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Vadina gen. nov. Type species: Castnia hodeei Oberthür, 1881, by present designation. Diagnosis: Vadina is a monotypic genus (Fig. 10); the type species is a medium-sized moth with much more rounded forewings than Amauta spp., and the termen is decidedly convex. Males have largely black forewings with just a hint of a white postmedian band, often just a couple of dots; this band tends to be more pronounced in Vadina hodeei kruegeri (Figs. 10D, E) than in the nominotypical subspecies (Figs. 10A–C). The hindwing is black with a small red patch at the anal angle, alongside this patch are a couple of small white patches in ssp. hodeei and a much larger white spot in ssp. kruegeri. Females have a black forewing with a postmedian white band which is only hinted at in the male, this band is narrow in ssp. kruegeri, but much wider in ssp. hodeei. The female hindwing, like that of the male, is black with a small red patch at the anal angle, however, alongside this patch is a white band that continues nearly up to the costa; this is quite wide in ssp. hodeei but much narrower in ssp. kruegeri. There are a series of five red extradiscal spots on the hindwing with just a hint of extradiscal spots on the forewing, although one specimen of ssp. kruegeri we have seen has eight very distinct red spots on the forewing. The ventral surface of the V. hodeei female is dark brown, and the pattern mirrors the dorsal surface, although the bands on all four wings are wider. In the male, the forewing is dark brown, and the pattern mirrors the dorsal surface with the addition of a row of extradiscal orange spots, strong in ssp. hodeei but fading away in ssp. kruegeri (fig. 12E). The hindwing lacks the white markings of the dorsal surface and there is a strong postmedian row of orange spots with a weaker extradiscal row; like the female, these are much stronger in ssp. hodeei than in ssp. kruegeri. Focusing on wing colouration alone, sexual dimorphism is evident in Amauta, Telchin and Vadina, but not so well expressed in Divana. Wing morphology and venation also help discern similarities and differences among the four genera, thus separating them. Vadina, Divana and Telchin are medium-sized moths, but they are smaller (~60–65%) than Amauta. Forewings of Amauta are almost 1/3 larger than Vadina, Divana, and Telchin (Forewing length: Vadina, Divana and Telchin: 60–80 mm; Amauta: 100–140 mm). Forewings of Vadina (Fig. 2B) are noticeably curved along the costa and at the apex of the outer margin, while they are only slightly curved along the costa and near the apex of the outer margin in Telchin (Fig. 2D). The costal margin of Divana (Fig. 2C) is slightly curved, as is the outer margin, similar to Vadina. The forewings in Amauta are broad and only slightly rounded along the distal third of the forewing costa, the outer margin is almost straight (Fig. 2A). Whilst a lobe is present in the anal margin of all four genera, it is certainly more pronounced in Vadina, than in the other three, especially in the area in front of the union of 1A with 2A (Figs. 2A–D). A radial accessory cell is present in Amauta, Vadina and Divana, but not in Telchin; the discal cell is closed in Amauta, Vadina and Telchin, but not completely in Divana (Figs. 2A–D). Males of Vadina, possess a moderately sclerotised genital capsule, while in Telchin and Amauta it ranges between moderately and heavily sclerotised. Vadina possesses the uncus and anterior section of gnathos apophysis slightly sclerotised, more so than the tegumen. Uncus short, divided, with arms laterad and barely developed socii; all lightly sclerotised, almost membranous distad, and gnathos moderately sclerotised in Divana. Uncus in Amauta has a bulbous protuberance and uncus is fused with the socii in Telchin, features that are not present in Vadina and Divana. Uncus is slightly sclerotised in Telchin, with an inflection in the lateral margins, such an inflection is barely noticeable in Vadina, whilst in Amauta, the uncus curves (Figs. 4A–H, 5E–F). Gnathos in Vadina is bifid anteriad and lightly sclerotised, but in Telchin, besides being bifid, it is heavily sclerotised with its dorsal arm prominent, and the ventral one reduced; in Amauta it is also bifid anteriad, but lightly sclerotised. Ventral margin of valva slightly concave in Vadina, while in Telchin is tenuously excavated and in Amauta is predominantly lobate with sacculus emarginate and recurved setiferous lobe ventrad (Figs. 4A–H, 5E–F). Phallus slightly sclerotised and slightly to moderately curved distally, having a distal section slightly larger than the coecum, with the terminal portion of shaft wider than the rest of the phallus and not contorted (Figs. 4G–H). Telchin has heavily sclerotised, strong, contorted distal section of phallus, which is double the size of the coecum. Tip of the phallus highly ornamented with several membranous intersections (Figs. 5E–F). In the case of Amauta, the phallus is deeply curved, with most species having a slightly hardened ejaculatory bulb (Figs. 4A, C–F). Divana with phallus moderately sclerotised, with distal section about ¾ the length of the coecum (Figs. 5A–D). Phallus is slightly contorted, sinuated, ending in a somewhat bifurcate plate at the tip, with a membranous dextral view and vesica everted bearing minute cornuti. The tip of the phallus of Divana is slightly ornamented, not as much as Telchin, but more than what can be seen in Vadina (Figs. 4G–H, 5A–F). Etymology: The name Vadina is an anagram of Divana, continuing the tradition started by Oiticica (1955) of using anagrams of existing genera for new ones. Remarks: Vadina hodeei appears to have a vestigial male retinaculum but it is very small and probably nonfunctional, unlike any other genus in the family (Fig. 1A), the male retinaculum and genitalia together with the wing venation make it possibly closer to Divana (in which the subcostal retinaculum is absent) than to Amauta or Telchin. However, the wing venation (Fig. 2B) and particularly the male genitalia (Figs. 4G, H & male genitalia below) in V. hodeei are very different from either of these genera., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 305-306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1881) Lepidopteres d'Amerique. Etudes d'Entomologie, 6, xxv - xxvi + 27 - 38, pls. 4 - 6 + 10.","Oiticica Filho, J. (1955) Revisao dos nomes genericos sul-americanos da subfamilia Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 3, 137 - 167."]}

jeanneei (Rebel, 1915) (Fig. 7A) “ Castnia jeanneei nov. spec. (♂)” Rebel, 1915, Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 65 (9/10): (214)–(216), fig. 3 [Sitzungsberichte]. Type material: Described from a single male specimen designated as type (fig. 7A). According to Rebel (1915), this subspecies is very similar to cacica, but the forewing yellowish-cream bands are narrower. The hindwing orange band is broader in cacica. The holotype was originally in the collection of Dr. Josef Jeannée (Vienna), but we have no information about the whereabouts of his collection. We could not find it in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna. Type locality: Peru. Rebel provides no more details on the locality so it cannot be further pinpointed. G. Lamas (pers. comm.) considers that “ Peru ”, as the type locality, is “almost certainly erroneous” [“…la localidad tipo (“ Peru ”) es casi seguramente errónea.”]. Taxonomic status: A junior subjective synonym of Castnia angusta H. Druce, 1907. Originally described as a species, not mentioned by Miller (1995) but synonymised by Lamas (1995). Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: “ Peru ”. Discussion: Rebel (1915) compares his new taxon with Amauta cacica rather than A. angusta (or oberthueri). He was clearly unaware of these latter taxa otherwise he would surely have realised that this was what he had in front of him. Material examined: As the type could not be found, only the black and white illustration in Rebel (1915) was examined., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 329-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Rebel, H. (1915) [Notes]. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 65 (9 / 10), 211 - 216, 3 figs.","Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (120), 505 - 506.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87."]}

amethystina (Houlbert, 1917) (Figs. 8A, B) “ Castnia Amethystina ♀, sp. nov. ” Houlbert, 1917, Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 13: 54–55. Type material: Described from a single male, not a female as stated in the original description (cf. Houlbert, 1917, 1918), which is the holotype by monotypy (Fig. 8A). At the time of description, it was in the collection of Charles Oberthür (1845–1924), it is now in NHMUK. Type locality: Panama. No more information is available from either Houlbert’s writings or the specimen labels. Taxonomic status: A weakly defined subspecies of Amauta papilionaris (Walker, [1865]) closest to the south Peruvian-Bolivian populations known as ssp. lionela, the two possibly forming a so-called polytopic subspecies (cf. Mayr 1963, 1969; Zilli 1996). Originally described as a species but sunk to a subspecies of A. papilionaris by Miller (1995). Male genitalia: Uncus simple with wide and almost rounded apex. Gnathos sclerotised, bifid anteriad; tip level with or slightly exceeding uncus. Cucullus and valvula slightly rounded apically. Valvae are distinct, short, and wide. Ventral margin of valvae sharply cut. Sacculus projected and continues with the arms of the saccus. Anterior projection of saccus quite long. Vinculum semi-circular, small, crescent-shaped. Phallus curved, with distal section about three times the length of coecum, narrowed beyond junction with coecum, then slightly curved, with subterminal portion enlarged, rounded, and slightly contorted. Apex of phallus with a terminal, sclerotised section. The vesica opens to the left near end of the phallus. Distribution: Specimens are only known from Panama and Costa Rica (Limón province). Specimens from Colombia and Venezuela appear to be Amauta p. papilionaris (see papilionaris below) (Fig. 14). Discussion: Houlbert (1917) picks out the darker ground colour and the much smaller forewing white discal spot as the main differentiating features for this subspecies. His conclusion is hardly surprising as he was comparing the type with Westwood’s (1877) stylised figure of papilionaris (Fig. 8C). The actual holotype of A. papilionaris (Fig. 8D) (and all other specimens examined) have a much darker ground colour than Westwood’s figure, the same as in amethystina, and the discal spot is variable in size, many being the same size as in amethystina. Westwood’s figure exaggerates the width of the forewing pale yellow postmedian band and the size of the discal spot. The holotype of amethystina has a much broader forewing band than papilionaris and is in fact analogous to the southernmost subspecies of papilionaris – lionela. The hindwing blue postmedian band is of variable width in all populations but there is a suggestion that it is slightly narrower in amethystina. We have recently found a second specimen of amethystina from Costa Rica in CAS (Fig. 8B), which is in good agreement with the general appearance of the holotype. The differences in these two specimens compared with nominotypical papilionaris are considered to be enough to provisionally accept the subspecific separation of amethystina. More specimens are needed to confirm this. Rothschild (1919) stated that amethystina differs from papilionaris papilionaris by its small size and narrow blue postmedian band on the hindwings. However, as previously mentioned these are variable features and can also be found in many specimens of p. papilionaris. Rothschild also stated that he had one male of amethystina from Merida, Venezuela collected by Salomón Briceño (1826–1912); this specimen is now in NHMUK and appears not to be any different from A. p. papilionaris. Apolinar María (1945) figures a specimen (in colour) that he calls Amauta amethystina Hlb. possibly the first time that specific epithet is used in the Colombian lepidopterological literature. This same specimen is mentioned from years prior “…we received a beautiful specimen of Castnia papilionaris Wkr. from…, El Baldío. [… a town of recent foundation in the Eastern Cordillera of Bogotá] … the moth appears darker than the one [of papilionaris in Strand] …. Another very notable difference is the complete absence, in the insect that is in our collection, of the yellow discal spot that appears in the forewing of typical specimens.” (Apolinar María 1915). The illustrated specimen seems to be A. p. papilionaris. Material examined: In addition to the holotype, 1♂ Limón, Provincia de Limón, Costa Rica, Nicholas Zakharoff (CAS), was examined for this study. For comparison, several specimens from Colombia and Venezuela were also examined., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 321-322, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242.","Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, xiv + 797 pp.","Mayr, E. (1969) Principles of systematic zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, xi + 428 pp.","Zilli, A. (1996) Colour polymorphism of Callimorpha dominula (Linnaeus, 1758) in Italy, and the problem of polytopic subspecies (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Callimorphinae). Mitteilungen der Munchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 86, 79 - 98.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33.","Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27."]}

cacica (Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]) (Figs. 6D, E) “ Castnia cacica H-S.” Herrich-Schäffer, [1854], Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge: wrapper, pl. [30], fig. 143 [1854]; 56, 79 [1858]. Type material: Boisduval ([1875]) states that he lent his material of Castniidae to Gottlieb August Wilhelm HerrichSchäffer (1799–1874) and it was on that material that most of Herrich-Schäffer’s list of 1854 was based. At the time there were two females of Amauta cacica in Jean Baptiste Boisduval’s (1799–1879) collection (Houlbert 1918), so these specimens are syntypes; both of these syntypes passed via Oberthür to NHMUK. The specimen illustrated on pl. [30], fig. 143 could be regarded as the holotype by monotypy, but as it was a stylised painting there is no way to tell which of the two syntypes it was. The Code also allows for any evidence, published or unpublished, to be taken into account to determine what specimens constitute the type series (Art. 72.4.1.1). We know from Boisduval ([1875]) that he lent his material to Herrich-Schäffer, and we know from Houlbert (1918) that there were two females, so it’s reasonable to regard both specimens as syntypes. One of the syntypes has had a red label added which reads: LECTOTYPE / Castnia / cacica / Boisduval / designated by: / Jacqueline Y. Miller / 1977 (Fig. 6E). The lectotype designation appears not to have been published and we can see no legitimate reason for doing so, therefore both specimens remain syntypes, regardless of the label. Type locality: Given by Herrich-Schäffer as “Mont. Columb.” = mountains of Colombia. However, Boisduval ([1875]) provides further information, stating that “Nous avons reçu cette rare espèce de Goudot ainé, qui a trouvé accouplés le mâle et la femelle sur les bords de la Magdalena, en Colombie”. So, he received the specimens from the French explorer and naturalist-collector Justin Goudot (1802–1850) who found them in copula on the banks of the River Magdalena in Colombia. As the specimens are both females, they clearly cannot have been found in copula but were probably captured resting or in some other activity close to each other, confusing the collector. The type locality is certainly the River Magdalena, Colombia. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Amauta. Male genitalia: (Fig. 4B) Uncus simple, almost quadrate, slightly produced ventrad and with posterior margin unbent. Socii fused with uncus. Gnathos sclerotised, bifid anteriad, and excavate and dentate posteriad. Cucullus and valvula quadrate, with ventral margin of valva oblique, with a somewhat recurved lobe ventrad. Sacculus projected and fused and continuous with saccus arms. Phallus moderately sclerotised, with similar diameter throughout its entire length; its distal section moderately curved, very slightly contorted, double the length of coecum. Phallus possesses a characteristic adornment at its terminal portion with membranous projections of the vesica. Distribution: The species seems to be mostly confined to the Magdalena valley in Colombia. We have only seen reliable records from Boyacá department, we also know of records from Bogotá, Cauca and Valle del Cauca, but these localities seem doubtful (Fig. 13). Discussion: The name Castnia cacica appeared for the first time printed on the wrappers for part 7 of the first series (moths) of the plates of the first volume of Herrich-Schäffer’s Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge, as the unnumbered plates bear no names, only numbers for the figures. Part 7 was published first [May 1854], whereas the relevant text (pp. 53–84) was published later [April 1858]. Häuser et al. (2003) provided rationale why the combination of plates and their wrappers make this and similarly coined names available from the dates of their issue and reviewed the complex publishing history and dating of Herrich-Schäffer’s Sammlung […] aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge. In recent works the taxa procera (Boisduval, [1875]) and angusta (H. Druce, 1907) have been treated as subspecies of A. cacica but dissection of the male genitalia proves them to be separate species. Material examined: For this study, as well as the types, we have examined 30 males and 49 females from Colombia, mainly from the Magdalena Valley., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242.","Hauser, C. L., Bartsch, D., Holstein, J. & Steiner, A. (2003) The Lepidoptera type material of G. A. W. Herrich-Schaffer in the Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 657, 1 - 78.","Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (120), 505 - 506."]}

Vadina gen. nov. Type species: Castnia hodeei Oberthür, 1881, by present designation. Diagnosis: Vadina is a monotypic genus (Fig. 10); the type species is a medium-sized moth with much more rounded forewings than Amauta spp., and the termen is decidedly convex. Males have largely black forewings with just a hint of a white postmedian band, often just a couple of dots; this band tends to be more pronounced in Vadina hodeei kruegeri (Figs. 10D, E) than in the nominotypical subspecies (Figs. 10A–C). The hindwing is black with a small red patch at the anal angle, alongside this patch are a couple of small white patches in ssp. hodeei and a much larger white spot in ssp. kruegeri. Females have a black forewing with a postmedian white band which is only hinted at in the male, this band is narrow in ssp. kruegeri, but much wider in ssp. hodeei. The female hindwing, like that of the male, is black with a small red patch at the anal angle, however, alongside this patch is a white band that continues nearly up to the costa; this is quite wide in ssp. hodeei but much narrower in ssp. kruegeri. There are a series of five red extradiscal spots on the hindwing with just a hint of extradiscal spots on the forewing, although one specimen of ssp. kruegeri we have seen has eight very distinct red spots on the forewing. The ventral surface of the V. hodeei female is dark brown, and the pattern mirrors the dorsal surface, although the bands on all four wings are wider. In the male, the forewing is dark brown, and the pattern mirrors the dorsal surface with the addition of a row of extradiscal orange spots, strong in ssp. hodeei but fading away in ssp. kruegeri (fig. 12E). The hindwing lacks the white markings of the dorsal surface and there is a strong postmedian row of orange spots with a weaker extradiscal row; like the female, these are much stronger in ssp. hodeei than in ssp. kruegeri. Focusing on wing colouration alone, sexual dimorphism is evident in Amauta, Telchin and Vadina, but not so well expressed in Divana. Wing morphology and venation also help discern similarities and differences among the four genera, thus separating them. Vadina, Divana and Telchin are medium-sized moths, but they are smaller (~60–65%) than Amauta. Forewings of Amauta are almost 1/3 larger than Vadina, Divana, and Telchin (Forewing length: Vadina, Divana and Telchin: 60–80 mm; Amauta: 100–140 mm). Forewings of Vadina (Fig. 2B) are noticeably curved along the costa and at the apex of the outer margin, while they are only slightly curved along the costa and near the apex of the outer margin in Telchin (Fig. 2D). The costal margin of Divana (Fig. 2C) is slightly curved, as is the outer margin, similar to Vadina. The forewings in Amauta are broad and only slightly rounded along the distal third of the forewing costa, the outer margin is almost straight (Fig. 2A). Whilst a lobe is present in the anal margin of all four genera, it is certainly more pronounced in Vadina, than in the other three, especially in the area in front of the union of 1A with 2A (Figs. 2A–D). A radial accessory cell is present in Amauta, Vadina and Divana, but not in Telchin; the discal cell is closed in Amauta, Vadina and Telchin, but not completely in Divana (Figs. 2A–D). Males of Vadina, possess a moderately sclerotised genital capsule, while in Telchin and Amauta it ranges between moderately and heavily sclerotised. Vadina possesses the uncus and anterior section of gnathos apophysis slightly sclerotised, more so than the tegumen. Uncus short, divided, with arms laterad and barely developed socii; all lightly sclerotised, almost membranous distad, and gnathos moderately sclerotised in Divana. Uncus in Amauta has a bulbous protuberance and uncus is fused with the socii in Telchin, features that are not present in Vadina and Divana. Uncus is slightly sclerotised in Telchin, with an inflection in the lateral margins, such an inflection is barely noticeable in Vadina, whilst in Amauta, the uncus curves (Figs. 4A–H, 5E–F). Gnathos in Vadina is bifid anteriad and lightly sclerotised, but in Telchin, besides being bifid, it is heavily sclerotised with its dorsal arm prominent, and the ventral one reduced; in Amauta it is also bifid anteriad, but lightly sclerotised. Ventral margin of valva slightly concave in Vadina, while in Telchin is tenuously excavated and in Amauta is predominantly lobate with sacculus emarginate and recurved setiferous lobe ventrad (Figs. 4A–H, 5E–F). Phallus slightly sclerotised and slightly to moderately curved distally, having a distal section slightly larger than the coecum, with the terminal portion of shaft wider than the rest of the phallus and not contorted (Figs. 4G–H). Telchin has heavily sclerotised, strong, contorted distal section of phallus, which is double the size of the coecum. Tip of the phallus highly ornamented with several membranous intersections (Figs. 5E–F). In the case of Amauta, the phallus is deeply curved, with most species having a slightly hardened ejaculatory bulb (Figs. 4A, C–F). Divana with phallus moderately sclerotised, with distal section about ¾ the length of the coecum (Figs. 5A–D). Phallus is slightly contorted, sinuated, ending in a somewhat bifurcate plate at the tip, with a membranous dextral view and vesica everted bearing minute cornuti. The tip of the phallus of Divana is slightly ornamented, not as much as Telchin, but more than what can be seen in Vadina (Figs. 4G–H, 5A–F). Etymology: The name Vadina is an anagram of Divana, continuing the tradition started by Oiticica (1955) of using anagrams of existing genera for new ones. Remarks: Vadina hodeei appears to have a vestigial male retinaculum but it is very small and probably nonfunctional, unlike any other genus in the family (Fig. 1A), the male retinaculum and genitalia together with the wing venation make it possibly closer to Divana (in which the subcostal retinaculum is absent) than to Amauta or Telchin. However, the wing venation (Fig. 2B) and particularly the male genitalia (Figs. 4G, H & male genitalia below) in V. hodeei are very different from either of these genera.

strandiata (Röber, 1927) “ Castnia Strandiata n.nov. ” Röber, 1927, Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 21 (14): 107. Type material: Castnia strandiata assumes the holotype of Castnia strandi Röber, 1927, because it is a replacement name (see strandi). Type locality: See strandi. Taxonomic status: Castnia strandiata is a replacement name for the homonymic “ Castnia Strandi ” Röber, 1927. Johannes Röber (1861–1942) immediately realised his mistake in proposing a homonymic name and proposed a replacement in a subsequent publication later that year (Röber 1927b). Originally described as a species, not mentioned by Miller (1995) but synonymised by Lamas (1995). Male genitalia: See strandi. Distribution: See strandi., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Rober, J. (1927 b) Neue exotische Falter. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 21 (14), 105 - 107.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87."]}

procera (Boisduval, [1875]) (Figs. 6A–C) “ C. PROCERA. Boisd.” Boisduval, [1875], Species générale des Lépidoptères Hétérocères. Tome premier: Sphingides, Sésiides, Castnides: 503. Type material: Described from a single female which was a gift from M. de l’Orza (Fig. 6B). It bears the labels: Procera Bd / Mexiq, Castnia Procera / Bdv. (ex coll. Bdv.) / Mexique, ex coll. / Ch. Oberthür, and 10. C. procera / Mexico. This specimen is the holotype by monotypy and is now in NHMUK. Type locality: Boisduval states that Monsieur Paul de l’Orza received the type specimen from Guatemala, however, the type is in NHMUK and is clearly labelled “ Mexico ”. González (2008) listed it from that country based on this specimen. To our knowledge, the species has never been found as far north as Mexico and this is confirmed by local collectors who do not consider it to be a Mexican species (Jesús García pers. comm.), neither are there any recent records from Guatemala. The type locality is therefore in doubt. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Amauta. It was originally described as a species by Boisduval ([1875]) but treated as a subspecies of A. cacica by Miller (1995) and Lamas (1995). It is here restored as a valid species, stat. rest. Male genitalia: (Fig. 4A) Uncus simple, with a quadrate apex, as moderately sclerotized as the gnathos apophysis and the integument. Gnathos sclerotised, bifid anteriad and excavate. Cucullus and valvula slightly rounded and pointed ventrally, with ventral margin slightly concave. Sacculus not prominent. Distal section of phallus about four times the length of coecum and as wide as this at junction and basally, then slightly tapered up to the beginning of its middle section. From here to the apex, the phallus is of uniform width (very slightly tapered), except for the presence of two protuberances, one, at the beginning of the subterminal section and pointing to the exterior of the phallus. The second protuberance points towards the coecum and is present in the middle section between the first protuberance and the apex of the phallus. Small vesical protrusions may be noticed at the apex. Such a genitalia configuration, and specifically the phallus, has more similarities with angusta than with nominotypical cacica (see angusta and cacica above). Distribution: There are many records of this subspecies from Costa Rica (Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas provinces) and Panama (all known records are from Chiriquí province), and very few from Honduras and Nicaragua, but none that we would consider reliable from any other countries. Houlbert (1918) mentions it from Guatemala collected in “Polochic Valley, San Juan” (which is probably Finca San Juan in Senahú, Alta Verapaz). Rothschild (1919) confirms that at the Tring Museum (now in NHMUK) there is “ 1♀, [from] Guatemala [collected by Osbert] Salvin” and it was originally in “Coll. Felder” (González & Hernández-Baz 2012); this specimen cannot be found in NHMUK. There is another male in NHMUK, ex Lehman coll., which has a printed label “ C. procera Mexico ”, but this appears to be a cabinet label showing the name of the species and the type locality and is not considered to be a locality label. We have seen specimens which appear to represent this subspecies labelled “ Mexico ”, “ Guatemala ”, and even “ Brazil ” but without any more precise data. In the absence of any corroborating evidence, these must be considered unreliable (Fig. 13). Discussion: This taxon has long been treated as a subspecies of Amauta cacica to which it is superficially similar, but comparison of the male genitalia shows that is clearly a separate species by the configuration of uncus, tegumen, valva, vinculum and phallus. The principal differences in wing pattern from A. cacica are that cacica usually has the forewing discal spot outlined in white whereas in procera it is only black, and procera usually only has four orange extradiscal spots on the hindwing whereas cacica always has five. Also, procera is on average larger than cacica. Material examined: For this study, as well as the holotype, we have examined 13 males and 11 females from Panama, 19 males and 17 females from Costa Rica, and 32 males and 10 females for which we do not have locality data. We have also studied 7 males and 3 females from other Central American countries as follows: HONDURAS: 1♂ CURLA Camp 8km W 5km S La Ceiba, Rio Bonito, Atlántida, 150m., 15° 42’ 05.84”N 86° 50’ 48.76”W, 1/VI/2002, F. Martínez (CURLA); 1♂ Estación CURLA, Rio Bonito, Atlántida, 175m., 15° 42’N 86° 51’W, 30/ IX/2001, F. Martínez (EAPZ); 1♂ Centro ambiental Los Planes (Cascada), Meambar, Comayagua, 500m., 25/ IV/1997, G Borjas; 1♀ no data (UNAH); 1♂ Atlantida 12 km W. of La Ceiba, Pico Bonito 250 m, VII-1986, R Lehman leg. NICARAGUA: 1♂ Eden, 14° 0’N 84° 26’W, Th. W. Bouchelle, V-IX-1992 (ANS); 1♂ idem; 1♂ Great Falls, PisPis River, 10miles NW Eden, Wharton Huber, V-6-1922; 1♀ idem V-2-1922; 1♀ Cerro Kilambe, Regreso 4, 1404m, 10/17.V.98, J. M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 333-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242.","Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la Familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. & Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, pp. 145 - 153."]}

Identification key to Amauta, Vadina and Divana species/subspecies: 1 No purple flush or orange border on hindwing.............................................................. 2 - Hindwing flushed purple with orange border................................................................ 8 2 No postmedian line on forewing......................................................................... 3 - Postmedian line on forewing............................................................................ 4 3 Large white spot at anal angle of hindwing............................................... male V. hodeei kruegeri - Small white spot at anal angle of hindwing................................................ male V. hodeei hodeei 4 Hindwing postmedian band white........................................................................ 5 - Hindwing postmedian band orange....................................................................... 6 - Hindwing postmedian band yellow............................................................... A. angusta - Hindwing postmedian band blue......................................................................... 7 5 Postmedian bands on all four wings very narrow........................................ female V. hodeei kruegeri - Postmedian bands on all four wings wider................................................ female V. hodeei hodeei 6 Forewing discal spot outlined in white; five extradiscal orange spots on hindwing........................... A. cacica - Forewing discal spot not outlined in white; four or rarely five extradiscal orange spots on hindwing............ A. procera 7 Forewing postmedian line very narrow; hindwing postmedian band wide................... A. papilionaris papilionaris - Forewing postmedian line wider; hindwing postmedian band narrower............... A. papilionaris amethystina /lionela 8 Forewing predominantly dark brown...................................................................... 9 - Forewing brown with wide pale diagonal band through discal area............................................. 10 9 Orange border on hindwing consistently wide, reaching tornus.................................. male D. diva hoppi - Orange border on hindwing tapering, not reaching tornus........................................ male D. diva diva 10 Orange border on hindwing unbroken......................................................... D. diva tricolor - Orange border on hindwing broken by black veins.......................................................... 11 11 Orange border on hindwing broken by black veins, forewing apex quite rounded.................... female D. diva diva - Orange border on hindwing little more than orange spots, forewing apex distinctly hooked........... female D. diva hoppi, Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442

hoppi (Hering, 1923) (Figs. 11H, I) “ Castnia (Cyanostola) hoppi Mart. Hering sp.n. ” Hering, 1923, Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift “ Iris ” 37 (1/2): 17–18. Type material: The taxon was described from a single male, which is the holotype by monotypy. Gerardo Lamas (pers. comm.) has investigated this and provided the following information: there is a specimen in ETHZ which has an orange “Type” label, like many types in MfN, which has long been regarded as the type. This specimen was apparently sold by Bang-Haas to Biedermann in 1927 and carries another label reading “ Castnia / hoppi m typus! ♂ / det Mart Hering, which is typical of Hering labels in MfN. It also has a label reading “Buenavista, Barbacoas / Westküste, 900mtr. / Colombia / 15 Juli 22.”; as the type was collected at 700m. in 1921 this is not likely to be the type. There is a specimen in MfN, which does not bear a Type label, but has a hand-written label in very faint pencil which is only just legible, reading “Buenavista / 700mt / 13 Juli 1921 ”, it also carries a printed green label reading “Columbien / Dr. A. Scultze (sic!) S. G.”, this last label is probably spurious as it was Werner Hopp who collected the specimen, not Dr Schultze. As Hering used to work in Berlin, we assume that this MfN specimen is the true type and that Hering misread the date from the label when he mentioned “15 Juli” in the description. It is very possible that the determination labels were switched between the specimen now in MfN and that in ETHZ. There are also three males in NHMUK which have been provided with cotype or paratype labels by some misguided past curator, these are all from Rio Micay so cannot be types. Type locality: Given by Hering (1923) as “Colombien, West-küste; Buena visto (sic), am 15. Juli 1921 in 700 m Höhe gef”. Buenavista is in Barbacoas municipality in Nariño department in south-west Colombia. Taxonomic status: A subspecies of Divana diva (Butler, 1870). Originally described as a species, treated as a subspecies of tricolor by Miller (1995), Lamas (1995) sunk both tricolor and hoppi to subspecies of diva, an arrangement we follow. Male genitalia: (Fig. 5D) As in Divana diva diva, the uncus of diva hoppi is shortened in relation to the tegumen. The latter is not as rounded, but socii are also weakly developed. Subscaphium slightly sclerotised basad, and membranous distad. Gnathos is recurved and moderately sclerotised. Valvae are lobate, with numerous setae (not shown in drawing), and shorter when compared with diva diva. Sacculus is also weakly developed with a large setal tuft (not shown in drawing). Saccus blunt. Phallus as in nominotypical subspecies, with distal section stouter, more incrassate and contorted. Vesica spontaneously everted in our preparation, bearing minute spinous cornuti. Even though the male genitalia of diva hoppi is slightly different from diva diva (Figs. 5A, B), it is easy to see that they have a close resemblance. They differ from those of typical Telchin (Figs. 5E, F). Distribution: This is the south-western subspecies of Divana diva. All Colombian specimens have been collected on the western slopes of the Western Cordillera, with records from Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño departments (Vinciguerra 2010; J. Salazar, pers. comm.). This cordillera continues south into the Western Cordillera of Ecuador; all the Ecuadorian specimens have been collected west of this cordillera in Esmeraldas and Carchi provinces (Fig. 16). Discussion: Although it was originally thought that hoppi was an endemic subspecies from south-west Colombia, the advent of reliable north-western Ecuadorian specimens quickly changed such a notion (Vinciguerra 2011). Unfortunately, not much is known of the species, and this subspecies is even more mysterious. Material examined: 24 males and 8 females were examined for this study. As well as the “type”, we have examined COLOMBIA: 2♂ Kolumb, Rio Micai – Joly, 23.5- 18.6.1924, Werner Hopp [one of these specimens bears a Bang-Haas co-type label but cannot be a type because of the collecting locality, it also has labels stating it was determined and dissected by J.Y. Miller]; 1♂ Rio Micay, (Rio Dagua), ex Joicey [this specimen bears spurious cotype and paratype labels]; 1♂ Micay, 400mts, Januar 1925, ex Joicey [this specimen also bears a spurious paratype label]; 1♀ Rio Dagua, ex Kruger 5/3/1929 (NHMUK); 1♂ Tatabro, 200 m., 12.X.1994, leg. L M Constantino; 1♂ Alto Anchicayá, 800 m., 28.XII.1987, leg. L M Constantino; 1♀ idem, 15.I.1988 (LC). ECUADOR: 1♂ Auambi, VI/2013; 2♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, VIII/2012; 1♂ idem, X/2015; 1♀ idem, VII/2014; 1♀ idem, 10/II/2016 (DC); 3♂♂ Rio Chuchuvi, Lita via San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas, October 2017; 1♂ idem, April 2016; 1♂ idem, June 2016; 2♂♂ idem, 800 mts., May 2017; 1♂ idem, July 2016; 1♂ Durango, Lita via San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas, 500mts., April 2009; 1♂ Rio Mera, Sabolera, Carchi, 450mts., June 2014 (HG); 1♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, 11/VIII/2009 (RV); 1♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, VI/2013; 1♂ idem, VIII/2013; 1♂ idem, 550m, IX/2013; 1♀ idem, V/2015; 1♀ idem, 800m, IV/2013 (RW)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 328-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Hering, E. R. M. (1923) Neue Cossiden und Castniiden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift \" Iris \", 37 (1 / 2), 11 - 19.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Vinciguerra, R. (2010) Osservazioni sulla distribuzione di Divana diva hoppi (Hering, 1923) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 379 - 383.","Vinciguerra, R. (2011) Notes on the distribution of Castnia invaria penelope Schaufuss, 1870 (Lepidoptera, Castniidae. Biodiversity Journal, 2 (3), 149 - 150."]}

velutina (Houlbert, 1917) (Figs. 9A, B) “ Castnia Velutina, sp. nov. ” Houlbert, 1917, Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 13: 56–57. Type material: Houlbert (1917) does not state the number of type specimens but mentions males, therefore the type series must consist of more than one male. He does not mention female characters in the description but neither does he exclude them, so it is possible that the type series also contained at least one female. In NHMUK there are two males and one female that have printed labels, presumably provided by Oberthür, reading: “D’un envoi fait de Guayaquil, par Erich Feyer à Carl Zacher d’Erfurt, saisi en mer sur le vapeur italien “ Sienna ” et vendu à Toulon par le service des prises le 7-10-1915 en exécution du décret du 18-3-1915.”. They also have syntype labels, so they are considered to be syntypic (Figs. 9A, B). Type locality: Houlbert (1917) states “Cette espèce a été reçu de Guayaquil qui est, comme on le sait, le grand port d’exportation de la République de l’Equateur; mais il est probable qu’elle vient de l’intérieur du pays, c’est-àdire des régions sylvatiques situées à l’est de la chaîne des Andes”. So, as Guayaquil is a large port and unlikely to be the original provenance of the specimens, he surmises that they must come from the interior of the country, that is, wooded regions to the east of the Andes. As the locality given is clearly not the collecting locality it is not possible to narrow the type locality beyond “ Ecuador ”. Taxonomic status: Originally described as a subspecies of papilionaris and treated as such by Miller (1995) and Lamas (1995), it is here sunk to a full synonym (syn. nov.). A junior subjective synonym of Castnia papilionaris papilionaris Walker, [1865] (now in Amauta). Male genitalia: See papilionaris. Distribution: Throughout Ecuador and northern and central Peru, as far south as at least Chanchamayo (Junín department) (Fig. 14). Discussion: Houlbert does not give any specific features to separate velutina from papilionaris. The only example of papilionaris available to Houlbert was Westwood’s (1877) stylised figure (Fig. 8C) (see amethystina and affinis), so any comparisons he made were meaningless. Comparing a large series of velutina with the few known specimens of p. papilionaris, it is not possible to see any consistent differences; therefore, we hereby synonymise velutina with papilionaris. Material examined: For this study, as well as the types, we have examined 31 males and 26 females from Ecuador, and 32 males and 24 females from Peru, as well as 25 males and 10 females for which we do not have locality data., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 338-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33."]}

papilionaris (Walker, [1865]) (Figs. 8C–H, 9A–D) “ CASTNIA PAPILIONARIS.” Walker, [1865], List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 31: 42–43. Type material: Walker ([1865]) lists only one specimen “ From Mr. Stevens’ collection”, which is therefore the holotype by monotypy of this taxon. The holotype, a male, is in NHMUK (Fig. 8D). Type locality: The original description gives “ Bogota,” Colombia. This is confirmed by the label on the holotype. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Amauta. Male genitalia: (Fig. 4E) Uncus simple with wide and round almost pointed apex. Gnathos moderately sclerotised, bifid anteriad. Cucullus and valvula almost quadrate, slightly rounded apically. Valvae are short and wide with ventral margin sharply cut. Sacculus projected and continues with the arms of the saccus. Phallus curved, its distal section three times the length of coecum, narrowed beyond junction with this, then straight, with subterminal portion enlarged and barely or incompletely contorted. Apex of phallus with a terminal, sclerotised section. The vesica opens to left proximad to distal sclerotised termination of phallus. Distribution: Venezuelan specimens are known from Mérida and Táchira states.The only Colombian specimens we have seen with precise data are from Boyacá department. We have also seen specimens from the Rio Magdalena and Rio Dagua. It is also found throughout Ecuador and northern and central Peru as far south as Chanchamayo (Junín department) (Fig. 14). Discussion: The nominotypical subspecies has always been considered to be confined to Colombia where it appears to be very rare and is only known from old specimens. It is replaced to the north in Panama by ssp. amethystina (Houlbert, 1917) which is also very rare. The very few specimens known from Venezuela appear to be intermediate but are probably referable to p. papilionaris. Subspecies velutina was described from Ecuador but we can see no justification for this subspecific separation (see velutina). We also extend the range of velutina to include northern and central Peru (see affinis). Material examined: 8 males and 4 females were examined for this study. As well as the holotype, the following specimens were examined: VENEZUELA: 1♂ Merida, (Briceño) (NMHUK); 1♂ Via Chorro del Indio, 1200 m, V- [19]82, C.F. R., crepuscular; 1♀ idem V-[19]82 7pm (CFR). COLOMBIA: 1♂ Rio Magdalena; 1♂, 1♀ Rio Dagua, W. Colombia, 600–1000m., W Hopp; 1♀ N. Grenada, ex Smith, ex Druce (NMHUK); 1♂ F. Ovalles [this is the name of the collector/supplier]; ♀, F. Johnson; 2♂♂ Muzo, F. Johnson (AMNH). We have also studied all the specimens listed under velutina., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4."]}

diva (Butler, 1870) (Figs. 11A–E) “ Castnia Diva sp. nov. ” Butler, 1870, Lepidoptera Exotica, or descriptions and illustrations of exotic Lepidoptera: 46, Pl. XVII, fig. 1, 2. Type material: Butler (1870) described the male and female, so there was more than one type. There are two male syntypes in NHMUK, one is labelled “ Chontales, Nicaragua ” with another label reading “ C. Diva Butl type”, the other has a label reading “ Chontales, E. M. Janson ” both are ex Druce and ex Joicey, no others could be found. Type locality: Butler (1870) gives the type locality as “ Chontales (Janson)”. Chontales is a department on the east shore of Lake Cocibolca in Nicaragua. E. W. Janson (1822–1891) was the proprietor of a London Natural History business who published Butler’s work in which this species was described. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Divana. Male genitalia: (Figs. 5A, B) Uncus somewhat shortened in relation to the tegumen. Socii are weakly developed. Subscaphium slightly sclerotised basad, but somewhat membranous distad. Gnathos is moderately sclerotised, recurved. Valva lobate, with numerous setae (not shown in drawing). Valva slightly obcordate posteriad. Sacculus weakly developed and bearing a large setal tuft. Saccus blunt. Phallus is moderately sclerotised and recurved, with section beyond coecum long and slender, more than three times the latter, and is distally contorted. Vesica spontaneously partly everted in our preparations and bearing very minute spinous cornuti. Even though the specimens used for dissection were of different size and were collected in Mexico (Fig. 5A) and Costa Rica (Fig. 5B), their genitalia are very similar, hinting that they certainly are the same taxon. Differences with typical Telchin species are noted (Figs. 5E, 5F). Distribution: The nominotypical subspecies of Divana diva is found from Mexico to Panama (Fig. 16). Material examined: For this study, as well as the syntypes of diva, we have examined 22 males and 4 females from Panama (mainly Chiriquí), and 7 males and 3 females with no locality data. We have also studied 71 males and 18 females from other Central American countries as follows: MEXICO: 1♂ Escuintla, Chiapas, 10/VI/1955, Coll. T.W. Davies; 1♂ idem, 10/IV/1962 (CAS); 1♂ Veracruz, VI/1961; 1♂ El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, V/1964, leg. R. F. de la Maza R.; 1♂ Estación Biológica Los Tuxtlas, Sontecomapan, Veracruz, 7/VI/1975, leg. H. Pérez R.; 1♂ Chiltepec, Oaxaca, V/1970, leg. A. Díaz F.; 1♂ Metates, Oaxaca, 20/V/1980; 1♂ Chiapas, V/1970; 1♂ Santa Rosa, Chiapas, VII/1990, leg. J. Saldaña; 1♂ idem, VII/1991; 1♀ Sontecomapan, Veracruz, V/1955, leg. T. Escalante (IBUNAM); 1♂ El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, VIII/2014; 1♀ idem, VIII/2015; 3♂♂ Santa Rosa, Chiapas, IX/2020 (BLG); 2♂♂ El Vigía, Santiago Tuxtla, Veracruz, 20/V/2014; 1♂ idem, 20/VI/2019; 2♂♂ idem, 5/VII/2019; 2♂♂ idem, 21/VI/2021; 3♂♂ idem, 29/VI/2021; 1♂ idem, 5/VI/2021; 2♂♂ idem, 7/VII/2021; 1♂ idem, 12/ VII/2021; 1♀ idem, 5/VII/2021; 1♂ Soconusco, Chiapas, 25/VII/2014 (JG); 1♂ Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chiapas, 1500m, IX/1987, leg. O.S. Guzmán; 2♂♂ Oculapo, Chiapas, IX/1994; 1♀ Chiapas, IV/1998 (DC); 2♂♂ 42km N of Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chiapas, 1500m, VIII/1987, leg. O.S. Guzmán (RV); 6♂♂ 3♀♀ idem (Anon); 1♂ Puerto Eligio, Oaxaca, 1400m, IX/1987; 2♂♂ Eloxochitlán, San José Buenavista, Oaxaca, 1200m, 11-12/VII/2018; 1♂ Rancho Santa Rosa, San Antonio, Chiapas, 1/VIII/1987; 1♂ ejido Bocas de Chajul, municipio de Ocosingo, Chiapas, 300m, juillet 1985; 1♂ 1♀ 42km N of Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chiapas, 1500m, VIII/1987, leg. O.S. Guzmán (RW). BELIZE: 1♂ Toledo district, Bladen reserve, lowland forest creek reef Bladen River, 1/VIII/2008 (DC). GUATEMALA: 2♂♂ Zapote, G.C. Champion, ex Godman-Salvin; 1♀ Guatemala, Salvin (NHMUK); 2♂♂ San Sebastian, Retalhuleu, 1930, L. Thiel (CUIC); 1♂ Antigua, June 2006 (AB); 2♂♂ Escuintla, 11/VI/2008 (RW). HONDURAS: 1♂ Honduras, ex Crowley; 2♂♂ 1♀ San Pedro Sula, 1895, E. Wittkugel (NHMUK); 1♂ La Ceiba, 6/VIII/1998 (RW). NICARAGUA: 1♂ Nicaragua, ex Cutter; 1♂ Chontales, T. Belt, ex Godman-Salvin; 1♂ 1♀ Chontales, T. Belt, ex Druce, ex Joicey (NHMUK); 1♂ 1♀ Great Falls, Pis Pis river, 10 miles NW of Eden, 26/ V/1922, Wharton Huber (ANS); 1♂ Chocoyero, 400m, 13/VII/1999 (RW). COSTA RICA: 1♂ 2♀♀ ex Druce, ex Joicey; 3♂♂ Esperanza; 1♂ Car [r]illo; 1♂ idem 16/V/03, Underwood; 1♀ idem 6/VII/03; 2♀♀ A.G.M. Gillott (NHMUK); 1♂ Turrialba, 30/VII/1963, M. Irwin & D.Q. Cavagnaro (CAS); 1♀ Fila Rio Sucio, Carillo, San Jose, 700m., 4-V-1983, leg. R Hesterberg (HG); 1♂ San Vito (RW)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442

oberthueri (Houlbert, 1917) (Figs. 7D, E) “ C. Oberthüri, sp. nov. ” Houlbert, 1917, Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 13: 52–53, Pl. 3, Fig. 3. Type material: Houlbert (1917) states that more than 30 specimens exist in the Oberthür collection. These are all syntypes and are now in NHMUK. There is one male from Zaruma and 11 males and 14 females from Balzapamba collected by Marc Hüe de Mathan (1876–1908) which are ex Oberthür and are definitely all syntypes of oberthueri (e.g. figs. 7D, E). There are four additional males and two females from Balzapamba which were not collected by de Mathan; these may also be syntypes, but we cannot be sure whether Houlbert examined them. There is also a male from Balzapamba in (MHNG) (ex Ch. Blachier) with the same de Mathan data, if this specimen was still in Oberthür’s collection when Houlbert examined it, it is also a syntype. Type locality: According to Houlbert (1917, 1918) all the types come from Balzapamba (Bolívar province) and Zaruma (El Oro province) in Ecuador. There is a large distance between these localities in southern Ecuador. Taxonomic status: A junior subjective synonym of Castnia angusta H. Druce, 1907 (now in Amauta). Originally described as a species but synonymised by Miller (1995). Male genitalia: See angusta. Distribution: Not relevant. Discussion: Houlbert (1917) described oberthueri in ignorance of Druce’s description of angusta. He was then informed about this by George Talbot (1882–1952) and published a note to this effect with the description of angusta in Houlbert (1918). Apparently, Houlbert refused to accept Druce’s description as it was not accompanied by an illustration and continued to give his own name priority. Material examined: For this study we have examined all known syntypes., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 15, i - xvi + 1 - 730, pls. 437 - 462, figs. 1 - 242.","Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (120), 505 - 506.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177."]}

angusta (H. Druce, 1907) (Fig. 7C) “ Castnia angusta, sp. n. ” H. Druce, 1907, The Annals and Magazine of natural History (7) 20 (120): 505. Type material: All the information is compatible with Druce (1907) having described this taxon from a single male in his collection, this would therefore be the holotype by [likely] monotypy (fig. 7C). The specimen passed from Druce to James John Joicey (1870–1932), and it is now in NHMUK; examination shows it to be a female and not a male as Druce surmised. Type locality: Given by Herbert Druce (1846–1913) as “ Ecuador, Los Lanos” (sic), although on the specimen label it is spelt “Los Lanos”. Los Lanos is in Chimborazo province in southern Ecuador. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Amauta. It was originally described as a species by Druce (1907) and treated as such by Miller (1995), but then sunk to a subspecies of A. cacica by Lamas (1995). It is herein restored to a valid species, stat. rest. Male genitalia: (Fig. 4C) Uncus simple, almost quadrate but not quite; moderately sclerotised, as is the tegumen. Gnathos strongly sclerotised, bifid anteriad and excavate and dentate posteriad. Cucullus and valvula almost quadrate, with ventral margin of valva somewhat oblique and with sacculus projected. Phallus moderately curved, not contorted, its distal section slightly more than twice the length of the coecum and tapered, wider at the connection with coecum, and half its width by the middle section. Then, the phallus shows a somewhat abrupt enlargement, as sclerotised as the rest of the structure. From there it becomes thin towards the apex. Subterminal portion of phallus not enlarged, and terminal one with a small projection. Phallus completely different from that of A. cacica. Distribution: This species appears to be found throughout Ecuador and northward into the western Cordillera in Colombia (Fig. 13), although we have some doubts if localities from eastern Ecuador are really reliable. Discussion: We have long thought that this taxon was probably not conspecific with Amauta cacica as it is the only taxon in the group in which the postmedian bands on both fore- and hindwings are the same colour, and the hindwing band is much narrower than any of the other related taxa. Most recent studies have treated it as a subspecies of A. cacica but a dissection of the male genitalia shows that it is clearly a separate species. The distribution seems to be similar to that of Vadina hodeei kruegeri and Divana diva hoppi. Material examined: For this study, as well as the types of angusta and oberthueri, we have examined an additional 40 males and 29 females from various parts of Ecuador and 7 males and 2 females from Colombia as follows: 1♂ Colombia (MGCL); 1♂ Rio Dagua, W Rosenberg; 1♂ Rio Magdalena, (NHMUK); 1♂ Putumayo: Sibundoy a 2100 m, hembra, 18-XI-2008, F. Narváez leg.; 1♂ Rio Cauca, Caldas; 1♂ San José del Palmar, Chocó; 1♂ Rio Garrapatas, Cauca Valley; 1♀ Caldas: Anserma-Pidrias, 1000 m, 3-IV-1998, J. Vargas leg.; 1♀ Sibundoy, Putumayo (JS)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 322, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (120), 505 - 506.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87."]}

ambatensis (Houlbert, 1917) (Fig. 8H) “ Castnia Ambatensis ♀, sp. nov. ” Houlbert, 1917, Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 13: 55. Type material: Described from a single female collected by Jean Stolzmann [= Jan Sztolcman] (1854–1928) (fig. 8H). This specimen is the holotype by monotypy; at the time of description, it was in the collection of Charles Oberthür (1845–1924), it is now in NHMUK. Type locality: The locality label reads: Hacienda Macháy, Paroisse Baños, Canton Pillaro, Province Ambato, Vallée du Pastaza, Ecuador (J Stolzmann). Taxonomic status: Originally described as a species and treated as such by Miller (1995) and Lamas (1995), this nominal taxon is here synonymised with Castnia papilionaris Walker, [1865] (syn. nov.), so it is a junior subjective synonym of that taxon (now in Amauta). Distribution: Not relevant. Discussion: In his original description Houlbert (1917) states that the “species” is characterised by the width and shape of the blue and yellow postmedian bands on the wings. He mentions that the forewing yellow band is narrower than that of amethystina, but this character applies equally to papilionaris, of which this taxon is a synonym. The main difference that he picks out is that the hindwing blue band is the same width throughout its length, and is not dilated in the middle, as in papilionaris and amethystina. Houlbert had access to very few specimens of A. papilionaris and none of the nominotypical subspecies, he only knew Westwood’s (1877) stylised figure (fig. 8C); he was also inclined to be a splitter, describing new species from the smallest differentiation in the features of a single specimen. The type of ambatensis is easily lost in the long series of papilionaris from Ecuador in NHMUK and the size and shape of the hindwing blue band falls within the variation of the feature in this taxon, therefore we can see no reason to maintain the name ambatensis as anything more than a synonym of the nominotypical subspecies. Material examined: The holotype was examined for this study., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 320-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33."]}

strandi (Röber, 1927) “ Castnia Strandi ” Röber, 1927, Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 20 (47): 429. Type material: Röber (1927a) described a single male specimen which is the holotype by monotypy. This specimen has not been found, it might be in the Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Museum of Zoology, Dresden, Germany but requests for information from that institution have gone unanswered. Type locality: Macas, Ecuador. Macas is the capital of Morona-Santiago province in southeast Ecuador. Taxonomic status: The name is a junior primary homonym of Castnia (Gazera) strandi Niepelt, 1914 and was replaced by Castnia strandiata Röber, 1927. It was originally described as a species but not mentioned by Miller (1995); Lamas (1995) then synonymised it with Castnia papilionaris velutina Houlbert, 1917 (now in Amauta). However, as velutina is here considered to be a junior subjective synonym of nominotypical Castnia papilionaris Walker, [1865] (now in Amauta), strandiata (= strandi Röber nec Niepelt) follows it. Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: Not relevant., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Rober, J. (1927 a) Neue exotische Falter. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 20 (47), 428 - 430.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4."]}

Taxonomic catalogue affinis Rothschild, 1919 (Figs. 9E–G) “ Castnia (Amauta) papilionaris affinis, subsp. nov. ” Rothschild, 1919, Novitates zoologicae 26 (1): 3. Type material: Described from eight syntypes as follows: 3♂♂, 1♀ Yahuarmayo, S. E. Peru, 1,200 ft., February– March 1912, (H. and C. Watkins) (figs. 9F, G); 1♂ Pozuzo, Huánuco [now in Pasco department (Gerardo Lamas pers. comm.)], 800– 1,000 m. = 2,600 –3,250 ft. (W. Hoffmanns); 2♀♀ Chanchamayo, Peru; 1♂ Songo, Bolivia (Garlepp) (fig. 9E). At the time of description all syntypes were in the collection of Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868–1937), they are now in NHMUK. Lectotype designation: After examining the syntypes it appears that two different subspecies are represented in the syntypic series. Only the specimens from Bolivia and Yahuarmayo, which is in Puno department, south-east Peru, appear to be different, the rest are referable to ssp. papilionaris (= velutina). The male syntype from Songo, Bolivia collected by Otto (1864–1959) and Gustav Garlepp (1862–1907) (fig. 9E) best shows the differentiating features of this subspecies and is hereby designated as lectotype to fix it as the sole name-bearing type of Castnia (Amauta) papilionaris affinis Rothschild, 1919, hereafter Amauta papilionaris lionela Lamas, 1995. All other syntypes become paralectotypes. Type locality: This is now fixed by the lectotype designation as Songo, Bolivia. This refers to the Rio Zongo in La Paz department, Bolivia. It is not possible to pinpoint the locality any more precisely. Taxonomic status: The name is a junior primary homonym of Castnia affinis Houlbert, 1917 and was replaced by Amauta papilionaris lionela Lamas, 1995, which is now the valid name for the taxon. It is here considered to be a weakly defined subspecies of A. papilionaris (Walker, [1865]), closest to the Central American populations known as ssp. amethystina, the two possibly forming a so-called polytopic subspecies (cf. Mayr 1963, 1969; Zilli 1996). Male genitalia: (Fig. 4F) Uncus is simple, having a wide and round but almost pointed apex. Gnathos slightly sclerotised, bifid anteriad. Cucullus and valvula almost quadrate, and slightly rounded apically. Valva short and wide. Ventral margin of valva sharply cut. Sacculus projected and continues with the arms of the saccus. Phallus curved with distal section three times the length of coecum, narrowed beyond their junction, becoming straight after, with subterminal portion enlarged. Aedeagus contortion is incomplete. Apex of phallus with a terminal, sclerotised section. Vesica opens sinistrally and proximad to sclerotised end of phallus. Distribution: This subspecies seems to be restricted to Bolivia, recorded from La Paz and Cochabamba departments, and south-eastern Peru, currently only confirmed from Puno and Cuzco departments (Fig. 14). Discussion: Rothschild (1919) originally described the subspecies by stating: “This form is nearest to velutina, but the ♀♀ have the bands almost as broad as in Westwood’s figure of papilionaris papilionaris ”. Unfortunately, Westwood’s (1877) figure (Fig. 8C) is highly stylised and in terms of the width of the postmedian bands bears little resemblance to the holotype of papilionaris papilionaris (Fig. 8D). Having studied the type series of affinis, the width of the forewing pale yellow band appears to be widest in the Bolivian specimens and marginally less wide in specimens from Puno, Peru. A large series from Huánuco, Peru (Figs. 9C, D) appears to be identical to specimens from Ecuador, which have traditionally been assigned to ssp. velutina (now synonymised with p. papilionaris, see below). The paralectotypes from Chanchamayo, which is in Junín, Peru, are similar to Huánuco specimens, but some specimens show a slight broadening of the bands, which could suggest a cline. The hindwing blue band is of variable width in all populations, but it does seem to be narrower in the most southerly representatives of affinis. We therefore reserve the name lionela for specimens of A. papilionaris from Bolivia and southern Peru. The phenotype is in fact analogous to the northernmost subspecies of papilionaris – amethystina. Specimens examined from San Martín, Huánuco and Junín departments in Peru are referable to ssp. papilionaris, those from Puno and Cuzco to ssp. lionela. We have not seen specimens from other departments in southern Peru so cannot comment on these. Material examined: 12 males and 1 female were examined for this study. As well as the former syntypes, the following specimens were examined: BOLIVIA: 1♂ Songo, (Garlepp) (NMHUK); 1♂ Rurrenabaque, XII- 2001 (DC); 1♂ Rio Palmar, Cochabamba, 1100 m (MZ). PERU: 1♂ Peru (MGCL); 1♂ Yahuarmayo, S. E. Peru, 1,200 ft., February–March 1912, (H. and C. Watkins) (NMHUK); 1♂ Chontachaca, Rio Pilcopata, Cuzco, 850m, IV-1996 (MB); 1♂ Chontachaca, Rio Pilcopata, Cuzco, XI -2016; 1♂ Rio Marcapata, Cuzco, XII-2016 (RW). As noted above, for comparison, we also examined a large series of A. p. papilionaris from Huánuco, Peru, and 4 males and 6 females from Chanchamayo, including the paralectotypes of affinis from these localities which we do not consider correspond to the concept of the taxon as restricted herein., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 315-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, xiv + 797 pp.","Mayr, E. (1969) Principles of systematic zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, xi + 428 pp.","Zilli, A. (1996) Colour polymorphism of Callimorpha dominula (Linnaeus, 1758) in Italy, and the problem of polytopic subspecies (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Callimorphinae). Mitteilungen der Munchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 86, 79 - 98.","Druce, H. (1907) Descriptions of five new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 7, 20 (120), 505 - 506.","Rebel, H. (1915) [Notes]. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 65 (9 / 10), 211 - 216, 3 figs.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2 (1), 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33."]}

discomaculata (R. Krüger, 1928) “ Castnia cacica forma discomaculata Krüger. ” R. Krüger, 1928, Entomologische Zeitschrift 41 (22): 442–443. Type material: Described by Krüger (1928) from some males and females, which must be considered as syntypes. Most other types of castniid taxa described by Krüger are in NHMUK but the discomaculata types cannot be found there. There are a few Krüger types in MfN so it is possible they may be there. Type locality: Given as “Ost=Columbien”, thus Eastern Colombia. The types could not be found, and we know of no other records from eastern Colombia, so this locality must be doubtful. Taxonomic status: A junior subjective synonym of Castnia cacica Herrich-Schäffer, [1854] (now in Amauta). There are no features evident to separate this from typical cacica. Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: Not relevant. Discussion: The Code (ICZN 1999: art. 45.6.4.) requires that a name given as a “form” before 1961 is considered to be of subspecific rank unless its author “expressly gave it infrasubspecific rank, or the content of the work unambiguously reveals that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entity”. In the original description by Krüger (1928) there are no clues that the author was considering f. discomaculata as infrasubspecific, rather there is contrary evidence. In fact, he was not describing a singleton but several specimens from Eastern Colombia as opposed to others from other places, including “anderen columbischen Lokalitäten”, where nominotypical cacica would occur. Further, he states that his form differs from “den bisher beschriebenen Formen oder Aberrationen”, which reveals that he was making use of the term “aberration” and did not employ it for discomaculata. We therefore consider this as an available name, to be retained in synonymy with nominotypical cacica., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Kruger, R. (1928) Castnia cacica forma discomaculata Kruger. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 41 (22), 442 - 443.","ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature c / o The Natural History Museum, London, xxix + 305 pp."]}

chiriquiensis (Strand, 1913) (Figs. 11D–E) “ C. diva […] form chiriquiensis form. nov. ” Strand, 1913, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 6: 13, Pl. 6, row d. Type material: Strand (1913b) wrote “Auffallend ist auch die starke Variabilität in der Grösse; von chiriquiensis liegen mir ♂♂ von 55—90 mm vor (die Type ist 55 mm)” [The variability in size is also remarkable, there are before me ♂♂ of chiriquiensis from 55 to 90 mm (the type is 55 mm)]; this means that the “ holotype ” can be narrowed down thanks to its wingspan of 55 mm, which is very unusual for this taxon. An original specimen with such a wingspan is in MfN and we consider it to be the holotype. In MfN there are also three other males that appear to be those mentioned in the original description, which should therefore be considered as paratypes. The holotype originally had a hand-written label reading “ Chiriqui Trötsch”, a pink “Type” label and a Strand determination label, this can be seen on an old photograph (Gerardo Lamas, pers. comm.), however, it was stolen together with many other types from Berlin some years ago by an unscrupulous dealer. Several years later a collection was given to the museum by the heirs of Ernst Jugl which contained many of the stolen specimens, which it is believed he bought from the dealer in question. Unfortunately, the original labels had been disposed of to hide their provenance. The 55 mm-holotype of chiriquiensis now bears a green determination label like all these specimens, and typed labels with “ Chiriqui ”, “ex coll Ernst Jugl” and “ex coll Staudinger”. A male was found in NHMUK with the data “ Chiriqui ” and a Strand determination label, this may be another paratype, which would demonstrate that the original series was scattered, but there is no way to be sure. Type locality: Strand (1913b) calls it a form from Chiriquí, so that is the type locality. Chiriquí is the name of a town, a volcano, and a province in south-west Panama. Taxonomic status: Originally described as a subspecies of diva and treated as such by Miller (1995) and Lamas (1995), this nominal taxon is here synonymised with Castnia diva diva Butler, 1870 (syn. nov.), so it is a junior subjective synonym of that taxon (now in Divana). Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: This taxon is found only in Chiriquí province, Panama. We have seen specimens from Costa Rica referred to as ssp. chiriquiensis, but as we are unable to detect any differences in any of the Central American populations, this is irrelevant (Fig. 16). Discussion: There is a large series of 19 males and 4 females from Panama in NHMUK, along with 14 males and 8 females from other Central American countries including two syntypes of diva diva, we have also examined 31 males and 8 females from Central America in other collections. We can see no differences between specimens from Chiriquí and those from other Central American countries. Material examined: 22 males and 4 females from Panama were examined for this study., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Strand, E. (1913 b) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. 6 (1). A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17, pls. 1 - 8.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87."]}

tricolor (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1874) (Figs. 11F, G) “ Castnia tricolor F.” C. Felder & R. Felder, 1874, Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wütterstorf-Urbair Zoologische Theil, Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera: 7, Pl. LXXIX, fig. 3. Type material: C. Felder & R. Felder (1874) give ♂, Bogota (Lindig), Chiriqui (M.C.), so there was more than one syntype. There is a single syntype with a label reading “ Bogota / Lindig / type” in NHMUK, no others could be found. Specimens from Chiriquí would be referable to ssp. diva, not tricolor. Lectotype designation: The syntype has had a red label added which reads: LECTOTYPE / Castnia / tricolor / Felder / designated by: / Jacqueline Y. Miller / 1977 (fig. 11F). This lectotype designation appears not to have been published so is invalid. However, because the Felders’ original type locality included both Bogotá, from whence comes what is now generally accepted as tricolor, and Chiriquí, where ssp. diva is found, a lectotype designation is necessary to fix both the taxon identity and type locality. Therefore, the syntype from Bogotá in NHMUK is hereby designated as lectotype to fix it as the sole name-bearing type of the nominal taxon Divana diva tricolor (C. & R. Felder, 1874) (Fig. 11F). If any other syntypes are found, they would be paralectotypes. Type locality: This is now fixed by the lectotype designation as Bogotá, Colombia, although this is almost certainly a generic locality designation (see “A note about locality data” in the introduction). Taxonomic status: A subspecies of Divana diva (Butler, 1870). Originally described as a species and treated as such by Miller (1995), Lamas (1995) sunk it to a subspecies of diva, an arrangement we follow. Male genitalia: (Fig. 5C) Similar to diva diva, this subspecies also has an uncus shortened in relation to the tegumen. Socii are also weakly developed. Subscaphium slightly sclerotised basad, and membranous distad. Gnathos moderately sclerotised, and recurved. Valvae lobate, with numerous setae as in diva diva. Valvae shorter than in diva diva, in relation to the whole genital armature, but as in the other diva subspecies, it is also obcordate posteriad, slightly concave anteriad. Sacculus weakly developed, but the setal tuft is smaller and shorter than in diva diva. Saccus blunt. Phallus as in nominotypical subspecies, slightly more incrassate and contorted distally; vesica as in other subspecies. Even though it is slightly different from the other subspecies, there is no doubt that they are closely related. Distribution: The nominotypical subspecies seems to be confined to the Magdalena valley in Colombia. We have only seen reliable records from Boyacá department (see also Vinciguerra 2010) (Fig. 16). Discussion: In the past there has been much confusion over the authorship and dates of taxa described in the “Reise … Novara…”. Miller (1995) assigned tricolor to Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875, Lamas (1995) then assigned it solely to R. Felder, 1874. Here, we follow Nässig & Speidel (2007) in assigning it to C. Felder & R. Felder, 1874. Material examined: A large series of males and females was examined for this study. Most were from Otanche or Muzo in Boyacá department., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 336-337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Felder, C. & Felder, R. (1874) s. n. In: Felder, C., Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A. F., Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wutterstorf-Urbair Zoologische Theil, Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Atlas. Heft 4. C. Gerold's Sohn, Wien, pls. 75 - 107.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Vinciguerra, R. (2010) Osservazioni sulla distribuzione di Divana diva hoppi (Hering, 1923) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 379 - 383.","Nassig, W. A. & Speidel, W. (2007) On the authorships of the Lepidoptera Atlas of the \" Reise der Novara \", with a list of the taxa of Bombycoidea [s. l.] therein described (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bombycoidea). Senckenbergiana biologica, 87, 63 - 74."]}

amazona (Knop, 1925) (Fig. 10B) “ Castnia Amazona nov. spec. ” Knop, 1925, Entomologische Zeitschrift 39 (11): 42–43. Type material: Described by Knop (1925) from a single male in the collection of Ludwig Pfeiffer (1878–1926) in Frankfurt am Main (Fig. 10B); this is the holotype by original designation. The specimen is now in ETHZ. Type locality: Campo Santo, Bogota, Colombia, the type was collected in 1922. Campo Santo is a locality in Cundinamarca department, north-west of Bogotá. Taxonomic status: The name is a junior primary homonym of Castnia amazona Buchecker, [1899], as well as a junior subjective synonym of C. hodeei Oberthür, 1881. Knop originally placed his amazona in the Xanthocastnia group and the name was treated as a synonym of Xanthocastnia evalthe wagneri Buchecker, [1899] by Miller (1995). Lamas (1995) examined the holotype and having discovered that it is in fact a specimen of Vadina h. hodeei, correctly decided not to propose a replacement name. Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: Not relevant as the type locality is within the range of Vadina h. hodeei. Material examined: For this study we have examined the holotype., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 318-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Knop, T. (1925) Castnia amazona nov. spec. und Papilio androgeus (Cr.). nov. var. fassli. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39 (11), 42 - 43.","Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de Castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, 13, 49 - 87, pls. 1 - 4.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27.","Oberthur, C. (1881) Lepidopteres d'Amerique. Etudes d'Entomologie, 6, xxv - xxvi + 27 - 38, pls. 4 - 6 + 10.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177."]}

kruegeri (Niepelt, 1927) (Figs. 10D, E) “ Castnia krügeri Niep. sp. n. ” Niepelt, 1927, Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 21 (28): 239–240, pl. 2. Type material: 1 male discovered by Herrn Dr. Eugen Krüger between March and May 1927 (Fig. 10D); this specimen is the holotype by monotypy and is in MfN. Type locality: West-Colombia at 500 metres. Very probably from Yaculá or its surrounding forests, Nariño Department, where Krüger was collecting during the first few months of 1927 (see Discussion below). It cannot be further restricted. Taxonomic status: A valid subspecies of Vadina hodeei (Oberthür, 1881). Originally described as a species but not mentioned by Miller (1995), it was sunk to a subspecies of V. hodeei by Lamas (1995). Male genitalia: (Fig. 4H) Uncus with apex bifurcate. Uncus and anterior section of gnathos apophysis are more sclerotised than the tegumen. Gnathos sclerotised, bifid and pointed anteriad, excavate posteriad. Cucullus and valvula rounded. Ventral margin of valva slightly concave. Sacculus quadrate. Phallus curved, its distal section twice the length of coecum, slightly tapered. Subterminal portion of phallus enlarged. Terminal portion of phallus barely contorted and enlarged finishing in a somewhat pointed tip. Distribution: This is the south-western subspecies of Vadina hodeei. All Colombian specimens were collected on the western slopes of the Western Cordillera, with records from Valle del Cauca and Nariño departments (González & Salazar 2003; González et al. 2013). This cordillera continues south into the Western Cordillera of Ecuador; all the Ecuadorian specimens were collected west of this cordillera in Esmeraldas province (see González et al. 2013) (pl. 15). Discussion: From 28 th January to 23 rd July 1927 Krüger was stationed in Yaculá, Nariño department, southwest Colombia (Pyrcz 2004), the label on the holotype reads “März-Juni 27”. This area appears to have been one of Krüger’s favourite Lepidoptera hunting grounds in Colombia, characterised by thick, humid piedmont forests typical of the “Pacific-Chocó Biogeographic Region”. It is part of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena biogeographic hotspot that also includes the western region of Ecuador (Myers et al. 2000). The habitus of kruegeri is very consistent along the western slopes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian Western Cordillera based on the specimens we have examined, and there appear to be no intermediate phenotypes between this and nominotypical hodeei. The main difference in the male is that the white spot at the anal angle of the hindwing is much larger in kruegeri; in the female the white postmedian bands on all four wings are much narrower in kruegeri and both sexes are smaller than the nominotypical subspecies. Material examined: 30 males and 5 females were examined for this study.As well as the type, we have examined COLOMBIA: 1♂ Rio Calima, VII-1984 (MGCL); 1♂ Queremal, Valle, 9.IV.1985, J. Salazar leg (MHN-UC); 1♀ Anchicayá, Valle, 500 m., 15.VII.1992, leg. Dahners (MUSENUV); 1♂ Calima valley, Valle del Cauca, 1200m., III- 1990 (MS). ECUADOR: 1♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, II/2012, 33.985 (RBINS); 1♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, II/2012; 1♂ idem, II/2012; 1♂ idem, V/2016; 1♂ idem, 4/II/2017 (DC); 2♂♂, 2♀♀ Esmeraldas, (MB); 1♂ Lita, Carchi; 1♀ Durango, Esmeraldas, III/2012 (MS); 2♂♂ Rio Chuchuvi, Lita via San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas, 750mts., Sep 2015 1♂ idem, Nov 2015; 1♂ idem, 800mts., July 2016; 1♂ idem, May 2017; 1♂ idem, January 2018; 1♂ idem, March 2018 (HG); 2♂♂ Durango, Esmeraldas, X/2010 (RV); 2♂♂ Chuchuvi, Esmeraldas, XI/2011; 1♂ idem, III/2012; 1♂ idem, X/2012; 1♂ idem, I/2014; 1♂ idem, X/2014; 1♀ idem, XI/2017 (RW); 1♂ Durango, Esmeraldas, 400– 600m., X/2010; 1♂ Dt. Esmeraldas, 600–1000m., III/2012 (Anon)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Niepelt, W. (1927) Neue Falter von Columbien. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 21 (28), 239 - 241.","Oberthur, C. (1881) Lepidopteres d'Amerique. Etudes d'Entomologie, 6, xxv - xxvi + 27 - 38, pls. 4 - 6 + 10.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Salazar, J. A. (2003) Adicion a la lista de Castnidos (Lepidoptera: Castniidae: Castniinae) conocidos de Colombia. Boletin Cientifico del Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, 7, 47 - 56.","Gonzalez, J. M., Vinciguerra, R. & Rios, S. D. (2013) Amauta hodeei (Oberthur, 1881) and its subspecies (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), with comments on the life and times of Brother Apolinar Maria. Biodiversity Journal, 4 (2), 275 - 280.","Pyrcz, T. W. (2004) La trayectoria del lepidopterologo aleman Eugen Kruger. Boletin Cientifico Museo de Historia Natural de Caldas, 8, 173 - 187.","Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772), 853 - 858. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 35002501"]}

hodeei (Oberthür, 1881) (Figs. 10A–C) “ Castnia Hodeei, OBERTHüR.” Oberthür, 1881, Études d’Entomologie 6: 29–30, Pl. IV, fig. 1. Type material: All the evidence indicates that this species was described from a single female collected by Eujenio Garzón. We therefore consider the specimen as the holotype by [likely] monotypy (Fig. 10C). At the time of description, it was in the collection of Charles Oberthür (1845–1924), it is now in NHMUK. Type locality: Oberthür (1881) states “Superbe espèce découverte en Nouvelle-Grenade par l’indien Eujenio Garzon, qui chassait autrefois pour le compte du regretté M. Steinheil, de Munich, et de qui nous avons reçu une collection formée surtout aux environs de Santa-Rosa et de Carare.”; Nouvelle-Grenade is now known as Colombia. We believe that Oberthür misinterpreted the locality and that rather than the specimens being collected at Santa Rosa and Carare they were collected at Santa Rosa del Carare, which is a place in Santander province at 6°20’33.3”N 74°00’35.9”W. Oberthür does point out that the collection he received from Garzon was collected mainly at the two localities so it cannot be certain that this is the type locality, but it does seem highly probable. Taxonomic status: A valid species of Vadina fixed as the type species of this genus in the present publication, comb. nov. Male genitalia: (Fig. 4G) Uncus and anterior section of gnathos apophysis slightly sclerotised, more so than the tegumen. Gnathos slightly sclerotised, bifid and pointed anteriad. Cucullus and valvula rounded. Ventral margin of valva slightly concave. Sacculus almost quadrate. Ventral margin of valve slightly concave. Phallus slightly to moderately curved, its distal section slightly larger than twice the length of coecum, very slightly tapered.Subterminal portion of phallus enlarged. Terminal portion of phallus not contorted, open caudally and widely enlarged finishing in an almost pointed tip. Distribution: This appears to be a rare species, the nominotypical subspecies of which seems to be confined to northern and central areas of Colombia, particularly in the Magdalena valley. We know of records from the following departments: Bolívar, Santander, Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca (doubtful) (see González et al. 2013) (Fig. 15). Discussion: Despite the somewhat wide area of distribution, the nominotypical subspecies appears to be rare and was only known from old specimens until a male was collected in 2019. It is replaced on the western slopes of the Western Cordillera of Colombia and in western Ecuador by ssp. kruegeri (Niepelt, 1927) (González et al. 2013); in the past kruegeri was considered to be even rarer than hodeei (González et al. 2013), but in recent years more material has become available from western Ecuador. There is an error in González et al. (2013); in the examined material one specimen was listed as “[this is the type specimen of Castnia corrupta described by Schaus (1896) and now considered a synonym of V. hodeei hodeei (Lamas, 1995)]”. In fact, the specimen mentioned, misidentified as C. corrupta, is the type of Castnia amazona Knop, 1925. Material examined: 12 males and 6 females were examined for this study. As well as the types of hodeei, corrupta and amazona, we have examined from Colombia 1♂ Guamoco, F. Johnson; 1♀ Caucaval [Cauca valley], F. Johnson (AMNH); 2♂♂ Bogota, Fre. Appolinaire Marie, 1931 (MNHN); 2♂♂ Muzo, ex Joicey; 1♂ Nouvelle Grenade, reçu du frère Apolinar Maria en Mars 1923, 1♂ 1925, Ap. Maria, ex Joicey; 1♂ 1♀ ex Joicey, Ap. Maria; 1♀ Muzo, ex Hopp; (NHMUK); 1♀ Boyacá; 1♀ no data (USNM); 1♂ Quipama, Boyacá, April 2019 (DC)., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Oberthur, C. (1881) Lepidopteres d'Amerique. Etudes d'Entomologie, 6, xxv - xxvi + 27 - 38, pls. 4 - 6 + 10.","Gonzalez, J. M., Vinciguerra, R. & Rios, S. D. (2013) Amauta hodeei (Oberthur, 1881) and its subspecies (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), with comments on the life and times of Brother Apolinar Maria. Biodiversity Journal, 4 (2), 275 - 280.","Niepelt, W. (1927) Neue Falter von Columbien. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 21 (28), 239 - 241.","Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Knop, T. (1925) Castnia amazona nov. spec. und Papilio androgeus (Cr.). nov. var. fassli. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 39 (11), 42 - 43."]}

corrupta (Schaus, 1896) (Fig. 10A) “ Castnia corrupta, sp. nov. ” Schaus, 1896, Journal of the New York Entomological Society 4 (4): 147. Type material: Not detailed in the original description which clearly relates to a male, records a single wing expanse, and makes no mention of any variability, so we can take it that there is a single male type which is a holotype by [likely] monotypy (Fig. 10A). This specimen is in USNM. Type locality: Schaus (1896) gave the type locality as Colombia, and this is all that is mentioned on the label data of the specimen. This cannot now be further restricted. Taxonomic status: A junior subjective synonym of Castnia hodeei Oberthür, 1881 (now in Vadina). Originally described as a species but synonymised by Miller (1995). Oberthür (1881) described V. hodeei from a single female; Schaus’s corrupta was the first description of the male, which is quite different from the female and was not at the time recognised as being the same species as hodeei. The first people who seem to have associated the male and female as a single species were Joicey & Talbot (1925). Male genitalia: Not available. Distribution: Not relevant. Material examined: For this study we have examined the holotype., Published as part of Worthy, Robert, González, Jorge M. & Zilli, Alberto, 2022, A review of the genera Amauta Houlbert, 1918 and Divana J. Y. Miller, 1982 (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) with description of a new genus, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 324-325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7154442, {"references":["Schaus, W. (1896) New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Journal of the New York entomological Society, 4 (4), 147 - 154.","Oberthur, C. (1881) Lepidopteres d'Amerique. Etudes d'Entomologie, 6, xxv - xxvi + 27 - 38, pls. 4 - 6 + 10.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea-Tortricoidea. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137 + 176 - 177.","Joicey, J. J. & Talbot, G. (1925) Notes on some Lepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 9, 16 (96), 633 - 653."]}

Se registra la presencia de Corybantes veraguana (Westwood, 1877) y Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877) por vez primera en Nicaragua y se incluye información sobre nueva localidad de colecta para Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae).

Athis hechtiae (Dyar, 1910) (Figs. 1A���1B) Castnia hechtiae Dyar, 1910: 269. Material examined: PUEBLA: 1♂, Holotype, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, June 1909, on Hechtia, R. M��ller, Cat. No. 13038 (USNM); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, June ���10, R. M��ller Collector, Castnia hechtiae, USNM ENT 00475765, Slide by Sime��o leg ♂ USNM 96288, Genitalia slide by Sime��o S.M., USNM 96260 (USNM); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, June ���10, R. M��ller Collector, (USNM); 1♀, Tehuac��n Mex[ico], R. M��ller Collector, Castnia hechtiae, ♀, Tehuac��n, June 10, Genitalia slide by Sime��o S.M. USNM 96266, USNM ENT 00475704 (USNM); 1♂, Castnia hechtiae, N�� 9387, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, julio, coll. R. M��ller (MHNCM); 1♀, Castnia hechtiae, N�� 2102, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, julio, coll. R. M��ller (MHNCM); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, VI-1910, 905 Cornell U. lot 828, sub. 8 (CUIC); 1♂, Tehuac��n, 6 mi [les]. SW Puebla, Mexico, 9-VII-1973, Coll. J.C. Schaffner et al., Orthia hectiae [sic] Dyar, ♂, det. Jacqueline Y. Miller, 1982 (TAMU); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 2- VI-2010, Coll. B. L��pez G. (BLG); 3♂♂, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, VI-2010, Coll. B. L��pez G. (BLG); 1♂, Mexico, Tehuac��n, 1913���443, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, Tehuac��n, BMNH (E) 1403371 (NHMUK); 1♂, Tehuac��n (Mex.), Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934���120, Castnia hechtiae, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, BMNH (E)1403372 (NHMUK); 1♂, Mexico, Tehuac��n, 1913���443, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, Tehuac��n, BMNH (E) 1403373 (NHMUK); 1♂, Mexico, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, Mexico, Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934���120, Ex Coll. Herbert Druce, 1913, BMNH(E) 1403374 (NHMUK); 1♂, Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934���120, 62. 24. Mexico, Pres. By Prof. M. Draudt, BMNH(E) 1403375 (NHMUK); 1♂, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, Mexico, BMNH(E) 1403378 (NHMUK); 1♂, Castnia hechtiae Dyar, Tehuac��n (Mexico), 142, BMNH(E) 1403379 (NHMUK); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, june 1910, Castnia hechtiae, Tehuac��n, BMNH (E) 1403380 (NHMUK); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, june 1910, Castnia hechtiae, Tehuac��n, BMNH (E) 1403381 (NHMUK); 1♂, C. hechtiae, 411, BMNH(E) 1403382 (NHMUK); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, june 1910, Castnia hechtiae, BMNH (E) 1403383 (NHMUK); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Mexico, june 1910, Castnia hechtiae, BMNH (E) 1403384 (NHMUK); 1♂, Mexique, 1913, ��change Le Moult, Mus��um de Paris, 60. 25. Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934���120, 59, BMNH(E) 1403376 (NHMUK); 1♀, Mexique, 1913, ��change Le Moult, Mus��um de Paris, hechtiae, 58, c.21 (MNHN); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, June 2015, Coll.? (RW); 2♂♂, Desert shrub forest, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 1800m, 15/Jul/2016, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 2♂♂, Desert shrub forest, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 1800m, 1/Aug/2016, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 4/Jun/2008, Leg. P. Rodriguez (RW); 1♀, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 22/Jun/2015, (RW); 1♀, Desert shrub forest, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 1800m, 7/Jun/2012, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♀, Desert shrub forest, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 1800m, 12/Jul/2016, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♀, Desert shrub forest, Tehuac��n, Puebla, Mexico, 1800m, 20/Jul/2016, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 26.IV.[20]10, Mexique (DC); 1♂, C. hechtiae, Tehuac��n, Puebla, MEX.[ico], 29-5-2013 (DC);); 1♂, Puebla, Mexico, 6-2016 (DC); 1♀, Mexique, Puebla, Tehuac��n, 1000m, VI/[20]15. (DC); 1♀, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 26 Junio 2016, 1,800 m, dry desert ��� forest (DC); 1♂, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 05 Julio 2011, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 2♂♂, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 21 Junio 2016, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 2♂♂, La Lobera, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 04 Julio 2015, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 3♂♂, La Lobera, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 19 Julio 2016, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 2♂♂, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 23 Junio 2014, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 1♀, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 17 Julio 2016, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 1♀, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 25 Junio 2016, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 1♀, San Diego Chalma, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 19 Junio 2017, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); 2♀♀, La Lobera, Tehuac��n, Puebla, 09 Junio 2015, Coll. J.J. Garc��a D. (JJGD); GUERRERO: 1♀, C. hechtiae ♀, 477, Mexico, Guerrero, 20.31, Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934���120, BMNH(E) 1403377 (NHMUK) [there is no doubt that this specimen is A. hechtiae, however, we believe that the locality data is incorrect]; OAXACA: 1♂, Oaxaca, Mexico, 1/Feb/1979, Col.?, (RW) [The date for this specimen does not coincide with typical collecting dates for the species, therefore we doubt its validity.]; 1♀, 2.1 mi. Totolap��n, Oaxaca, Mexico, 7-VIII-1980, Coll. Shaffner & Friedlander (TAMU) [This locality is outside the Tehuac��n-Cuicatl��n Valley; the specimen was possibly a vagrant]; VERACRUZ: 1♂, Presidio, Veracruz, VI-[19]42, T. Escalante (MGCL) [The locality of this specimen is very doubtful. The host plant of A. hechtiae is not present in this ecosystem, which is completely different from that of the Tehuac��n-Cuicatl��n Valley]., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Jorge M., L��pez, Bernardo, D��az, Jos�� De Jes��s Garc��a, Simon, Sabrina, Sarto, V��ctor & Worthy, Robert, 2021, Reinstatement of Athis miastagma (Dyar, 1925) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) as a valid species inhabiting the Pacific slope of Central Mexico, pp. 300-322 in Zootaxa 5061 (2) on page 303, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5649512, {"references":["Dyar, H. G. (1910) Descriptions of some new species and genera of Lepidoptera from Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 38 (1742), 229 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.38 - 1742.229"]}

Athis miastagma (Dyar, 1925), stat. rest. (Figs. 1C���1D) Castnia miastagma Dyar, 1925: 19. Material Examined: COLIMA: 1♂, Tropical deciduous forest, La Salada, Colima, Mexico, 300m, 15/Jun/2015, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tropical deciduous forest, La Salada, Colima, Mexico, 300m, July 2016, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tropical deciduous forest, La Salada, Colima, Mexico, 300m, 20/Jun/2015, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♀, Tropical deciduous forest, La Salada, Colima, Mexico, 300m, 12/Jun/2015, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♀, Tropical deciduous forest, La Salada, Colima, Mexico, 300m, 20/Jun/2015, Leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, La Salada, Colima, 29 Junio 2015, Leg. B. L��pez (JJGD); 1♀, La Salada, Colima, 10 Julio 2015, Leg. B. L��pez (JJGD); GUERRERO: 1♂, Type, Guerrero, Mexico, May, R. M��ller, Cat. No. 27905, (mentioned in Dyar 1925 as a female); 1♂, CNIABM, Castnia hectiae [sic], No. 3523, pa��s Mexico, miastagma, Guerrero, 3523, Coll. R. M��ller (MHNCM); 1♂, Acahuizotla, Gro [Guerrero], VIII-[19]57, T. Escalante (MGCL); 1♂, Guerrero, Mexico, 4-2014 (DC) [this specimen is phenotypically similar to the Jalisco-Colima population, so the collecting data might be incorrect]; JALISCO: 1♂, Tolim��n, Jalisco, Mexico, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco. 1���9 julio 2013, 800 mts, Coll. B. L��pez G. (BLG); 3♂♂, Jalisco, Mexico, 2014, Coll. B. L��pez G. (BLG); 2♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, 2014, Coll. B. L��pez God��nez (BLG); 1♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, 800m, 8/Jul/2014, leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, June 2013, leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, 820m, Jul/2013, leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♀, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, Mexico, 800m, 15/Jul/2009, leg. B. L��pez (RW); 1♂, Mexique, Tuxcacuesco, 820m, Jalisco VII/2013 (DC); 2♂♂, Tuxcacuesco, Jalisco, 06 Julio 2017, Leg. B. L��pez (JJGD); MICHOAC��N: 1♀, Putja, Michoac��n, XII-[19]49, T. Escalante (MGCL) [after gathering and requesting information from many resources and collectors, we have been unable to identify this locality, therefore we consider it doubtful]; MORELOS: 1♂, Huitzilac, La Pera, 10/May/1967, col. R. G. de la Maza E. (CDM); 1♀, Tlaltizap��n, Tlaltizap��n, col. A. D��az F. (IBUNAM); 1♀, Tlaltizap��n, Temilpa, col. A. D��az F. (IBUNAM). Diagnosis of adults (phenotypes). The forewing of A. hechtiae is gray, with the ground color darker basally (Figs. 1A���1B). A creamy-white band goes from the base of the forewing, over CU to the bifurcation of CU1���CU2, filling the beginning of the interspace of CU1���CU2, running laterally and obliquely toward C in the sub-apical area of the wing. Before reaching C, the band ends in the interspace R5-M1. As an extension of the creamy-white band, an elongated, small, creamy-white spot is sometimes present in the interspace between R4���R 5 in the apical region. Hindwing orange, almost brick-red in mid cell and along the anal angle (tornus); a strongly bent dark to almost black band at end of discal cell, a submarginal row of pear-shaped spots and the margin narrowly black, the black running inward along the veins. Females are larger and usually paler than males, with orange tones more noticeable in the forewings dorsally (Fig. 1B). The female abdomen is orange and large whereas that of the male is gray and shorter. Wing expanse: Males: 51���67mm, Females: 72���85mm. Forewing length: Males: 28���38mm, Females: 41���51mm. In the case of A. miastagma, the forewing ground color is gray (as in A. hechtiae) but darker, diluting into lighter brown sub-marginally towards the anal angle (Figs. 1C���1D). As in hechtiae, a creamy-white band goes from the base of the forewing, over CU to the bifurcation of CU1���CU2, filling the beginning of the interspace of CU1���CU2, to run laterally and obliquely toward C in the sub-apical area of the wing. However, in all specimens we have examined, an extension of the oblique section of the band runs backward toward the dorsum (anal margin) without touching it (Figs. 1C���1D). A largish creamy-white cuneiform spot is placed in interspace R4���R5 (Figs. 1C���1D). A dark, almost black, oval dot can be noticed outside the bifurcation of the creamy white band in the forewings. This dot is not found in hechtiae. Hindwing orange with a large dark brown almost black spot with an orange center in the discal cell. The black areas of the hindwings are very diffused. They also have a submarginal row of small slightly elongated orange spots. The females differ from the males in the same way as hechtiae. Wing expanse: Males: 75���80mm, Females: 80���100mm; Fore wing length: Males: 40���44mm, Females: 48���58mm. Specimens of hechtiae are usually smaller than those of miastagma, although both taxa share similar wing shapes. The overall coloration tends to be darker in miastagma than in hechtiae. The creamy-white spot in the space between R4���R 5 in the apical region is always present and highly noticeable in miastagma, but it is not always present or is much smaller in hechtiae. The creamy-white branch that runs towards the tornus opposite the oblique band that runs towards C, is always present in miastagma but never in hechtiae. The area surrounded by this band and the one coming from the base of the wing to the discal cell is dark brown, almost black, in miastagma. This region, even though it is slightly darker than the rest of the forewing in hechtiae, is never as dark as in miastagma. Hindwings in hechtiae are mostly orange with the presence of an extradiscal band of orange spots that are easily seen, while those in miastagma are very dark and both postmedian and extradiscal bands made of dark spots are present. Male genitalia (Fig. 2). The male genitalia of both taxa are close (especially the aedeagus), but slight differences can be easily identified as follows. Uncus simple, fused into a blunt apex, which is almost abruptly curved in hechtiae (Figs. 2A���2C) but gradually curved in miastagma (Figs. 2D���2F). Gnathos is moderately sclerotized in both species, fused anteriad, and highly excavate posteriad, especially in miastagma. Subscaphium lightly sclerotized anteriad but almost membranous posteriad in both taxa. Cucullus and valvae are short and almost quadrate in hechtiae but long and almost rounded in miastagma. Sacculus weakly developed in both taxa; saccus short, blunt, recurved ventrad in hechtiae, wider and not as recurved ventrad in miastagma. Aedeagus curved, twice the length of the coecum, moderately sclerotized, and recurved anteroventrally in both taxa (Figs. 2A���2F). Species behavior. Athis hechtiae flies from late May to early August, from around 10:30���11:00h to 14:00��� 15:00h on sunny days, with temperatures varying from 22 to 35��C. They fly later, around 12:00h, on cloudy days. They may also fly on cold days or under a light drizzle, but never on rainy days. When temperatures become warmer around midday (28���35��C at 12:00���12:30h) they become more active and fly faster, visiting plants. Males are most active from 12:30 to 14:00h, and females generally fly about an hour later. They tend to fly through open spaces where vegetation is low and Hechtia plants are abundant. Males tend to fly fast, in an ���up and down��� movement, reaching heights up to 1.5���2.5m above the ground and vegetation. Females have a similar flight pattern, but they are slower than males. All individuals will perch on twigs or leaves of bromeliads or Agave plants once the temperature cools down or the day becomes cloudy. They typically perch with their forewings almost covering the hindwings, in a stegopterous position like many Castniidae (Miller 1986; R��os & Gonz��lez 2011; Vinciguerra et al. 2011; Gonz��lez et al. 2019). Males of A. hechtiae are territorial and easily disturbed by other males or potential predators. Males are frequently seen chasing other males and can then fly as high as 15���20m above the ground. Athis miastagma differs behaviorally from A. hechtiae. Males begin to fly around 11 am on sunny days (one of the authors, BLG, has observed them flying on cloudy days only once), and activity ceases at 3 pm. Like most known Mexican castniids, they are territorial and fly at a height of 2���4 m, however, they often fly over stone walls up to 20m high, since their host plant is found throughout the area. They usually perch on dried leaves of bromeliads (rarely on green leaves) or some other plant. Compared to other Mexican castniids, the males of A. miastagma are not very active and remain perched most of the time (up to 1 hour); only if another male or female passes by does the perched male become active and fly. They only fly in sunny areas. As in A. hechtiae, the females of A. miastagma fly later, between 1:30 pm and 3 pm. Females are rarely seen, mostly flying slowly among the bromeliads, possibly looking for suitable ones on which to lay their eggs. They are slow and ���heavy��� fliers. They attract a lot of attention from the males, nearly always bringing a group of 3 or 4 males chasing them. Interestingly, when the males chase a female, they don���t fight, they just chase her. Like the males, females are very local and do not usually fly away from their bromeliad ���colonies���, mostly flying around those found near rock walls of up to 20m. Genetic analyses. Genetic distances ranged overall from 0.0000% to 0.1573% (K2P) and 0.1417% (p) (Tables 2). The average genetic distances of A. hechtiae to A. miastagma were 0.040 8 (K2P, Table 2.1) and 0.039 6 (p, Table 2.2) while intraspecific distances of A. hechtiae was 0.000 0 and intraspecific distances of A. miastagma was 0.000 5 (Fig. 3). ......continued on the next page TABLE 2.1. (Continued) ......continued on the next page TABLE 2.1. (Continued) ......continued on the next page TABLE 2.2. (Continued) ......continued on the next page TABLE 2.2. (Continued) The alignment of the COI barcode region with 18 species contained 658 bp including 156 distinct patterns, 107 parsimony-informative, 64 singleton sites, and 486 constant sites. We further manually inspected the COI alignment for diagnostic characters, so-called character-based DNA barcodes (DeSalle et al. 2005; Rach et al. 2008). We only analysed pure diagnostic characters for A. hechtiae and A. miastagma. Pure diagnostic characters consisted of all the nucleotide positions of individuals from A. hechtiae that differed from those in all individuals of A. miastagma. Table 3 lists a total of 25 identified character-based DNA barcodes for A. hechtiae and A. miastagma. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses as implemented in IQ-TREE and using GTR+F+G4 as the best-fit model according to Bayesian information criterion (BIC) showed a clear separation of A. hechtiae (98% bootstrap support) and A. miastagma (97% bootstrap support) (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Gonz��lez, Jorge M., L��pez, Bernardo, D��az, Jos�� De Jes��s Garc��a, Simon, Sabrina, Sarto, V��ctor & Worthy, Robert, 2021, Reinstatement of Athis miastagma (Dyar, 1925) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) as a valid species inhabiting the Pacific slope of Central Mexico, pp. 300-322 in Zootaxa 5061 (2) on pages 304-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5649512, {"references":["Dyar, H. G. (1925) Some new American moths (Lepidoptera). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 13 (1 / 3), 1 - 19.","Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical moth subfamily Castniinae (Lepidoptera, Castnoidea: Castiniidae). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 571 pp.","Vinciguerra, R., Lozano Rodriguez, P., Hernandez-Baz, F. & Gonzalez, J. M. (2011) Observations on Athis thysanete (Dyar, 1912) (Lepidopera, Castniidae) from Mexico and comparative notes to other species in the family. Biodiversity Journal, 2 (4), 189 - 194.","Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16 (2), 111 - 120.","Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547 - 1549. [PMid: 29722887 PMCid: PMC 5967553] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msy 096","Stecher, G., Tamura, K. & Kumar, S. (2020) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) for macOS. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37 (4), 1237 - 1239.","DeSalle, R., Egan, M. G. & Siddall, M. (2005) The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation, and DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 360 (1462), 1905 - 1916. [PMid: 16214748; PMCid: PMC 1609226] https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 2005.1722","Rach, J., DeSalle, R., Sarkar, I. N., Schierwater, B. & Hadrys, H. (2008) Character-based DNA barcoding allows discrimination of genera, species, and populations in Odonata. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 275, 237 - 247. [PMid: 17999953 PMCid: PMC 2212734] https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1290"]}

Further results of our research into the Giant Butterfly-Moths (Castniidae) of the Museum of Natural History (University of Wrocław) are presented. Castniids of the Niepelt collection had previously been reviewed. However, while curating other sections of the Lepidoptera collection, we discovered 18 misplaced specimens belonging to nine taxa of Castniidae, several of them bearing typical labels by Niepelt. Among them, two are of particular interest, insofar as they are associated with the world-class botanists August Weberbauer (1871–1948) and Karl Adolf Georg Lauterbach (1864–1937).

Synemon directa Westwood, 1877 2Ƌ, 1♀, 34.59ºS 116.39E, 7km W of Walpole, 25.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 86–89, 91a, b, genitalia slide 11807) (ANIC); 1♀, Deepdene, 8.ii.1963, L.M. O’Halloran (Fig. 91c, genitalia slide 11851) (ANIC)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x"]}

Synemon semaphora Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Semaphore Sun-moth Figs 49–52, 61, 64, 68–70 Literature: Williams et al. 2016: 124–126, figs 32, 33 (‘as Synemon sp. Mount Dale’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ Mt Dale WA 29 December 1987 R.W. Hay’ (ANIC). Paratypes: 14Ƌ, 2♀, same data as holotype (Fig. 61a, b, d, genitalia and legs slides 11843, 13051; BOLD barcode ANIC14882) (ANIC, MVM, CFD); 1♀, Mt Dale, 23.i.1926, W.B. Barnard (ANIC); 10Ƌ, 2♀, Kalamunda, 25.xii.1925, 1.i.1926, 2.i.1926, 3.i.1926, 8.i.1926, 1.ii.1926, W.B. Barnard (QMB); 1Ƌ, Darlington 7967 (WAM); 1Ƌ, Mt Cook, 32.25S 115.18E, 23–25.i.1985, S. Barker & R.P. McMillan (WAM); 1Ƌ, Abyssinia Rock, 12 km S Mt Dale, 3214’ 10.5 S 11617’ 36.5E, 5.i.2013, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Albany HWY, Sullivan Rock, 3222’ 35.8 S 11615’ 12.8E, 16.i.2011, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Serpentine N.P., 2.8 km NW Jarrahdale, 3219’ 06.0 S 11602’ 36.8E, 4.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 2Ƌ, Blue Rock, 5 km ENE Jarrahdale, 3219’ 42.0 S 11606’ 54.8E, 9.i.2012, 10.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 1Ƌ, N Bannister, 5.i.1961, M.S. Moulds (ANIC); 3Ƌ, 8♀, Yarloop, 11.i.1991, M.S. & B.J. Moulds (Figs 61c, 64, genitalia slide 11844, BOLD barcode ANIC14881; genitalia slide 13052, BOLD barcode ANIC14883) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Mt Dale, woodland below summit, 31.xii.2006, A. Kallies (CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Kinsella Rd off Brookton HWY, 3211’30 S 11611 ’29E, 7.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, 9km NW North Bannister, 3230’ 57.7 S 11622’43.2E, 1.i.2013 (Ƌ), 3230’ 56.4 S 11622’41.2E, 18.i.2013 (1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Brookton HWY, 4km SE Kinsella Rd, 3210’ 28.8 S 11614’ 06.9E, 17.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Brookton HWY, 6.8km SE Kinsella Rd, 3211’ 22.3 S 11615’ 31.0E, 18.i.2012, F. Hort & J. Hort (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1.3km S Chidlow, 3152’ 30.1 S 11615’ 46.6E, 15.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Gibbs State Forest, Watershed Rd, 3224’ 39.3 S 11625’ 17.5E, 11.ii.2012, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Great Southern HWY, 3.6 km E The Lakes, 3152’ 46.8 S 11623’ 11.1E, 21.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 15Ƌ, 3♀, Jarrahdale, 1.1 km S Blue Rock, 3220’ 20.9 S 11606’ 49.1E, 16.i.2012 (2Ƌ), 17.i.2012 (1Ƌ), 1.i.2013 (7Ƌ, Figs 49, 50), 8.i.2013 (4Ƌ, 1♀), 18.i.2013 (5Ƌ, 2♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC); 1Ƌ, Near Jarrahdale, 3220’ 19.8 S 11606’ 50.1E, 14.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 8Ƌ, John Forrest N.P., 3153’ 55.9 S 11605’ 24.5E, 21.i.2012 (7Ƌ), 12.i.2013 (1Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 7Ƌ, 4♀, Canning Rd, Ko-rung N.P., 3203’ 28.9 S 11606’ 21.1E, 19.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 32Ƌ, 8♀, Metro Rd, 1.8 km S Brookton HWY, 3214’55.7S 11626’47.8E, 31.xii.2010 (9 Ƌ, 3♀), 1.i.2011 (15 Ƌ, 3♀), 10.i.2011 (2 Ƌ, 1♀, Figs 51, 52), 26.xii.2011 (3 Ƌ), 26.xii.2012 (1 Ƌ, 1♀), 3214’55.4S 11626’47.9E, 27.xii.2011 (5 Ƌ, 1♀), 3214’53.8S 11626’44.9E, 13.xii.2017 (1 Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC, CAK); 9Ƌ, 2♀, Metro Rd, 4.5 km S Brookton HWY, 3216’01.3S 11626’59.4E, 13.i.2011 (1 Ƌ, 1♀), 15.i.2011 (8 Ƌ, 1♀), F. & J. Hort & L. Boyle (WAM); 2♀, Metro Rd, S Brookton HWY, 3214’56 S 11626 ’47E, 7.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, S Mt Dale, 250 Metres E Omeo Rd, 3208’ 50.1 S 11617’ 31.6E, 13.i.2012, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 8Ƌ, 6♀, Mt Dale, Near Bibbulmun Tk Hut, 3207’59.8S 11617’58.3E, 31.xii.2010 (1 Ƌ), 3208’03.6S 11617’55.9E, 2.i.2012 (1♀), 3207’56.4S 11617’47.5E, 10.i.2012 (1 Ƌ, 1♀), 3208’02.9S 11617’56.6E, 13.i.2012 (6 Ƌ, 4♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 8Ƌ, 5♀, Mundaring Weir Rd, 3.9 km SSE Mundaring, 3156’ 06.3 S 11610’ 55.4E, 21.i.2012 (3Ƌ, 3♀), 4.i.2013 (1Ƌ), 22.i.2013 (3Ƌ, 1♀), 24.xii.2015 (1Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Perth, Greenmont N.P., 3154’28.0S 11604’11.0E, 20.i.2015, F. Hort & J. Hort (WAM); 23Ƌ, 9♀, Canning Mills Rd, Roleystone, 3205’ 50.1 S 11602’ 49.4E, 17.i.2012 (2Ƌ, 1♀), 19.i.2012 (13Ƌ), 26.i.2012 (2Ƌ, 5♀), 30.i.2012 (4Ƌ, 1♀), 14.i.2015 (2Ƌ), 20.i.2015 (1♀), 12.i.2018 (1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC, CFD); 8Ƌ, 3♀, State Forest, Kinsella Rd, 3211’ 30.2 S 11611’ 29.2E, 17.i.2012 (11Ƌ, 3♀), 5.i.2013 (4Ƌ), 7.i.2017 (3Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM). Excluded from type series. 1Ƌ, Swan R., W Australia, L. J. Newman (MVM); 1♀, Hovea, 25.i.1934, K.R. Norris (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Mt Peron, 28.xi.1978, leg. et coll. M. Powell; 4Ƌ, Lesueur N.P., Upper Slope of Mt Peron, 3006’41.4” S 11509 ’06.5”E, 3.xii.2014, A.A.E. Williams (WAM). Etymology. The species is named after its known hostplant, the semaphore sedge, Mesomelaena tetragona (R. Br.) Benth., Cyperaceae. Description. Male (Figs 49, 50). Alar expanse 38–43 mm, forewing length 17–20 mm, body length 18–21 mm. Head, vertex with dark grey piliform and lamellar scales, frons with projecting piliform and lamellar scales grey, labial palpi fairly short, appressed to head not reaching frons, white, haustellum present, coiled, well developed, antenna black narrowly annulated with white scales, distal few flagellomeres black above and white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, expanding abruptly, nudum 8–9 orange brown on anterior third of club, apiculus scaled short narrow. Thorax robust, above dark grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, a narrow collar of scales, a trace of a red dot near the base on each patagium, lateral tuft of long grey scales present, beneath white, slightly tinged orange laterally, legs grey above, pale grey beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, marked spine at tip, terminating just short of end of foretibia. Abdomen stout, dark grey above, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath pale grey, tinged with orange scales laterally. Forewing costa slightly arched at base, straight, apex rounded, termen well rounded, and slightly angled inwards, inner margin almost straight. Upperside very dark grey with markings of black and white, entire wing with scattered pale blue scales; basal third of wing dark grey, a broad median black band from costa almost to inner margin, narrowing posteriorly, a large ill-defined white mark at end of cell, a broad dark grey patch at two thirds costa and extending from costa to CuA1, below this a large area of grey with discrete black spots between veins, a band of ill-defined white subapical spots from R3 to M1 and sometimes to M3, a submarginal band of discrete black spots between R3 and 1A+2A, margin dark grey. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with white and orange-red markings; basal half black with orange scales in basal half of cell, an orange-red median band from costa to inner margin, proximal edge displaced at CuA1, paler towards centre of band with white patches in centre, a large white spot near end of cell, a broad orange-red subapical band from R2 to M3, centre broadly white, a submarginal band of discrete ill-defined orange-red spots between the veins from apex to inner margin, anterior four spots white, fusing with subapical band between M2 and M3 and with median band between CuA2 and CuP, pale grey from CuP to inner margin, a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, not notably flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with red or orange-red spots; large red spot at distal end of cell, a median broad red unbroken band extending from Rs to 1A+2A, band almost broken and inner margin notched inward at M3, outer margin extended along veins, a submarginal band of red spots from M2 to 1A+2A, usually with the red spot from M2 to M3 small and spot from M3 to CuA1 often narrow, elongate and joining median band, anal area black basally, distally dark grey and without a tornal red spot. Cilia black, orange from Sc+R1 to M2 and black at tornus. Underside black mostly obscured by orange-red spots; basal half of wing black, largely obscured by orange-red scales, an orange spot at distal end of cell with large white centre, a broad median band of orange-red from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A with some white centres, notched inwards at M3 and distal margin of band running along veins, sometimes running into submarginal row of spots, a submarginal row of orange-red spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots anterior to M2 small and white, a narrow black terminal line, anal area broadly orange-red but tornus black. Cilia dark grey, red to orange from Sc+R1 to M2. Female (Figs 51, 52). Alar expanse 44–47 mm. Similar to male, larger, apex more rounded, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male, anal area on upperside of hindwing extensively orange-red. Subapical white markings of forewing more extensive extending to M3. Underside with orange-red colouring more extensive and black areas often reduced and fragmented. Abdomen more extensively pale orange-brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 61). Uncus short, ending in a single tip, with short setae; gnathos arms with narrow sclerotizations beside anal tube; tegumen broad; valva rounded, compact with prominent upturned spine at tip and a broad hump on costa, with numerous short setae; phallus moderately long, well sclerotized, broad and broadening anteriorly, strongly and evenly curved, apically pointed, anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with numerous coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 64). Papillae anales short, pointed, sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible, with numerous fine setae near base; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with some sclerotized thickening; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from shortly before ostium; ductus bursae long narrow coiled; corpus bursae small and round, with a bilobed scobinate signum. Diagnosis. This species belongs to the S. magnifica group of species, which currently contains only three species, S. magnifica Strand, 1911 (restricted to eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland), S. ignita Kallies & Edwards, 2016 (limited to Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and the Grampians, Victoria), and Synemon notha Westwood, 1877, which occurs in the south-west of Western Australia. While S. notha can be readily dis-tinguished from all species in the group (compare Williams et al. 2016), S. semaphora sp. n. is similar to both S. magnifica and S. ignita. However, it differs by the more orange colour of the hind wing markings (deep red to deep orange in the species compared) and by its orange submarginal spots that are often (not always) linked to the median orange-red band in hindwing. S. semaphora sp. n. is also similar to S. angustiptera sp. n. and S. petrophila sp. n. (see their diagnoses below). The genitalia of the species in this group are very similar and show few species-specific differences. S. semaphora sp. n. differs from S. magnifica in the morphology of the male genitalia (uncus bilobed in S. magnifica, pointed in S. semaphora sp. n.). The female genitalia are similar (corpus bursae longer in S. magnifica, shorter and rounder in S. semaphora sp. n.; with a simple signum in S. angustiptera sp. n., with two-lobed signum in S. magnifica, S. semaphora sp. n. and S. petrophila sp. n.). Variation. This species varies somewhat in the extent of the white marking on the forewings. Specimens from the isolated population at Mt Peron in Lesueur National Park show some consistent differences, including more numerous and larger white marking on the hindwing upper and underside. They also differ in their barcodes and more work is required to determine whether they represent a distinct species or subspecies. Distribution. Synemon semaphora sp. n. occurs most commonly on the Darling Range east of Perth, and inland at Mt Dale and north of Bannister. To the north, an isolated population occurs at Mt Peron in Lesueur National Park. South of Perth the species has been recorded nearer the coast at Yarloop. Despite the larval host plant being common in the south-west and south coastal areas, the sun-moth has not been recorded south of Yarloop (Williams et al. 2016). Habitat and Biology (Figs 68–70). In its main range, east of Perth, S. semaphora sp. n. has been recorded from late December to mid-February, with its main flight period between late December and late January. At the isolated Mount Peron site, the species flies for a short period in late November and early December. The larval food plant is the large semaphore sedge, Mesomelaena tetragona (R.Br.) Benth., which often grows on laterite, or on sand with a laterite component. On the Darling Range east of Perth, S. semaphora sp. n. is invariably found in Marri, Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) and/or Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata Sm. (both Myrtaceae) dominated forest or woodland where the understory has a major component of M. tetragona. S. semaphora sp. n. is often most common in forest where newly regenerating foodplants are growing after a fire. The isolated northern sun-moth population at Mount Peron occurs in low species-rich heathland on an upper hill slope, where surface laterite outcrops through the sand. At this site the species appears to only be abundant three or four years after fire. Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Mount Dale’, the Semaphore Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016).

Synemon victoriae Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Goldfields Sun-moth Figs 82–85, 90, 94 Literature: Williams et al. 2016, 119–120, figs 26, 27 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Victoria Rock’) Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ Burra Rock 60 km S Coolgardie WA 30 March 1988 A.J. Graham’ (WAM). Paratypes: 1Ƌ, Victoria Rock, 43 km SW by S Coolgardie, 31.18S 120.55E, 12.iii.1996, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Fig. 90a, b, genitalia and leg slides 16579, 18532) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Burra Rock, 48 km S Coolgardie, 31.23S 121.12E, 17.iii.1996, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Fig. 90c, genitalia slide 16580) (ANIC); 1♀, Burra Rock, 60 km S Coolgardie, 20.iii.1988, E.D. Edwards, A.J. Graham (ANIC); 5Ƌ, 3♀, Goldfields Woodlands N.P., Boondi Rock, 3110’ 40.9 S 12022’ 56.8E, 21.ii.2012 (Figs 77, 78) (2Ƌ, 2♀), 8.iii.2012 (Figs 84, 85) (ex pupa in leaf base / rhizome of large sedge, 1♀), 19.ii.2015, (3Ƌ), A.A.E Williams (WAM, ANIC, CAK); 4Ƌ, 1♀, Granite Rock 8 km WNW Caves Hill, 3137’ 32.3 S 12108’ 40.8E, 15.ii.2015, A.A.E Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Granite Rock 5 km S Burra Rock, 3126’ 21.8 S 12111’ 19.3E, 13.ii.2016, A.A.E Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Boorabbin Rock, 3112’ 03.1 S 12017’ 14.7E, 19.ii.2015, A.A.E Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 2♀, Hyden-Norseman Rd, McDermid Rock, 3201’16.0S 12044’20.8E, 13.ii.2015 (2♀), 3201’18.3S 12044’18.7E, 14.ii.2015 (1 Ƌ), 3201’15.4S 12044’22.3E, 12.ii.2016 (1 Ƌ), A.A.E Wil-liams (WAM). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the locality where the species was first found, Victoria Rock. Description. Male (Figs 82, 83). Alar expanse 40–41 mm, forewing length 20–21 mm, body length 20–21 mm. Head, vertex with grey piliform and lamellar scales, frons with pale grey scales, lower part with white scales, labial palpi porrect, not reaching frons, pale brown above white beneath, haustellum well developed, antenna (mostly denuded in available specimens) black annulated with pale grey scales, distal flagellar annuli white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, nudum 10 brown on anterior half of club, apiculus, with scales, long narrow. Thorax above grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, laterally with orange-red scales just behind head, beneath white, legs yellow brown above, white beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, stout, pointed at tip, not reaching end of foretibia. Abdomen brown above, T2 and T3 with numerous long brown scales, laterally grey, beneath white. Forewing costa slightly arched at base, apex rounded, termen rounded, inner margin almost straight. Upperside uniformly chocolate brown with white markings; a very narrow, broken, orange-red subcostal streak from base to nearly half costa, a sharply defined, narrow white bar from about half costa, straight, angled outwards, through end of cell, extending from R2 to just below CuA2, a narrow white subapical band interrupted by veins, extending from R3 to M3, sometimes straight and sometimes curved outwards. Cilia chocolate brown. Underside black with orange and yellow markings; costa narrowly grey, basal quarter of wing heavily suffused with yellow scales becoming more orange distally, a median band from costa to CuP straight, yellow margined with orange, a broad subapical band yellow, orange around margins, from R2 to M3, a submarginal broad band, yellow-orange crossed by grey veins, from near costa to inner margin merging with subapical and median bands posteriorly and a narrow terminal grey line. Cilia grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside black with pale orange and orange-yellow markings. Subbasal area heavily suffused orange, yellow-orange spot at end of cell which extends from Rs to CuA1, median band yellow-orange, spots between M1 and M3 confluent, disjointed with those from M3 to nearly 1A+2A, which are together convex along their proximal margin, a suffusion of orange running from median band along both sides of CuA2 towards base, a submarginal band of orange spots well developed, extending from M1 to between CuA2 and 1A+2A, sometimes merging with median band, increasing in size posteriorly, posterior third of wing basally and all tornal area distally chocolate brown, without tornal spot. Cilia chocolate brown, orange near apex. Underside black with yellow to yellow-orange spots; basal half of wing heavily suffused with yellow scales, a yellow spot at distal end of cell extending from Rs to CuA1, merging with the basal yellow suffusion but defined by patches of orange scales and merging with the anal orange suffusion, a median band of yellow to yellow-orange spots from Rs to 1A+2A, all confluent but strongly disjointed at M3, a submarginal band of large yellow-orange spots from Rs to 1A+2A, narrowly interrupted by veins, becoming larger towards tornus, a narrow terminal line grey, anal and tornal areas extending from CuA1 to inner margin yellow, without tornal spot. Cilia grey, orange near apex. Female (Figs 84, 85). Similar to male, but somewhat larger with an alar expanse of about 48 mm, with more extensive orange marks in the hindwings, which are infused with yellow; in particular the terminal row of orange spots is much better developed. Male genitalia (Fig. 90). Uncus broad at base long, pointed, with long setae; gnathos arms much shorter than uncus, downturned, rounded; anal tube lightly sclerotized; tegumen merging gradually with uncus, broad anteriorly, tapering to narrow posteriorly, gently curved in side view; vinculum broad; saccus with bifurcated arms greatly enlarged and extending anteriorly about as far as length of valva; juxta small, curved anteriorly; valva relatively short, tip with an upturned tooth, sacculus not clearly defined, costa with stout setae distally; phallus moderately long and thin, of fairly even diameter, markedly curved with phallobase enlarged and recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with several coils. Female genitalia. Not examined. Variation. There are small differences in size. The subapical white band on the upperside forewing may be almost straight or may be curved. Diagnosis. S. victoriae sp. n. is similar to S. directa Westwood, 1877 (Figs 86–89) but has larger, more extensive, more yellow and more suffused yellow-orange markings on the hindwing. The base of the forewing is less arched and the median white band on the forewing upperside is at a different angle. This white median band in S. directa almost reaches the inner margin, short of the tornus while the white band in S. victoriae sp. n. ends before CuP and a notional line drawn along its length would cross the termen, not the inner margin, above the tornus. Both species also differ in the male genitalia. The valva of S. victoriae sp. n. is much shorter, has a less pronounced hump at the dorsal edge and the apical tooth is better developed than in S. directa (Figs 90, 91). Furthermore, S. victoriae sp. n. has a shorter uncus, phallus and sacculus than S. directa. Finally, the gnathos arms are shaped differently in both species. Distribution. This species is confined to the inland Goldfields and Great Western Woodlands of Western Australia. It was initially recorded only from Queen Victoria Rock and Burra Rock near Coolgardie. More recently, populations have been located at several new sites, including Boondi Rock and Boorabbin Rock north of the Great Eastern highway, an unnamed rock 8 km west-north-west of Caves Hill, a large unnamed rock 5 km south of Burra Rock, and McDermid Rock alongside the Hyden–Norseman Road. Habitat and Biology (Fig. 94). The flight period of this species lasts from mid-February to the end of March, but the emergence times are unpredictable, and may vary considerably from year to year. On 15 February 2015 the species was common on a granite rock 8 km west-north-west of Caves Hill. On the same day the following year, in apparently ideal conditions, the sun-moths were absent. Synemon victoriae sp. n. is found in the vicinity of granite outcrops, which project from the surrounding sandplain and mallee vegetation. Males may be seen flying over the rocks or alongside belts of sedges in search of freshly emerged females. The rainfall run off from the rock enriches a strip of ground around the rock’s base. The larval food plant is a large tall shiny-leafed sedge, Lepidosperma drummondii Benth., that grows at the base of the rocks, or along natural channels in the rock where soil has accumulated and a seasonal water run-off is available. Mature larvae have been found in tunnels inside the leaf bases, and pupae within vertical tubular shelters at the base of the leaves. The hostplant occurs together with Leptospermum erubescens Schauer (Myrtaceae) (teatree), Acacia lasiocalyx C.R.P.Andrews (Fabaceae) (wattle), Allocasuarina huegeliana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson (sheoak) and the large grass, Spartochloa scirpoidea (Steud.) C.E.Hubb. (Poaceae). These granite domes are usually widely separated and the runoff vegetation is isolated from that of other rock outcrops. Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘ Victoria Rock’, the Goldfields Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 187-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x"]}

Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker, 1856) (Fig. 1C) Castnia futilis Walker, 1856: 1581 [Nicaragua]. Castnia salasia Boisduval, 1875:529 [Mexico]. Castnia atymnius var. α; Westwood, 1877:172 [Colombia, Nicaragua]. Castnia atymnius var. γ; Westwood, 1877:172 [Nicaragua, Santa Martha, Guatemala, Mexico]. Castnia atymnius Dalman; Druce, 1883:25. Castnia futilis Walker; Druce, 1883:26, lam. IV, fig. 5. Druce (1883) cites Nicaragua as both Castnia atymnius and Castnia futilis, considering them as two different species. Castnia futilis Walker, Druce, 1896:320 [Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama] Castnia futilis Walker; Butler, 1900:191. Castnia humboldti f. brunneata Strand, 1913 [Honduras]. Castnia atymnius f. defasciata Strand, 1913 [Panama]. Castniomera futilis (Walker), Miller, 1995:135. Castniomera atymnius futilis (Walker); Lamas, 1995:80. Castniomera atymnius ssp. futilis (Walker); Maes, 1999:1237. Castniomera atymnius futilis, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23. Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker); González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:149. Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker); González & Domagala, 2019:12-13. Telchin atymnius ssp. futilis (Walker); Maes & Hernandez, 2016:301-302. Telchin atymnius ssp. futilis (Walker); Debrix & Maes, 2016:118. This ssp. is very common in Mexico and Central America (Miller 2000, González 2008, González & Hernández-Baz 2012). It is frequently associated with Musa spp. (Musaceae) and sometimes with Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) on which it could be a pest (Miller 2000; González et al. 2010). This ssp. is the most common Castniidae in Nicaragua, and perhaps in Honduras as well. They exhibit territorial behavior, are very agile and fast flyers. They are typically diurnal and are active around noon. They are frequently found perching on Musaceae in bright sunlight. Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Ensel col., C.M.Acc. 2435, Castnia ?, (CMNH); Ensel col., C.M.Acc. 2436, Castnia ?, (CMNH); 1 Ƌ, San Pedro Sula, Strecker col. 47504, FMNH-INS, 0000 041 478 (FMNH); 1 Ƌ, Troxila, F.C. Nicholas (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, El Pino, 18 km W, 100m, 3 km S, La Ceiba, 12.I.1974, col. R. Lehman, 15°41’38”N, 86°54’6”W, CURLALep04144 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, San Esteban, 20.II.1994, no col., CURLA-Lep04145 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, La Ceiba, 9 km East, 5 m, 28.XII.1994, col. R. Lehman, 15°46’30”N, 86°44’12”W, CURLALep04146 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Olancho, San Esteban, 15°12´4”N, 85°46´1”W, 8. VI.1994, col. R. Lehman, CURLALep04147 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, 12 km West, 26.VII.1996, col. R. Lehman, CURLALep04148 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 15°42”N, 86°50´49”W, 150 m, 31.VIII.1997, col. R. Lehman,, CURLALep04149 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 15°42’6”N, 86°50´49”W, 150m, 16. V.2009, col. F. Martínez, CURLALep04150 (CURLA); 1 ♀, Atlántida, Rio Bonito CURLA camp 8km w 5 km S La Ceiba; 15°42´05.84”N, 86°50´48.76”W, 150 m, 21. VI.2009; F. Martínez,, CURLALep04151 (CURLA); 1 ♀, Choluteca, San Marcos de Colón, 8.IX.1996, col. I. Anduray (UNAH); 1 Ƌ, Atlántico, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Estación CURLA, 16°42´07”N 86°60´48”W 186 m, 4. VI.2001, col. F. Martinez, 69.361 EAPZ (EAPZ); Francisco Morazan, Zamorano 13°59´42.58”N, 86°59´13.62”W 757m 15.VII.2016 E. van den Berghe. seen Flying at noon; 1 Ƌ, Prepared By J.G. Grundel (CAS); 1 Ƌ, Siguatepeque, (UNACIFOR); NICARAGUA: 1 Ƌ, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°57´47.12”N, 86°10´17.51”W, 988m, 15. V.2018 leg E. van den Berghe, Perching completely exposed to the sun, at noon (EVDB); 2 ƋƋ, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°58´11.74”N, 86°10´41.96”W, 1090m, 20. VI.2017 leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega. Kilambe, 13°33´15.13”N, 85°41´37.26”W, 1111m, 7. VI.2013 leg van den Berghe, active at noon (photo EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega: Santa Maura, 13°10´10.247”N, 85°52´0.713”W, 1126 m, 7.VII.2017 col. Jeremie Lapeze (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega: Santa Maura: Estación Biológica, 13°10´4.92”N, 85°51´39.62”W, 1170 m, 13. V.2017 col. Jeremie Lapeze (MEL); 1 ♀, Jinotega: Santa Maura,, 85°52´0.713”N, 13°10´10.247”W, 1126 m, 15. VI.2017 col. Jeremie Lapeze (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega: El Gobiado, IX.2006, col. J.M. Maes (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Chinandega: Volcán Casita, 1.VII.1995, col. J.M. Maes & J. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Chinandega: Volcán Casita,, trampa 18, cafetal montoso + arboles, 12.678901° N, 86.933588° W, 582 m, 30. VI.2017 col. J.M. Maes (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Managua: Las Nubes, 12°00´N, 86°17´W, 690 m, 10.I.1998, col. J.M. Maes, J. Tellez & J. Hernández (MEL); 2 Ƌ, Managua: Reserva Silvestre Privada Montibelli, IV.2001, col. J.M. Maes (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Masaya: La Concha: RSP El Nisperal, 11.950969° N, 86.239660° W, 700 m, 21.VII.2017, col. Kevin Gauthier (MEL); 2 Ƌ, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Cruz Negra, 11°55´15.69”N, 86°10´45.46”W, 448m, 15.VIII.2010, leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (photo EVDB); 2 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Finca las Orquídeas, 11°54´49.74”N, 86°10´59.33”W, 487m, 12.VIII.2013, leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB); 1 ♀, Granada, Volcán Mombacho. 11°49´58.27”N, 86°00´05.83”, 467m, 1.X.2007, leg van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Rivas: Veracruz “ T 15”, 11°25.104 N, 85°53.189 W, 16.XI.2013, forest fragmented with plantain, rice and corn crops, col. J.M. Maes (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Rivas: Tola “ T 16-TR-1B”, 11°22.698 N, 85°56.698, W, 16 m, 13.IV.2014, riparian tacotal, col. J.M. Maes (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Rivas: Ometepe island, 15.VIII.1989, col. F. Reinboldt (MEL); 1 Ƌ, RACS (RAAS): Rio Grande de Matagalpa: Boca de Piedra, 13.009661 N, 84.449055 W, 79 m, 22. V.2015, Trampa 17, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, RACS (RAAS): Rio Grande de Matagalpa: Boca de Piedra, 13.01685 N, 84.44363 W, 61 m, 23. V.2015, Trampa 2, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, RACS (RAAS): Rio Grande de Matagalpa: Siksikwas, 13.084292 N, 84.29109 W,. 29 m, 24. V.2015, Trampa 17, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, RACS (RAAS): Rio Grande de Matagalpa: Palpunta: Potrero 2, 13.030292 N, 84.441475 W, 58 m, Trampa 2, 22.IX.2015, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 2 Ƌ, RACS (RAAS): Rio Grande de Matagalpa: Palpunta, 13.007281 N, 84.41774 W, a 75 m, 7. VI.2016, col. A. Debrix (MEL); 1 Ƌ, RACS: Atlántida. Rio Pejibay 11°27´04.47”N 83°53´02.26”W, 27m, 2.XII.2013, leg E. van den Berghe, active at noon (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Granada: Nandaime: Cielos y Praderas, 11.701203 N, 86.05727 W specimen collected with entomological net in “sector de la Reserva enmallada,” 12. VI.2015, col. J.M. Maes. (specimen is highly damaged)., Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 274-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Walker, F. (1856) s. n. In: List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collections of the British Museum. Vol. 7. E. Newman, London, pp. i- [iv] + 1509 - 1808.","Boisduval, J. B. A. D. (1875) Species general des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Tome premier: Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, IV + 568 + 4 pp., 11 pls.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Butler, A. G. (1900) On a small collection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, from Nicaragua. The Entomologist, 33 (446), 189 - 191.","Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner J. B. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist Part 2. Hyblaecidae-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Scientific Publications, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. & Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, pp. 145 - 153.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Domagala, P. (2019) A catalogue of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the California Academy of Sciences, with general and historical comments. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 28, 1 - 24.","Maes, J. M. & Hernandez, B. (2016) Mariposas de la cuenca baja del Rio Grande de Matagalpa. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 104, 1 - 309.","Debrix, A. & Maes, J. M. (2016) Mariposas de la cuenca baja del Rio Grande de Matagalpa, suplemento 1. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 108, 1 - 122.","Miller, J. Y. (2000) Castniidae (Lepidoptera). In: Llorente, J. E., Gonzalez, E. & Papavero, N. (Eds.), Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una Sintesis de su Conocimiento, Mexico, CONABIO, 2, 537 - 531."]}

Synemon angustiptera Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Narrow-winged Sun-moth Figs 57–60, 63, 66, 71 Literature: Williams et al. 2016: 127–128, figs 34, 35 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Ravensthorpe’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ 33.36S 120.18E 26 km E of Ravensthorpe WA 10 Jan 1993 GPS E.D. Edwards E.S. Nielsen’ (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 Ƌ, Sheoaks Hill W Israelite Bay, 33.38S 123.40E, 8.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen’ (Figs 57, 58) (ANIC); 3♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 6.i.1993, E.D. Edwards (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 3♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 10.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 59, 60, 63, 66, genitalia and leg slides 13046, 16581, 18531) (ANIC); 4Ƌ, Mount Ragged, 17.xii.1995, M.S. & B.J. Moulds, K.A. Kapeston-sky (AMS); 5Ƌ, 5♀, Israelite Bay, Old Telegraph line Tk, 3326.291’S 12358.929’E, 11.i.2014. D.J. Hilton (genitalia slide AK858, CAK, WAM); 9Ƌ, 1♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., 14 km W Israelite Bay, 3338’34 S 12342 ’38E, 5.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., Gora Rd, 3338’ 37.6 S 12342’ 42.3E, 3.i.2015, A.A.E. Wil-liams (WAM); 9Ƌ, 5♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., Telegraph Tk, 3326’17.0S 12358’55.9E, 1.i.2015 (1♀), 3334’07.8S 12356’25.3E, 4.i.2015 (8 Ƌ, 4♀), 3324’30.9S 12359’12.3E, 4.i.2015 (1 Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin angustus (narrow, strait) and the Greek ptero (wing) and relates to the characteristic wing shape. Description. Male (Figs 57, 58). Alar expanse 35–40 mm, forewing length 18–19 mm, body length 17–19 mm. Head, vertex with dark grey piliform and lamellar scales, frons with projecting piliform and lamellar scales grey, labial palpi appressed to head reaching frons, white, haustellum present, coiled, not well developed, antenna black narrowly annulated with white scales, distal few flagellomeres black above and white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, expanding abruptly, nudum 9 orange brown on anterior third of club, apiculus scaled short narrow. Thorax robust, above dark grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, a narrow collar of scales, small lateral tufts of long grey scales from metathorax, beneath grey, legs grey above, pale grey beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, rounded at tip, terminating well short of end of foretibia. Abdomen: stout, dark grey above, posterior half with orange brown scales, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath grey, tinged with orange scales laterally. Forewing costa very slightly arched at base, straight, apex sharply rounded, termen rounded, and angled inwards, inner margin almost straight. Upperside dark grey with markings of black and white, entire wing with scattered pale grey scales; basal third of wing dark grey, a median black band from costa to inner margin indistinct, broad and distinct about CuA2 where angled inwards and outlined by pale grey scales, narrowing posteriorly and slightly angled outwards near inner margin, a round white spot ant end of cell, a broad black patch at two thirds costa and extending from costa to CuA1, broadest at costa, a band of ill-defined white-centred grey subapical spots from R2 to M3, postmedian area between CuA2 and 1A+2A with scattered pale grey scales, a submarginal band of discrete black spots between R2 and 1A+2A, margin dark grey. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with white and orange-red markings; basal half black with scattered orange-red scales, a broad orange-red median band from costa to inner margin, white centred at end of cell, proximal edge displaced at M3, an orange-red subapical band from R2 to M3, white nearest costa and some white in centre, a submarginal band of discrete ill-defined orange-red spots between the veins from apex to inner margin, anterior three or four spots white, posterior orange ones very ill-defined, not fusing with subapical band and not fusing with median band, a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, slightly flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with orange-red spots; large orange-red spot at distal end of cell, a median broad red unbroken band extending from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, inner margin notched inwards at M3, outer margin slightly indistinct, a submarginal band of orange-red spots from M3 to 1A+2A, anal area black basally, with the tornal orange-red spot separated from the median orange-red band. Cilia black, without orange at apex or tornus. Underside black partly obscured by orange-red spots; basal half of wing orange, with a black bar at end of cell and joined to an orange spot at distal end of cell, narrowly running into median band, a broad median band of orange-red from Rs to 1A+2A narrow and with some white centres near apex, sometimes running into submarginal row of spots, a submarginal row of orange-red spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots anterior to M3 small and white, a narrow black terminal line, anal area broadly orange, tornal spot orange-red. Cilia dark grey, without orange scales near apex and tornus. Female (Figs 59, 60). Alar expanse 36–45 mm. Very similar to male, larger, apex more rounded, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male. The long ovipositor is easily observed. Male genitalia (Fig. 63). Uncus long, apically rounded, with short setae; gnathos arms with triangular sclerotisations beside anal tube; tegumen short and wide; valva narrow and angular, with prominent upturned spine at tip, with numerous short setae; phallus moderately long, well sclerotized, narrow and broadening anteriorly, strongly and evenly curved, apically very narrow and pointed, anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with numerous coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 66). Papillae anales short pointed sclerotized; ovipositor long, fairly narrow, extensible, sclerotized, with stout lateral hairs towards tip, numerous fine setae near base; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis large, with some sclerotized thickening; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from shortly before ostium, some thickening of ductus bursae at junction; ductus bursae long narrow coiled; corpus bursae large, spherical, with single scobinate signum. Diagnosis. This species belongs to the S. magnifica group of species. Compared to the other species in the S. magnifica group, S. angustiptera sp. n. has relatively narrow valvae, a very rounded uncus tip and a narrow apically pointed phallus. In the female, it differs by the simple signum (bilobed in all other species, with the exception of S. ignita which is lacking a signum). Variation. The specimens do not show much variation in size but they vary in the colour of the orange-red markings, ranging from deeper red to more orange in colour. Distribution. This sun-moth is known from only a few localities west and east of Esperance. It occurs slightly inland, 26 km east of Ravensthorpe, at Fields Nature Reserve north of Stokes Inlet (Williams et al. 2016), and at Sheoaks Hill and Mount Ragged in Cape Arid National Park. The easternmost sub-population is located in Nuytsland Nature Reserve north-east of Israelite Bay. Habitat and Biology (Fig. 71). Almost all S. angustiptera sp. n. specimens have been recorded during the first half of January. However, a small series, collected at Mount Ragged on 17 December 1995, indicates that the spe-cies flies earlier at more-inland sites. The holotype was collected in a gravel scrape for road works on a low ridge in open mallee scrub, on soil derived from laterite. Adults were flying in the open scrape area, through the mallee, and across the road. The specimen from Sheoaks Hill was in open mallee and heathland above the point where the Israelite Bay to Mt Ragged road ascends the low escarpment. The larval food plant is Hook-leaf Saw Sedge, Gahnia ancistrophylla Benth. (Cyperaceae) (Williams et al. 2016). North-east of Israelite Bay, this sun-moth occurs alongside a series of saline lakes, where the vegetation is a Melaleuca sp. dominated shrubland with an understory of G. ancistrophylla. This vegetation association grows in shallow white sand overlying pavement limestone. Females were observed ovipositing on regenerating sedges alongside the old telegraph track, where empty pupal exuviae were also collected (Williams et al. 2016). Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Ravensthorpe’, the Narrow-winged Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016).

Telchin evalthe viryi (Boisduval, [1875]) (Fig. 1D) Castnia viryi Boisduval, [1875], Mexico Castnia evalthe var. δ; Westwood, 1877:181 [Mexico, Nicaragua (Castnia Viryi Boisduval, p. 515, pl. 11, fig 3)] [This is Xanthocastnia evalthe viryi (Boisduval, 1875) described from Mexico] [The ssp. Castnia evalthe var. flexifasciata Houlbert, 1917 was described from “ Honduras ” as type locality; it was placed as a synonym of Xanthocastnia evalthe wagneri (Buchecker, 1880) which is distributed mainly in Colombia]. Xanthocastnia viryi intermedia, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Originally described from Mexico, it is larger than the typical T. evalthe. Telchin evalthe viryi cannot be confused with the latter since it has only one cream band in the fore wings (Boisduval [1875]). Unfortunately, it is quite rare (could it be just a local variation?), and we only know a few specimens (González et al. 2010). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Castnia viryi Bdl –Staudinger, 1894, 9959, Seitz. Strecker Colln. 25 651, FMNH-INS 0000 041 533 (FMNH); 1 Ƌ, Truxillo distr., F.C. Nicholas (AMNH), Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Boisduval, J. B. A. D. (1875) Species general des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Tome premier: Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, IV + 568 + 4 pp., 11 pls.","Houlbert, C. (1917) Diagnoses de castnies nouvelles et rectification de quelques noms indument employes. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 13, 49 - 87.","Buchecker, H. (1880) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, genera, species: Pars 6. Autor, Munchen, 2 + 30 pls.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp."]}

Synemon cacumina Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Hilltop Sun-moth Figs 67, 77–80, 81, 92, 93 Literature: Williams et al. 2016: 108–110, figs 18, 19 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Mount Ragged’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘heathland above escarpment approx. 20 km WNW of Israelite Bay, W.A. 29 Dec. 1990 M.S. & B.J. Moulds’ (Figs 77, 78) (ANIC). Paratypes: 7 Ƌ, labelled as holotype (ANIC, AMS); 2Ƌ, 3 km SW Mt Ragged, Cape Arid N.P., 18.xii.1989, R.P. Fields (ANIC); 6Ƌ, heathland above escarpment approx. 20 km WNW Israelite Bay, 29.xii.1990, M.S. & B.J. Moulds (Fig. 81, genitalia and leg slides 11853, 11854, 13064) (ANIC, AMS); 2♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 6.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 79, 80) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Mt Ragged, 10.xii.1974, K.T. Richards (WAM); 8Ƌ, Cape Arid N.P., The Diamonds Hill, 3338’46” S 12329 ’13”E, 4.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Fitzgerald River N.P., East Mount Barren, 3412’59.5” S 11925 ’58.9”E, 11.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Stirling Ranges, Lookout Hill alongside Red Gum Pass, 16.xii.2004, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC, CAK); 1Ƌ, Stirling Ranges N.P., 12 km E Mondurup Peak, 28.i.1994, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 1♀ Stirling Ranges, 13.i.1974, K. & E. Carnaby (Fig. 67, genitalia slide 13063) (ANIC); 7Ƌ, Stirling Range N.P., 3425.508’S 11756.101’E, 18.xii.2004, 19.xii.2004, 20.xii.2004, 21.xii.2004, 22.xii.2004, 23.xii.2004, 24.xii.2004, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 7Ƌ, Stirling Range N.P., 3425.508’S 11756.104’E, 29.xii.2009, A.A.E. Williams (WAM). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin cacumen (summit, mountain top) and relates to the preference of this species to hilltop. Description. Male (Figs 77, 78). Alar expanse 40–42 mm, forewing length 19–21 mm, body length 18–20 mm. Head, vertex with black piliform and lamellar scales, frons with pale brownish grey scales, labial palpi short, upturned, not reaching frons, appressed to head, white, haustellum well developed, antenna with long seta on each flagellar annulus, sometimes more, projecting posteriorly, black annulated with white scales, flagellar annuli white beneath, club arising abruptly, black above, white proximally beneath, nudum 11–12 brown on anterior half of club, apiculus narrow. Thorax above black, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, beneath pale orange and white, legs brown to pale orange above, white beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, pointed at tip, reaching to about end of foretibia. Abdomen black above, T2–T4 with numerous long grey scales, beneath pale orange. Forewing costa almost straight, apex sharply rounded, termen rounded, inner margin slightly rounded. Upperside black with markings of white and grey scales; basal third of wing with scattered grey scales, an area of ground colour crosses disc from costa to inner margin forming a prominent black band, a white patch at end of cell large, extending to costa and towards inner margin but in posterior half of wing obscured by grey and some black scales, this band bordered distally by scattered grey scales on black ground colour, a subapical band of white or grey spots from R2 to M3, straight and forming a broad band, an ill-defined area of black with grey scales which define a band of black spots, largest near apex, beyond subapical band, a terminal line black. Cilia black. Underside black with pale orange and white markings; pale orange at base extending half way along cell, a pale orange median band from costa to near inner margin, a broad subapical band from R2 to M3 white with a pale orange border, a submarginal band of discrete white spots between the veins from costa to M3 and a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside black with orange and white spots; a small orange spot at distal end of cell, a narrow median band of small orange spots extending from M1 to 1A+2A, those spots between M1 and M3 confluent, a gap of ground colour to CuA1 and a narrow orange band extending from CuA1 and 1A+2A, a submarginal band of two white spots one between M3 and CuA1 the other between CuA2 and 1A+2A, anal area grey and with an ill-defined submarginal orange band. Cilia black, white from Rs to M2 and black at tornus. Underside black with white and orange spots; basal third of wing pale orange mixed with black, a white spot at distal end of cell extending anteriorly to Sc+R1, a median band of white spots bordered distally by orange from apex to 1A+2A, spots between M1 and M3 confluent, spot absent between M3 and CuA1, a submarginal row of minute white spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, those spots between M3 and CuA1 and CuA2 and 1A+2A much larger, a narrow terminal line black, anal area with some pale orange scales with a small white and pale orange tornal spot. Cilia dark grey, white anterior to M3, paler at tornus. Female (Figs 79, 80). Alar expanse 47–48 mm. Similar to male, larger, termen more rounded, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male but orange and white bands larger. On the underside, the basal third of both wings is pale orange. On the hindwing, there is a black spot in the middle of the cell and the anal area is broadly orange, the median band is broad, orange and without interruption. Male genitalia (Fig. 81). Uncus broad, of uniform width, evenly rounded at tip with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube sclerotized; tegumen broad, curved, parallel sided; vinculum evenly, strongly, sclerotized; saccus without bifurcated arms; juxta well sclerotized, curved anteriorly; valva elongate, tip truncated into upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae, ventral margin almost straight; phallus short, well sclerotized, of even diameter, tip oblique, gently curved, with phallobase large and strongly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius much longer than phallus, with several coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 67). Papillae anales short pointed sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible, sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines towards tip; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half the length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with two short lateral sacs; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from near ostium; ductus bursae with numerous spicules and one coil; corpus bursae large, approximately spherical, membrane rugose, with two well developed paired scobinate signa. Diagnosis. Synemon cacumina sp. n. is easily recognised by the narrow bands on the upperside of the hindwing. The median band is orange while the submarginal band consists of two white spots. The forewing above is also distinct with the white discal spot at the end of the cell greatly enlarged and extended into a band nearly crossing the wing. Females of S. maja can sometimes have a similar band but the hindwings are very different. The shape of the forewing also differs from the S. leucospila group of species which have a more rounded costa. Variation. There is variation in size and in the width of the orange median band on the upperside of the hindwing. Distribution. Synemon cacumina sp. n. has been recorded at Stirling Range National Park in the west, east to West Mount Barren in Fitzgerald River National Park, 26 km east of Ravensthorpe, Mount Ragged and The Diamonds Hill in Cape Arid National Park, and the area round Israelite Bay. A photographic record from the Porongurup (1Ƌ, Porongurup, Plantagenet, Twin Creek Conservation Reserve, -34.62339 117.892787, 27.xii.2017, Steve Dew, iNaturalist, Fig. 92) requires confirmation. Habitat and Biology (Fig 92, 93). This species has been recorded between 10 December and 28 January. The type locality is above the escarpment near Sheoaks Hill, along the road from Israelite Bay to Mount Ragged in Cape Arid National Park. It generally favours mixed mallee and heathland, and has been observed visiting flowers (Fig. 92). The larval food plant is unknown. Synemon cacumina sp. n. is the only sun-moth species in Australia, currently known to exhibit classic hill-topping behaviour. Males may be located at the summits of prominent hills, where they often fly together with hill-topping butterflies. At Stirling Range National Park males hill-top at the summit of the look-out hill on Redgum Pass Road, at Fitzgerald River National Park at the summit of West Mount Barren, and at Cape Arid National Park at the summit of The Diamonds Hill (Williams et al. 2016). This species can be numerous on hilltops in the aftermath of fire. The male sun-moths fly in sunny conditions, periodically settling on prominent shrubs at the tops of the hills. Females are rarely seen. Hill-topping behaviour has been also reported for Synemon jcaria R. Felder 1874 (Douglas 2008). Similarly, Synemon gratiosa Westwood 1877 often occupies sandy hilltops and dune ridges (Williams et al. 2016). But with both species, their host food-plants are always present on the occupied hilltops, and the males hold territories. Remarks. This species was listed as Synemon sp. ‘Mount Ragged’, the Hilltop Sun-moth by Williams et al. (2016).

Synemon petrophila Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Royal Sun-moth Figs 53–56, 62, 65, 72–76 Literature: Lower 1892: 10 (misidentified as Synemon sophia (White) var.); Williams et al. 2016: 122–124, figs 30, 31 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Moirs Rock’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ Moir Rock, NE of Salmon Gums, 32.39S 121.25E, 11 Jan 1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen’ (ANIC). Paratypes: 1♀, Jimberlana Hill, 5.4 km E Norseman, 32.09S 121.49E, 28.i.1991, D.C.F. Rentz (ANIC); 16Ƌ, 8♀, Jimberlana Hill, 32.09S 121.49E, 12.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC) (geni-talia slides 11801, 11800, 18540, ♀ 13066) (Figs 55, 56, 62, 64) (ANIC); 3Ƌ, 1♀, Jimberlana Hill, 3208’46.8” S 12148 ’46.5”E, 8.i.2011 (1♀, 1Ƌ), 9.i.2011 (2Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, 7Ƌ, Jimberlana Hill, 3208’24.6” S 12150 ’47.4”E, 8.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC); 2♀, 6Ƌ, Nyabing, 3332’58.0” S 11809 ’48.0”E, 17.i.2011, A.A.E. Williams (Figs 53, 54) (WAM, ANIC); 6Ƌ, 4♀, 60 km E Hyden, 32.25S 119.28E, 31.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 19Ƌ, 3♀, Mt Cook, 32.26S 116.19E, 28.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Moir Rock, 32.39S 121.25E, 11.i.1993, 13.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 2♀, Moir Rock, 42 km NNW Salmon Gums, 3239’ S 12125 ’E, 1.i.1986, 3.i.1987, G. & A. Daniels (QMB); 1Ƌ, Boulder Rock, 18 km E Kelmscott, 3207’ S 11609 ’E, 15.i.1986, G. & A. Daniels (QMB); 15Ƌ, 2♀, Abyssinia Rock, 12 km S Mt Dale, 3214’06.5” S 11617 ’29.4”E, 5.i.2013, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Abyssinia Rock, 3214’03.0” S 11617 ’29.6”E, 5.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 16Ƌ, 2♀, Albany HWY, Sullivan Rock, 3222’35.8” S 11615 ’12.8”E, 15.i.2011 (1Ƌ), 16.i.2011 (5Ƌ, 1♀), 2.i.2012 (3Ƌ), 4.i.2012 (6Ƌ, 1♀) A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 16Ƌ, 1♀, Sullivan Rock, 3222’37.8” S 11615 ’10.6”E, 10.i.2012 (5Ƌ), 16.i.2012 (8Ƌ), 1.i.2013 (3Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Sullivan Rock, 3222’36.0” S 11615 ’13.0”E, 30.xii.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 4Ƌ, Sullivan Rock, 3222’41” S 11615 ’06”E, 13.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 19Ƌ, 6♀, Blue Rock, 5 km ENE Jarrahdale, 3219’42.0” S 11606 ’54.8”E, 9.i.2012 (11Ƌ, 6♀), 10.i.2012 (5Ƌ), 8.i.2013 (3Ƌ), A.A.E. Wi-liams (WAM); 4Ƌ, Blue Rock, 3219’40.0” S 11606 ’53.4”E, 14.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 4♀, Blue Rock, 3219’41” S 11606 ’50”E, 8.i.2015, E. Friedrich (CEF and coll. K. Gottschaldt); 1♀, Blue Rock, 3219’40” S 11606 ’51”E, 13.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 1♀, Brookton HWY, Boulder Rock, 3207’58” S 11610 ’04”E, 5.i.2019, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, 1Ƌ, Cramphorne Rd, 64 km S Southern Cross, 3148’25.1” S 11917 ’07.7”E, 14.i.2016, 3148’21.6” S 11917 ’05.7”E, 27.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 1♀, Dulyalbin Rock, 50 km SW Southern Cross, 3134’10.0” S 11859 ’42.0”E, 13.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3♀, 8Ƌ, Kukerin, 3311.343’S 11805.389’E, 13.i.2010 (2♀, 5Ƌ), 14.i.2010 (1♀, 3Ƌ,), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Kukerin Bushland, 3311’14.8” S 11805 ’21.6”E, 10.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2♀, Large Granite Rock, 6 km E Jarrahdale, 3220’06.5” S 11607 ’50.1”E, 9.i.2012 (1♀), 16.i.2012 (1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Nulla Nulla Rd, 72 km SSW Southern Cross, 3149’33.3” S 11901 ’05.9”E, 27.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Peak Charles N.P., 3251’11.8” S 12110 ’31.4”E, 8.i.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3♀, 26Ƌ, Serpentine N.P., 2.8 km NW Jarrahdale, 3219’06.0” S 11602 ’36.8”E, 2.i.2012 (1♀, 12Ƌ), 4.i.2012 (1♀, 12Ƌ), 12.i.2013 (1♀, 2Ƌ), 3219’06” S 11602 ’37”E, 1.i.2019 (7Ƌ) A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, ‘ Murchison distr. W.A., Elder Exp., Feb 1892, R. Helms’ (SAMA). Excluded from type series. 1Ƌ, Perth, ix.1916, N.B. Tindale (SAMA); 1Ƌ, Ravenswood, J.F. Angel (SAMA); 1Ƌ, Cunderin (SAMA). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin petra (rock) and the Greek philia (love) and relates to the frequent habitat of this species, large granite boulders with their hostplants growing around the fringe. Description. Male (Figs 53, 54). Alar expanse 39–52 mm, forewing length 18–24 mm, body length 18–22 mm. Head, vertex with dark grey lamellar scales, frons with projecting lamellar scales dark grey, labial palpi fairly short, appressed to head not reaching frons, white, haustellum present, coiled, moderately developed, antenna black narrowly annulated with white scales, distal few flagellomeres black above and mostly white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, expanding abruptly, nudum 11 orange brown on anterior third of club often with scattered white scales, apiculus scaled short narrow. Thorax robust, above dark grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, lateral tuft of long grey scales present, beneath white, legs grey above, pale grey beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, bluntly pointed at tip, terminating short of end of foretibia.Abdomen stout, dark grey above, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath white or pale grey, with orange scales laterally and orange scales near tip. Forewing costa slightly arched at base, straight, apex rounded, termen rounded, and slightly angled inwards, inner margin almost straight. Upperside very dark grey with markings of black and white, entire wing with scattered pale blue scales; basal third of wing dark grey, an oblique indistinct median black band from base of CuA1 to 1A+2A, narrowing and sharply angled outwards posteriorly, a large ill-defined white mark at end of cell, a broad dark grey patch at two thirds costa and extending from costa to CuA1, a band of ill-defined white subapical spots from R2 to M3, an indistinct submarginal band of joined black spots between M2 and 1A+2A, beyond this a grey area with extensive pale grey scaling and some white running to a very indistinct black band which extends from half way along M3 to tornus, margin dark grey. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with white and orange-red markings; basal half black with orange scales in basal half of cell, an orange-red median band from costa to inner margin, proximal edge displaced at CuA1, paler in centre of band with white patches in centre, a broad orange-red subapical band from R2 to M3, centre broadly white, a submarginal band of discrete orange-red spots between the veins from apex to inner margin, anterior few spots pale grey, fusing with subapical band between M2 and M3, the submarginal band may be absent, apical area grey merging to black along the termen to tornus, a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, slightly flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with orange-red spots; large orange-red spot at distal end of cell, a median broad orange-red broken band extending from Rs to 1A+2A, broken between M1 and M2, outer margin slightly indistinct, a submarginal band of orange-red spots from M2 to 1A+2A, usually with the orange-red spot from M2 to M3 small or obsolete, sometimes all submarginal band missing, anal area grey basally and with a tornal orange-red spot sometimes joining the median orange-red band. Cilia black, orange from Sc+R1 to M2 and some orange at tornus. Underside black mostly obscured by orange-red spots; basal half of wing black, obscured by orange-red scales proximally, an orange spot at distal end of cell with white centre, a broad median band of orange-red from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A with white centres, broken at M3, sometimes running into submarginal row of spots, a submarginal row of orange-red spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots anterior to M3 small and pale grey, a narrow black terminal line, anal area broadly orange-red. Cilia dark grey, orange from Sc+R1 to M3, orange-red at tornus. Female (Figs 55, 56). Alar expanse 50–62 mm. Similar to male, larger, forewings slightly narrower, coloration similar to male, but anal area on upperside of hindwing extensively orange-red. Hindwing with orange-red spots usually more extensive than in male, occasionally with spot from Rs to M1 with white centre. Underside similar to male but sometimes with orange-red colouring more extensive. Abdomen with more extensive pale orange-brown scaling. Male genitalia (Fig. 62). Uncus short and wide, ending in a blunt tip, with short setae; gnathos arms with sclerotisations beside anal tube; tegumen broad; valva broad, compact and almost quadrangular, with prominent upturned spine at tip, with numerous short setae; phallus moderately long, well sclerotized, broad and broadening anteriorly, strongly and evenly curved, apically pointed, anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with numerous coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 65). Papillae anales short, pointed, sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible, numerous fine setae near base; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with some sclerotized thickening; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from shortly before ostium; ductus bursae long narrow coiled; corpus bursae relatively large, ovoid, with numerous folds, and with a bilobed scobinate signum. Diagnosis. Synemon petrophila sp. n. is one of the largest Australian sun-moths. It belongs to the S. magnifica group of species. Compared to other species in this group, the forewing is less distinctly patterned, appearing somewhat blurred and the median orange-red band in the hindwing is separated by a black bar between M1 and M2. Occasionally, specimens are difficult to separate from S. semaphora sp. n. However, S. petrophila sp. n. is usually larger and differs by its narrower and more elongated forewings, the less extensive whitish markings (typically with wide light medial bands on forewings in S. semaphora sp. n., often reduced to a white discal spot and a row of white subapical spots in S. petrophila sp. n.), the duller orange of the hindwings, the subterminal row of well-isolated orange spots in the hindwing (usually confluent in S. semaphora sp. n.), forewing underside with black basal portion extending into a distal projection (absent in S. semaphora sp. n.) and without a silvery white strip along the outer dorsum where the forewing and hindwing overlap (dark in S. semaphora sp. n.). The valva is broad, compact and almost quadrangular; the corpus bursae is relatively large, ovoid, with numerous folds (simple in S. semaphora sp. n.), the ovipositor tip is blunted, with relatively long setae (more pointed and with shorter setae in S. semaphora sp. n.). Variation. There is substantial variation in the extent of the light grey to white coloured marks on the forewing. Distribution. Synemon petrophila sp. n. has a wide, but disjunct, distribution across south-western Western Australia. The first specimen was collected in the Murchison district during the Elder Expedition in 1892. A precise locality was not recorded for this northernmost record. Since then S. petrophila sp. n. has only been found further south: from the Darling Scarp and forest sites inland of Perth, from the Wheatbelt near Southern Cross, from Kukerin bushland and Nyabing bushland, and further east from Peak Charles National Park, Moir Rock, and Jimberlana Hill near Norseman (Williams et al. 2016). Habitat and Biology (Figs 72–76). This species flies primarily in January with a flying period of approximate-ly two weeks (Williams et al. 2016). S. petrophila sp. n. is found in differing habitats, dependent upon the location of the sedges on which the larvae feed. Near Perth, it is found on granite rocky outcrops, both within the Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest and on the edge of the Darling Scarp. There, the larval food plant, a large unidentified species of Lepidosperma sedge (Cyperaceae) with viscous leaf bases, grows at the base of the rocks or in drainage channels on the rocks where sufficient soil has accumulated to support it. In the central and southern Wheatbelt and at Peak Charles National Park, this species is found in mallee woodland, where the large Sticky Sword Sedge Lepidosperma sanguinolentum K.L. Wilson is a dominant component of the understory. At Jimberlana Hill, the larval food plant is a shiny-leafed undescribed species of Lepidosperma sedge that is widespread and dominant on the granitic gneiss rocky hillslopes (Greg Keighery, pers. comm. 2018). In mallee woodland sites in the Wheatbelt, males fly openly amongst the large sedge food plants; the females are less frequently seen. On the granite outcrops of the Darling Scarp males establish territories on hilltops if the larval food plant sedge is growing nearby. On the upper slopes of Jimberlana Hill the males course widely over the large expanses of available sedge food plant. On very hot days adults rest on the cooler, shaded side of burnt upright mallee stags slowly rotating as the sun moves to maintain their shaded position (E.D. Edwards, pers. obs.; Williams et al. 2016). Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Moirs Rock’, the Royal Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 176-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Lower, O. B. (1892) Scientific Results of the Elder Exploring Expedition. Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 16, 10 - 15."]}

Telchin licus microsticta (Rothschild, 1919) (Fig. 1F) Castnia licoides Boisduval, 1875:527 [Santa Catarina, Brazil] Castnia licus Fabricius; Druce, 1883:26. Castnia albomaculata microsticta Rothschild, 1919:9 [Nicaragua] Castnia licoides Boisduval; Maes & Téllez, 1988:20, 89. Castnia sp. Maes, 1992:22. Leucocastnia albomaculata microsticta (Rothschild), Miller, 1995:135. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Lamas, 1995:81. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Maes, 1999:1237. Telchin licus ssp. microsticta (Rothschild); Maes, 2004:127. Leucocastnia licus, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl. 24. Telchin licus (Drury), Miller et al., 2012:10. Closely resembling the Colombian ssp. T. licus albomaculata (Houlbert, 2017), from which it differs in the size of some wing markings and other minor morphological features, this ssp. was originally described from Nicaragua (Rothschild 1919). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W, 150 m, 2. VI.1997, col. R. Lehman, CURLALep04161 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 7. VI.1997, CUR-LALep04162 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W 9. VI.1998,, CURLALep04163 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 10. VI.1998, CURLALep04164 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 27. V.2001, CURLALep04165 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 15°42´6”N, 86°50´48”W, 31. II.2009, col. F. Martínez, CURLALep04166 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 31.5.2009, CURLALep04166 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlán-tida, Pico Bonito, CURLA research station. 15°42´07”N, 86°50´45”W, 185m 14. VI.2001 F. Martinez EAPZ 67.361 (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ (UNAH); NICARAGUA: 4 Ƌ, Syntypes, San Ramon, R. [io] Wanks, Nic., 375 ft., VI.1905 (M.G. Palmer), Syntype Ƌ, Castnia albomaculata microsticta, Rothschild, 1919 (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, San Ramon, Esper-anza, May (W. Schaus) type San Ramon, Syntype Ƌ (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, Chontales, [Nicaragua], col. E.M. Janson (NHMUKUK); 1 Ƌ, Rio San Juan: Indio Maiz: Camp 1, 10°59´05 N, 84°14´22 W, 5 / 7. VI.2002, Col. P. Schmidt & B. Hernández (MEL), Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 277-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Rothschild, L. W. (1919) Supplementary notes to the review of Houlbert and Oberthur's monograph of Castniinae by Talbot and Prout. Novitates Zoologicae, 26 (1), 1 - 27.","Boisduval, J. B. A. D. (1875) Species general des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Tome premier: Sphingides, Sesiides, Castnides. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, IV + 568 + 4 pp., 11 pls.","Maes, J. M. (1992) Fauna entomologica del Archipielago de Solentiname, Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 21, 19 - 24.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner J. B. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist Part 2. Hyblaecidae-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Scientific Publications, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Maes, J. M. (2004) Insectos asociados a algunos cultivos tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Parte VII. Banano (Musa sapientum, Musa acuminata, Musaceae) - Platano (Musa paradisiaca, Musaceae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 64 (Suplemento electronico 1), parte VII, 1 - 159.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp.","Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. Jr. (2012) An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 205, 1 - 72."]}

Synemon cacumina Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Hilltop Sun-moth Figs 67, 77–80, 81, 92, 93 Literature: Williams et al. 2016: 108–110, figs 18, 19 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Mount Ragged’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘heathland above escarpment approx. 20 km WNW of Israelite Bay, W.A. 29 Dec. 1990 M.S. & B.J. Moulds’ (Figs 77, 78) (ANIC). Paratypes: 7 Ƌ, labelled as holotype (ANIC, AMS); 2Ƌ, 3 km SW Mt Ragged, Cape Arid N.P., 18.xii.1989, R.P. Fields (ANIC); 6Ƌ, heathland above escarpment approx. 20 km WNW Israelite Bay, 29.xii.1990, M.S. & B.J. Moulds (Fig. 81, genitalia and leg slides 11853, 11854, 13064) (ANIC, AMS); 2♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 6.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 79, 80) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Mt Ragged, 10.xii.1974, K.T. Richards (WAM); 8Ƌ, Cape Arid N.P., The Diamonds Hill, 3338’46” S 12329 ’13”E, 4.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Fitzgerald River N.P., East Mount Barren, 3412’59.5” S 11925 ’58.9”E, 11.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Stirling Ranges, Lookout Hill alongside Red Gum Pass, 16.xii.2004, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC, CAK); 1Ƌ, Stirling Ranges N.P., 12 km E Mondurup Peak, 28.i.1994, A.A.E. Williams (ANIC); 1♀ Stirling Ranges, 13.i.1974, K. & E. Carnaby (Fig. 67, genitalia slide 13063) (ANIC); 7Ƌ, Stirling Range N.P., 3425.508’S 11756.101’E, 18.xii.2004, 19.xii.2004, 20.xii.2004, 21.xii.2004, 22.xii.2004, 23.xii.2004, 24.xii.2004, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 7Ƌ, Stirling Range N.P., 3425.508’S 11756.104’E, 29.xii.2009, A.A.E. Williams (WAM). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin cacumen (summit, mountain top) and relates to the preference of this species to hilltop. Description. Male (Figs 77, 78). Alar expanse 40–42 mm, forewing length 19–21 mm, body length 18–20 mm. Head, vertex with black piliform and lamellar scales, frons with pale brownish grey scales, labial palpi short, upturned, not reaching frons, appressed to head, white, haustellum well developed, antenna with long seta on each flagellar annulus, sometimes more, projecting posteriorly, black annulated with white scales, flagellar annuli white beneath, club arising abruptly, black above, white proximally beneath, nudum 11–12 brown on anterior half of club, apiculus narrow. Thorax above black, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, beneath pale orange and white, legs brown to pale orange above, white beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, pointed at tip, reaching to about end of foretibia. Abdomen black above, T2–T4 with numerous long grey scales, beneath pale orange. Forewing costa almost straight, apex sharply rounded, termen rounded, inner margin slightly rounded. Upperside black with markings of white and grey scales; basal third of wing with scattered grey scales, an area of ground colour crosses disc from costa to inner margin forming a prominent black band, a white patch at end of cell large, extending to costa and towards inner margin but in posterior half of wing obscured by grey and some black scales, this band bordered distally by scattered grey scales on black ground colour, a subapical band of white or grey spots from R2 to M3, straight and forming a broad band, an ill-defined area of black with grey scales which define a band of black spots, largest near apex, beyond subapical band, a terminal line black. Cilia black. Underside black with pale orange and white markings; pale orange at base extending half way along cell, a pale orange median band from costa to near inner margin, a broad subapical band from R2 to M3 white with a pale orange border, a submarginal band of discrete white spots between the veins from costa to M3 and a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside black with orange and white spots; a small orange spot at distal end of cell, a narrow median band of small orange spots extending from M1 to 1A+2A, those spots between M1 and M3 confluent, a gap of ground colour to CuA1 and a narrow orange band extending from CuA1 and 1A+2A, a submarginal band of two white spots one between M3 and CuA1 the other between CuA2 and 1A+2A, anal area grey and with an ill-defined submarginal orange band. Cilia black, white from Rs to M2 and black at tornus. Underside black with white and orange spots; basal third of wing pale orange mixed with black, a white spot at distal end of cell extending anteriorly to Sc+R1, a median band of white spots bordered distally by orange from apex to 1A+2A, spots between M1 and M3 confluent, spot absent between M3 and CuA1, a submarginal row of minute white spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, those spots between M3 and CuA1 and CuA2 and 1A+2A much larger, a narrow terminal line black, anal area with some pale orange scales with a small white and pale orange tornal spot. Cilia dark grey, white anterior to M3, paler at tornus. Female (Figs 79, 80). Alar expanse 47–48 mm. Similar to male, larger, termen more rounded, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male but orange and white bands larger. On the underside, the basal third of both wings is pale orange. On the hindwing, there is a black spot in the middle of the cell and the anal area is broadly orange, the median band is broad, orange and without interruption. Male genitalia (Fig. 81). Uncus broad, of uniform width, evenly rounded at tip with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube sclerotized; tegumen broad, curved, parallel sided; vinculum evenly, strongly, sclerotized; saccus without bifurcated arms; juxta well sclerotized, curved anteriorly; valva elongate, tip truncated into upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae, ventral margin almost straight; phallus short, well sclerotized, of even diameter, tip oblique, gently curved, with phallobase large and strongly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius much longer than phallus, with several coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 67). Papillae anales short pointed sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible, sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines towards tip; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half the length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with two short lateral sacs; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from near ostium; ductus bursae with numerous spicules and one coil; corpus bursae large, approximately spherical, membrane rugose, with two well developed paired scobinate signa. Diagnosis. Synemon cacumina sp. n. is easily recognised by the narrow bands on the upperside of the hindwing. The median band is orange while the submarginal band consists of two white spots. The forewing above is also distinct with the white discal spot at the end of the cell greatly enlarged and extended into a band nearly crossing the wing. Females of S. maja can sometimes have a similar band but the hindwings are very different. The shape of the forewing also differs from the S. leucospila group of species which have a more rounded costa. Variation. There is variation in size and in the width of the orange median band on the upperside of the hindwing. Distribution. Synemon cacumina sp. n. has been recorded at Stirling Range National Park in the west, east to West Mount Barren in Fitzgerald River National Park, 26 km east of Ravensthorpe, Mount Ragged and The Diamonds Hill in Cape Arid National Park, and the area round Israelite Bay. A photographic record from the Porongurup (1Ƌ, Porongurup, Plantagenet, Twin Creek Conservation Reserve, -34.62339 117.892787, 27.xii.2017, Steve Dew, iNaturalist, Fig. 92) requires confirmation. Habitat and Biology (Fig 92, 93). This species has been recorded between 10 December and 28 January. The type locality is above the escarpment near Sheoaks Hill, along the road from Israelite Bay to Mount Ragged in Cape Arid National Park. It generally favours mixed mallee and heathland, and has been observed visiting flowers (Fig. 92). The larval food plant is unknown. Synemon cacumina sp. n. is the only sun-moth species in Australia, currently known to exhibit classic hill-topping behaviour. Males may be located at the summits of prominent hills, where they often fly together with hill-topping butterflies. At Stirling Range National Park males hill-top at the summit of the look-out hill on Redgum Pass Road, at Fitzgerald River National Park at the summit of West Mount Barren, and at Cape Arid National Park at the summit of The Diamonds Hill (Williams et al. 2016). This species can be numerous on hilltops in the aftermath of fire. The male sun-moths fly in sunny conditions, periodically settling on prominent shrubs at the tops of the hills. Females are rarely seen. Hill-topping behaviour has been also reported for Synemon jcaria R. Felder 1874 (Douglas 2008). Similarly, Synemon gratiosa Westwood 1877 often occupies sandy hilltops and dune ridges (Williams et al. 2016). But with both species, their host food-plants are always present on the occupied hilltops, and the males hold territories. Remarks. This species was listed as Synemon sp. ‘Mount Ragged’, the Hilltop Sun-moth by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 184-187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Felder, R. (1874) In: Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A. F., 1874 - 75. Lepidoptera. Heft IV. V. Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Kaiserlich-K, Wien, pp. i-vi + 1 - 10 + 1 - 20, 140 pls.","Douglas, F. (2008) The sun-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of Victoria, with a detailed study of the pale sun-moth (Synemon selene Klug, 1850). Master of Applied Science Thesis. University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, 323 pp.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x"]}

Athis inca inca Walker, 1854 (Fig. 1H) Castnia inca Walker, 1854:24-25 [Mexico, “ Venezuela,” Honduras Lectotype]. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer, 1855: 56, figs. 488-489 [Mexico] [Lamas (1995) considers this taxon to be pre.occupied by inca Walker and synonymous with ssp. orizabensis]. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer; Westwood, 1877:174. Castnia clitarcha Westwood, 1877: 176, lam. 31, fig. 1 (in part, Ƌ): 176, lam. 31, fig. 1 [¿? Panama, ¿? Nicaragua]. Castnia inca Walker, Butler, 1877: Plt. M1, fig. 151. Castnia inca Walker, Preiss, 1899, Plt. II, fig. 5. Castnia inca Herrich-Schäffer; Druce, 1883: 26. Castnia clitarcha Westwood (machoƋ); Druce, 1883:26 [Westwood’s Ƌ C. clitarcha may be from Nicaragua since the ♀ is from Panama, but Druce does not include Nicaragua in the range of C. inca, mentioning only Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Venezuela]. Castnia inca hondurana Strand, 1913: 11 [Honduras]. Aciloa inca Walker; Houlbert, 1918:438. Castnia inca inca Walker; Miller 1972:4-5, figs. 5, 7, 18-21, 28-31 [Miller considers Westwood’s Ƌ clitarcha Westwood to be a synonym of Castnia inca, but there is no specific locality, hence the type locality of Nicaragua; Walker does not clearly define one or the other species. Athis inca (WALKER); Fletcher & Nye, 1982:2 [the designated Lectotype is from Honduras]. Athis inca (Walker), Miller, 1995: 134. Athis inca inca (Walker); Lamas, 1995:76. Athis inca inca (Walker) [Honduras], Lamas, 1995: 76. Athis inca inca (Walker), Miller et al., 2012:10. Athis inca (Walker); González y Hernández-Baz, 2012:148 [mention that Athis inca y Athis clitarcha overlap in Honduras and Guatemala]. Athis inca (Walker); Salazar et al., 2013: 9 [according to Lamas (1995) the Holotype is from Honduras]. This is the most common ssp. in the Athis inca complex (Miller 1972). It can be found from Mexico to Panama, and it is a highly variable ssp. (Miller 1972; González et al. 2008). It is a day-flying moth with the highest peak of activity around noon. Specimens had been collected after being attracted to fermented plantain bait (ripe plantain, sugar, and beer) (González et al. 2008). It was described by Walker (1854; as Castnia inca) from material collected in “ Mexico, Venezuela, and Honduras.” Even though it can be frequently found in Mexico, it appears to be rare in Honduras. Also, we have not been able to find another specimen from Venezuela. The only one we know from that country is Walker (1854) specimen in the NHMUK. Eventually, the type locality for Athis inca (Walker) was designated as “ Honduras ” (Fletcher & Nye 1982). Houlbert (1918) mentions that he examined five specimens in the Charles Oberthür collection. Material examined: 1 Ƌ, Type, 45, 123 [“from Mr. Dyson’s collection”] (NHMUK); 1 Ƌ, Type, 88. Wittk., Castnia inca Wlk. ab. hondurana, Strand det., Inca H.S. (MNHU)., Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 278-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Walker, F. (1854) List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I-Lepidoptera Heterocera. Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 278 pp.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Butler, A. G. (1877) s. n. Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum, London, 1877, i-xiii + 1 - 62.","Preiss, P. (1899) Neue und selten arten des Lepidopteres genus Castnia. Priv. Pub. Ludwigshafen a., Rhein, 11 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9340","Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17.","Houlbert, C. (1918) Revision monographique de la sous-famille des Castniinae. Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, 15, 1 - 730.","Miller, J. Y. (1972) Review of the Central American Castnia inca complex (Castniidae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 6, 1 - 13.","Fletcher, D. S. & Nye, I. W. B. (1982) The generic names of Moths of the World. Vol. 4. Bombycoidea, Castnioidea, Cossoidea, Mimallinoidea, Sesioidea, Sphingoidea, Zygaenoidea. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 192 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119597","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner J. B. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist Part 2. Hyblaecidae-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Scientific Publications, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137.","Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. Jr. (2012) An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 205, 1 - 72.","Salazar, J. A., Rodriguez, G. & Rodriguez, C. (2013) Datos adicionales sobre Castnidos colombianos (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Boletin del Museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego, 5 (2), 7 - 17.","Gonzalez, J. M., Hernandez-Baz, F. & Vinciguerra, R. (2008) Notes on some Athis inca ssp. collected in Mexico (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 36 (144), 473 - 476."]}

Synemon cf. leucospila Meyrick, 1891 1Ƌ, Martin, 11.xi.1986, R.W. Hay (Figs 7, 8) (ANIC); 1♀, Mundaring, 26.xi.1984, R.W. Hay (Figs 9, 10) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Martin, 27.xi.1986, R.W. Hay (Fig. 21 b–d, genitalia slide 11834 (ANIC); 1Ƌ, Warwick, 25.x.1987, R.W. Hay (Fig. 21a, genitalia slide 11836) (ANIC)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394

Synemon anthracica Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Darkling Sun-moth Figs 43–49 Literature: Nielsen 1999: 171, fig. 3 (misidentified as Synemon gratiosa Westwood 1877); Williams et al. 2016: 102–104, figs 12, 13 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Bob Hay’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ 32.46S 119.03E Dragon Rocks 33 km N of Newdegate, W.A. 18 Feb. 1997 E.S. Nielsen’ (Figs 43, 44) (ANIC). Paratypes: 1Ƌ, E of Hyden, 8.ii.1985, R.W. Hay (Fig. 47 b–d, genitalia slide 11839) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, E of Hyden, 15.ii.1985, R.W. Hay (Fig. 47a, genitalia slide 11840) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, E Hyden, 8.ii.1985, S. L. (MVM); 22Ƌ, 3♀, Tarin Rock, 26 km W Lake Grace, 33.07S 118.10E, 17.ii.1997, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 45, 46, 48) genitalia slide 11919 (ANIC); 14Ƌ, 3♀, Dragon Rocks, 33 km N Newdegate, 32.46S 119.03E, 18/ 19.ii.1997, E.S. Nielsen (genitalia slide 11921 (ANIC); 4Ƌ, 2♀, Dragon Rocks Nat. Res., 33 km N Newdegate, 17–19.ii.1996, T.F. Houston & C.K. Boase (WAM); 2Ƌ, 1♀, Dongolocking Nat. Res., 28 km NNW Dumbleyung, 20–21.ii.1996, T.F. Houston & C.K. Boase (WAM); 1♀, Amery Nat. Res., 3108.881’S, 11705.688’E, 20.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 6Ƌ, Corrigin Bushland, 5 km SW Corrigin, 3220’21.8”S, 11749’52.1”E, 15.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Amery Nat. Res., 3109’05.0”S, 11705’21.0”E, 27.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3Ƌ, Elphin Nat. Res., 3051.728’S, 11641.531’E, 1.iii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Great Northern HWY, 100 km N Northhampton, 2728’15.2” S 11442 ’24.3”E, 24.iii.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 8Ƌ, 3♀, Gu-nyidi - Wubin Rd, Nat. Res. at Gunyidi, 3008’46.5”S, 11604’39.7”E, 1.iii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3Ƌ, Gunyidi Nat. Res., 3011’27.8”S, 11602’05.1”E, 19.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 9Ƌ, 2♀, Heathland Nat. Res., 3306.224’S, 11840.348’E, 16.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Hopkins Nat. Res., 3243.187’S 11817.273’E, 15.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 1♀, Hyden - Norseman Rd, 115 km E Hyden, 3219’07.2”S, 12004’57.0”E, 11.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Hyden - Norseman Rd, 6 km SW McDermid Rock, 3203’54.5”S, 12041’31.3”E, 12.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Hyden - Norseman Rd, 147 km E Hyden, 3214’19.0”S, 12024’28.8”E, 11.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 2♀, Hyden - Norseman Rd, 52 km E Hyden, 3225’20.0S, 11924’59.0”E, 11.ii.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3Ƌ, Kalbarri N.P., 2748’24.4” S 11428 ’03.7”E, 24.iii.2011, M.R. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Kulin - Holt Rock Rd, 3241’21.6”S, 11904’01.7”E, 15.ii.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3Ƌ, North Tarin Rock Nat. Res., 3300.197’S, 11813.664’E, 15.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 8Ƌ, Tarin Rock Nat. Res., 3307.192’S 11810.177’E, 16.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3Ƌ, 2♀, Pallarup Nat. Res., 3315’22.5” S 11944 ’45.9”E, 15.ii.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, Quairading Bushland, 2.5 km WSW Quai-rading, 3201’14.0”S, 11722’14.0”E, 23.ii.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Quairading Nat. Res., 3201’22.9” S 11721 ’59.6”E, 14.ii.2015, M. Peterson (WAM); 4Ƌ, 25 km SE Quairading, 3208.626’S 11736.877’E, 15.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 5Ƌ, 3♀, Quairading Nat. Res., 3201’22.9” S 11721 ’59.6”E (5Ƌ, 1♀), 3201’26.6” S 11721 ’54.5”E (1♀), 3201’22.9” S 11721 ’54.5”E (1♀), 19.ii.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 12Ƌ, 3♀, Wyalkatchem Nat. Res., 3110.237’S 11724.264’E, 20.ii.2010, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 13Ƌ, 2♀, Wyalkatchem Nat. Res., 3110’13.4” S 11724 ’18.5”E, 15.ii.2013 (9Ƌ, 1♀), 25.ii.2013 (4Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC); 2Ƌ, 1 km SE Caenyie Rock, 3057’36.9” S 12044 ’41.9”E; 1Ƌ, 1♀, Brand Highway, Yathroo, WA 30.79328°S 115.58327°E, 29.ii.2020, R. Eastwood (WAM); 1♀, Dedari, i.1958, A.M. Douglas, R.P. McMillan (WAM); 1Ƌ, 5 km W of Dedari, 3110’28” S 12011 ’56”E, 2.ii.1997, P. Hutchinson (CPH). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Greek anthrakítçs and relates to the dark colour of the moths. Description. Male (Figs 43, 44). Alar expanse 36–41 mm, forewing length 17–19 mm, body length 18–19 mm. Head, vertex with grey piliform and lamellar scales, frons with grey piliform scales, lower half pale grey, labial palpi directed forwards, not reaching frons, white, haustellum vestigial, antenna black annulated with white scales, each antennal annulus with several fine setae directed posteriorly, distal few flagellar annuli white beneath, club expanding gradually, black above, white basally beneath, nudum 16–18 black, on anterior half of club, apiculus long narrow. Thorax above grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, beneath straw-coloured to pale grey, legs yellow brown above, white beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, pointed at tip, reaching to slightly beyond end of foretibia. Abdomen grey above, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath pale grey. Forewing costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, inner margin almost straight. Upperside grey with markings of white, blue grey, and black scales; basal third of wing dark grey, almost obscured by blue grey scales, with a grey spot at end of cell, beyond and below end of cell, a line of small short black streaks from M1 to CuP, those along M veins longer end narrower, median area of wing grey heavily suffused with blue grey, a subapical band of white spots from R2 to M1, disjunct at R5, largest spots near costa, beyond these scattered grey scales, a subterminal row, from costa to dorsum, of black spots surrounded by blue grey scales, submarginal area of wing dark grey suffused with blue grey except narrowly along veins, a narrow terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with straw-coloured and white markings; a straw-coloured costal mark from base to half of costa, a straw-coloured spot at end of cell sometimes with another similar spot near costa, a narrow subapical band from R2 to M3, white outlined with straw-coloured scales, the submarginal band reduced to indistinct spots on the anterior half of wing, one at apex white, others pale grey and becoming very indistinct, and a terminal area black. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside entirely black, basal third with pale yellow grey sheen. Cilia black with white patch near apex. Underside black with white spots; grey along costa and broadly at tornus, a small white spot at distal end of cell, a median band of small white spots from M1 to 1A+2A, a large gap between M2 and CuA1, all three spots small and well separated, a submarginal row of white spots between veins from Rs to 1A+2A gradually increasing in size towards tornus, a terminal area black, anal area grey merging into a tornal area of pale grey, without a tornal spot. Cilia grey, paler at apex. Female (Figs 45, 46).Alar expanse 42–47 mm. Similar to male, larger, wings longer; coloration similar to male. Sometimes the upperside hindwing has a trace of two spots of the median band, present as paler patches in the black ground colour. Male genitalia (Fig. 47). Uncus broad short pointed at tip with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube lightly sclerotized; tegumen broad, slightly curved in lateral view, narrowing anteriorly; vinculum evenly sclerotized; saccus with well-marked bifurcated arms; juxta, sclerotized, curved anteriorly; valva elongate, strongly curved ventrally, tip truncated into upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae; phallus long, well sclerotized, of even diameter, tip oblique, straight then curved anteriorly with phallobase not recurved, attached to a ventral sclerotized strip; ductus ejaculatorius about as long as phallus, with several coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 48). Papillae anales short, pointed, sclerotized; ovipositor long, extensible, sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines towards tip; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half the length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with two short lateral sacs; ostium bursae from unsclerotized window almost a half in from posterior margin of S7; ductus seminalis from near ostium; ductus bursae not coiled; corpus bursae large, approximately spherical, without signum. Diagnosis. This species is a member of the S. sophia group but is unique among the congeners in having almost completely black hindwings. It is clearly related to S. nupta but differs in its smaller size, the less conspicuous pattern of the forewing, the entirely black hindwing (without a trace of scarlet) and the lack of any trace of scarlet on the underside of both wings. Unlike S. nupta the haustellum is vestigial; it is the only member of the S. sophia group to lack a functional haustellum. It resembles S. nupta in the general pattern of the pale grey or blue-grey markings on the forewing, the pattern and small size of the spots on the underside, the lack of a conspicuous tornal spot on the hindwing, in the shape of the wings and the gradual enlargement of the flagellum into the club of the antenna. Variation. Within populations, S. anthracica sp. n. varies greatly in size. In some females two spots of the median band of the forewing above appear as ‘ghosts’, just visible in good specimens. Distribution. This species has been recorded from 100 km north of Northampton and Kalbarri National Park in the north, southwards to Gunyidi, and Yathroo in the northern sandplains, through the Wheatbelt to Tarin Rock Nature Reserve and Pallarup Nature Reserve, and inland to Caenyie Rock near Coolgardie and near McDermid Rock on the Hyden–Norseman Road. Habitat and Biology. The flight period runs from mid-February to the end of March. Populations in southern localities emerge earlier than those in the north (Williams et al. 2016). The small semaphore sedge Mesomelaena preissii Nees (Cyperaceae) is the larval food plant (Williams et al. 2016). The sun-moth’s behaviour in and around Tussocky Cord-rush Ecdeiocolea monostachya F. Muell. (Ecdeiocoleaceae) suggests that this may also a larval food plant. This sun-moth is found in heath, shrubland and sedgeland, often in association with Tamma (Allocasuarina campestris (Diels) L.A.S.Johnson, Casuarinaceae). In the more northerly parts of its range this species is frequently found where E. monostachya and small semaphore sedges (Mesomelaena species) occur together. Males fly over areas of open low heath or sedgeland in search of un-mated females (Williams et al. 2016). Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Bob Hay’, the Darkling sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 169-173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Nielsen, E. S. (1999) Systematics and Conservation. In: Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (Eds.), The Other 99 %. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1999, pp. 166 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / RZSNSW. 1999.028","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x"]}

Synemon angustiptera Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Narrow-winged Sun-moth Figs 57–60, 63, 66, 71 Literature: Williams et al. 2016: 127–128, figs 34, 35 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Ravensthorpe’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ 33.36S 120.18E 26 km E of Ravensthorpe WA 10 Jan 1993 GPS E.D. Edwards E.S. Nielsen’ (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 Ƌ, Sheoaks Hill W Israelite Bay, 33.38S 123.40E, 8.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen’ (Figs 57, 58) (ANIC); 3♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 6.i.1993, E.D. Edwards (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 3♀, 26 km E Ravensthorpe, 33.36S 120.18E, 10.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (Figs 59, 60, 63, 66, genitalia and leg slides 13046, 16581, 18531) (ANIC); 4Ƌ, Mount Ragged, 17.xii.1995, M.S. & B.J. Moulds, K.A. Kapeston-sky (AMS); 5Ƌ, 5♀, Israelite Bay, Old Telegraph line Tk, 3326.291’S 12358.929’E, 11.i.2014. D.J. Hilton (genitalia slide AK858, CAK, WAM); 9Ƌ, 1♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., 14 km W Israelite Bay, 3338’34 S 12342 ’38E, 5.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., Gora Rd, 3338’ 37.6 S 12342’ 42.3E, 3.i.2015, A.A.E. Wil-liams (WAM); 9Ƌ, 5♀, Nuytsland Nat. Res., Telegraph Tk, 3326’17.0S 12358’55.9E, 1.i.2015 (1♀), 3334’07.8S 12356’25.3E, 4.i.2015 (8 Ƌ, 4♀), 3324’30.9S 12359’12.3E, 4.i.2015 (1 Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin angustus (narrow, strait) and the Greek ptero (wing) and relates to the characteristic wing shape. Description. Male (Figs 57, 58). Alar expanse 35–40 mm, forewing length 18–19 mm, body length 17–19 mm. Head, vertex with dark grey piliform and lamellar scales, frons with projecting piliform and lamellar scales grey, labial palpi appressed to head reaching frons, white, haustellum present, coiled, not well developed, antenna black narrowly annulated with white scales, distal few flagellomeres black above and white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, expanding abruptly, nudum 9 orange brown on anterior third of club, apiculus scaled short narrow. Thorax robust, above dark grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, a narrow collar of scales, small lateral tufts of long grey scales from metathorax, beneath grey, legs grey above, pale grey beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, rounded at tip, terminating well short of end of foretibia. Abdomen: stout, dark grey above, posterior half with orange brown scales, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath grey, tinged with orange scales laterally. Forewing costa very slightly arched at base, straight, apex sharply rounded, termen rounded, and angled inwards, inner margin almost straight. Upperside dark grey with markings of black and white, entire wing with scattered pale grey scales; basal third of wing dark grey, a median black band from costa to inner margin indistinct, broad and distinct about CuA2 where angled inwards and outlined by pale grey scales, narrowing posteriorly and slightly angled outwards near inner margin, a round white spot ant end of cell, a broad black patch at two thirds costa and extending from costa to CuA1, broadest at costa, a band of ill-defined white-centred grey subapical spots from R2 to M3, postmedian area between CuA2 and 1A+2A with scattered pale grey scales, a submarginal band of discrete black spots between R2 and 1A+2A, margin dark grey. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with white and orange-red markings; basal half black with scattered orange-red scales, a broad orange-red median band from costa to inner margin, white centred at end of cell, proximal edge displaced at M3, an orange-red subapical band from R2 to M3, white nearest costa and some white in centre, a submarginal band of discrete ill-defined orange-red spots between the veins from apex to inner margin, anterior three or four spots white, posterior orange ones very ill-defined, not fusing with subapical band and not fusing with median band, a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, slightly flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with orange-red spots; large orange-red spot at distal end of cell, a median broad red unbroken band extending from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, inner margin notched inwards at M3, outer margin slightly indistinct, a submarginal band of orange-red spots from M3 to 1A+2A, anal area black basally, with the tornal orange-red spot separated from the median orange-red band. Cilia black, without orange at apex or tornus. Underside black partly obscured by orange-red spots; basal half of wing orange, with a black bar at end of cell and joined to an orange spot at distal end of cell, narrowly running into median band, a broad median band of orange-red from Rs to 1A+2A narrow and with some white centres near apex, sometimes running into submarginal row of spots, a submarginal row of orange-red spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots anterior to M3 small and white, a narrow black terminal line, anal area broadly orange, tornal spot orange-red. Cilia dark grey, without orange scales near apex and tornus. Female (Figs 59, 60). Alar expanse 36–45 mm. Very similar to male, larger, apex more rounded, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male. The long ovipositor is easily observed. Male genitalia (Fig. 63). Uncus long, apically rounded, with short setae; gnathos arms with triangular sclerotisations beside anal tube; tegumen short and wide; valva narrow and angular, with prominent upturned spine at tip, with numerous short setae; phallus moderately long, well sclerotized, narrow and broadening anteriorly, strongly and evenly curved, apically very narrow and pointed, anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with numerous coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 66). Papillae anales short pointed sclerotized; ovipositor long, fairly narrow, extensible, sclerotized, with stout lateral hairs towards tip, numerous fine setae near base; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis large, with some sclerotized thickening; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from shortly before ostium, some thickening of ductus bursae at junction; ductus bursae long narrow coiled; corpus bursae large, spherical, with single scobinate signum. Diagnosis. This species belongs to the S. magnifica group of species. Compared to the other species in the S. magnifica group, S. angustiptera sp. n. has relatively narrow valvae, a very rounded uncus tip and a narrow apically pointed phallus. In the female, it differs by the simple signum (bilobed in all other species, with the exception of S. ignita which is lacking a signum). Variation. The specimens do not show much variation in size but they vary in the colour of the orange-red markings, ranging from deeper red to more orange in colour. Distribution. This sun-moth is known from only a few localities west and east of Esperance. It occurs slightly inland, 26 km east of Ravensthorpe, at Fields Nature Reserve north of Stokes Inlet (Williams et al. 2016), and at Sheoaks Hill and Mount Ragged in Cape Arid National Park. The easternmost sub-population is located in Nuytsland Nature Reserve north-east of Israelite Bay. Habitat and Biology (Fig. 71). Almost all S. angustiptera sp. n. specimens have been recorded during the first half of January. However, a small series, collected at Mount Ragged on 17 December 1995, indicates that the spe-cies flies earlier at more-inland sites. The holotype was collected in a gravel scrape for road works on a low ridge in open mallee scrub, on soil derived from laterite. Adults were flying in the open scrape area, through the mallee, and across the road. The specimen from Sheoaks Hill was in open mallee and heathland above the point where the Israelite Bay to Mt Ragged road ascends the low escarpment. The larval food plant is Hook-leaf Saw Sedge, Gahnia ancistrophylla Benth. (Cyperaceae) (Williams et al. 2016). North-east of Israelite Bay, this sun-moth occurs alongside a series of saline lakes, where the vegetation is a Melaleuca sp. dominated shrubland with an understory of G. ancistrophylla. This vegetation association grows in shallow white sand overlying pavement limestone. Females were observed ovipositing on regenerating sedges alongside the old telegraph track, where empty pupal exuviae were also collected (Williams et al. 2016). Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Ravensthorpe’, the Narrow-winged Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 179-184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394

Synemon sophia (White, 1841) Flame Sun-moth Figs 1, 3–6, 19, 20, 35 Hesperia sophia White, In Grey, G. (ed.). 1841: 474, fig. 7. Literature: Doubleday 1846: 516, pl. 3, fig. 5; Klug 1850: 248, figs 1, 2 (part misidentification of S. parthenoides); Walker 1854: 34; Walker 1856: 1583; Boisduval [1875]: 550; Stretch 1875: 13; Butler 1877: 6, pl. 3, fig. 6; Westwood 1877: 194, pl. 33, fig. 14a–h (part misidentification of S. cf. leucospila Meyrick, 1891); Kirby 1885: 169; Guest 1886: 62 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Tepper 1890: 16 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Kirby 1892: 10 (part misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Lower 1892: 10 (misidentification of S. petrophila sp. n.); Lower 1893: 13 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Aflalo 1896: 262 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Kirby 1897: 39; Froggatt 1907: 232 (misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Strand 1911a: 1 (part misidentification of S. parthenoides); Strand 1911b: 139 (part misidentification of S. parthenoides); Dalla Torre 1913: 20 (part misidentification of S. parthenoides and S. cf. leucospila); Common 1970: 828 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Laithwaite, Watson & Whalley 1975: 284, pl. 45 (misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Common & Edwards 1981: 295; (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Fletcher & Nye 1982: 157; McQuillan & Forrest 1985: 12, fig. C14 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Miller 1986: 489–494, figs 208, 210–211 (misidentification of S. parthenoides); Edwards 1996: 138; Edwards 1997: 8–9; Williams et al. 2016: 101–102, figs 10, 11. Type material examined. Lectotype: Ƌ (Fig. 1, here designated), ‘1652a’ (and on reverse) ‘16 12 40 316’ (numbers in circle on round label, some of the numbers crossed out but the specimen, interpreted from the register, accessed on 16 December, 1840, accession number 316, Hesperia Pres. By Captain Grey) ‘ Synemon sophia ’ ‘Specimen photog for CHECKLIST AUST LEP Film 109/13’ (antennae missing) (NHMUK). Paralectotype: 1♀, ‘1652b’ (and on reverse) ’16 12 40 317’ (also partly crossed out, the register gives the same data) ‘ sophia ’ (abdomen missing) (NHMUK). Additional material examined. 1Ƌ ‘Zell[er]. Coll[ection] 1884’ (NHMUK); 1Ƌ ‘Zell[er]. Coll[ection] 1884, Synemon selene Klug Mon. p. 249, f. 3, 4. Austral[ia] 1870’ (NHMUK); 1♀ ‘ Synemon sophia White Australia’ (MAMU); 2Ƌ ‘K[ing]. G[eorge]. S[ound]. K 7688’ (AMS); 1♀ ‘K[ing]. G[eorge]. S[ound]., Synemon sophia White ssp. parthenoides Feld. ’ (Fig. 20, Castniidae slide No 3, AMS); 1Ƌ ‘Wilsons Inlet S.W. Australia 11 Nov. [19]12 [F.B.L. Whitlock], G.M. Goldfinch Collection’ (Fig. 19a, d, Castniidae slide No 2, AMS); 1Ƌ, 1♀ ‘Victoria’ (mislabelled!) (MAMU); 1Ƌ, Crystal Springs, 7 mi W Walpole, 14.xii.1970, G.A. Holloway & H. Hughes (Fig. 19b, c, Castniidae slide No 1, AMS); 1Ƌ, 1♀, 34.58S 117.55E Hooper Rd, Albany, 26.xi.1996, 28.xi.1996, E.D. Edwards (ANIC); 15Ƌ, 2♀, 3457’ 19.5 S 11636’ 15.9E, 2.5km N of Crystal Springs, 17.xi.2010 (2Ƌ, 1♀), 18.xi.2010 (9Ƌ, 2♀), 24.xi.2010 (4Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC) (Figs 3, 4); 2Ƌ, 1♀, D’Entrecasteaux N.P., NE of Walpole, Junction South Western High-way and Railway Parade, 2–4.xi.2007, D.J. Hilton (ANIC, CAK, CDH) (Figs 5, 6); 11Ƌ, 3♀, 2.1 km north of Crystal Springs, 3457’35.7” S 11635 ’59.7”E, 3.xii.2009, T. Gamblin (1Ƌ), 16.xi.2010, T. Gamblin (2Ƌ), 17.xi.2010, A.A.E. Williams (4Ƌ, 2♀), 19.xi.2010, T. Gamblin (2Ƌ, 1♀), 24.xi.2010, A.A.E. Williams (1Ƌ), 3457’34.4” S 11636 ’00.7”E, 10.xi.2017, A.A.E. Williams (1Ƌ) (WAM); 6Ƌ, 3♀, 10 km S of Northcliffe, 3442’36.8”S, 11605’37.2”E, 9.xi.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 11Ƌ, 2♀, D’Entrecasteaux N.P., 3442’55.2” S 11605 ’34.8”E, 9.xi.2017 (3Ƌ), 3442’56.8” S 11605 ’15.4”E, 9.xi.2017 (2Ƌ), 3444’43” S 11605 ’05”E, 9.xi.2017 (5Ƌ, 1♀), 13443’58.7” S 11605 ’09.0”E, 9.xi.2017 (1♀), 3443’25.5” S 11604 ’19.2”E, 9.xi.2017 (1Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, 1♀, D’Entrecasteaux N.P., Windy Harbour Road, 3443’58.7” S 11605 ’09.0”E, 23.xi.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, D’Entrecasteau N.P., Gardner River, 3446’ 41.1 S 11610’43.2”E, 23.xi.2017, A.A.E.Williams (WAM). Synemon sophia is the type species of the genus. It was described by White (1841) who gave the type locality as ‘King George’s Sound’ and the collector as Captain George Grey. Captain Grey spent the latter part of 1839 and early 1840 at Albany (Edwards 1997), a town in south-western Australia beside Princess Royal Harbour which opens into King George Sound. White did not indicate the number of specimens on which his description was based but the register of the NHMUK lists only these two specimens above accessed under ‘ Hesperia ’ from Captain Grey. As it is possible, however, that other syntypes exist that belong to different taxa, we here designated a lectotype to assure taxonomic stability. Synemon sophia has had a confusing history. In almost all studies published after the original description, other species, most notably specimens close to S. leucospila Meyrick, 1891 and S. parthenoides, were misidentified as S. sophia. This was only rectified by Edwards (1996, 1997), who studied the type specimens of S. sophia and came to the conclusion that this name had been misused in most publications. Williams et al. (2016) correctly applied the name, figured S. sophia for the first time and applied the name Flame Sun-moth. Redescription. Male (Figs 3, 4). Alar expanse 33–39 mm, forewing length 15–18 mm, body length 15–19 mm. Head, vertex dark grey with piliform and lamellar scales, frons with grey and white piliform scales, labial palpi porrect, projecting to about frons, grey above white beneath, haustellum well developed, antenna black annulated with white scales, distal few flagellar annuli white beneath, club black above, white beneath, nudum 21–23 dark brown, on anterior half of club, apiculus short, stout of single annulus. Thorax above dark grey of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, with a scattering of long pale grey hair scales when thoracic vestiture is intact, beneath white with some pale yellow, legs dark grey above, pale orange beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, tip reaching to foretibia. Abdomen black above, long orange hair scales on T2–T4 and some on T5, posterior to T4 with brown-orange scales, orange laterally, beneath pale grey. Forewing costa slightly arched, apex very rounded, termen broadly rounded, inner margin almost straight. Upperside black, with markings of white and pale blue scales; subbasal area with scattered pale blue scales, submedian area with scattered bluish grey scales, sometimes sufficient to form a broad, very ill-defined submedian band in the discal area, a narrow white line at end of cell, proximal to this an area more intensely black, line sometimes straight, sometimes bent and followed distally by scattered pale blue and white scales to another less well defined white spot beyond cell, postmedian band represented by some white scales between M3 and CuA2, and a thicker scattering of pale blue scales, a subapical band of white spots, well developed, extending from R2 to CuA1, in an even arc, a narrow band of scattered pale blue scales well beyond subapical band, a narrow submarginal band of pale blue scales extending to 1A+2A, and a terminal area mostly black with scattered pale blue scales. Cilia grey. Underside black with white and deep orange markings; a broad deep orange median band from costa to CuA2, displaced distally at M3, a broad subapical band deep orange extending from R2 to M3, approaching median band near M3, a submarginal band of spots extending from apex to CuA2, those near apex white and merging together, the remainder deep orange with those between M1 and M3 merging with the subapical band, a narrow black terminal line. Cilia grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, slightly flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with orange or deep orange spots; a scattering of orange scales towards base, a large deep orange spot at distal end of cell, a median band of deep orange spots extending from just beyond M1 to 1A+2A, a gap of ground colour between M3 and CuA1, spots between M1 and M3 and those between CuA1 and 1A+2A confluent, a submarginal band of deep orange discrete spots from Rs to 1A+2A, those anterior to M3 very small, sometimes absent or only some present, anal area orange merging into large deep orange tornal spot which is joined to the median band. Cilia grey, orange between Rs and M2 and at tornus. Underside black with white and deep orange spots; portion of wing anterior to median vein and M1 grey, posterior black, a deep orange spot at distal end of cell, a median band of deep orange spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots between M1 and M3 confluent and centred with white, a gap to CuA1, spots between CuA1 and 1A+2A confluent, sometimes also centred with white, a submarginal row of spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, those anterior to M3 small and some white or pale orange, a narrow black terminal line, anal area grey with orange scales merging to orange tornal area. Cilia grey, orange between Rs and M2 and at tornus. Female (Figs 5, 6). Alar expanse 44–49 mm. Similar to male, larger, wings slightly longer, coloration similar to male but more extensively brown-orange on abdomen. Male genitalia (Fig. 19). Uncus wide, tapering towards the tip, with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube well sclerotized; tegumen broad, slightly curved; vinculum angled, evenly sclerotized; saccus with well-developed bifurcated arms, broad and well separated; juxta well developed; valva elongate, strongly curved ventrally, narrowing abruptly at about 2/3 its length, tip with upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae; phallus long, narrow, of even diameter, well sclerotized, tip oblique, barely curved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with several coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 20). Papillae anales narrow, sharply pointed, short and heavily sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible heavily sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines near tip; apophyses long, well-sclerotized, apophyses anteriores less than half the length of apophyses posteriors which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis broad; ostium bursae in long unsclerotized window extending about one quarter of way down S7; ductus seminalis from close to ostium; ductus bursae long, not coiled, corpus bursae large, ovoid, without signum, extending beyond S7. Diagnosis. Synemon sophia is similar to several species, including S. cf. leucospila (Figs 7–10, see also notes below), a common species from Western Australia, S. parthenoides (Figs 11–14) from south-eastern Australia, and S. maja Strand, 1911 (Figs 15–18), also from Western Australia. Synemon sophia can be separated from all three species by the extensive orange marking of the hindwing upperside in both sexes (lighter orange to yellow and less extensive in the species compared, very pale in S. maja and female S. cf. leucospila). Synemon sophia differs from S. cf. leucospila and S. parthenoides by the shorter and wider wings, the orange-yellow markings of the hindwing, which extend into the anal area and the apex of the hindwings in particular in females (not extending into anal area and apex of the hindwing in S. cf. leucospila, with only small marks in the apex of the hindwing in S. parthenoides); the more extensive and regular scattering of grey scales across the forewing (less pronounced and less extensive in S. cf. leucospila and S. parthenoides); the less distinct discal spots of the forewing; the more extensive orange markings on the ventral side of their wings, and the extensive white scales that cover a broad band along the costa, the outer orange spots and the apex of the hindwing (much reduced in in S. cf. leucospila, absent in S. parthenoides). Due to the more extensive orange markings of the hindwing, the black anal area forms a distinct projection along vein 1A+2A in S. sophia, which is lacking in S. cf. leucospila and less pronounced in S. parthenoides). Furthermore, males of S. sophia are characterised by a black area along anal margin of the forewing (lacking in the other three species). Importantly, S. sophia differs from S. cf. leucospila, the species with which it is most likely to be confused, by the different shape of the valva of the male genitalia (Figs 19, 21). Finally, S. sophia differs from S. maja by the coloration of the forewings (with wide somewhat diffuse light postmedial and subapical bands in S. maja, largely absent in S. sophia). Variation. Some specimens have orange, rather than deep orange, spots on the hindwing. The extent of the white centring in the deep orange spots of the median band on the underside of the hindwing varies, as does the number of spots anterior to M 3 in the submarginal band on the upperside of the hindwing. Distribution. Limited to the high rainfall areas of the south-west corner of Western Australia. Habitat and Biology (Fig. 35). Most specimens have been recorded between early and late November, exceptionally as late as early and mid-December. Near Crystal Springs, S. sophia favors low-lying winter-wet swampland alongside Railway Parade (Fig. 35), where the vegetation is dominated by tall dense sedges and stands of Melaleuca shrubs (Myrtaceae) on moist peaty soil. In this habitat, both male and female sun-moths were encountered along old overgrown vehicle tracks in boggy soil where regenerating Lyginia sp. (Restionaceae), the suspected food-plant, was common. Adult S. sophia also occupied slightly elevated sandy areas adjacent to the swampland. In these elevated areas, male sun-moths often followed regular flight pathways round visually prominent patches of trees and exposed granite sheeting. At D’Entrecasteaux National Park, S. sophia is widespread in the extensive winter-wet sedge swamplands and adjacent marginally elevated sandy ridges, where the Lyginia sp. is plentiful. In November 2017, after a recent fire, the sun-moths were locally common and active in warm sunny conditions between 10:00 am and 3 pm. Adults flew close to the ground amongst sedges and along sandy tracks close to swampy areas. A female was observed ovipositing at the base of Lyginia species. Remarks. Based on an unpublished molecular study by the authors, specimens of the ‘ Synemon sp. Perth species complex’ (Williams et al. 2016) cluster closely with S. leucospila and may indeed represent a yellow southern form of this species. Typical northern S. leucospila specimens from Western Australia have hindwings with very pale cream to almost white markings (see Williams et al. 2016). Specimens from South Australia that belong to this group were described as S. larissa Grund & Stolarski, 2012. The taxonomy of this group needs to be clarified. The common name ‘Flame Sun-moth’ was coined by Williams et al. (2016)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 153-155, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["White, A. (1841) Notes on some Insects from King George's Sound, Collected and Presented by Captain George Grey. In: Grey, G. (Ed.), Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-west and Western Australia, during the Years 1837, 38, and 39, under the Authorship of Her Majesty's Government. Describing Many Newly Discovered, Important, and Fertile Districts, with Observations on the Moral and Physical Condition of the Aboriginal Inhabitants, & c & c. Vol 2. Appendix. T. and W. Boone, London, pp. 450 - 482, frontispiece, 2 maps. [Also published in facsimile edition: Expeditions in Western Australia 1837 - 1839 (1983, 1984). Hesperian Press, Victoria Park]","Doubleday, E. (1846) Descriptions of some New or Imperfectly Characterized Lepidoptera from Australia. In: Stokes, J. L., Discoveries in Australia; with an Account of the Coasts and Rivers Explored and Surveyed during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, in the Years 1837 - 38 - 39 - 40 - 41 - 42 - 43 by Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Also a Narrative of Captain Owen Stanley's Visits to the Islands in the Arafura Sea. Vol. 1. Appendix. T. & W. Boone, London, pp. 513 - 520, pl. 3.","Klug, [J. C. F.] (1850) Uber die Lepidopteren-Gattung Synemon. Nebst einem Nachtrage uber Castniae. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1848, 245 - 257, 1 pl.","Walker, F. (1854) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Lepidoptera Heterocera, 1, 1 - 278.","Walker, F. (1856) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Lepidoptera Heterocera, 7, 1509 - 1808.","Boisduval, J. - A. (1875) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. In: Boisduval, J. - A. & Guenee, A. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Vol. 1. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 568, 11 pls.","Stretch, R. H. (1875) Remarks on the Synonymy of the Atlas of the Heterocera Sphingida and Noctuida, Published as a Portion of the Results of the Voyage of the Frigate Novara, November, 1874. Cistula Entomologica, 2, 11 - 19.","Butler, A. G. (1877) Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum. Pt. I. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiii + 62 pp., 20 pls.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Kirby, W. F. (1885) Elementary Text-book of Entomology. W. Swan Sonnenschein and Co., London, 240 pp., 87 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 29217","Guest, E. (1886) Remarks on the Nomenclature of some of the South Australian Butterflies with Observations. Transactions, Proceedings and Report, Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, 8, 60 - 62.","Tepper, J. G. O. (1890) Common Native Insects of South Australia. A Popular Guide to South Australian Entomology. Part II. Lepidoptera, or Butterflies and Moths. E. S. Wigg & Son, Adelaide, iv + 65 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera. (Moths). 1 Sphinges and Bombyces. Gurney & Jackson, London, xii + 951 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9152","Lower, O. B. (1892) Scientific Results of the Elder Exploring Expedition. Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 16, 10 - 15.","Lower, O. B. (1893) A Catalogue of Victorian Heterocera. Part 1. The Victorian Naturalist, 10, 12 - 15.","Aflalo, F. G. (1896) A Sketch of the Natural History of Australia with some Notes on Sport. Macmillan & Co., London, xxv + 307 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69508","Froggatt, W. W. (1907) Australian Insects. William Brooks & Co., Sydney, xiv + 449 pp., 38 pls.","Strand, E. (1911 a) Castniidae In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 10. Bombyces and Sphinges of the Indo- Australian Region. 2 Vols. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 4, pls. 1 + 9.","Strand, E. (1911 b) Die Indisch-australischen Castniiden. Archiv f ʾ r Naturgeschichte, 77, 137 - 158.","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1913) Castniidae: Subfam. Castniinae, Neocastniinae, Pemphigostolinae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 15, 1 - 28.","Common, I. F. B. (1970) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies). In: Mackerras, I. M. (Ed.), Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 765 - 866, pls. 7 + 8.","Laithwaite, E., Watson, A. & Whalley, P. E. S. (1975) The Dictionary of Butterflies and Moths in Colour. Michael Joseph, Lon- don, xlvi + 296 pp., 405 pls.","Common, I. F. B. & Edwards, E. D. (1981) The Life History and Early Stages of Synemon magnifica Strand (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 20, 295 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1981. tb 01050. x","Fletcher, D. S. & Nye, I. W. B. (1982) Bombycoidea, Castnioidea, Cossoidea, Mimallonoidea, Sesioidea, Sphingoidea, Zygaenoidea. In: Nye, I. W. B. (Ed.), The generic names of moths of the world. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. i-xiv + 1 - 192, frontispiece. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119597","McQuillan, P. B. & Forrest, J. A. (1985) A Guide to Common Moths of the Adelaide Region. v + 52 pp. Special Educational Bulletin Series, South Australian Museum, Adelaide.","Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Moth Subfamily Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD Thesis. UMI Dissertation Information Service, University of Florida, Ann Arbor, 569 pp.","Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. & Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138.","Edwards, E. D. (1997) Castniidae and the Republic. ANIC News, 11, 8 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.22498 / pages. 5.1.11 b","Grund, R. & Stolarski, A. (2012) Taxonomy and biology of Synemon discalis Strand and S. parthenoides R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in South Australia. Australian Entomologist, 39 (3), 121 - 160."]}

Synemon maja Strand, 1911 Ƌ, 28.54S 115.51E, Canna Silo, 10.x.1992, E.D. Edwards (Figs 15, 16) (ANIC); ♀, 23.32S 114.40E, Howatharra Hill Res., 25km NNE of Geraldton, 12.x.1992, E.D. Edwards & E.S. Nielsen (Figs 17, 18) (ANIC)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394

Telchin cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]) (Fig. 1A) Castnia procera Boisduval, [1875] [Mexico] Castnia cacica Herrich-Schäffer; Westwood, 1877:169. Graya panamensis Buchecker, [1880] xx [Panama] Castnia cacica Herrich-Scháffer; Druce, 1883:25. Castnia cacica ab. bivittifera Strand, 1913 [Guatemala] Castnia cacica ab. macula Strand, 1913 Amauta cacica ssp. cacica Herrich-Scháffer; Maes, 1999:1236. Amauta cacica, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23 Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), Miller et al. 2012:10. Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:147-148. Moraes & Duarte (2014) synonymize this genus in Telchin, and we are momentarily treating this taxon within the genus, an ongoing research (Worthy, Zilli & González, in prep.) will revalidate the genus Amauta. This species, originally described (as Castnia procera) from material received by “M. de l’Orza” from Guatemala, and it differs from “[C.] cacica ”, by “… ses ailes supérieures un peu plus pointues au sommet, par l’absence de la petite tache blanche discoïdale, par ses ailes intérieures dont la bande transversale est moitié plus étroite, et enfin par le dessous des ailes qui est entièrement d’un brun uniforme ainsi que le corps.” (Boisduval, [1875]). Currently considered a ssp. of A. cacica, it is found from North America (Mexico) throughout Central America down to Panama. Some authors, however, have mentioned the South American ssp. cacica , as present in Central America (Maes 1998-1999; Chacón & Montero 2007; González & Hernández-Baz 2012; Miller et al. 2012). This subspecies had been observed perched and feeding on Heliconia pogonantha Cuf. (Heliconiaceae) inflorescences (Miller & Sourakov 2009). The latter could be also a host plant (Miller & Sourakov 2009; Domagała et al. 2017). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bonito CURLA camp, 8 km W, 5 km S, La Ceiba; 15°42´05.8”N, 86°50´48.7”W, 150 m, 1. VI.2002, F. Martínez, CURLALep04141 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, C.A., Dpto. de Comayagua, Municipio Meámbar, 500 m, Centro ambiental los planes (Cascada), col. G. Borjas, No 321, 25.IV.1997, 970425.39, Lepidoptera N0 321 (UNAH); 1 Ƌ, Morazán, Guaimaca, Reserva Biológica El Chile, 15.IX.2006, col. C. Wildt (UNAH); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Estación CURLA,, 15°42’ N 86°51’ W, 175 m 30.IX.2001, F. Martínez, 74.256 EAPZ (EAPZ); NICARAGUA: 1 ♀, Jinotega, Kilambe 13°33´54.8”N, 85°42´08.4”W, 1422m, light trap, 7. VI.2009 leg. van den Berghe (EVDB); 1 hindwing, Jinotega, Kilambe: Regreso 4, alt. 1404 m, 17. V.1998, col. J.M. Maes & B. Hernández (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Jinotega, Datanli el Diablo, 13°05´N, 85°52´W, 1300 m, VIII.2005. in forest undergrowth late afternoon E. van den Berghe (pers. observation)., Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 273-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp.","Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. Jr. (2012) An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 205, 1 - 72.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. & Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, pp. 145 - 153.","Moraes, S. & Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): Testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102","Miller, J. Y & Sourakov, A. (2009) Some observations on Amauta cacica procera (Boisduval) (Castniidae: Castniinae) in Costa Rica. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 19 (2), 113 - 114.","Domagala, P. J., Gonzalez, J. M., Ziaja, D. J. & Dobosz, R. (2017) Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the collection of the Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 26 (004), 1 - 11."]}

Telchin diva (Butler, 1870) (Fig. 1E) Castnia Diva Butler, 1870:46, lam.17, figs. 1-2 [Nicaragua]. Castnia diva Butler; Westwood, 1877:187. Castnia diva Butler; Druce, 1883:27, lam. IV, fig. 3. Divana diva (Butker), Miller, 1995:136. Divana diva diva (Butler); Lamas, 1995:83. Divana diva ssp. diva (Butler); Maes, 1995:1237. Divana diva, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 24. Divana diva diva (Butler), Miller et al., 2012: 10. Divana diva (Butler); González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:147. Telchin diva (Butler); González & Domagała, 2019:14. The species is distributed in eastern Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America (Colombia) (Miller 1986; Strand 1913; Vinciguerra 2010). Even though many specimens can be found in collections worldwide, very little is known about their biology (Vinciguerra 2010, González et al. 2013, González & Domagała 2019). Even though we are currently following Moraes & Duarte (2014) by placing the species in the genus Telchin. Ongoing research (Worthy, Zilli & González, in prep.) is pointing to revalidate the genus Divana. Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, La Ceiba, Río bonito CURLA camp 8km W, 5 km S., 150m, 6. VI.1995, col. R. Lehman, 15°42´6”N 86°50´49”W, CURLALep04153 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 4. VI.1996, CUR-LALep04154 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 10. VI.1996, CURLALep04155 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 2. VI.1997, CURLALep04156 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 4. VI.1997, CURLALep04157 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, 21. VI.1999, CURLALep04158 (CURLA); NICA-RAGUA: 1 Ƌ, Type, Chontales, [Janson], C. diva Butl. Type, 70: 55, Chontales, diva, Butler (NHMUK); 2 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Nueva Segovia, Cerro Jesus, 13°57’47.12”N, 86°10´17.51”W, 988m, 15. V.2018 leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, Managua: Las Nubes: Hotel Bosque; 19.IX.2004, col. Vern Covlin (VCC); 1 Ƌ, Managua: Ticuantepe: Montibelli; 12.021389°N, 86.232190° W, alt. 400 m, 19.VII.2017, col. K. Gauthier (MEL); 1 Ƌ, Masaya: La Concha: RSP El Nisperal, 11.950969 N, 86.239660 W, 700 m, 20.VII.2017, col. Kevin Gauthier (MEL); 5 Ƌ, 3 ♀, Carazo, San Mar-cos vic. Finca las Orquídeas, 11°54´49.74”N, 86°10´59.33”W, 487m, 12.VIII.2013, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 1 Ƌ, 2 ♀, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Cruz Negra, 11°55´15.69”N, 86°10´45.46”W, 448m, 15.VIII.2010, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconius (Heliconiaceae) in shade (EVDB); 2 Ƌ, 2 ♀, Carazo, San Marcos vic. Cruz Negra, 11°55´15.69”N, 86°10´45.46”W, 448m, 2.VIII.2004, leg. E. van den Berghe, active at noon, perching on stems of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) and Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) under shade (EVDB)., Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner J. B. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist Part 2. Hyblaecidae-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Scientific Publications, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137.","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp.","Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. Jr. (2012) An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 205, 1 - 72.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. & Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, pp. 145 - 153.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Domagala, P. (2019) A catalogue of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) in the California Academy of Sciences, with general and historical comments. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 28, 1 - 24.","Miller, J. Y. (1986) The taxonomy, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). PhD thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 571 pp.","Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17.","Vinciguerra, R. 2010. Observazioni sulla distribuzione di Divana diva hoppi (Hering, 1923) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 38 (152), 379 - 383.","Gonzalez, J. M., Domagala, P. & Larysz, A. (2013) The Giant Butterfly-Moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) of the Upper Silesian Museum (Muzeum Gornoslaskie) in Bytom, Poland, with notes on the history of the Museum. Biodiversity Journal, 4 (1), 219 - 228.","Moraes, S. & Duarte, M. (2014) Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): Testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (2), 362 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12102"]}

Synemon catocaloides Walker, [1865] 1Ƌ, Watheroo, 11.x.1994, R.W. Hay (genitalia slide 11859 (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 29.50S 115.15E 2km SW of Eneabba, 29x.1992, E.D. Edwards & E.S. Nielsen (genitalia slide 11860) (ANIC); 1♀, Wongan Hills, 31.x.1958, I.F.B. Common (Fig. 34, genitalia slide 11930) (ANIC); 2Ƌ, 2km SW Eneabba, 29.50S 115.15E, 29.x.1992, E.D. Ed-wards & E.S. Nielsen (Fig. 32a, genitalia slide 11779; Fig. 32 b–c, genitalia slide 11778) (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 2949’14.5” S 11658 ’09.4”E, 46 km NE of Wubin, 01.x.2012, A.A.E. Williams, E.P. Williams (Figs 27, 28) (WAM); 1♀, 2842’42.7” S 11519 ’50.7”E, Indarra Nature Reserve, 09.x.2010, A.A.E. Williams (Figs 29, 30) (WAM)., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394

Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877) (Fig. 1G) Castnia clitarcha Westwood, 1877 (in part; females): 176, lam. 31, figs. 1-2 [¿? Panama, ¿? Nicaragua]. [Lamas (1995) mentions Panama as a typical locality] Castnia clitarcha Westwood; Druce, 1883: 27, lam. 3, fig. 7 [Druce mentioned the type locality as Panama, he also mentions that the Ƌ illustrated by Westwood is Castnia inca, possibly a Ƌ from Nicaragua] [The ssp. inca have a wide distribution from Mexico to Honduras, thus Westwood specímens are probably clitarcha]. Castnia clitarcha Westwood; Miller, 1972:3-4, figs. 6, 11-14 [Miller (1972) also considers that only the ♀ Type of Westwood (1877) is clitarcha but does not solve the problem of the localities; She also mentions Nicaragua and Panama as type localities] Athis clitarcha (Westwood), Miller, 1995:133. Athis clitarcha (Westwood); Maes, 1999:1236-1237. Athis clitarcha, Chacón & Montero, 2007: pl 23. Athis clitarcha (Westwood), Miller et al., 2012: 10. Athis clitarcha (Westwood); González & Hernández-Baz, 2012:148 [mention that the populations of Athis inca and Athis clitarcha overlap in Honduras and Guatemala]. Originally described by Westwood (1877; as Castnia clitarcha) it was separated from Athis inca inca (Walker, 1854) by the contrasting color of the forewings and different markings and coloring in the hindwings. However, Miller (1972) mentions that the single characters mentioned by Westwood (1877) and Strand (1913) “should not be employed by themselves,” as they are not enough to grant separation. She also mentions that both species overlap in their geographical range, but they could be easily separated by comparing their genitalia (Miller 1972). Material examined: HONDURAS: 1 ♀, Castnia clitarcha Wtw, Collection Wm Schaus, USNM ENT 00475754, Allyn Museum Photo No 091872A 9-10, Slide No M-1771, Jacqueline Miller, Castnia clitarcha Westwood ♀, det. Jacqueline Miller, 1972 (AMNH); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bonito CURLA camp 8km W 5 km S La Ceiba; 15°42´6”N 86°50´48”W, 150 m, 3. VI.2001, col. R. Lehman, CURLA Lep 04142 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Atlántida, Rio Bo-nito CURLA camp 8km W 5 km S La Ceiba; 150 m, 12. VI.2009, F. Martínez, CURLALep04143 (CURLA); 1 Ƌ, Honduras (no more data) (UNAH) [even though this specimen does not have any other data, it is assumed to be from Honduras because it is in this Honduras collection]; 1 Ƌ, Francisco Morazán, Uyuca, 1.X.2000, col. J. Torres, ex pupa, 57.333 EAPZ (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ, Francisco Morazán, Uyuca, Estación Biológica, 14° 2’2.84”N, 87° 4’ 30.85”W, 1650m, 3-4. VI.2016, specimen was found posed on ground at night, not within sight of any light source col. E.v.d. Berghe + Grant (EVDB); 1 ♀, El Paraiso, Yuscaran, Cerro Montserrat, 15.XI.1995, col. J. Ortega, ex Tillandsia creogenes (EAPZ); 1 Ƌ, 1 ♀, Honduras (NMNH-SI)., Published as part of Berghe, Eric Den, 2020, Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America, pp. 272-284 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on page 278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4322550, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, Series 2, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Lamas, G. (1995) A critical review of J. Y. Miller's checklist of the Neotropical Castniidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 37, 73 - 87.","Miller, J. Y. (1972) Review of the Central American Castnia inca complex (Castniidae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 6, 1 - 13.","Miller, J. Y. (1995) Castniidae. In: Heppner J. B. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera Checklist Part 2. Hyblaecidae-Pyraloidea- Tortricoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Scientific Publications, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 133 - 137.","Chacon, I. & Montero, J. (2007) Butterflies and Moths of Costa Rica. INBIO Press, San Jose, Costa Rica, 366 pp.","Miller, J. Y., Matthews, D. L., Warren, A. D., Solis, M. A., Harvey, D. J., Gentili-Poole, P., Lehman, R., Emmel, T. C. & Covell, C. V. Jr. (2012) An Annotated List of the Lepidoptera of Honduras. Insecta Mundi, 205, 1 - 72.","Gonzalez, J. M. & Hernandez-Baz, F. (2012) Polillas y taladradores gigantes de la familia Castniidae (Lepidoptera) de Guatemala. In: Cano, E. B. & Schuster, J. C. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Guatemala. Vol. 2. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, pp. 145 - 153.","Walker, F. (1854) List of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I-Lepidoptera Heterocera. Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 278 pp.","Strand, E. (1913) Gattung: Castnia F. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 7 - 17."]}

Synemon parthenoides R. Felder, 1874 Orange-spotted Sun-moth Figs 2, 11–14, 22. Synemon parthenoides R. Felder, 1874, In Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A.F., 1874–75: p. 9, pl. 79, figs 7, 8. = Synemon parthenoides form partita Strand, 1911, In Seitz, A. (ed.). p. 1 (synonymized by Edwards 1996) Literature: Boisduval [1875]: 550, pl. 2; Stretch 1875: 13; Westwood 1877: 196; Tepper 1879: 44 (as Synemon laeta Walker 1854); Tepper 1882: 34, pl. 3, fig. 3a, b (as S. laeta); Guest 1886: 62 (as S. sophia); Tepper 1890: 16 (as S. sophia); Kirby 1892: 11; Swinhoe 1892: 151 (in part misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Lower 1893: 13 (as S. sophia); Aflalo 1896: 262 (as S. sophia); Strand 1911a: 1, pl. 1 (part misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Strand 1911b: 139–140 (part misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Dalla Torre 1913: 19–20 (misidentification of S. cf. leucospila); Tindale 1928: 143–144 (as S. sophia parthenoides); McKeown 1942: 247 (S. sophia parthenoides); Common 1970: 828 (as S. sophia); Common 1974: 106 (as S. sophia); D’Abrera 1974: 49; Common & Edwards 1981: 295 (as S. sophia); McQuillan & Forrest 1985: 12, fig. C14 (as S. sophia); Miller 1986: 489–494, figs 208, 210–211 (as S. sophia); Common 1990: 285, pl. 6, fig. 14; Douglas 1993: 14, fig. 9; Edwards 1996: 138; Douglas 2008: 38, 43, 63–66, 85–87, 99, 106, 107, 115, 116, 122, 123, 134, fig. 1; Grund & Stolarski 2012: 124–142, figs 1–36. Type material examined. Lectotype: ♀ (Fig. 2, designated here because Felder’s syntypes contain more than one taxon) ‘Adelaide Angas type’ (round blue label) ‘ Synemon parthenoides nob. in tab.’ (in purple ink) ‘Specimen photog for CHECKLIST AUST LEP Film 60/16’ (antennae and abdomen glued on; the abdomen certainly does not belong to a castniid but probably a butterfly) in NHMUK. Paralectotypes: 1Ƌ, 1♀, ‘Adelaide Angas’ ‘Felder Colln’ conspecific with lectotype; 1Ƌ, 1♀ similarly labelled, but conspecific with S. discalis Strand, in NHMUK. Felder did not indicate the number of specimens he had available. The Felder collection was purchased by Lord Rothschild in about 1890 (Rothschild 1983) and was bequeathed by Rothschild to the NHMUK in 1937 (Stearn 1981). Additional material examined. 1Ƌ, 1♀, Victoria, Grampians, Rose Creek Rd / Taylors Tk, 460m, 3707’ S 14224 ’E, 15.i.2012, E. Friedrich (CEF) (Figs 11–14); 1♀, Victoria, Grampians, ca 10 km SW of Halls Gap, Rosea Tk, NE side of Moora Moora Creek, ca 400 m, 10.ii.2011, leg. F. Douglas, A. Kallies, G. Rudolph (CFD); 10Ƌ, 5♀, Victoria, Big Desert, Chinaman’s Well Tk, 3559.48’S 14142.13’E, 16.xi.2003 (9Ƌ, 4♀), 30.x.2004 (1Ƌ, 1♀), A. Kallies, F. Douglas, D. Hilton (CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Victoria, Big Desert, Milmed Tk, 3547.41’S 14147.16’E, 1.xi.2004, A. Kallies & F. Douglas (CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Great Otway NP, near Wensleydale, 3821’47 S 14403 ’03E, 4.i.2011, Mei-Yu Chen & U. Buchsbaum (CUB); 1Ƌ, Victoria, Mailes Bushland Reserve, 2.1 km NW Great Western, 3707.692’S 14251.138’E, 28.xi.2019, F. Douglas (CFD); 1Ƌ, 1♀, South Australia, Goolwa, 19.xii.2004, A. Kallies (CAK); 1♀, South Australia, Kangaroo Island, Gosselands, 20.xii.2004, A. Kallies (CAK). This species was described by Felder (1874) from material collected by George French Angas. The type locality was given as ‘Adelaide’. Angas lived in Adelaide, South Australia, at times between January 1844 and February 1863; however, he spent most of this period away from South Australia. On 10 February 1861 Angas despatched Lepidoptera specimens to C. Felder when living at Angastown, South Australia (Tregenza 1980). Thus, the specimens could have been collected in Adelaide or another part of South Australia. The type series contains 5 specimens, belonging to two different species. Three specimens that are conspecific with the taxon currently considered under the name S. parthenoides (sensu Common 1990, Douglas 1993, Edwards 1996, Douglas 2008, Grund & Stolarski 2012), and two specimens conspecific with S. discalis Strand, 1911. We therefore select one of the first three specimens as lectotype for S. parthenoides, for which we consider Adelaide the type locality. The two paralectotypes, which belong to S. discalis, possibly came from Port Lincoln, South Australia, where the species was common in the past. Boisduval [1875] illustrated a female of S. parthenoides from ‘Nouvelle-Hollande’ (Australia). Subsequently, Strand (1911a, b) erected the taxon partita based on this specimen, which was treated as a synonym of S. parthenoides by Edwards (1996). The specimen figured by Boisduval, the holotype for partita, could not be located, although Boisduval implied that it was in his collection. Boisduval’s Castniidae went via Oberthür and Levick to the NHMUK (Horn & Kahle 1936, Riley 1964). However, some Boisduval Lepidoptera went elsewhere. Search for a possible specimen in NHMUK and MNHN was unsuccessful. Thus, it remains unclear whether partita is indeed conspecific with S. parthenoides. Grund & Stolarski (2012) redescribed this species, figured the male genitalia, provided distribution records for South Australia, and described the early stages and biology in detail. Furthermore, they erected a new subspecies, S. parthenoides valma Grund & Stolarski, 2012, for populations of S. parthenoides from the Yorke Peninsula, which differ in details of their coloration, genitalia and biology. Redescription. Male (Figs 11, 12). Forewing length, range 35–46 mm. Head, vertex dark grey with piliform and lamellar scales, frons with dark grey piliform scales, labial palpi porrect, projecting just beyond frons, grey above, white beneath, haustellum well developed, antenna black annulated with white scales, distal few flagellar annuli white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, nudum 16–18 orange on anterior half of club, apiculus long narrow of single annulus. Thorax above dark grey, paler scales bordering tegulae, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, beneath white to pale orange, legs grey brown above, white to pale orange beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, pointed at tip, reaching to about end of foretibia. Abdomen with T2–4 black with long brown hair scales, remainder orange brown, orange laterally and white ventrally. Forewing costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, inner margin straight. Upperside black with markings of white or pale blue scales, a small spot of white scales at base, an ill-defined area of pale blue scales extending from near base to postmedian area but not defined into bands, a white patch at end of cell, triangular, sometimes obscured by pale blue scales, surrounded by pale blue scales, a subapical band of white spots from R2 to M2 an ill-defined band of pale blue scales beyond subapical band, a submarginal band of ground colour from near apex to near inner margin, a marginal band of pale blue scales and a fine black terminal line. Cilia grey. Under side black with white or orange markings; orange basally and along subcosta, a broad orange band from costa to 1A+2A displaced distally at M3, a broad orange subapical band from R1 to beyond M3, spots from R1 to M1 white at centre, a submarginal band of discrete white or orange spots, approximately of equal size extending from costa to inner margin, a terminal black line. Cilia white at apex, remainder grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, tornus rounded. Upperside black with orange spots, a large orange spot at end of cell, a median band of orange spots extending from M1 to 1A+2A, spots between M1 and M3 confluent, a gap of ground colour from M3 to CuA1 and two adjacent orange spots between M3 and 1A+2A, separated by a narrow strip of ground colour along CuA2, a submarginal band of orange spots from M1 to 1A+2A, anal area black at base but with light brown hair scales and orange scales extending to a subtornal orange spot. Cilia grey, orange from Rs to M2 and 1A+2A to tornus and inner margin. Underside black with orange spots, basal and anal area orange, a large orange spot at distal end of cell, a median band of orange spots, confluent except between M3 and CuA1, extending from Rs to tornal spot, a submarginal row of orange spots from M2 to 1A+2A, anteriorly from Sc+R1 to M2 there are small white spots, a narrow terminal black line. Cilia white in apical area, grey on termen to 1A+2A and orange at tornus. Female (Figs 13, 14). Forewing length, range 41–56 mm. Similar to male, larger, wings slightly broader, coloration similar to male but orange spots usually larger. Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Uncus moderately narrow, slightly pointed at tip, with long setae; gnathos arms shorter than uncus; anal tube well sclerotized; tegumen broad, slightly curved, of constant width; vinculum angled, evenly sclerotized; saccus with well-developed bifurcated arms, broad and well separated; juxta not well developed; valva very elongate, narrow, strongly curved ventrally, tip truncated to upturned point, sacculus and costa with stout setae; phallus moderately long, narrow, of even diameter, well sclerotized, tip oblique, gently curved anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius about equal length to phallus with several coils. Female genitalia. Papillae anales narrow, sharply pointed, short and heavily sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible heavily sclerotized, with numerous stout dorsal and lateral spines near tip; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis broad; ostium bursae from long unsclerotized window extending about one third of way down S7; ductus seminalis from close to ostium; ductus bursae long, not coiled, rugose, corpus bursae large, approximately spherical, rugose, without signum. Diagnosis. Synemon parthenoides is similar to S. sophia, S. discalis and S. cf. leucospila. From all three species it differs by the male genitalia, which are characterised by the long extended valvae. For further differentiation from S. sophia, see diagnosis in here; for a detailed diagnosis from S. discalis see Grund & Stolarski (2012). The same authors also compare S. parthenoides in detail to S. larissa, which appears identical with or very close to S. cf. leucospila (see notes under S. sophia). Variation. Within populations individuals vary in the size of the orange spots on the hindwing and in the size and number of the white subapical spots on the forewing. The number of submarginal orange spots on the hindwing anterior to M3 varies and they may be absent. Rarely the orange spots of the median and submarginal bands may merge into one another between CuA1 and 1A+2A. The spots of the hindwing are usually of the same orange hue but rarely specimens may have paler orange spots. Notable variation between populations has not been observed. Distribution. This species is restricted to the western half of Victoria and the south-east of South Australia. In the east of its range, it occurs from the coast to the Big Desert, in the western part it occurs from Kangaroo Island, throughout the Fleurieu Peninsular to the Mt Lofty Ranges, reaching as far west as the Yorke Peninsula (Douglas 2008, Grund & Stolarski 2012 and data in here). Some records from Victoria, which are currently based on images only require confirmation: 1 specimen, Anglesea, 3824’39.32”S 1449’39.66”E, 3.xii.2018, J. Lenagan; 1 specimen, Brisbane Ranges, Anakie, -37.875226 144.213878, 23.xi.2014, James Peake (iNaturalist). Habitat and Biology. Synemon parthenoides occurs in open heath and heathy woodland, typically on sand where its hostplants grow. In the Grampians in Victoria it also occurs on sandstone. The flight period extends from late October in the north-west of Victoria to early January in the coastal parts of its range. In the Grampians, individ-ual specimens were found as late as early February. Douglas (2008) and Grund & Stolarski (2012) have described the biology, habitat and behaviour of S. parthenoides in detail, and their data is consistent with our own observations. Its primary hostplant is the Black Rapier-sedge (Lepidosperma carphoides F.Muell. ex Benth., Cyperaceae) (Tindale 1928, McQuillan & Forrest 1985 (as S. sophia), Common 1990, Douglas 2008, Grund & Stolarski 2012). Douglas (2008) reported that females were also ovipositing on Tufted Bog-sedge (Schoenus racemosus J.M.Black, Cyperaceae), strongly suggesting that this plant is another host of S. parthenoides. The same author also observed occasional probing of females on Lepidosperma viscidum R.Br., and Douglas and Kallies observed specimens of S. parthenoides on a sandstone plateau dominated by L. viscidum in the Grampians, Victoria. Synemon parthenoides ssp. valma uses Lepidosperma congestum R.Br. as its hostplant as described by Grund & Stolarski (2012) who also provide detailed descriptions and figures of the eggs, early and late instar larvae and the pupa. Remarks. The common name of this species, Orange-spotted Sun-moth, was introduced by McQuillan & Forrest (1985), although it was misidentified as S. sophia by these authors., Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Edwards, Edward D. & Williams, Andrew A. E., 2020, New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae), pp. 151-195 in Zootaxa 4895 (2) on pages 159-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4322394, {"references":["Felder, R. (1874) In: Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A. F., 1874 - 75. Lepidoptera. Heft IV. V. Atlas der Heterocera Sphingida-Noctuida. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Band 2. Abtheilung 2. Kaiserlich-K, Wien, pp. i-vi + 1 - 10 + 1 - 20, 140 pls.","Edwards, E. D. (1996) Castniidae. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards, E. D. & Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 138.","Boisduval, J. - A. (1875) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. In: Boisduval, J. - A. & Guenee, A. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres Heteroceres. Vol. 1. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 1 - 568, 11 pls.","Stretch, R. H. (1875) Remarks on the Synonymy of the Atlas of the Heterocera Sphingida and Noctuida, Published as a Portion of the Results of the Voyage of the Frigate Novara, November, 1874. Cistula Entomologica, 2, 11 - 19.","Westwood, J. O. (1877) A Monograph of the Lepidopterous Genus Castnia and some Allied Groups. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 1, 155 - 207, pls. 28 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1877. tb 00437. x","Walker, F. (1854) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Lepidoptera Heterocera, 1, 1 - 278.","Guest, E. (1886) Remarks on the Nomenclature of some of the South Australian Butterflies with Observations. Transactions, Proceedings and Report, Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, 8, 60 - 62.","Tepper, J. G. O. (1890) Common Native Insects of South Australia. A Popular Guide to South Australian Entomology. Part II. Lepidoptera, or Butterflies and Moths. E. S. Wigg & Son, Adelaide, iv + 65 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera. (Moths). 1 Sphinges and Bombyces. Gurney & Jackson, London, xii + 951 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9152","Swinhoe, C. (1892) Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the Oxford University Museum. Part 1. Sphinges and Bombyces. Claredon Press, Oxford, viii + 324 pp., 8 pls.","Lower, O. B. (1893) A Catalogue of Victorian Heterocera. Part 1. The Victorian Naturalist, 10, 12 - 15.","Aflalo, F. G. (1896) A Sketch of the Natural History of Australia with some Notes on Sport. Macmillan & Co., London, xxv + 307 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 69508","Strand, E. (1911 a) Castniidae In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 10. Bombyces and Sphinges of the Indo- Australian Region. 2 Vols. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 4, pls. 1 + 9.","Strand, E. (1911 b) Die Indisch-australischen Castniiden. Archiv f ʾ r Naturgeschichte, 77, 137 - 158.","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1913) Castniidae: Subfam. Castniinae, Neocastniinae, Pemphigostolinae. Lepidopterorum Catalogus, 15, 1 - 28.","Tindale, N. B. (1928) Preliminary Note on the Life History of Synemon (Lepidoptera, Fam. Castniidae). Records and Supplements of Western Australian Museum, 4, 143 - 144.","McKeown, K. C. (1942) Australian Insects. An Introductory Handbook. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, 304 pp.","Common, I. F. B. (1970) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies). In: Mackerras, I. M. (Ed.), Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 765 - 866, pls. 7 + 8.","Common, I. F. B. (1974) Lepidoptera (Moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO (Ed.), The Insects of Australia. Supplement 1974. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, pp. 98 - 107.","D'Abrera, B. (1974) Moths of Australia. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 79 pp.","Common, I. F. B. & Edwards, E. D. (1981) The Life History and Early Stages of Synemon magnifica Strand (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 20, 295 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1981. tb 01050. x","McQuillan, P. B. & Forrest, J. A. (1985) A Guide to Common Moths of the Adelaide Region. v + 52 pp. Special Educational Bulletin Series, South Australian Museum, Adelaide.","Miller, J. Y. (1986) The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Neotropical Moth Subfamily Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Castnioidea: Castniidae). 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Synemon petrophila Kallies & Edwards sp. n. Royal Sun-moth Figs 53–56, 62, 65, 72–76 Literature: Lower 1892: 10 (misidentified as Synemon sophia (White) var.); Williams et al. 2016: 122–124, figs 30, 31 (as ‘ Synemon sp. Moirs Rock’). Material examined. Holotype: Ƌ ‘ Moir Rock, NE of Salmon Gums, 32.39S 121.25E, 11 Jan 1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen’ (ANIC). Paratypes: 1♀, Jimberlana Hill, 5.4 km E Norseman, 32.09S 121.49E, 28.i.1991, D.C.F. Rentz (ANIC); 16Ƌ, 8♀, Jimberlana Hill, 32.09S 121.49E, 12.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC) (geni-talia slides 11801, 11800, 18540, ♀ 13066) (Figs 55, 56, 62, 64) (ANIC); 3Ƌ, 1♀, Jimberlana Hill, 3208’46.8” S 12148 ’46.5”E, 8.i.2011 (1♀, 1Ƌ), 9.i.2011 (2Ƌ), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, 7Ƌ, Jimberlana Hill, 3208’24.6” S 12150 ’47.4”E, 8.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, ANIC); 2♀, 6Ƌ, Nyabing, 3332’58.0” S 11809 ’48.0”E, 17.i.2011, A.A.E. Williams (Figs 53, 54) (WAM, ANIC); 6Ƌ, 4♀, 60 km E Hyden, 32.25S 119.28E, 31.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 19Ƌ, 3♀, Mt Cook, 32.26S 116.19E, 28.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Moir Rock, 32.39S 121.25E, 11.i.1993, 13.i.1993, E.D. Edwards, E.S. Nielsen (ANIC); 2♀, Moir Rock, 42 km NNW Salmon Gums, 3239’ S 12125 ’E, 1.i.1986, 3.i.1987, G. & A. Daniels (QMB); 1Ƌ, Boulder Rock, 18 km E Kelmscott, 3207’ S 11609 ’E, 15.i.1986, G. & A. Daniels (QMB); 15Ƌ, 2♀, Abyssinia Rock, 12 km S Mt Dale, 3214’06.5” S 11617 ’29.4”E, 5.i.2013, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Abyssinia Rock, 3214’03.0” S 11617 ’29.6”E, 5.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 16Ƌ, 2♀, Albany HWY, Sullivan Rock, 3222’35.8” S 11615 ’12.8”E, 15.i.2011 (1Ƌ), 16.i.2011 (5Ƌ, 1♀), 2.i.2012 (3Ƌ), 4.i.2012 (6Ƌ, 1♀) A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 16Ƌ, 1♀, Sullivan Rock, 3222’37.8” S 11615 ’10.6”E, 10.i.2012 (5Ƌ), 16.i.2012 (8Ƌ), 1.i.2013 (3Ƌ, 1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 1Ƌ, 1♀, Sullivan Rock, 3222’36.0” S 11615 ’13.0”E, 30.xii.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 4Ƌ, Sullivan Rock, 3222’41” S 11615 ’06”E, 13.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 19Ƌ, 6♀, Blue Rock, 5 km ENE Jarrahdale, 3219’42.0” S 11606 ’54.8”E, 9.i.2012 (11Ƌ, 6♀), 10.i.2012 (5Ƌ), 8.i.2013 (3Ƌ), A.A.E. Wi-liams (WAM); 4Ƌ, Blue Rock, 3219’40.0” S 11606 ’53.4”E, 14.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 4♀, Blue Rock, 3219’41” S 11606 ’50”E, 8.i.2015, E. Friedrich (CEF and coll. K. Gottschaldt); 1♀, Blue Rock, 3219’40” S 11606 ’51”E, 13.i.2017, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, 1♀, Brookton HWY, Boulder Rock, 3207’58” S 11610 ’04”E, 5.i.2019, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, 1Ƌ, Cramphorne Rd, 64 km S Southern Cross, 3148’25.1” S 11917 ’07.7”E, 14.i.2016, 3148’21.6” S 11917 ’05.7”E, 27.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM, CAK); 1♀, Dulyalbin Rock, 50 km SW Southern Cross, 3134’10.0” S 11859 ’42.0”E, 13.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3♀, 8Ƌ, Kukerin, 3311.343’S 11805.389’E, 13.i.2010 (2♀, 5Ƌ), 14.i.2010 (1♀, 3Ƌ,), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2Ƌ, Kukerin Bushland, 3311’14.8” S 11805 ’21.6”E, 10.i.2015, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 2♀, Large Granite Rock, 6 km E Jarrahdale, 3220’06.5” S 11607 ’50.1”E, 9.i.2012 (1♀), 16.i.2012 (1♀), A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Nulla Nulla Rd, 72 km SSW Southern Cross, 3149’33.3” S 11901 ’05.9”E, 27.i.2016, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1Ƌ, Peak Charles N.P., 3251’11.8” S 12110 ’31.4”E, 8.i.2011, A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 3♀, 26Ƌ, Serpentine N.P., 2.8 km NW Jarrahdale, 3219’06.0” S 11602 ’36.8”E, 2.i.2012 (1♀, 12Ƌ), 4.i.2012 (1♀, 12Ƌ), 12.i.2013 (1♀, 2Ƌ), 3219’06” S 11602 ’37”E, 1.i.2019 (7Ƌ) A.A.E. Williams (WAM); 1♀, ‘ Murchison distr. W.A., Elder Exp., Feb 1892, R. Helms’ (SAMA). Excluded from type series. 1Ƌ, Perth, ix.1916, N.B. Tindale (SAMA); 1Ƌ, Ravenswood, J.F. Angel (SAMA); 1Ƌ, Cunderin (SAMA). Etymology. The species’ name is derived from the Latin petra (rock) and the Greek philia (love) and relates to the frequent habitat of this species, large granite boulders with their hostplants growing around the fringe. Description. Male (Figs 53, 54). Alar expanse 39–52 mm, forewing length 18–24 mm, body length 18–22 mm. Head, vertex with dark grey lamellar scales, frons with projecting lamellar scales dark grey, labial palpi fairly short, appressed to head not reaching frons, white, haustellum present, coiled, moderately developed, antenna black narrowly annulated with white scales, distal few flagellomeres black above and mostly white beneath, club black above, white proximally beneath, expanding abruptly, nudum 11 orange brown on anterior third of club often with scattered white scales, apiculus scaled short narrow. Thorax robust, above dark grey, of mixed piliform and broad lamellar scales, lateral tuft of long grey scales present, beneath white, legs grey above, pale grey beneath, epiphysis clothed in short spines, bluntly pointed at tip, terminating short of end of foretibia.Abdomen stout, dark grey above, T2, T3 with numerous long grey scales, beneath white or pale grey, with orange scales laterally and orange scales near tip. Forewing costa slightly arched at base, straight, apex rounded, termen rounded, and slightly angled inwards, inner margin almost straight. Upperside very dark grey with markings of black and white, entire wing with scattered pale blue scales; basal third of wing dark grey, an oblique indistinct median black band from base of CuA1 to 1A+2A, narrowing and sharply angled outwards posteriorly, a large ill-defined white mark at end of cell, a broad dark grey patch at two thirds costa and extending from costa to CuA1, a band of ill-defined white subapical spots from R2 to M3, an indistinct submarginal band of joined black spots between M2 and 1A+2A, beyond this a grey area with extensive pale grey scaling and some white running to a very indistinct black band which extends from half way along M3 to tornus, margin dark grey. Cilia dark grey. Underside black with white and orange-red markings; basal half black with orange scales in basal half of cell, an orange-red median band from costa to inner margin, proximal edge displaced at CuA1, paler in centre of band with white patches in centre, a broad orange-red subapical band from R2 to M3, centre broadly white, a submarginal band of discrete orange-red spots between the veins from apex to inner margin, anterior few spots pale grey, fusing with subapical band between M2 and M3, the submarginal band may be absent, apical area grey merging to black along the termen to tornus, a terminal black line. Cilia dark grey. Hindwing termen evenly rounded, slightly flattened in tornal area. Upperside black with orange-red spots; large orange-red spot at distal end of cell, a median broad orange-red broken band extending from Rs to 1A+2A, broken between M1 and M2, outer margin slightly indistinct, a submarginal band of orange-red spots from M2 to 1A+2A, usually with the orange-red spot from M2 to M3 small or obsolete, sometimes all submarginal band missing, anal area grey basally and with a tornal orange-red spot sometimes joining the median orange-red band. Cilia black, orange from Sc+R1 to M2 and some orange at tornus. Underside black mostly obscured by orange-red spots; basal half of wing black, obscured by orange-red scales proximally, an orange spot at distal end of cell with white centre, a broad median band of orange-red from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A with white centres, broken at M3, sometimes running into submarginal row of spots, a submarginal row of orange-red spots from Sc+R1 to 1A+2A, spots anterior to M3 small and pale grey, a narrow black terminal line, anal area broadly orange-red. Cilia dark grey, orange from Sc+R1 to M3, orange-red at tornus. Female (Figs 55, 56). Alar expanse 50–62 mm. Similar to male, larger, forewings slightly narrower, coloration similar to male, but anal area on upperside of hindwing extensively orange-red. Hindwing with orange-red spots usually more extensive than in male, occasionally with spot from Rs to M1 with white centre. Underside similar to male but sometimes with orange-red colouring more extensive. Abdomen with more extensive pale orange-brown scaling. Male genitalia (Fig. 62). Uncus short and wide, ending in a blunt tip, with short setae; gnathos arms with sclerotisations beside anal tube; tegumen broad; valva broad, compact and almost quadrangular, with prominent upturned spine at tip, with numerous short setae; phallus moderately long, well sclerotized, broad and broadening anteriorly, strongly and evenly curved, apically pointed, anteriorly with phallobase slightly recurved; ductus ejaculatorius longer than phallus, with numerous coils. Female genitalia (Fig. 65). Papillae anales short, pointed, sclerotized; ovipositor long, narrow, extensible, numerous fine setae near base; apophyses long, heavily sclerotized, apophyses anteriores about half length of apophyses posteriores which extend from the tip of the papillae; sinus vaginalis with some sclerotized thickening; ostium bursae at posterior edge of S7; ductus seminalis from shortly before ostium; ductus bursae long narrow coiled; corpus bursae relatively large, ovoid, with numerous folds, and with a bilobed scobinate signum. Diagnosis. Synemon petrophila sp. n. is one of the largest Australian sun-moths. It belongs to the S. magnifica group of species. Compared to other species in this group, the forewing is less distinctly patterned, appearing somewhat blurred and the median orange-red band in the hindwing is separated by a black bar between M1 and M2. Occasionally, specimens are difficult to separate from S. semaphora sp. n. However, S. petrophila sp. n. is usually larger and differs by its narrower and more elongated forewings, the less extensive whitish markings (typically with wide light medial bands on forewings in S. semaphora sp. n., often reduced to a white discal spot and a row of white subapical spots in S. petrophila sp. n.), the duller orange of the hindwings, the subterminal row of well-isolated orange spots in the hindwing (usually confluent in S. semaphora sp. n.), forewing underside with black basal portion extending into a distal projection (absent in S. semaphora sp. n.) and without a silvery white strip along the outer dorsum where the forewing and hindwing overlap (dark in S. semaphora sp. n.). The valva is broad, compact and almost quadrangular; the corpus bursae is relatively large, ovoid, with numerous folds (simple in S. semaphora sp. n.), the ovipositor tip is blunted, with relatively long setae (more pointed and with shorter setae in S. semaphora sp. n.). Variation. There is substantial variation in the extent of the light grey to white coloured marks on the forewing. Distribution. Synemon petrophila sp. n. has a wide, but disjunct, distribution across south-western Western Australia. The first specimen was collected in the Murchison district during the Elder Expedition in 1892. A precise locality was not recorded for this northernmost record. Since then S. petrophila sp. n. has only been found further south: from the Darling Scarp and forest sites inland of Perth, from the Wheatbelt near Southern Cross, from Kukerin bushland and Nyabing bushland, and further east from Peak Charles National Park, Moir Rock, and Jimberlana Hill near Norseman (Williams et al. 2016). Habitat and Biology (Figs 72–76). This species flies primarily in January with a flying period of approximate-ly two weeks (Williams et al. 2016). S. petrophila sp. n. is found in differing habitats, dependent upon the location of the sedges on which the larvae feed. Near Perth, it is found on granite rocky outcrops, both within the Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest and on the edge of the Darling Scarp. There, the larval food plant, a large unidentified species of Lepidosperma sedge (Cyperaceae) with viscous leaf bases, grows at the base of the rocks or in drainage channels on the rocks where sufficient soil has accumulated to support it. In the central and southern Wheatbelt and at Peak Charles National Park, this species is found in mallee woodland, where the large Sticky Sword Sedge Lepidosperma sanguinolentum K.L. Wilson is a dominant component of the understory. At Jimberlana Hill, the larval food plant is a shiny-leafed undescribed species of Lepidosperma sedge that is widespread and dominant on the granitic gneiss rocky hillslopes (Greg Keighery, pers. comm. 2018). In mallee woodland sites in the Wheatbelt, males fly openly amongst the large sedge food plants; the females are less frequently seen. On the granite outcrops of the Darling Scarp males establish territories on hilltops if the larval food plant sedge is growing nearby. On the upper slopes of Jimberlana Hill the males course widely over the large expanses of available sedge food plant. On very hot days adults rest on the cooler, shaded side of burnt upright mallee stags slowly rotating as the sun moves to maintain their shaded position (E.D. Edwards, pers. obs.; Williams et al. 2016). Remarks. This species was referred to as Synemon sp. ‘Moirs Rock’, the Royal Sun-moth, by Williams et al. (2016).