.6) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 19) A continuous series of alternating MPT and OPT as in other Sequoia Group species (except N. inversa). The PTR of 3.0 ± 0.5 s- 1 is significantly faster than N. prorocantans, which is distributed to the south, and is half the rate of syntopic N. duplocantans. PTdc of 75.1 ± 8.7% is significantly higher than all other Sequoia Group species (ANCOVA, P = 3.75×10 -4). PTF is 14.3 ± 1.0 kHz. Karyotype. (n = 4) Unique. 2n♁ = 22 (2m + 18t + XtYt). T06-12, S06-80, paratopotype. Recognition. This is a plastic species that is difficult to recognize. A higher stridulatory file tooth density (55– 59 teeth/mm) as well as larger body size will separate this species from the lower density (47–52 teeth/mm) of both N. prorocantans distributed to the south and N. duplocantans, with which it is sympatric. To the north, N. inversa has a greater stridulatory file tooth density (64–68 teeth/mm). The song PTR is faster than that of N. prorocantans but half that of N. duplocantans, whereas N. inversa sings with numerous OPT between MPT as in Sierranus Group taxa. The karyotype is unique. N. sequoia inhabits an area between the Kaweah River and Tule River watersheds, a range that it shares only with N. duplocantans. Etymology. Named after Sequoia National Park and Sequoia National Forest of the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Notes. This species is common at all localities where collected. Taxidermy of South Fork specimens showed the gut contents to be full of Cercocarpus. Collections were also made at oatmeal trails. Material examined. DETERMINED (n = 2): Tulare Co., in addition to type material (above), 1♀, Ash Mountain, Kaweah Power Station 3, 36.48606N, 118.83586W, 27-VII-1996, DJ Burdick, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Ash Mountain, Kaweah Power Station 3, 36.48606N, 118.83586W, 3-VI-1984, DJ Burdick, CAS. QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT (n = 8): Tulare Co., 2♀ nymphs, Sequoia National Park, Potwisha Campground, 36.517446N, 118.799821W, 13-VI-1923, EC VanDyke, CAS; 3♀ nymphs, same data except 13-VI-1929, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♀ nymph, same data except 27-V-1928, EC VanDyke, CAS; 1♁, 1♀ nymphs, same data except 8-V-1931, EC VanDyke, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 68-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800

Neduba prorocantans Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 19 (distribution), Fig. 28 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 3 D–E (live habitus), Plate 5H (male calling song), Plate 8E (male ventral sclerite), Plate 10H (male titillators), Plate 12F (female subgenital plate). Common name. Incessant Shieldback History of recognition. Records from Dougherty Creek, Kern River Canyon, CA (Rentz & Birchim 1968) were confused with N. sierranus. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, CA, Kern Co., Tehachapi, Water Canyon Rd., 0.15 mi. S of intersection with Highline Rd., 35.307739N, 118.021738W, elev. 1463 m, 28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, S 83-115, R83- 295 [recording], T83-46 [karyotype], 150 [teeth], 3.3 [mm file count], tegmen in gelcap and genitalia in vial below specimen, deposited at CAS, Entomology type #19681. PARATYPES (n = 30): USA, CA, Kern Co., 3♁, 1♀, same data as holotype; 6♁, Hobo Campground overflow area, 3 miles west of Bodfish on Kern River Canyon Road, 35.5752N, 118.5305W, 700 m, 23-VI-2003, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, horse trough spot, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, 34.97927N, 118.69159W, 1223 m, 3-VI-2017, L Pavliscak, LACM; 1♁, Kern River Rd. 1.1 mi. from jct. Caliente-Bodfish Rd., 35.59429N, 118.5141W, 1470 m, 21- VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 1♁, Kernville, 37 Sierra Way, 35.7561N, 118.4203W, 828 m, 26-28-VII- 2002, JA Cole, JAC; 2♁, same data except LACM; 2♁, same data except 27-VII-2004, JA Cole, LACM; 1♁, same data except 28-VII-2004, JA Cole, JAC; 1♀, Lopez Flat, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, 34.94264N, 118.63381W, 816 m, 3-VI-2017, JA Cole, K Halsey, LACM; 3♁, 1♀, Paradise Valley, Tehachapi Mountains, 34.91664N, 118.66759W, 7-VIII-1931, ER Tinkham, CAS; 1♁, Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.06861N, 118.4825W, 1470 m, 20-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM; 2♁, Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.06861N, 118.4825W, 1707 m, 28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS; 1♀, Tejon Ranch Conservancy, Indian Schoolhouse, Tejon Creek, 35.04512N, 118.67052W, 647 m, 1-IV-2018, K Moore, LACM; 4♁, Water Canyon Rd., 1.4 mi. below entrance to Tehachapi Mountain Park, 35.08258N, 118.49486W, 1571 m, 20-VII-2015, JA Cole, DB Weissman, LACM. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 14, ♀ n = 2) Hind femur ♁19.60–22.59, ♀ 22.55–23.50, pronotum total length ♁8.25–10.15, ♀ 9.25–9.65, prozona length ♁3.83–5.09, ♀ 4.54–5.65, metazona dorsal length ♁4.07–5.35 ♀ 4.00– 4.71, pronotum constriction width ♁2.44–3.50, ♀ 3.24–3.29, metazona dorsal width ♁4.99–6.80, ♀ 5.60–5.89, head width ♁4.70–5.57, ♀ 5.47–5.60, ovipositor length ♀ 8.75–9.41. Distribution. West slope of the southern Sierra Nevada south of the Tule River watershed, south to the north slope of the Tehachapi Mountains. Habitat. Forest understory, often in thick tangles of vegetation. Taken from poison oak, willow (Salix spp.), and thorny brambles in riparian areas. Nymphs were collected from under bark of fallen tree limbs and from leaf litter under a valley oak tree (Quercus lobata Née). Museum specimens (ER Tinkham, CAS) also indicate association with oaks. Seasonal occurrence. Adults collected in the field from late June (23-VI-2003, JA Cole, LACM) through August (28-VIII-1983, DB Weissman, CAS). Last instar nymph collected in early June (3-VI-2017, LA Pavliscak, LACM) matured 19-VI-2017. Stridulatory file. (n = 5) length 3.3–3.8 mm, 150–183 teeth, tooth density 49.1 ± 2.7 (45.5–52.4) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 12) A continuous train of alternating MPT and OPT delivered at PTR 2.4 ± 0.3 s- 1. The PTdc is 62.1 ± 9.7%, which is lower than that of N. sequoia (ANCOVA, P = 3.75×10 -4). The PTF is high at 15.6 ± 1.2 kHz. Karyotype. (n = 7) 2n♁ = 21 (2m + 16t + XtXtYm). T83-44, S83-115, type locality. Recognition. This is the most morphologically distinctive species of the Sierranus and Sequoia Groups. Males combine a weakly constricted pronotum and a low stridulatory file tooth density (below 53 teeth/mm), lower than all other Sierranus and Sequoia Group species except N. duplocantans (47–52 teeth/mm) which has a more strongly constricted pronotum. Females have the shortest ovipositor of any Sierranus or Sequoia Group species, 10 mm or less in length. The song has a lower PTdc than that of the related N. sequoia. The karyotype is shared only by N. inversa. This species ranges the farthest south of any Sequoia or Sierranus Group species and occurs in the Tehachapi Mountains in addition to the Sierra Nevada. Etymology. l. proro “to prolong, keep going” + cantans “singing,” describing the incessant and repetitive nature of the male calling song. Notes. This species may be common in years of adequate rainfall and scarce in dry years, during which populations are localized around water sources. During the summer of 2001, a wet year for California, katydids were abundant in the Kernville area and males were seen walking and singing on bare soil on hillsides some distance from riparian or forested areas (JAC pers. obs). Material examined. Type series only, see Type material above.

Neduba cascadia Cole, Weissman, & Lightfoot, sp. n. Fig. 9 (distribution), Fig. 17 (male and female habitus, calling song, male and female terminalia, karyotype), Plate 1 F–H (live habitus), Plate 4H (male calling song), Plate 7E (male ventral sclerite), Plate 11H (female subgenital plate). Common name. Cascade Shieldback. History of recognition. None. Type material. HOLOTYPE MALE: USA, OR, Jackson Co., Wildcat Campground, Hyatt Lake Complex, Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument, 42.18283N, 122.44775W, 1531 m, 27-29-VII-2016, JA Cole, JAC000002023 [specimen barcode], DNA218 [genomic], SING0616 [DNA extraction], JCR160727_02 [recording], 125 [teeth], 3.7 [mm stridulatory file length], tegmen in gelcap below specimen, deposited in CAS, Entomology type #19708. PARATYPES (n = 12): 5♁, same data as holotype, LACM; 4♁, same data as holotype, CAS; 1♁, same data as holotype, JAC; 1♀, same data as holotype except 28-VIII-2019, DB Weissman & DC Lightfoot, CAS; 1♀, Woodruff Meadow, 30 mi. SW Crater L., 42.885125N, 122.509206W, 6-VIII-1960, JR Helfer, CAS. Measurements. (mm, ♁n = 7, ♀ n = 1) Hind femur ♁18.05–18.95 ♀ 19.91, pronotum total length ♁9.20–9.81, ♀ 8.85, prozona length ♁3.01–4.65, ♀ 4.55, metazona dorsal length ♁5.10–6.80, ♀ 4.30, pronotum constriction width ♁2.07–2.30, ♀ 2.55, metazona dorsal width ♁6.50–7.25, ♀ 6.49, head width ♁4.10–4.68, ♀ 5.02, ovipositor length ♀ 16.00. Distribution. Southern Cascade and Siskiyou mountain ranges of southern Oregon. Habitat. Understory and edges of coniferous forest. Seasonal occurrence. Scant records are from mid-July through late August. Adult activity probably lasts from midsummer through fall until first frosts. Stridulatory file. (n = 4) length 3.4–3.7 mm, 125–133 teeth, tooth density 36.7 ± 2.1 (33.8–38.8) teeth/mm. Song. (n = 6) Typical Convexa Clade “zwee-zwee” song type but with a significantly slower PTR of 1.8± 0.1 s- 1 (ANCOVA P = 1.08×10 -5) and longer MPTL of 498.2 ± 65.5 ms (ANCOVA P = 4.27×10 -11) than all other Convexa Clade taxa. PTF is 13.9 ± 2.2 kHz. Karyotype. (n=2) 2n♁ = 26 (2m + 22t + Xt +Yt) T19-16, S19-90, paratopotype. Recognition. The male ventral sclerite of N. cascadia has a blunt apex with scattered large tubercles and a short lateral process that blends into the shaft by an obtuse angle. This contrasts with N. convexa and N. longiplutea, both distributed to the south, which have the ventral sclerite apex low if not flat and a long lateral process with numerous fine tubercles that are arranged in rows. N. steindachneri to the north has a mushroom-shaped ventral sclerite with few large tubercles and a blunt, recurved lateral process. The female subgenital plate is unique among the Convexa Clade in having straight apical margins. The slow PTR separates the song of N. cascadia from all other Carinata Group species; N. steindachneri to the north has the fastest PTR in this species Group. Etymology. cascadia, reflecting the southern Cascade Range distribution. Notes. The distribution of this species lies between that of N. steindachneri to the north and N. convexa to the south. Further studies are needed to determine the limits of the ranges of northern Carinata Group taxa. Museum specimens from intermediate localities are nymphs and are only tentatively identified as this species. The calling songs and genitalia of all three species differ, so sympatry may be expected if these differences confer reproductive isolation. That calling song extremes of PTR occur in two species with adjacent ranges suggests prezygotic reproductive isolation mediated by calling song. Material examined. In addition to type material (above), QUESTIONABLE PLACEMENT (n = 3): USA, OR, Jackson Co., 2♀ nymphs, Little Applegate River, 42.198722N, 123.045356W, 701 m, 6-VIII-1950, B Malkin, CAS; 1♀ nymph, Union Creek, 42.906905N, 122.445598W, 7-31-VIII-1950, B Malkin, CAS., Published as part of Cole, Jeffrey A., Weissman, David B., Lightfoot, David C., Ueshima, Norihiro, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Maryańska-Nadachowska, Anna & Chatfield-Taylor, Will, 2021, A revision of the shield-back katydid genus Neduba (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Nedubini), pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 4910 (1) on pages 42-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4910.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4448800