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Russula leucobrunnea Y.Song nom. nov. MycoBank: MB847839 Figs 14–15 Basionym Russula leucocarpa G.J.Li & C.Y.Deng, Mycosystema 39 (4): 5 (Li et al. 2020). Material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest mainly with Fagaceae trees; 12 Sep. 2016; Y. Song K16091221; GenBank nos: MN275671 (ITS), MK881934 (nLSU), MK882062 (mtSSU), MT364342 (rpb1), MK880661 (rpb2), MT085575 (tef1); GDGM79692 • same data as for preceding; 17 Sep. 2018; Y. Song K18091702; GenBank no: MN275672 (ITS); GDGM79693.

Russula callainomarginis J.F.Liang & J.Song Figs 9–10 Material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest mainly with Fagaceae trees; 10 Jun. 2018; Y. Song K18061013; GenBank nos: MN275693 (ITS), MN839582 (nLSU), MN839632 (mtSSU), MT085535 (rpb1), MT085659 (rpb2), MT085602 (tef1); GDGM79715 • same data as for preceding; 22 Apr. 2019; Y. Song K19042220; GenBank no: MN839555 (ITS); GDGM79716. Description Basidiomata medium to large sized. Pileus 6–10 cm in diam., hemispherical to convex when young, turning applanate with depressed center to infundibuliform; surface glabrous, dry, viscid when wet, white to cream (#FFFAFA, #FFFFF0) with reddish brown (#F5DEB3, #F2E0B7) tint; margin slightly undulate and upward. Lamellae adnate to decurrent, unequal with multidymous lamellulae, often forked near stipe and pileus margin, interveined, white at first, turning cream with brown tint (#FEEABA, #FAEDB3) with maturity; edge entire, concolorous. Stipe central, subcylindrical, solid at first, turning hollow with age, 4–6 cm long, white, stained with reddish brown (#F9E197, #F2D782) when old, longitudinally rugulose. Context white. Odor distinct. Spore print whitish. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, rarely globose, (40/2/2) (5.4–)5.7–6.3–7.1(–7.4) × (4.9–)5.2– 5.6–6.1(–6.5) µm, [Q = (1.03–)1.04–1.16–1.24(–1.36)], hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentation amyloid, composed of verrucous to cylindrical warts less than 1 µm in height, some fused into short crests, mostly connected by fine lines forming partial reticulum; suprahilar spot amyloid. Basidia (25–)27– 29.5–32(–34) × 8–9.5–11(–12) µm, clavate, 2- or 4-spored, thin-walled; sterigmata 4–10.5 × 0.8– 1.6 µm. Pleurocystidia (23–)27–43–81(–101) × 5–7.5–10.5 µm, mostly typical fusiform, with obtuse, mucronate or papillate apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents mostly distributed in middle to upper parts, some subcylindrical, arising from deep in subhymenium, weakly positive in SV. Cheilocystidia (23.5–)26–33–39(–41.5) × (5.5–)6.5–7.5–10 µm, fusiform, with obtuse or mucronate apices, thinwalled, with refractive contents mostly at medium parts. Subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae, sphaerocytes measuring 10–28 × 7.5–23 µm. Pileipellis composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 100–140 µm thick; hyphae cylindrical, septate, hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5–5 µm wide; terminal cells (8–)10.5–19–35 × 2.5– 3.5–5.5 µm, cylindrical, rarely lageniform, with obtuse apices, hyaline, some incrusted. Pileocystidia (11–)26–55.5–80(–84) × 2–4–6(–7) µm, cylindrical to fusiform, with obtuse, mucronate to papillate apices, with granular refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Stipitipellis composed of cylindrical, septate hyphae measuring 1.5–4 µm wide; terminal cells cylindrical with obtuse apices, hyaline. Caulocystidia (16.5–)30–54–68(–74) × 1.5–4–6.5 µm, cylindrical, obtuse or papillate, with refractive contents. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Comments Russula callainomarginis was recently described from China (Song et al. 2022). Collections of this species from DHSBR are mostly in accordance with the original morphological descriptions, except that DHSBR specimens have obviously smaller basidia [(25–)27–29.5–32(–34) × 8–9.5–11(–12) µm] and pileocystidia unchanging in SV (turning dark grey to blackish when first described)., Published as part of Xie, Xiu-Chao, Buyck, Bart & Song, Yu, 2023, Species of Russula subgenera Archaeae, Compactae and Brevipedum (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, pp. 28-63 in European Journal of Taxonomy 864 on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.864.2085, http://zenodo.org/record/7785576, {"references":["Song J., Li H., Wu S., Chen Q., Yang G., Zhang J., Liang J. & Chen B. 2022. Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species within Russula subgenus Brevipes from China. Diversity 112: 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 14020112"]}

Russula leucobrunnea Y.Song nom. nov. MycoBank: MB847839 Figs 14–15 Basionym Russula leucocarpa G.J.Li & C.Y.Deng, Mycosystema 39 (4): 5 (Li et al. 2020). Material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest mainly with Fagaceae trees; 12 Sep. 2016; Y. Song K16091221; GenBank nos: MN275671 (ITS), MK881934 (nLSU), MK882062 (mtSSU), MT364342 (rpb1), MK880661 (rpb2), MT085575 (tef1); GDGM79692 • same data as for preceding; 17 Sep. 2018; Y. Song K18091702; GenBank no: MN275672 (ITS); GDGM79693., Published as part of Xie, Xiu-Chao, Buyck, Bart & Song, Yu, 2023, Species of Russula subgenera Archaeae, Compactae and Brevipedum (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, pp. 28-63 in European Journal of Taxonomy 864 on page 57, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.864.2085, http://zenodo.org/record/7785576, {"references":["Li G. J., Deng C. Y., Shi L. Y., Wang J., Meng Q. F. & Li S. M. 2020. Three new species of Russula subsect. Lactarioideae from China. Mycosystema 39 (4): 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.13346 / j. mycosystema. 190414"]}

Russula pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 7-9) Russula pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. differs from North American R. flavida Frost ex Peck in its very small to medium sized (10-45 mm) pileus, very long primordial hyphae usually with strong incrustations covering most of the surface, distinctly smaller spores and occurrence under Shorea robusta. HOLOTYPE. — India. West Bengal, Jhargram district, Tuluha, 22°19’18”N, 87°05’34”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, AG 20-058 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1862]!). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. West Bengal, Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra, 22°21’01”N, 87°02’00”E, alt. 90 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, AG 20-022; Jhargram district, Lodhasuli, 22°19’50”N, 87°01’41”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, AG 20-036; Jhargram district, Jhargram city, 22°25’01.1”N, 87°00’13.5”E, alt. 103 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21-070 (CAL [CAL 1863]); Bihar, West Champaran district, Valmiki national Park, Raghia range, Sitalbari enclosure, 27°20’14.4”N, 84°13’05.8”E, alt. 133 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 15.IX.2020, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-20-110; Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Borio block, Pir-Baba Kairasol forest area, 25°09’41.7”N, 87°40’31.9”E, alt. 126 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 24.VIII.2021, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-21-06; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area, 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 26.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21-11 (JH). GENBANK. — OL471685 (nrITS, holotype) and OL471686 (nrITS, specimen voucher no. AG 21-070); ON365928 (nrLSU, holotype), ON365929 (nrLSU, specimen voucher no. AG 21-070); ON387512 (mtSSU, holotype), ON387511 (mtSSU, specimen voucher no. AG 21-070); ON398067 (rpb 2, holotype), ON398068 (rpb 2, specimen voucher no. AG 21-070). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to its being a look-alike and close relative of R. flavida, a North American species in the crown clade of Russula subg. Russula. MYCOBANK. — MB 844206. FACESOFFUNGI NUMBER. — FoF 11437. DESCRIPTION Pileus very small to medium-sized, 10-45 mm in diam., convex when young, becoming planoconvex to applanate, uplifted with age, centrally depressed to umbilicate with maturity, margin tuberculate striate, decurved to plane with age; cuticle smooth, velvety, viscid and shiny when wet, dull upon drying, peeling to 1/2 of the radius, deep orange (6A-B7-8) or brownish orange (6-7C7-8) when young, then yellowish orange, orange yellow to deep yellow (4A7-8) or even orange to deep orange (5A7-8). Pileus context 5-10 mm thick at the disc, thinning towards the margin, brittle, chalky white (1-2A1), unchanging after bruising or cutting; turning salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Lamellae equal, 10-15 mm high, adnexed to narrowly adnate, normally spaced (10/cm) to crowded (up to 22/cm at pileus margin), rounded near pileus margin, chalky white (1-2A1), sometimes forked near stipe apex; edges even, marginate, deep orange or dark orange (5A8). Stipe 10-30× 4-9 mm, cylindrical, central, firm, with dry, smooth, velvety surface that is concolorous to pileus, but chalky white (1-2A1) at the stipe apex, unchanging after bruising or cutting, turning salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol, stuffed and chalky white (1-2A1) inside, unchanging. Odour not distinctive.Taste mild. Spore print not obtained. Basidiospores globose, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, (5.5-) 5.7-6.05-6.5(-7.0)×(4.4-)4.8-5.2-5.6(-6.2) µm, Q=(1-)1.11- 1.17-1.22(-1.25); ornamentation amyloid, composed of obtuse and relatively densely spaced warts, up to 0.6 µm high, merged in short ridges which are interconnected by numerous fine line connections; suprahilar spot amyloid, relatively large and conspicuous; apiculi up to 0.9 µm high. Basidia (18-)21- 27-32(-39) ×(9-)9-10-10.5(-11) µm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate, sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Hymenial gloeocystidia on lamellae sides (39-)41.5-49-56(-60) × (7-)8-9.5-11(-12) µm, rare, clavate to subclavate and mostly rostrate at the tip (up to 13 µm long), others with narrowing or obtuse-rounded apex, emergent up to 15 µm above the other elements of the hymenium, few deeply embedded; near the lamellae edges usually smaller and narrower, measuring (27-)30-38.5-46.5 (-52) × (6-)6.5-8.5-10(-11) µm; all hymenial cystidia with scarce, granulose contents that do not react in sulfovanillin. Subhymenium layer up to 25 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Marginal cells similar to hyphal terminations in pileipellis, mainly cylindrical, measuring (12-)15-22.5-29.5 (-35) ×(3.5-)4-5-6(-6) µm, apically obtuse-rounded; mixed with occasional basidia or basidioles. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and intermixed with hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 100-200 µm deep, two-layered; vaguely divided in a 70-150 µm deep suprapellis a trichoderm composed of relatively dense, erect or ascending hyphal terminations; subpellis 30-50 µm deep, composed of more horizontally oriented, densely arranged hyphae. Acidoresistant incrustations uncertain. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin flexuous, thin-walled, two- to three-celled, branched at the subterminal cells or the cells just below, pigment incrustations abundant; terminal cells measuring (16-)21.5-35-48.5 (-66) ×(4-)5-6.5-8(-9.5) µm, cylindrical or slightly narrowed towards apex or ventricose or narrowly uniform, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells usually equally long but sometimes wider (up to 11 µm), often with lateral projections. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of similar structure; terminal cells slightly shorter and less wide, measuring (14-)19-28-37(-45) × (3-)3.5-5-6.5(-9) µm, cylindrical or slightly narrowed towards apex or ventricose or narrowly uniform, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells usually equally long but sometimes wider (up to 13 µm). Potential primordial hyphae near the pileus margin typically 2- to 3-celled, flexuous, very long, thick-walled (up to 1 µm); terminal cells (58-)65.5-111-157(-225) × (2-)2.8-3.8-4.8 (-6) µm, mainly attenuate, apically mostly acute, subterminal cells long, cylindrical; usually with strong incrustations covering most of its surface. Potential primordial hyphae near the pileus centre 2- to 3-celled, flexuous, very long, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), slightly shorter, terminal cells (45-)46-80.6- 115(-165) ×(2-)3.5-4.5-5.5(-6) µm, cylindrical to attenuate, apically mostly acute; usually with strong incrustations covering most of its surface. Pileocystidia not observed. Clamp connections absent in all parts. NOTES In the field, our new species is a look-alike of the American R. flavida Frost. It differs microscopically from this American species in the smaller size of its basidiospores, as basidiospores of R. flavida holotype measure (7.1-)7.6-7.9-8.3(-8.6)×(5.8-) 6-6.4-6.7(-7) µm (Adamčík et al. 2018), while their size was reported as 5.5-8.5(9.6) × 5-7 µm in Bills & Miller (1984) based on different collections. The American R. flavida has not yet been placed in a multilocus phylogeny as essentially ITS sequences are available for this species. Our new R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. is here placed for the first time on the basis of three genes (Fig. 3). This placement supports the assumption made on the basis of an ITS phylogeny (Adamčík et al. 2019) that R. flavida, and now by extension also R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., might be considered members of subsect. Auratinae Bon. This small subsection was until now limited to merely three species: the European R. aurea and its morphologically and genetically (4 bp difference in the ITS) very similar Asian counterpart, R. aurantioflava, recently reported from Pakistan (Adamčík et al. 2019), as well as the equally very similar, but rare American R. xantho Shaffer which has not yet been sequenced. Compared to R. flavida and R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., these species are less uniform in colour with a pileus that varies from purplish to wine red, over brick red and orange to yellow, and a stipe that is frequently tinged with yellow but which can also be entirely white. Additionally, R. xantho is particular in the greying-blackening reaction of the context (Buyck 2005). The high support obtained in our multigene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 3; MLbs= 100%, BPP = 1) and ITS (Fig. 7; MLbs= 98%, BPP= 1) also suggests that the / wielangtae-lineage should be considered part of Auratinae. This Oceanian lineage, comprising again very few species, the orange-red R. wielangtae from Australia and purplish-greenish R. atroviridis Buyck from New Zealand, offers a very similar microscopy as R. aurea and allies. When blasting the ITS sequence (which is of perfect quality) of R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. against GenBank deposits, including environmental sequences, it is immediately evident that this sequence is very different from any other deposited sequence. For nearly complete coverage (100-93%), the closest match is a single Australian sequence at 85.85% similarity, and then similarity drops to less than 83% with first sequences for R. flavida and Auratinae arriving only at 81% similarity; coverage then drops very quickly to 70-60%. This is probably the reason why some of the closer species in multigene phylogenies (Buyck et al. 2018; Adamčík et al. 2019), such as the European R. romellii or the R. wielangtae lineage don’t show up in these nBLAST results. When doing nBLAST of the ITS of R. romellii, neither R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. nor Auratinae are showing up in the first 100 results, but R. flavida is at 86% similarity for full coverage. Host specificity seems not very high for species in Auratinae. The well-documented R. aurea has a distribution that extends from Mediterranean climates all the way into the colder parts of Europe. It occurs under various deciduous trees and conifers, and on various types of soil (Sarnari 2005). On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, R. flavida is found in mixed forests with various Quercus, Betula, but also conifers (Bills & Miller 1984). Russula aurantioflava was originally reported as ectomycorrhizal with conifers (Adamčík et al. 2019). However, based on 100% similarity top scores in nBLAST for ITS sequence deposits MN704814 and MN 704815 in GenBank, it occurs also in the very north-eastern part of China (Xing et al. 2020) in forests dominated (98%) by Quercus mongolica with intrusion (2%) of Betula platyphylla Sukaczev, resulting finally in a very similar host range as for both other species. Russula xantho is for the moment the only species of the subsection that seems to have a distinct preference for beech (Buyck 2005). Our new R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. is the first species in this lineage that associates with tropical dipterocarps. The pileipellis of Auratinae has always been interpreted as devoid of any well-defined pileocystidia or primordial hyphae, but they have well-differentiated caulocystidia. However, for R. flavida and R. pseudoflavida A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., the question of absence/presence of primordial hyphae is more difficult to answer as the entire pileipellis is covered in yellow incrustations and many cells also present deposits inside hyphal terminations. Adamčík et al. (2019) mentioned presence of pileocystidia in the pileipellis of the R. flavida holotype, but absence of primordial hyphae. In our opinion, both primordial hyphae and dermatocystidia are absent in the pileipellis and on the stipe surface, although we admit that the reaction in carbolfuchsine (Fig. 8H) is open for interpretation as most of the colouration is situated inside the hyphae but with some guttules nevertheless sitting on top of the hyphal surface. All of the abovementioned species have also very poor contents in hymenial cystidia., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Bera, Ishika & Das, Kanad, 2023, Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis, pp. 27-50 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3) on pages 38-44, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/7829742, {"references":["ADAMCIK S., JANOVICCOVA S. & BUYCK B. 2018. - The Russulas described by Charles Horton Peck. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 39 (1): 3 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.7872 / crym / v 39. iss 1.2018.3","BILLS G. F. & MILLER O. K. JR. 1984. - Southern Applachian Russulas. I. Mycologia 76 (6): 975 - 1002. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 00275514.1984.12023944","ADAMCIK S., LOONEY B., CABON M., JANCOVICOVA S., ADAMCIKOVA K., AVIS P. G., BARAJAS M., BHATT R. P., COR- RALES A., DAS K., HAMPE F., GHOSH A., GATES G., KALVIAINEN V., KHALID A. K., KIRAN M., DE LANGE R., LEE H., LIM Y. W., LUZ A. K., MANZ C., OVREBO C., PARK J. Y., SABA M., TAIPALE T., VERBEKEN A., WISITRASSAMEEWONG K. & BUYCK B. 2019. - The quest for a globally comprehensible Russula language. Fungal Diversity 99 (1): 369 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 019 - 00437 - 2","BUYCK B. 2005. - First record of the rare, northern Russula xantho from near Wildacres, North Carolina. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 26 (4): 283 - 291.","BUYCK B., ZOLLER S. & HOFSTETTER V. 2018. - Walking the thin line … ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 89 (1): 267 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0397 - 5","SARNARI M. 2005. - Monografia illustrate del Genere Russula in Europa. Tomo Secondo. Centro Studi Micologici, Trento, 768 p.","XING P., XU Y., GAO T., LI G., ZHOU J., XIE M. & JI R. 2020. - The community composition variation of Russulaceae associated with the Quercus mongolica forest during the growing season at Wudalianchi City, China. PeerJ 8: e 8527. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 8527"]}

Russula shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 10-12) Russula shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. is separated from North American R. redolens by the absence of a strong celery-like taste and odour and because of its ectomycorrhizal association with Shorea robusta. HOLOTYPE. — India. West Bengal, Jhargram district, Lodhasuli, 22°19’57”N, 87°02’47”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 27.VIII.2021, D. Chakraborty, NPDF917-10 L (holo-, CAL [CAL 1864]!). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. West Bengal, West Bengal, Jhargram district, Lodhasuli, 22°19’59”N, 87°02’47”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, AG 20-027 (CAL [CAL 1865]); Jhargram district, Jhargram city, 22°25’01.1”N, 87°00’13.5”E, alt. 103 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21-068; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.9”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 07.IX.2020, D. Chakraborty, RGJ-20-05; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.9”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 10.X.2021, D. Chakraborty, RGJ-21-03; Bihar, West Champaran district, Valmiki national Park, Raghia range, Sitalbari enclosure, 27°20’14.4”N, 84°13’05.8”E, alt. 133 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 15.IX.2020, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-20-114; Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Borio block, Pir-Baba Kairasol forest area, 25°09’41.7”N, 87°40’31.9”E, alt. 126 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 24.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21-02 (JH); Ranchi district, Getalsud, 23°28’36.5”N, 85°33’23.8”E, alt. 570 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 09.X.2021, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-21-32. GENBANK. —OL461227 (nrITS, holotype) andOL461230 (nrITS, specimen voucher no. AG 20-027); ON365930 (nrLSU, holotype), ON365931 (nrLSU, specimen voucher no. AG 20-027); ON387509 (mtSSU, holotype), ON387514 (mtSSU, specimen voucher no. AG 20-027); ON398069 (rpb 2, holotype), ON398070 (rpb 2, specimen voucher no. AG 20-027) ETYMOLOGY. — ‘ shoreae ’ refers to Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae), the host tree. MYCOBANK. — MB 844207. FACESOFFUNGI NUMBER. — FoF 11435. DESCRIPTION Pileus small to medium-sized, 12-70 mm in diam., convex when young, becoming plano-convex to applanate, uplifted with age, centrally depressed to umbilicate at maturity; margin decurved to plane with age, entire; cuticle viscid and shiny when moist, dull upon drying, peeling to 1/2 of the radius, when young dark green (27F5-6) to dull green (26C-D3-4) with paler margin (26D4), at maturity with dark green (27F5-6) centre with alternating dark green and greyish green concentric rings (26D3-4, 25-26F7-8). Pileus context up to 6 mm thick at the disc, thinning towards the margin, compact, brittle, chalky white (1-2A1), unchanging after bruising or cutting; turning salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Lamellae up to 4 mm high, narrowly adnate to adnexed, subdistant to close (9-13/cm at pileus margin), chalky white (1-2A1), forked near the stipe apex, midway to the margin, or near the margin; lamellulae present in different lengths; edges entire and concolorous. Stipe 10-67× 5-22 mm, cylindrical to clavate, central, firm and brittle; surface dry, smooth, chalky white (1-2A1) with dull green (26D4) tinges. Stipe context solid when young, becoming stuffed to hollow with maturity, surface chalky white (1-2A1), unchanging after bruising or cutting, becoming salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Odour not distinctive. Taste mild. Spore print not obtained. Basidiospores subglobose, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, rarely globose, (5.5-)6.3-7.0-7.7(-8.4)×(4.8-)5.4-6.0-6.6(-7.8) µm, Q=(1.02-)1.09-1.17-1.25(-1.41); ornamentation composed of amyloid isolated warts; warts up to 0.5 µm high, pustu - lose or rounded, sometimes fused with each other; suprahilar spot distinct, large but inamyloid, apiculi up to 1.5 µm long. Basidia (46-)51-57-62(-65)×(9-)10-11-12(-13) µm, 4-spored, subclavate, tapering towards base, sterigmata up to 6 µm long. Hymenial cystidia rare on the lamellae sides, (50-)53.5-61-68 (-76)×(7-)10-11.5-13.5(-15) µm, cylindrical,subclavate, clavate to fusiform with rostrate to moniliform apex, emergent up to 22 µm above the other elements of the hymenium; contents finely crystalline, near the lamellae edges usually smaller and narrower, measuring 46-51-55× 9-11-12 µm; all hymenial cystidia not reacting in sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with basidia and cystidia. Subhymenium layer 35-40 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and intermixed with hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 276-307 µm deep, two-layered and vaguely divided in a relatively dense suprapellis, 96-91 µm deep, composed of erect or ascending hyphal terminations forming a trichoderm, and a subpellis 180-216 µm deep, composed of more densely and more horizontally oriented hyphae.Acidoresistant incrustations absent.Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin often slightly flexuous, thin-walled, composed of chains of 1-3 cells, branched at the subterminal cells or the cells just below; terminal cells measuring (11-)13-21-29(-44.5)×(3-)4-4.5-5.5(-7) µm, mainly subulate or cylindrical, apically acute and distinctly attenuated or obtuse-rounded; subterminal cells mainly cylindrical, but sometimes wider. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of similar structure, terminal cells slightly less wide, measuring (9-)12.5-19.5-26.5(-30.5)×(2.5-)3-4-4.5(-5) µm, mainly subulate or cylindrical, apically acute and distinctly attenuated or obtuse-rounded; subterminal cells mainly cylindrical, but sometimes wider or with lateral appendages. Pileocystidia near the pileus margin typically one-celled,flexuous, thin-walled, (14-)17.5-40-62(-96)×(2.5-)3.5-4.5-5.5(-6) µm, mainly subulate, apically mostly mucronate or with short appendages; those near the pileus centre slightly shorter, (22-)24-31.5-39(-46) ×(3.5-) 4-4.5-5 µm; all with contents finely crystalline and without reaction in sulfovanillin.Clamp connections absent in all parts. NOTES The nBLAST of the obtained ITS sequence places R. shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. in subg. Heterophyllidiae, which was also clearly suggested by its morphological characters, including the inamyloid suprahilar spot, the typical ramifying hyphal extremities at the pileus surface composed of chains of more or less inflated, short cells that become gradually narrower toward the terminal cell and onecelled, narrow and mucronate pileocystidia. In our ITS phylogenetic analysis, the here newly described R. shoreae D.Chakr., A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck, sp. nov. is placed sister to the Chinese R. verrucospora, a subtropical species that has smaller spores and a more variable pileus colour with grey and vinaceous tints. Both are again placed sister to the North American and equally green R. redolens which has a unique and strong smell of parsley. These three species form a strongly supported clade, which is placed sister, again with strong statistical support, to the annulate R. brunneoannulata Buyck of the African subsect. Aureotactinae Heim ex Buyck (Buyck 1994). All these species have very similar microscopic features of pileipellis and share the same type of spore ornamentation consisting of isolated blunt warts. All of these species differ from subsect. Cyanoxanthinae Sing. in the absence of strong metachromatic reactions in Cresyl blue. Some of the above-mentioned species were also grouped with strong support in recent multilocus phylogenies. Indeed, a representative sampling of species belonging to subg. Heterophyllidiae was distributed over four significantly supported clades in the combined multilocus phylogeny, based on 28S, rpb 2 and tef -1 loci, that was published by Wang et al. (2019). In that phylogeny, subsect. Substriatinae was introduced as a new subsection that grouped with Aureotactinae as one of the four strongly supported clades in the subgenus. This topology was never recovered in ITS-based phylogenies, nor in the combined multilocus (based on the same loci) published by Vera et al. (2021) where Aureotactinae, impacted by the introduction of R. redolens, no longer grouped with Substriatinae., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Bera, Ishika & Das, Kanad, 2023, Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis, pp. 27-50 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3) on pages 44-48, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/7829742, {"references":["BUYCK B. 1994. - Russula II (Russulaceae), in RAMMELOO J. & HEINEMANN P. (eds), Flore illustree des Champignons d'Afrique centrale. Vol. 16. Ministere de l'agriculture, Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Bruxelles: 411 - 542.","WANG J., BUYCK B., WANG X. H. & BAU T. 2019. - Visiting Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales) with samples from southwestern China finds one new subsection of Heterophyllidia with two new","VERA M., ADAMCIK S., ADAMCIKOVA K., HAMPE F., CABON M., MANZ C., OVREBO C., PIEPENBRING M. & CORRALES A. 2021. - Morphological and genetic diversification of Russula floriformis, sp. nov., along the Isthmus of Panama. Mycologia 113 (4): 807 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2021.1897377"]}

Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. (Figs 4-6) Russula boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. is mainly separated from R. densifolia Secr. ex Gillet by a combination of medium to large-sized (30-160 mm) pileus, a more intense blackening of the flesh after cutting or bruising, the unequal, the absence of pileocystidia, the stronger reticulation of the spore ornamentation, the more slender hyphal endings (2-6 µm wide) in the pileipellis and its occurrence under dipterocarps in Asia. HOLOTYPE. — India. West Bengal, Jhargram district, Lalgarh, Karamsol, 22°34’12.9”N, 87°05’25.2”E, alt. 73 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 1.VII.2018, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-18-01 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1860]!). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Mandro block, near Mandro Fossil Park, 25°07’31.3”N, 87°31’22.3”E, alt. 142 m a.s.l., on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 20.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-13-03; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Pir-Baba Kairasol forest area, 25°09’41.7”N, 87°40’31.9”E, alt. 126 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 24.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-13-27; Rajmahal hills, Godda district, Boarijore block, Mangra Dahar-Langi and surroundings, 25°01’43.0”N, 87°28’13.8”E, alt. 136 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 01.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-13-31; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area, 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m. a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 22.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-14-28; Pakur district, Litipara block, Sathiya to Sathiyapahar forest area, 24°44’44.3”N, 87°35’03.8”E, alt. 225 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 02.IX.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-14-33; Rajmahal hills, Dumka district, Kathikund block, Kanhaidih reserve forest, 24°19’04.2”N, 87°29’14.3”E, alt. 132 m a.s.l., 18.IX.2015, on ground, under Shorea robusta in tropical deciduous forests, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-15-09; Dumka district, Sikaripara block, Karakata forest area, 24°13’19.0”N, 87°30’16.2”E, alt. 241 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 23.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-15-17; Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Karanpurato village forest toward Gogi, 25°09’02.9”N, 87°43’02.3”E, alt. 61 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 06.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-16-21; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada-Paharia burial ground forest, 25°02’23.7”N, 87°39’35.8”E, alt. 110 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 08.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-16-32 (CAL [CAL 1861]); Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada-Paharia burial ground forest, 25°02’23.7”N, 87°39’35.8”E, alt. 110 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 15.XI.2020, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-20-10; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 26.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21- 08 (JH); Ranchi district, Getalsud, 23°28’36.5”N, 85°33’23.8”E, alt. 570 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 09.X.2021, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-21-25; Bihar, West Champaran district, Valmiki national Park, Raghia range, Sitalbari enclosure, 27°20’14.4”N, 84°13’05.8”E, alt. 133 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 15.IX.2020, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-20-104; West Bengal, Bankura district, Joypur forest, 23°01’53.00”N, 87°15’15.73”E, alt. 73 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 08.VII.2020, A. Ghosh, AG 20-004; Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra, 22°21’01”N, 87°02’00”E, alt. 90 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2020, D. Chakraborty, NPDF917 - 17L; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.9”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 07.IX.2020, D. Chakraborty, RGJ-20-08; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 22°19’44”N, 87°02’39”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, AG 21-074; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.09”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 10.X.2021, D. Chakraborty, RGJ-21-05. GENBANK. —OL469097 (nrITS, holotype) andOL469118 (nrITS, specimen voucher no. MEH-16-32); ON365924 (nrLSU, holotype), ON365926 (nrLSU, specimen voucher no. MEH-16-32); ON387513 (mtSSU, holotype), ON387510 (mtSSU, specimen voucher no. MEH-16-32); ON418909 (rpb 2, holotype),ON418910 (rpb 2, specimen voucher no. MEH-16-32). ETYMOLOGY. — Commemorating Reverend Paul Olaf Bodding, a Norwegian missionary, linguist, folklorist and ethnobotanist who undertook pioneer work on the macrofungi of Rajmahal Hills. MYCOBANK. — MB 844205. FACESOFFUNGI NUMBER. — FoF 11436. DESCRIPTION Pileus medium-sized to large, 30-160 mm in diam., convex when young, becoming planoconvex to applanate, centrally depressed to umbilicate at maturity; margin smooth, entire when young becoming decurved to plane, sometimes uplifted with age; cuticle smooth, viscid and shiny when wet, dull upon drying, peeling to 1/4 of the radius, greyish white (1B2) to grey (2-5B2) with yellowish white (3A2) tinges. Pileus context firm and up to 9 mm thick at the disc centre, becoming narrower towards margin, chalky white (1-2A1), changing first orange red (8A8) or brownish red (8C6-7), then blackish when cut or bruised; turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4, and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Lamellae unequal, of different lengths, narrow, up to 5 mm deep, sub-decurrent to decurrent, crowded (15-22/cm at pileus margin), chalky white (1-2A1) to yellowish white (3A2), forked at different distances from the stipe; edges entire and concolorous. Stipe 25-57 × 9-23 mm, cylindrical, subclavate to clavate, central, firm and fleshy; surface dry, smooth, chalky white (1-2A1) to greyish white (1B2); turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Stipe context solid, chalky white (1-2A1), changing first orange red (8A8) or brownish red (8C6-7), then blackish when cut or bruised; turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Odour insignificant. Taste mild. Spore print not obtained. Basidiospores globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, (5.8-)6.2-6.7-7.2(-7.8)×(5.5-)5.6-6.0-6.5(-7) µm, Q=(1-)1.07- 1.12-1.16(-1.20); ornamentation composed of relatively dense, obtuse-rounded, conical amyloid warts (up to 0.8 µm high), connected by thick ridges forming an almost complete network; suprahilar spot inamyloid; apiculi up to 1.2 µm long. Basidia (28-)34.5-40-45(-48)× 8-9-10(-11) µm, 4-spored, narrowly clavate to clavate, sterigmata up to 8 µm long; basidiola cylindrical to clavate. Hymenial gloeocystidia on the lamellae sides (22-)33.5-54.5-75.5(-112)×(4-)5-7.5-9.5(-10) µm, emergent up to 14 µm above the other elements of the hymenium, near the lamellae edges usually smaller and narrower, 31-43-55 (-65)×3-5-6(-7) µm, cylindrical to clavate with capitate to moniliform apex; contents completely or partly filled with brown refractive bodies, not reacting in sulfovanillin. Marginal cells absent. Subhymenium layer up to 20 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and intermixed with hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 300-380 µm thick, two-layered; suprapellis 140-200 µm thick, composed of narrow, ascending hyphal terminations; subpellis 160-180 µm deep, composed of more or less dense, horizontally oriented hyphae. Acid-resistant incrustations absent.Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin long, flexuous, densely septate, scarcely branched at the bases, sometimes with lateral branches, thin-walled, partly filled with irregular refractive bodies containing brown pigments; terminal cells (39-)44-58-72(-90)×(3-)4-4.5-5.5(-6) µm, narrowly cylindrical to subulate, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells and the cells below often gradually wider, usually shorter. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre apically more attenuated; the terminal cells slightly shorter and less wide, measuring (26-)34.5-50-65(-85)×(2-)3-3.5-4.5(-5) µm. Pileocystidia absent.Clamp connections absent from all tissues. NOTES In its most recent interpretation, Russula subg. Compactae (Fr.) Bon, emend. Buyck & V. Hofst. (Hongsanan et al. 2015) includes species that produce more or less thick-fleshed, very small to large basidiomata with dull to dingy white, brown, grey to black pileus, regularly unequal, polydymous lamellae, a mild to very acrid context that is reddening, greying, blackening, rarely browning and often with unpleasant smell, white spore print and spores with inamyloid suprahilar spot; gloeocystidia mostly capitate with one central knob or more frequently with two excentrical knobs. In a recent multilocus phylogeny (Buyck et al. 2018), this subgenus was shown to be composed of two highly supported lineages: sect. Polyphyllae Buyck & V. Hofst. and sect. Nigricantinae Bataille, which is the core group of this subgenus as it holds the European R. nigricans, the type species. With very few exceptions, species of sect. Nigricantinae have basidiomata that react most frequently by first reddening on bruising before turning to black. This feature, in combination with the unequal, polydymous gills, is still considered to constitute the easiest field character to recognize species of this section (Das et al. 2020). A nBLAST of the obtained ITS sequences of our specimens undeniably placed our new species in sect. Nigricantinae with sequences MN075499 (99.51% similarity), MN580113 (99.05% similarity) and JN969389 (99.13% similarity), all three obtained from deciduous dipterocarp forests in Thailand (Phosri et al. 2012; Pachit et al. 2020; Yuwa-Amornpitak & Yeunyaw 2020), representing earlier reports of R. boddingii Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. None of the other sequences resulting from nBLAST was more similar than 96% to our species, and all suggested a placement of our new species in the R. densifolia lineage. In recent years, several new Asian species have been published in sect. Nigricantinae (Das et al. 2020; Zhou et al. 2020), but none of these had crowded gills as in the R. densifolia lineage. The latter lineage has been retrieved as a highly supported clade in recent multigene phylogenetic analyses (Buyck et al. 2018; De Lange et al. 2021). So far, only five described species have been shown to be part of this lineage, but molecularly quite distinct for our new species with very high support (Fig. 4): these species include the European R. densifolia, R. densissima, R. atramentosa and R. fuliginosa, the Australian R. ingwa, as well as at least five additional but undescribed Asian species in this lineage., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Bera, Ishika & Das, Kanad, 2023, Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis, pp. 27-50 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3) on pages 34-38, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a3, http://zenodo.org/record/7829742, {"references":["HONGSANAN S., HYDE K. D., BAHKALI A. H., CAMPORESI E., CHOMNUNTI P., EKANAYAKA H., GOMES A. A. M., HOFSTET- TER V., JONES E. B. G., PINHO D. B., PEREIRA O. L., TIAN Q., WANASINGHE D. N., XU J. - C. & BUYCK B. 2015. - Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 11 - 20. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 36 (3): 355 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.7872 / crym / v 36. iss 3.2015.355","BUYCK B., ZOLLER S. & HOFSTETTER V. 2018. - Walking the thin line … ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 89 (1): 267 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0397 - 5","DAS K., GHOSH A., BUYCK B. & HEMBROM M. E. 2020. - Two new species of Russula subgenus Compactae from Indian Himalaya based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic inference. Nordic Journal of Botany: e 02962. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 02962","PHOSRI C., POLME S., TAYLOR A. F. S., KOLJALG U., SUWAN- NASAI N. & TEDERSOO L. 2012. - Diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a dry deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 (9): 2287 - 2298. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 012 - 0250 - 1","PACHIT P., DISYATAT N. R. & PIAPUKIEW J. 2020. - Temporal changes in enzyme activities associated with ectomycorrhizas and soil from secondary deciduous dipterocarp forest fragments. Pedobiologia 81 - 82: 150661. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pedobi. 2020.150661","ZHOU S., SONG Y., CHEN K., LI J., BUYCK B. & QIU L. 2020. - Three novel species of Russula Pers. subg. Compactae (Fr.) Bon from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in southern China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 41 (14): 219 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / cryptogamie-mycologie 2020 v 41 a 14","DE LANGE R., ADAMCIK S., ADAMCIKOVA K., ASSELMAN P., BOROVICKA J., DELGAT L., HAMPE F. & VERBEKEN A. 2021. - Enlightening the black and white: species delimitation and UNITE species hypothesis testing in the Russula albonigra species complex. IMA Fungus 12: 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 43008 - 021 - 00064 - 0"]}

Russula pseudosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. MycoBank: MB842137 Figs 4B – 6 Diagnosis Russula pseudosenecis sp. nov. differs mainly from R. senecis Imai by its mild taste, paler pileus colour, chalky white gills when young, strongly amyloid suprahilar spot on the basidiospores and its association with Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. from the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae Blume. Etymology Referring to it being a look-alike of R. senecis, originally described from Japan. Material examined Holotype INDIA • West Bengal, Bankura district, Joypur forest; 23°03′11″ N, 87°25′49″ E; alt. 74 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 30 Aug. 2020; A. Ghosh AG 20-062; GenBank: OL461233 (ITS); CAL[1858]. Additional material INDIA • West Bengal, Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra; 22°21′01″ N, 87°02′00″ E; alt. 90 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 12 Aug. 2020; A. Ghosh AG 20-019; CAL[1895] • Jhargram district, Tuluha; 22°19′44″ N, 87°02′39″ E; alt. 80 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 11 Aug. 2021; A. G hosh AG 21 -073; GenBank: OL461234 (ITS); CAL[1859] • Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja forest; 25°34′56″ N, 88°20′16″ E; alt. 80 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 10 Oct. 2021; D. Chakraborty, RGJ -20-04; CAL[1896] • Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area; 24º37′02.6″ N, 87º40′45.2″ E; alt. 94 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 26 Aug. 2021; A. Ghosh AG 21-14 (JH); CAL[1897] • ibid., Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada, Paharia burial ground forest; 25°02′23.7″ N, 87°39′35.8″ E; alt. 110 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 17 Sep. 2022; A. Ghosh AGJH-033; CAL [1898]. Description Pileus small to medium-sized, 15–55 mm in diameter, convex, planoconvex to applanate with depressed center; margin decurved to plane, entire, strongly tuberculate-striate; surface viscid and glutinous when moist, dull upon drying, quickly cracked, easily peeled off ⅓ rd to ½ th towards center with maturity, pale yellow, light yellow to grayish yellow (4A–B3–5) or yellowish brown, light brown to golden brown (5D–E5–8), centrally dark brown (6–7E6–8) with maturity or age. Pileus context up to 5 mm thick at the disc, compact, firm, chalky white (1–2A1), unchanging after bruising or on exposure. Lamellaeadnate to adnexed, close to crowded (12–15/cm at pileus margin), up to 4 mm thick, chalky white (1–2A1), entire, forked at the stipe apex, middle and near the margin, unchanging after bruising or on exposure; edges punctuated with brownish orange (6C5–7) or light brown (6D5–7), entire; lamellulae rare. Stipe 20–45 × 9–15 mm, firm, brittle, cylindrical to subclavate, centrally attached; surface dry, longitudinally striate, pale to light yellow (4A3–4) or grayish yellow (4B5–6) with light brown (6D5–7) to brown (6D6–7) tinges, unchanging when bruised or on exposure; turning salmon pink (6A4) and deep to dark turquoise (24E–F7–8) in FeSO4 and guaiacol, respectively. Stipe context pale yellow to light yellow (5A3–5), chambered, unchanging when bruised or on exposure; turning salmon pink (6A4) and deep to dark turquoise (24E–F7–8) in FeSO4 and guaiacol, respectively. Odor indistinctive. Taste mild. Spore print not observed. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, (7.1–)7.5–7.8–8.3(–8.3) × (6.7–)7.0–7.4–7.8(–8.3) μm, Q = (1.02–)1.03–1.06–1.09(–1.13); ornamentation amyloid, composed of up to 2.2 μm high wings running over more or less long distances on the spore surface or even nearly encircling the spores, mixed with a dense, low network of short, laterally flattened, blunt ridges and warts forming an incomplete network, intermixed with crowded, isolated warts and large spines (up to 1.8 μm high), some partly connected; suprahilar spot strongly amyloid, uplifted and distinct; apiculi up to 2.5 μm long. Basidia (40–)46–50–54(–57) × (7–)9– 11–13(–14) μm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate, tapered at the base; sterigmata up to 7 μm long. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides (50–)62.4–75.1–87.7(–100) × (6–)6.4–7.8–9.1(–11) μm, abundant, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded, mucronate to capitate or subcapitate, appendiculate to lageniform or moniliform apex, emergent up to 60 μm beyond the basidiole tips, few deeply embedded; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black with sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with basidia and cystidia. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae edges (34–)37–46.5–56(–60) × 5–6–7(–8) μm, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded, subcapitate to appendiculate apex; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black with sulfovanillin. Marginal cells not differentiated. Subhymenium layer up to 20 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama composed mainly of large nests of sphaerocytes and few hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 120–150 μm thick, two-layered; subpellis 60–75 μm deep, composed of more or less dense, horizontally oriented hyphae and dispersed pileocystidia that originate in the subpellis and not implanted on the top of the suprapellis; suprapellis pseudoparenchymatous, an ixo-palisade, 60–75 μm thick, mainly composed of ascending to erect, densely septate, hyphal terminations composed of inflated or cylindrical cells. Acidoresistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin thin-walled, composed of chains of 3–5 cells; terminal cells (9–)10–13.8–17.7(–26) × (4.5–)6–7.7–9.2(–11) μm, mainly clavate to subglobose, rarely cylindrical, with rounded apex; subterminal cells inflated or cylindrical. Hyphal terminations near the pileus center also thin walled, rarely branched at the subterminal cells; terminal cells slightly longer and less wide, measuring (9–)9.9–15.3–20.6(–25) × (3–)3.5–4.9–6.3(–7) μm, mainly cylindrical or clavate; subterminal cells mainly cylindrical or inflated. Pileocystidia originating from the subpellis only, not as terminal cells in the suprapellis, single-celled, long, flexuous, thin-walled, (50–)53–86.9–121(–150) × (2.5–)3–4.2–5.3(–6) μm, mainly cylindrical, apically mainly obtuse-rounded or mucronate; contents finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia in the pileus center slightly shorter (41.6–)42.6–67.6–92.6(–132) × (2–)2.8–4.3–5.8(–5) μm, sometimes with lateral projections, apically obtuse-rounded, otherwise identical. Oleiferous hyphae present. Clamp connections absent from all tissues., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika & Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, 2022, Two new Asian species of Russula sect. Ingratae with unique basidiospore features for subg. Heterophyllidiae, pp. 104-120 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1985, http://zenodo.org/record/7374043

Russula pseudosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. MycoBank: MB842137 Figs 4B – 6 Diagnosis Russula pseudosenecis sp. nov. differs mainly from R. senecis Imai by its mild taste, paler pileus colour, chalky white gills when young, strongly amyloid suprahilar spot on the basidiospores and its association with Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. from the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae Blume. Etymology Referring to it being a look-alike of R. senecis, originally described from Japan. Material examined Holotype INDIA • West Bengal, Bankura district, Joypur forest; 23°03′11″ N, 87°25′49″ E; alt. 74 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 30 Aug. 2020; A. Ghosh AG 20-062; GenBank: OL461233 (ITS); CAL[1858]. Additional material INDIA • West Bengal, Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra; 22°21′01″ N, 87°02′00″ E; alt. 90 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 12 Aug. 2020; A. Ghosh AG 20-019; CAL[1895] • Jhargram district, Tuluha; 22°19′44″ N, 87°02′39″ E; alt. 80 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 11 Aug. 2021; A. G hosh AG 21 -073; GenBank: OL461234 (ITS); CAL[1859] • Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja forest; 25°34′56″ N, 88°20′16″ E; alt. 80 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 10 Oct. 2021; D. Chakraborty, RGJ -20-04; CAL[1896] • Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area; 24º37′02.6″ N, 87º40′45.2″ E; alt. 94 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 26 Aug. 2021; A. Ghosh AG 21-14 (JH); CAL[1897] • ibid., Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada, Paharia burial ground forest; 25°02′23.7″ N, 87°39′35.8″ E; alt. 110 m a.s.l.; in tropical forest under Shorea robusta; 17 Sep. 2022; A. Ghosh AGJH-033; CAL [1898]. Description Pileus small to medium-sized, 15–55 mm in diameter, convex, planoconvex to applanate with depressed center; margin decurved to plane, entire, strongly tuberculate-striate; surface viscid and glutinous when moist, dull upon drying, quickly cracked, easily peeled off ⅓ rd to ½ th towards center with maturity, pale yellow, light yellow to grayish yellow (4A–B3–5) or yellowish brown, light brown to golden brown (5D–E5–8), centrally dark brown (6–7E6–8) with maturity or age. Pileus context up to 5 mm thick at the disc, compact, firm, chalky white (1–2A1), unchanging after bruising or on exposure. Lamellaeadnate to adnexed, close to crowded (12–15/cm at pileus margin), up to 4 mm thick, chalky white (1–2A1), entire, forked at the stipe apex, middle and near the margin, unchanging after bruising or on exposure; edges punctuated with brownish orange (6C5–7) or light brown (6D5–7), entire; lamellulae rare. Stipe 20–45 × 9–15 mm, firm, brittle, cylindrical to subclavate, centrally attached; surface dry, longitudinally striate, pale to light yellow (4A3–4) or grayish yellow (4B5–6) with light brown (6D5–7) to brown (6D6–7) tinges, unchanging when bruised or on exposure; turning salmon pink (6A4) and deep to dark turquoise (24E–F7–8) in FeSO4 and guaiacol, respectively. Stipe context pale yellow to light yellow (5A3–5), chambered, unchanging when bruised or on exposure; turning salmon pink (6A4) and deep to dark turquoise (24E–F7–8) in FeSO4 and guaiacol, respectively. Odor indistinctive. Taste mild. Spore print not observed. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, (7.1–)7.5–7.8–8.3(–8.3) × (6.7–)7.0–7.4–7.8(–8.3) μm, Q = (1.02–)1.03–1.06–1.09(–1.13); ornamentation amyloid, composed of up to 2.2 μm high wings running over more or less long distances on the spore surface or even nearly encircling the spores, mixed with a dense, low network of short, laterally flattened, blunt ridges and warts forming an incomplete network, intermixed with crowded, isolated warts and large spines (up to 1.8 μm high), some partly connected; suprahilar spot strongly amyloid, uplifted and distinct; apiculi up to 2.5 μm long. Basidia (40–)46–50–54(–57) × (7–)9– 11–13(–14) μm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate, tapered at the base; sterigmata up to 7 μm long. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides (50–)62.4–75.1–87.7(–100) × (6–)6.4–7.8–9.1(–11) μm, abundant, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded, mucronate to capitate or subcapitate, appendiculate to lageniform or moniliform apex, emergent up to 60 μm beyond the basidiole tips, few deeply embedded; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black with sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with basidia and cystidia. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae edges (34–)37–46.5–56(–60) × 5–6–7(–8) μm, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded, subcapitate to appendiculate apex; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black with sulfovanillin. Marginal cells not differentiated. Subhymenium layer up to 20 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama composed mainly of large nests of sphaerocytes and few hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 120–150 μm thick, two-layered; subpellis 60–75 μm deep, composed of more or less dense, horizontally oriented hyphae and dispersed pileocystidia that originate in the subpellis and not implanted on the top of the suprapellis; suprapellis pseudoparenchymatous, an ixo-palisade, 60–75 μm thick, mainly composed of ascending to erect, densely septate, hyphal terminations composed of inflated or cylindrical cells. Acidoresistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin thin-walled, composed of chains of 3–5 cells; terminal cells (9–)10–13.8–17.7(–26) × (4.5–)6–7.7–9.2(–11) μm, mainly clavate to subglobose, rarely cylindrical, with rounded apex; subterminal cells inflated or cylindrical. Hyphal terminations near the pileus center also thin walled, rarely branched at the subterminal cells; terminal cells slightly longer and less wide, measuring (9–)9.9–15.3–20.6(–25) × (3–)3.5–4.9–6.3(–7) μm, mainly cylindrical or clavate; subterminal cells mainly cylindrical or inflated. Pileocystidia originating from the subpellis only, not as terminal cells in the suprapellis, single-celled, long, flexuous, thin-walled, (50–)53–86.9–121(–150) × (2.5–)3–4.2–5.3(–6) μm, mainly cylindrical, apically mainly obtuse-rounded or mucronate; contents finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia in the pileus center slightly shorter (41.6–)42.6–67.6–92.6(–132) × (2–)2.8–4.3–5.8(–5) μm, sometimes with lateral projections, apically obtuse-rounded, otherwise identical. Oleiferous hyphae present. Clamp connections absent from all tissues.

Russula indosenecis A.Ghosh, D.Chakr., K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. MycoBank: MB842307 Figs 2–4A Diagnosis Russula indosenecis sp. nov. resembles Japanese R. senecis Imai but differs from it mainly by the strongly amyloid suprahilar spot on the basidiospores, genetic distance of the nrITS sequences (97.25%–97.79% similarity) and its occurrence under Abies densa Giff. in subalpine forests. Etymology Referred to its occurrence in Indian Himalaya and morphological resemblance to R. senecis. Material examined Holotype INDIA • East Himalayan Region, Tawang district, on the way to Panga Teng Tso Lake; 27°38′15.5″ N, 91°51′12.1″ E; alt. 3935 m a.s.l.; in subalpine forest under Abies densa; 30 Aug. 2021; A. Ghosh AG-21- 06A; GenBank: OL701269 (ITS); CAL[1856]. Paratype INDIA • East Himalayan Region, Tawang district, on the way to Panga Teng Tso Lake; 27°38′15.2″ N, 91°51′11.6″ E; alt. 3919 m a.s.l.; in subalpine forest under Abies densa; 29 Aug. 2021; A. Ghosh AG-21- 04A; GenBank: OL701254 (ITS); CAL[1857]. Description Pileus medium to large sized, 65–140 mm in diameter, convex, planoconvex to applanate with broadly depressed center, becoming infundibuliform with maturity; margin decurved to plane or uplifted with maturity, entire, strongly tuberculate-striate; surface viscid and glutinous when moist, dull with drying, quickly cracked, easily peeled off ⅓ rd to ¾ th toward center, light orange or melon yellow or apricot yellow or golden yellow (5A–B5–7), centrally turning dark brown (6–7E6–8) with maturity or age, turning orange (6A8) with KOH. Pileus context up to 6 mm thick at the disc, compact, brittle, firm, chalky white (1–2A1), unchanging after bruising or on exposure. Lamellae shortly adnate to subfree, equal or with rare lamellulae, subdistant (7–10/cm at pileus margin), rarely forked, chalky white (1A1) to pale cream (3A2) when young, becoming concolorous to pileus colour with age or maturity, unchanging after bruising or on exposure; edges punctuated with brownish orange (6C5–7) or light brown (6D5–7), entire. Stipe long and slender, 90–160 × 13–30 mm, firm, brittle, cylindrical to subclavate, centrally attached; surface dry, smooth, longitudinally striate, light yellow to maize yellow (4A4–6) with light brown (6D5–7) to brown (6D6–7) tinges. Stipe context light orange or apricot yellow or golden yellow (5A–B5–7), multichambered, soon hollowing, unchanging on exposure; turning deep to dark turquoise (24E–F7–8) with guaiacol, insensitive to FeSO 4. Odor indistinctive. Taste acrid and very strong to hurting. Spore print pale cream (IIb). Basidiospores globose to subglobose, (8.4–)8.8–9.3–9.8(–10.5) × (8.2–)8.6–9.0–9.5(–10.4) μm, Q = (1–)1.01–1.03–1.06(–1.10); ornamentation amyloid, composed of up to 1.8 μm high wings running over more or less long distances on the spore surface or even nearly encircling the spores, mixed with dense, low network of short, laterally flattened, blunt ridges and warts forming an incomplete network, intermixed with crowded, isolated warts and large spines (up to 1.5 μm high), some spines partly connected; suprahilar spot indistinct, warted, sometimes partially amyloid; apiculi up to 2.7 μm long. Basidia (52–)58–64–71(–75) × 11–13–14(–15) μm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate, tapered at the base; sterigmata up to 6 μm long. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides (68–)73.9–85.7–97.5(–115) × 5.5–8–10.5(–16) μm, abundant, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded, mucronate to capitate or subcapitate, appendiculate to lageniform or moniliform apex, emergent up to 50 μm beyond the basidiole tips, few deeply embedded; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning grayblack with sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with basidia and cystidia. Hymenial cystidia on lamellae edges (37–)44.7–51.5–58 × (6–)6.8–7.5–8 μm, cylindrical to lanceolate with obtuse-rounded apex; content dense, finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black with sulfovanillin. Marginal cells not differentiated. Subhymenium layer up to 35 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama composed mainly of large nests of sphaerocytes and few hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 140–150 μm thick, twolayered; subpellis 65–70 μm deep, composed of more or less densely intermixed, horizontally oriented hyphae and dispersed pileocystidia; suprapellis pseudoparenchymatous, an ixo-palisade, 75–80 μm thick, mainly composed of ascending to erect, densely septate hyphal extremities forming chains of mostly strongly inflated cells. Acidoresistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin thin-walled, composed of chains of 3–5 cells, sometimes branched at the terminal cells; terminal cells (12–)13.9–20.6–27.3(–42) × 7–10.1–12.9(–19) μm, mainly clavate to subglobose or cylindrical with rounded apex; subterminal cells inflated or cylindrical. Hyphal terminations in the pileus center also thinwalled, rarely branched at the subterminal cells; terminal cells measuring (11–)14.3–19.9–25.5(–36) × 6–9.1–12.2(–18) μm, mainly cylindrical or clavate; subterminal cells mainly cylindrical or inflated. Pileocystidia near the pileus margin single celled, long, flexuous, thin-walled, (40–)35.1–57.3–79.4(– 104) × 5–6.1–7.2(–8) μm, mainly cylindrical, apically mainly obtuse-rounded; contents finely crystalline with refractive granular bodies, turning gray-black in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus center similar, but comparatively longer and broader, (42–)60–92.3–124(–140) × (5–)4.6–6.6–8.7(–10) μm, and sometimes with lateral projections. Oleiferous hyphae present in pileus context. Clamp connections absent from all tissues., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika & Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, 2022, Two new Asian species of Russula sect. Ingratae with unique basidiospore features for subg. Heterophyllidiae, pp. 104-120 in European Journal of Taxonomy 847 on pages 108-111, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.847.1985, http://zenodo.org/record/7374043

111. Ilytheomyces uncinatus W. Rossi & M. Leonardi, sp. nov. (Fig. 1) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from all fifteen previously described species in the same genus for the shape of the hooked pre-apical outgrowth. HOLOTYPE. — Nigeria. Ibadan, 13-24.VI.1977, leg. J. C. Deeming, on the sternites of Zeros fractivirgatus (Lamb) (Diptera, Ephydridae), holo-, FI (WR2357). INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF559552. ETYMOLOGY. — From Latin: hooked, because of the shape of the perithecial outgrowth. DESCRIPTION Receptacle Basal cell small, hyaline, irregularly shaped, prominent below the base of the appendage, lying side by side with the suprabasal cell, which is somewhat longer and almost wholly opaque. Appendage Relatively short, consisting of a linear series of 7-8 small, blackened cells, the second of which gives rise from its upper, inner angle to a very small, almost hyaline cell bearing distally two large, paired, elongate, brownish antheridia; the third cell bears a short, ramified branch with a few branchlets variably curved and opaque on the inner side; the other cells of the axis producing externally single short branches with recurved and hyaline extremities, which are disorganized in older specimens. Perithecium Stalk cell almost wholly opaque, slightly broader than long, narrower below. The basal cell region distinctly longer than the stalk cell, hyaline, except for a small, dark patch at the base of the secondary stalk cell. Perithecium grayish brown, asymmetrical, with the ventral margin distinctly convex and the dorsal almost straight; the tip very broad, rather abruptly distinguished on the ventral side, which is straight or concave, while the dorsal is slightly convex; the apex rounded and hyaline, subtended by a short, dark, suberect outgrowth ending in a small, paler hook. Measurements Length from foot to perithecial apex 110-125 µm; length from foot to tip of perithecial outgrowth 120-140 µm; appendage 50-60 µm; perithecium 55-65 × 23-30 µm. NOTES The genus Ilytheomyces includes to date 15 species, 11 of which were described from central and south America, 2 from Cameroon, and 2 from Malaysia (Thaxter 1917, 1918, 1931). All the host insects were reported as unidentified species of Ilythea (Diptera, Ephydridae). It must be pointed out that the latter genus has been split and some species have been transferred to the genus Zeros Cresson. The only finding of Ilytheomyces published in the 90 years following Thaxter’s work consists in 4 species reported from Bolivia on Zeros fenestralis (Cresson) (synonym of Ilythea fenestralis Cresson) (Rossi 1998). The new species is easily distinguishable from the other 15 species for the presence and shape of the hooked preapical outgrowth. The only two species previously reported from Africa are I. kamerunensis Thaxt. and I. falcatus Thaxt., both described from Cameroon. The first is further distinguished for the “monstrously developed basal cell region” and the very long outgrowth, the latter for its “strongly incurved” thallus and the absence of the preapical outgrowth (words in quotes are the same utilized by Thaxter 1931)., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["THAXTER R. 1917. - New Laboulbeniales, chiefly dipterophilous American species. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 52 (10): 649 - 721.","THAXTER R. 1918. - Extra-American dipterophilous Laboulbeniales. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 53 (9): 697 - 749.","THAXTER R. 1931. - Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Part V. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences XVI: 1 - 435","ROSSI W. 1998. - New or interesting Laboulbeniales parasitic on Diptera from Bolivia. Mycologia 90 (6): 1047 - 1054."]}

117. Phaeolus sharmae Hembrom, A. Parihar, K. Das & A. Ghosh, sp. nov. (Figs 13-15) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from other Phaeolus by its habitat as it grows in the upper part of its host tree Abies densa Griff. at high altitude in the Himalayas, also by its basidiomata with pinkish orange tainted hymenophore when young, duplex context, larger basidia (16- 53 × 7-12 µm) and basidiospores (6-11 × 6-7.8 µm). HOLOTYPE. — India. Sikkim, North district, Yumthang valley Shingba Rhododendron sanctuary, attached to the bark of a living tree trunk of A. densa Griff., 3470 m, 27°46’53.2”N, 88°42’34.8”E, 19.VII.2019, K. Das & M. E. Hembrom, KMA-19-014 (holo-, CAL [CAL1843]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 840191. GENBANK. — MT762941 (nrITS, holotype), MT762940 (nrITS, paratype); MT764209 (nrLSU, holotype), MT764236 (nrLSU, paratype). ETYMOLOGY. — Named in honour of J. R. Sharma for his contribution to Indian macrofungi. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — India. Sikkim, North district, Dombang valley, on living tree trunk of A. densa Griff. attached to bark, 3540 m, 27°46’06.2”N, 88°48’21.3”E, 20.VII.2019, K. Das, M. E. Hembrom & A. Parihar, KMA-19-026 (CAL 1844). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, lignicolous, narrowly and loosely attached to host, single or imbricate, up to 100 mm broad, 150 mm wide and 20-50 mm thick, spongiose watery to leathery and heavy when fresh, rigid to brittle and lightweight when dry. Pileus 70-190 × 70-320 mm, 8-20 mm thick near base, sessile, spathulate to applanate when young, then gradually becoming semicircular to almost dimidiate; upper surface covered with dense hispid hairs forming a thick tomentum in actively growing regions, glabrous and rough in older parts, concentrically zonate, weakly sulcate, mustard yellow to olive yellow (3B6-C7) when young, turning light brown to brown (7D5- E6) when mature; finally, becoming pale reddish brown to blackish with age. Margin Sterile, up to 3 mm wide, acute to obtuse, entire to more or less undulating, sometimes forming narrow lobes, distinctly incurved when dry, lemon yellow or yellowish when actively growing, turning concolorous to pileus surface at maturity. Hymenophore Poroid to irpicoid to often daedaleoid near base; pores 1-2 per mm, often widening up to 3-4 mm in mature parts while staying minute towards pileus margin, glancing, pinkish orange to ochraceous orange when young, then gradually changing into almost yellowish brown to sulphur yellow, finally becoming darker coffee brown with age, turning charcoal black when bruised. Context 5-10 mm wide, divided in a compact lower and loose upper partthat are not separated by a black demarcation line, spongy to cheese-like when fresh, often fibrillose, becoming hard and brittle on drying, light brown to brown (7D5-E6) to dark reddish brown in the lower compact part, upper loose part and tomentum light brown (7D4-6). Tubes 3-10 mm long, distinct from context, yellowish brown or concolorous with the context, brittle on drying, orange to dark blonde (5C5-D4) when young, then turning brown to dark brown (7E3-F4) when mature; dissepiments thin, entire to lacerate. Hyphal system of context Monomitic, generative hyphae 3-15 µm wide, simple septate, frequently to occasionally branched, thin- to thick-walled (Hymenophoral trama Composed of parallel and compactly arranged, thin- (mostly) to moderately thick-walled generative hyphae mixed with submerged gloeocystidial hyphae; generative hyphae 2-6 µm wide; submerged gloeocystidial hyphae 40-105 × 4-10 µm, septate, unbranched (mostly) to rarely branched, thin-walled, smooth, pale coffee brown to dark brown, filled with dense cytoplasmic contents. Hymenial gloeocystidia Measuring 10-105 × 4-15 µm, clavate to cylindrical, irregularly capitate, thin- to moderately thick-walled, smooth, projected up to 55 µm beyond hymenial layer, filled with dense pale yellowish contents before becoming empty in older specimens. Basidia 16-53 × 7-12 µm, clavate to pedicellate-clavate, thin-walled, smooth, 4-spored; sterigmata 6-8 µm long, hyaline. Basidiospores 6-(8.97)-11 × 6-(6.75)-7.8 µm, Q = 1-(1.32)-1.57, ellipsoid to ovoid, thin-walled, smooth, distinctly apiculate, hyaline, acyanophilic, inamyloid. NOTES During fungal forays to the North district of Sikkim in 2018 and 2019, three of us (KD, MEH and AP) repeatedly came across populations of an unknown species growing on bark of standing trees of Abies densa. This species is quite distinct based on phylogenetic analyses including obtained ITS & LSU sequences that place it sister to Phaeolus schweinitzii, a species widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Núñez & Ryvarden 2001; Sharma 2012; Prasher 2015). Within Polyporales, species of Phaeolus (Pat.) Pat. are easily confused with various xanthochoric polypores but the genus is phylogenetically distinct and causes a brown rot. Within family Laetiporaceae, Phaeolus can be separated from Laetiporus Murrill and Wolfiporia Ryvarden & Gilb. because these lack gloeoplerous elements. Also Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst., which lacks hymenial setae and forms lightweight, brittle basidiocarps with a strongly hispid pileus surface and large hymenial pores, may resemble our species in the field. Yet, it equally lacks gloeoplerous elements in context and hymenium. Phaeolus harbours six species, half of these described by Patouillard, from which P. sharmae sp. nov. can be distinguished by its combination of having broadly attached basidiomata with rough pilear surface forming irregular papillae, a shiny pinkish orange young hymenophore and larger basidia and basidiospores. Berkley’s (1845), Léveillé’s (1844) and Patouillard’s (1900) descriptions for P. tabulaeformis (Berk.) Pat., P. javanicus (Pat.) Henn., and the description of P. rigidus (Lév.) Pat. lack microscopic details to compare these with our species. Moreover, P. tabulaeformis has been considered as synonym of P. schweinitzii (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971). The African Phaeolus manihotis R. Heim has stipitate (6-7 × 3-4 mm) basidiomata and minute basidia (11-14 × 6-8 µm) and smaller spores (5.5-7 × 3.2-4.3µm) (Heim 1931). The medium sized (up to 60 × 50 × 10 mm), laterally stipitate (40 × 20 mm) basidiomata with whitish yellow context and smaller basidiospores (5-6 × 4-4.3 µm) of P. amazonica M. A. De Jesus & Ryvarden (De Jesus & Ryvarden 2010) separate it from our novel species, while P. subbulbipes (Henn.) O. Fidalgo & M. Fidalgo possesses much smaller spores (3.5-4 µm). In our combined (nrITS+nrLSU) phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), our species appeared as sister to the American, European and Asian samples of P. schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. But P. sharmae sp. nov. always occupies upper parts of living tree trunks and branches rather than growing on the ground or on bases of trees as found in P. schweinitzii (Overholts 1953; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Sharma 2012). The distinctly shiny pinkish orange hymenophore that changes on bruising, observed in young specimens of our species, is also worth mentioning, along with its non-decurrent tubes attached to a duplex context, thus clearly distinguishing it from P. schweinitzii (Overholts 1953; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014) where context is homogeneous and continuous with tube layer. Microscopically, the larger basidiospores (6-11 × 6-7.8 µm) and basidia (16-53 × 7-12 µm) distinguish our species from P.schweinitzii (usually with spores 5.5-9 × 2-5.6 µm and basidia 20-30 × 6-8 µm) known from India and abroad (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014). Another Indian report of P. schweinitzii made by Prasher (2015) from Shimla Himachal Pradesh should be recollected and re-examined under the light of phylogenetic estimations as sizes of basidiospores (6-11.5 × 4-6.8 µm) and clavate basidia (12.4-15.3 × 5-6.8 µm) are deviating from report of similar kind of standard Indian and extralimital materials (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014)., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["EDLER D., KLEIN J., ANTONELLI A. & SILVESTRO D. 2021. - raxmlGUI 2.0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12: 373 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 2041 - 210 X. 13512","GILBERTSON R. L. & RYVARDEN L. 1987. - North American polypores. Vol. 2: Megasporoporia - Wrightoporia. Fungiflora, Oslo: 434 - 885.","RYVARDEN L. & GILBERTSON R. L. 1994. - European polypores. Part 2. Meripilus - Tyromyces. Fungiflora, Oslo: 394 - 743.","NUNEZ M. & RYVARDEN L. - 2001. East Asian Polypores. Vol. 2: Polyporaceae sensu lato. Synopsis Fungorum 14. Fungiflora, Oslo, 575 p.","SHARMA J. R. 2012. - Aphyllophorales of Himalaya. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 105 p.","PRASHER I. B. 2015. - Introduction. In: Wood-rotting non-gilled Agaricomycetes of the Himalayas. Fungal Diversity Research Series. Springer, Dordrecht: 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9858 - 7","HAN M. L., VLASAK J. & CUI B. K. 2015. - Daedalea americana sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis. Phytotaxa 204: 277 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 204.4.4","CHEN Y. Y. & CUI B. K. 2015. - Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the Antrodia heteromorpha complex in China. Mycoscience 57 (1). https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. myc. 2015.07.003","SONG J., CHEN Y. Y., CUI B. K., LIU H. G. & WANG Y. Z. 2014. - Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) from southwestern China. Mycologia 106: 1039 - 1050. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 13 - 402","LINDNER D. L. & BANIK M. T. 2008. - Molecular phylogeny of Laetiporus and other brown rot polypore genera in North America. Mycologia 100: 417 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 07 - 124 R 2","SHEN L. L., LIU H. X. & CUI B. K. 2015. - Morphological characters and molecular data reveal two new species of Postia (Basidiomycota) from China. Mycological Progress 14: 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 015 - 1032 - 4","BERKLEY M. J. 1845. - Decades of Fungi, Dec VIII-X. London Journal of Botany 4: 298 - 315.","LEVEILLE M. J. - H. 1844. - Champignons Exotiques. Annales des sciences naturelles serie 3 2: 167 - 221.","PATOUILLARD N. 1900. - Essai taxonomique sur les familles et les genres des Hymenomycetes. Universite de Paris, Lons-le-Saunier, 184 p.","OVERHOLTS L. O. 1953. - Polyporaceae of the United States, Alaska and Canada. The University of Michigan Press, 466 p.","BAKSHI B. K. 1971. - Indian Polyporaceae (on Trees and Timber). I. C. A. R., New Delhi, 246 p.","HEIM R. 1931. - Les Phaeolus manihotis sp. nov., parasite du manioc a Madagascar et consideration sur le genre Phaeolus Pat. Annales de Cryptogamie exotique 4: 175 - 189.","DE JESUS M. & RYVARDEN L. 2010. - Studies in neotropical polypores 28. Two new species from Amazonas, Brazil. Synopsis Fungorum 27: 73 - 77.","ZHAO J. D. & ZHANG X. Q. 1992. - The polypores of China. Bibliotheca Mycologica 145: 1 - 534.","RYVARDEN L. & MELO I. 2014. - Poroid fungi of Europe. Synopsis Fungorum 31: 1 - 455.","RYVARDEN L. & JOHANSEN I. 1980. - A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora, Oslo, 636 p."]}

116. Inocybe leucophaea Eyssart. & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 11; 12) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from Inocybe subclavata in its larger spores with less prominent knobs, its distinctly thicker-walled cystidia and its association with trees from the African miombo woodland. HOLOTYPE. — Zambia. Near Lusaka, gregarious, in strongly degraded miombo woodland, 08.II.1996, Eyssartier 96095 (holo-, P [PC0088783]). INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF558793. GENBANK. — EU569860 (LSU), EU569859 (rpb 1). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after the general colors of the basidiomata, from ancient greek leukos, “white”, and phaios, “dusky”. DESCRIPTION Pileus Measuring (8)12-20(30) mm in diam., conical obtuse with inflexed margin or conico-campanulate, often with a broad umbo topped by another very small and obtuse one, sometimes totally absent, the young very pale by a white veil, sometimes greyish, then the margin becomes beige, slightly ochraceous but always pale, even in the young stages, soon fibrillose slightly rimose towards the margin, which is a little bit incised and paler by the veil. Lamellae Quite close, (1.5) 2-3 mm broad, emarginate, white in the young stages then ocraceous greyish, ocraceous beige, quite pale. Stipe 35-60(65) × 3-4(6) mm, bulbous, marginate, whitish, pale beige to straw-yellow, pruinose. Flesh Pale, whitish. Odor Slightly honey-like. Taste Mild, slightly herbaceous. Spores Nodulose, with (6)7-8(9) obtuse swellings, (7)8-9(10.5)× (5)6- 7(8) µm, few spores quite larger, up to 12-14 × 8-9 µm (possibly from 2-spored basidia?). Basidia 4-spored, clavate, (18)20-25 × 8-9 µm. Paracystidia Clavate, small, 15-20 × 8-9 (10) µm. Cheilocystidia Pyriform with a very obtuse base, or broadly lageniform, with very thickened walls, up to 4 (-4.5) µm, very slightly coloured in 10 % ammonia. Pleurocystidia Similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis A cutis of cylindrical hyphae, (3)5-7(10) µm broad, without clear pigment, very slightly incrusted. Clamp connections Present in all parts. NOTES Inocybe leucophaea sp. nov. was part of the multigene phylogenetic analyses published by Matheny et al. (2009) where it was part of a highly supported African clade together with two other species collected by us: I. glaucodisca Buyck & Eyssart. (Buyck & Eyssartier 1999) for which the LSU sequence is 98.2% similar for 100 % coverage, while it was placed sister to I. densifolia nom. prov. (similarity 99 % for 100 % coverage). This African clade was placed sister with high support to a neotropical clade composed of I. antillana Pegler and I. xerophytica Pegler (see Pegler 1983). The phylogenetic analyses based on LSU sequences in Horak et al. (2015) still grouped with high support I. glaucodisca, I. densifolia nom. prov. and I. leucophaea sp. nov., but lacked support for the deeper nodes that suggested close affinities with other Inocybe from the African miombo woodlands such as I. conspicuospora Buyck & Eyssart or the still undescribed I. velatorimosa nom. prov. Inocybe subclavata (E. Horak) Garrido closely resembles Inocybe leucophaea sp. nov., particularly in general habit, colour and presence of an abundant veil, but differs in its marginate stipe, and the smaller spores with less numerous and more prominent knobs, its distinctly thinnerwalled cystidia and the association with Nothofagus in New Zealand (Horak 2018)., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on page 36, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["MATHENY P. B., AIME M. C, BOUGHER N. L., BUYCK B., DESJARDIN D. E., HORAK E., KROPP B. R., LODGE D. J., TRAPPE J. M. & HIBBETT D. S. 2009. - Out of the palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan mushroom family Inocybaceae. Journal of Biogeography 36: 577 - 592. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2008.02055. x","BUYCK B. & EYSSARTIER G. 1999. - Two new species of Inocybe (Cortinariaceae) from African woodland. Kew Bulletin 54: 675 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110863","PEGLER D. N. 1983. - Agaric Flora of the Lesser Antilles. Kew Bulletin Additional Series IX: 1 - 668.","HORAK E., MATHENEY P. B., DESJARDIN D. E. & SOYTONG K. 2015. - The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia. Phytotaxa 230 (3): 201 - 238.","HORAK E. 2018. - Agaricales (Basidiomycota) of New Zealand, 2. Brown spored genera. Fungi of New Zealand 6: 1 - 205."]}

113. Entoloma nigroflavescens Armada, Bellanger, Noordel. & Dima, sp. nov. (Figs 2; 5; 6) DIAGNOSIS. — Entoloma nigroflavescens Armada, Bellanger, Noordel. & Dima, sp. nov. can be distinguished from E. turci, which frequently occurs in similar habitats, by the finely roughened, innately fibrillose stipe, the absence of red staining at stipe base, and the absence of cheilocystidia. HOLOTYPE. — France. Savoie, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Arc 2000, secteur du lac Marlou, 2500 m alt., leg. F. Armada, 21.VIII.2018, holo-, LY (FA 4277). MYCOBANK. — MB 840118. GENBANK. — MZ198884 (ITS holotype). ETYMOLOGY. — Nigrus for black and flavescens for yellowing, referring to the colour and colour change of the pileus. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — France. Savoie, Peisey-Nancroix, secteur du col de la Chal, 2500 m alt., leg. F. & E. Armada, 17.VIII.2010, LY(FA 1726), ITS[MZ198883]. DESCRIPTION Pileus 9-22 mm, convex to plano-convex, with slightly inflexed margin, very variably shaped, sometimes umbilicate, with a small central umbo, or with irregular, undulating margin, not hygrophanous, not translucently striate, entirely very dark blackish brown to sepia brown at first, later on more yellow brown at margin, finally most of the pileus yellow brown with dark brownishblack centre; entirely rugose-tomentose to rimulose-fibrillose at first, breaking up in appressed squamules all over with age. Lamellae Rather distant, adnate-emarginate, thin or somewhat thick, ventricose, up to 3.5 mm broad, frequently intervenose, sordid white to greyish white, then sordid pinkish brown with an entire, thickened, concolorous edge. Stipe 16-38 × 1.5-3.5 mm, equal, cylindrical, straight or curved, early fistulose, almost white when young, then beige-yellowish to pale yellow brown, minutely pruinose/punctate when young, glabrescent, never strictly polished but with fine, innate fibrils, base attenuate or slightly enlarged, slightly white tomentose, no reddening observed. Context Very thin, fragile, concolorous with surface, white inside, not reddening. Odour Weak or vaguely farinaceous. Taste None. Basidiospores (9)10.5-12.5 × (6.7)7.0-8.5(9) µm, heterodiametrical, irregularly 7-8(9) angled, sometimes almost nodulose. Basidia 36-45 × 11.5-13 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia Absent, lamella edge fertile. Pileipellis A cutis with transitions to a trichoderm, with clavate terminal elements, 30-90 × 13-24 µm. Pigment brown, intracellular. Clamp-connections Absent. Habitat In alpine zone, on mossy soil amongst Salix herbacea, Polygonum viviparum, and Alchemilla pentaphyllea. Distribution Known from two different localities in the French Alps. NOTES Entoloma nigroflavescens sp. nov. is a remarkable species with its dark, blackish brown basidiomata, which develop yellow tinges when maturing, and the fertile lamella edge without cystidia. In the ITS phylogeny it is a sister species to E. perasprellum, a recently described new species from the Alps, with a blue, polished stipe, reminiscent of E. asprellum (Dima et al. 2021). Entoloma nigroflavescens sp. nov. can be distinguished from E. turci which frequently occurs in similar habitats, by the finely roughened, innately fibrillose stipe, the absence of red staining at stipe base, and the absence of cheilocystidia., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891

115. Inocybe media Eyssart. & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from other species of the asterospora - pileosulcata clade in its smooth or irregularly angled spores, and its habitat corresponding to the African miombo woodlands. HOLOTYPE. — Zambia. Along Luanshya-Ibenga road, gregarious in very young miombo woodland with Uapaca pilosa and U. kirkiana, 3.II.1996, Eyssartier 96083, BB 96.285 (holo-, P [PC0088770]). INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF578795. GENBANK. — EU600884 (LSU). ETYMOLOGY. — Name formed by reference to the shape of the spores, intermediate between the smooth and the gibbous type, form the latin media, “intermediate, which is between two”. DESCRIPTION Pileus Measuring 15-20 mm in diam., conico-campanulate with a large obtuse umbo that is pruinose from a white veil, clear ochraceous beige, pale beige brown with a reddish brown tinge or honey, even at the centre, towards the margin fibrillose, sometimes a little bit rimose. Lamellae Ascendant, 2-3 mm broad, emarginate, quite close, a pale beige ochraceous with white edges. Stipe 30-40 × 2-3 mm, sometimes flexuous, bulbous marginate (up to 4.5-6 mm), pale beige, white beige, pruinose lenghtwise. Context White in the pileus and the base of the stipe, subconcolorous in the stipe. Smell Very faint. Taste A little bit herbaceous. Spores Of particular shape, smooth or irregularly angled with few inconspicuous nodules, intermediate between the smooth and the gibbose types, (8)9-12(13) × (5)5.5-6.5(7) µm. Basidia Clavate, 4(2)-spored, 25-30 × 8-10 µm. Paracystidia Clavate, (13)15-20(25) × 7-8(10) µm. Hymenial cystidia Very similar on sides and edge of gills, lageniform to broadly lageniform, (45)50-60(65) × 15-20(25) µm, with very thickened walls, (2)3-4 µm, up to 5 µm in the upper part; colourless or almost so in 10 % ammonia. Pileipellis A cutis of subcylindrical or slightly inflated hyphae, 3-8 µm broad, broadened to 12-15 µm towards the underlying layer. Pigment brown yellowish, distinctly incrusting. Clamp connections Present in all parts. NOTES Although only a LSU sequence has been published for Inocybe media sp. nov., the species was part of multigene phylogenetic analyses (Matheny et al. 2009) where it is placed in a terminal clade with I. pileosulcata E. Horak, Matheny & Desjardin from Thailand, and with the European I. napipes J. E. Lange (Horak et al. 2015). Inocybe pileosulcata is associated with Dipterocarpus and is morphologically similar to the European Inocybe asterospora Quél., with which it was once confused (Horak 1979) and both species probably belongs to the same clade. All the abovementioned Inocybe have clearly gibbose spores with prominent knobs: Inocybe media sp. nov. is thus distinguished by its singular spores, of intermediate form between the smooth and gibbose type., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["MATHENY P. B., AIME M. C, BOUGHER N. L., BUYCK B., DESJARDIN D. E., HORAK E., KROPP B. R., LODGE D. J., TRAPPE J. M. & HIBBETT D. S. 2009. - Out of the palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan mushroom family Inocybaceae. Journal of Biogeography 36: 577 - 592. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2008.02055. x","HORAK E., MATHENEY P. B., DESJARDIN D. E. & SOYTONG K. 2015. - The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia. Phytotaxa 230 (3): 201 - 238.","HORAK E. 1979. - Astrosporina (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia. Persoonia 10: 157 - 205."]}

118. Russula ferruginea Corrales & Vera, sp. nov. (Figs 16A; 17-20) DIAGNOSIS. — R. ferruginea sp. nov. differs from the European R. praetervisa Sarnari or the North American R. amerorecondita Avis & Barajas in the combination of the relatively delicate stature, dark brown pileus centre contrasting to its pale yellowish brown margin, almost mild taste and especially its conspicuous color change from light brown to reddish brown or rusty on wounded places especially apparent on the stipe base and the lamellae. It is defined also by combination of narrow hymenial cystidia up to 8 µm and spores with warts connected by fusions and short fine lines. HOLOTYPE. — Colombia. Cundimarca Depart., Mosquera, Chicaque Natural Reserve, 4°36’22”N, 74°18’17”W, alt. 2130 m, in forest dominated by Quercus humboltii, terrestrial, 17.X.2019, A. Corrales 944 (HUA, SAV). MYCOBANK. — MB 841769. GENBANK. — MZ604288 (ITS), MZ604283 (nrLSU), MZ553923 (rpb2), MZ553926 (tef1 α), all from holotype. ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to reddish spots on the base of the stipe and colour change of the wounded context from light brown to reddish brown, resembling iron rusting. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — Colombia. Cundimarca Depart., Mosquera, Chicaque Natural Reserve, 4°36’22”N, 74°18’17”W, alt. 2130 m, in forest dominated by Quercus humboltii, terrestrial, multiple collections of different mycelia distant approximately hundred meters apart, 17.X.2019, A. Corrales 914, A. Corrales 935, A. Corrales 1019 (all deposited in HUA). SPECIMENS STUDIED FOR COMPARISON. — Russula austromontana (Singer B 12402 (F), holotype); Russula cf. austromontana / crucensis: Costa Rica, 3.5 km W of Empalme, 2200 m asl., in montane Quercus seemannii forest, 2.VI.2001, leg. B. Buyck, BB 01.023 (PC); ± 5 km SW of Cerro de la Muerte, Albergue de la Montana, Savegre, 2200 m asl., in montane Quercus seemannii forest, 6.VI.2001, leg. B. Buyck, BB 01.076 (PC). DESCRIPTION Pileus Small to medium sized, 24-48 mm in diam., when young convex, mature plane with depressed centre; margin strongly tuberculate-striate to c. half of the radius (7-13 mm); cuticle slimy especially near the center, shiny, margin peeling or radially cracking, color near margin light brown turning to light yellowish brown or beige, near the center dark brown, deep blackish brown to almost black, discoloring to yellowish brown. Lamellae Moderately distant, c. 8-12/ 1 cm near the pileus margin, 1.5-4 mm broad, pale yellowish-brownish to almost white, lamellulae rare, furcations frequent especially near the stipe, edge even and concolorous. Stipe 28-33 × 5-7.4 mm, cylindrical and staight, longitudinally striate, light brown, darker and with reddish spots at the base, cortex 1-2 mm thick, interior cavernate. Context 2-3 mm thick at the middle of the pileus radius, fragile, light brown, flesh turning reddish brown when cut and getting more red spots at the base when bruised, taste slightly bitter and spicy, odour fishy and fetid. Spore print Not observed. Spores (6.4-)6.8-7.5-8.1(-8.6) × (5.4-)5.7-6.2-6.7(-7) µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid Q = (1.07-)1.13-1.21-1.28(-1.34); ornamentation of moderately large, moderately distant [(4- 7(-8) in a 3 µm diam. circle] amyloid, obtuse warts, (0.3)0.4- 0.8(-1) µm high, mainly fused in small groups or short chains ([0-]1-4[-5] fusions in the circle), connected by occasional and usually short line connections ([0-]1-3[-5] in the circle); suprahilar spot not amyloid, relatively large, smooth or covered by few small low warts. Basidia (22-)35-43.7-53 × (5.5-)7-9.2-11(-12) µm, narrowly clavate, ocassionally pedunculate, 4-spored; basidiola cylindrical or clavate, c. 5-9 µm wide. Hymenial cystidia Mostly numerous, c. 1800-2100/mm2, (50-)56-67.8-79(- 86) × 6-7.1-8(-9) µm, mainly fusiform or lancelolate, rarely narrowly langeniform or subcylindrical, apically mainly acute and sometimes pointed, occasionally obtuse, often moniliform, mainly with small, pearl-like, 1-3(-6) µm long appendage, thin-walled; contents weakly heteroformous, with fine, dispersed granulations usually near the apex, sometimes optically empty, often in Congo red with pale yellow pigment, turning almost black in sulfovanillin; near the lamellae edges smaller, (35-)38-48.4-58(-66) × 6-6.8-8µm, similar in shape and contents. Marginal cells Similar to basidiola but smaller, (12-)14-17-20(-21) × 5-6.5- 7.5 µm, cilindrical or clavate, apically obtuse, mixed with occasional basidia. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 150-240 µm deep; suprapellis strongly gelatinized, verrucose-bumpy in vertical section, irregularly 15-35 µm deep, composed of more or less repent, loose or clustered hyphae; gradually passing to 120-220 µm thick subpellis formed by loose, gelatinised, irregularly oriented but near trama horizontally oriented, dense, 2-4 µm wide hyphae. Acid-resistant incrustations Absent. Hyphal terminations Near the pileus margin composed mainly of one or two cells, flexuous,thin walled, frequently branched, occasionaly nodulose or angulose; terminal cells (9-)12.5-19.7-27(-34) × 2.5-3.8-5(- 5.5) µm, mainly cylindrical or clavate, often apically obtuse and sometimes slightly narrowed; subterminal cells usually as wide as long, frequently branched or with lateral projections.Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar, (12-)14-23.8-33(- 41) × 3-4.3-5(-6) µm, more frequently angulose-nodulose. Pileocystidia Near the pileus margin always 1-celled, subulate, narrowly fusiform or lancelolate, variable in length and often long and originating deep in the subpellis, thin-walled, (24-)29-40.4- 51(-76) × 3-4.2-5 µm, apically mainly acute, with a small appendage or knob; contents dispersed, finely granulous, weakly greying in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in shape but usually shorter (22-)28-36.6- 42.5(-47) × (3-)3.6-4.4-5.2(-6.5) µm, more frequently apically constricted than acute, with contents located in diverse places, usually in apical parts. Cystidioid hyphae Dispersed in subpellis but more frequent near the context, sometimes similar to cystidia but longer, contents often more conspicuous, oleipherous and turning dark brown in sulfovanillin and red after carbolfuchsin treatment. Clamp connections Absent from all tissues. NOTES The multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction based on nrLSU, rpb2 and tef1 α (Fig. 5) clearly places our Colombian and Panamanian collections in one monophyletic clade with strong support values concerning bootstrap (MLbs = 100 %) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP = 1). This clade is recognised in this study on the rank of species as R. ferruginea sp. nov. It belongs to section Ingratae Quél. of the subgenus Heterophyllidinae Romagn. The rusty-spotted North American R. pulverulenta Peck is the sister species of R. ferruginea sp. nov. (MLbs = 61 %, BPP = 0.96), although with poor support. The collection BPL276, labelled as R. pectinatoides Peck, is placed on the higher rank node with moderate support (ML = 68, BI = 0.96). In the ITS analyses (see sample with GenBank accession number KT 933975 in Fig. 6), however, this collection forms part of the species clade of R. amerorecondita. Because sequence data are not yet available for many species of the section Ingratae, our multilocus analysis is undersampled. To trace close relationships and to eliminate coidentity with some taxa published earlier, we analysed also the ITS region based on a set of sequences (Fig. 6) representing the described diversity of American species of the section Ingratae. The topology of this tree is not consistent with the topology obtained in the multilocus analyses and good bootstrap support is usually limited to terminal nodes. Russula ferruginea sp. nov. is placed in a strongly supported clade on a long branch, but there is no support for a more precise placement within the section Ingratae. Colombian and Panamanian collections of the new species received good support (MLbs = 97% and MLbs = 94 % respectively), but they are recognised on the rank of subspecies as discussed below (see comment under subsp. panamensis). The field appearance of R. ferruginea sp. nov. with a relatively fragile stature, dark brown pileus centre contrasting to its pale yellowish brown margin and almost mild taste resembles the European species R. praetervisa or the North American R. amerorecondita. A remarkable feature of R. ferruginea sp. nov. is its conspicuous color change, of the trama becoming reddish brown or rusty on wounded places, especially apparent at the base of the stipe and at the lamellae. This distinct rusty aspect of bruised surfaces is known in several other species of Ingratae such as R. illota Romagn. or R. pulverulenta. With different intensity, however, this color change also occurs in many other species of Ingratae. Among the 78 Russula species described from Latin America (Vera et al. 2021), only some are known from subtropical and tropical montane oak forests and, among these, four are described from Costa Rica as members of the section Ingratae: R. arcyospora Singer, R. austromontan a Singer, R. crucensis Gómez and Alfaro and R. quercusoleoideis Singer et al. Russula arcyospora is similar to R. foetens Romagn. but has odour components of bitter almond and a prominent spore ornamentation composed of high ridges (Singer 1990). Russula austromontana (Singer 1989) is similar to R. ferruginea sp. nov., but has broader hymenial cystidia and more prominent spore ornamentation composed of mostly isolated warts, according to our personal (BB) observations of the type. We sequenced two recent collections collected at or near the type locality in Costa Rica with macroscopical and microscopical characteristics similar to the type collection of R. austromontana. These specimens proved to be unrelated to R. ferruginea sp. nov. in our phylogeny. Russula crucensis, originally classified in sect. Pellicullariae R. Heim subsect. Discopodinae R. Heim, is another member of the section Ingratae (Buyck 1992) and differs from R. ferruginea sp. nov. exactly in the same features as R. austromontana, from which it is difficult to distinguish at this moment. R. quercusoleoideis was originally placed in sect. Ingratae (Singer et al. 1983), but according to Buyck (1992) it is a member of subsect. Griseinae Jul. Schäff. and both, pileipellis structure and hymenial cystidia, are different from the corresponding structures in R. ferruginea sp. nov.

116. Inocybe leucophaea Eyssart. & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 11; 12) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from Inocybe subclavata in its larger spores with less prominent knobs, its distinctly thicker-walled cystidia and its association with trees from the African miombo woodland. HOLOTYPE. — Zambia. Near Lusaka, gregarious, in strongly degraded miombo woodland, 08.II.1996, Eyssartier 96095 (holo-, P [PC0088783]). INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF558793. GENBANK. — EU569860 (LSU), EU569859 (rpb 1). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after the general colors of the basidiomata, from ancient greek leukos, “white”, and phaios, “dusky”. DESCRIPTION Pileus Measuring (8)12-20(30) mm in diam., conical obtuse with inflexed margin or conico-campanulate, often with a broad umbo topped by another very small and obtuse one, sometimes totally absent, the young very pale by a white veil, sometimes greyish, then the margin becomes beige, slightly ochraceous but always pale, even in the young stages, soon fibrillose slightly rimose towards the margin, which is a little bit incised and paler by the veil. Lamellae Quite close, (1.5) 2-3 mm broad, emarginate, white in the young stages then ocraceous greyish, ocraceous beige, quite pale. Stipe 35-60(65) × 3-4(6) mm, bulbous, marginate, whitish, pale beige to straw-yellow, pruinose. Flesh Pale, whitish. Odor Slightly honey-like. Taste Mild, slightly herbaceous. Spores Nodulose, with (6)7-8(9) obtuse swellings, (7)8-9(10.5)× (5)6- 7(8) µm, few spores quite larger, up to 12-14 × 8-9 µm (possibly from 2-spored basidia?). Basidia 4-spored, clavate, (18)20-25 × 8-9 µm. Paracystidia Clavate, small, 15-20 × 8-9 (10) µm. Cheilocystidia Pyriform with a very obtuse base, or broadly lageniform, with very thickened walls, up to 4 (-4.5) µm, very slightly coloured in 10 % ammonia. Pleurocystidia Similar to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis A cutis of cylindrical hyphae, (3)5-7(10) µm broad, without clear pigment, very slightly incrusted. Clamp connections Present in all parts. NOTES Inocybe leucophaea sp. nov. was part of the multigene phylogenetic analyses published by Matheny et al. (2009) where it was part of a highly supported African clade together with two other species collected by us: I. glaucodisca Buyck & Eyssart. (Buyck & Eyssartier 1999) for which the LSU sequence is 98.2% similar for 100 % coverage, while it was placed sister to I. densifolia nom. prov. (similarity 99 % for 100 % coverage). This African clade was placed sister with high support to a neotropical clade composed of I. antillana Pegler and I. xerophytica Pegler (see Pegler 1983). The phylogenetic analyses based on LSU sequences in Horak et al. (2015) still grouped with high support I. glaucodisca, I. densifolia nom. prov. and I. leucophaea sp. nov., but lacked support for the deeper nodes that suggested close affinities with other Inocybe from the African miombo woodlands such as I. conspicuospora Buyck & Eyssart or the still undescribed I. velatorimosa nom. prov. Inocybe subclavata (E. Horak) Garrido closely resembles Inocybe leucophaea sp. nov., particularly in general habit, colour and presence of an abundant veil, but differs in its marginate stipe, and the smaller spores with less numerous and more prominent knobs, its distinctly thinnerwalled cystidia and the association with Nothofagus in New Zealand (Horak 2018).

114. Inocybe hebes Eyssart. & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 7; 8) DIAGNOSIS. — Resembles Inosperma curvipes, but differs from it in its association with trees from the African miombo woodland, its more vivid brown colours, non spermatic smell, and lageniform often subcapitate cystidia. HOLOTYPE. — Zambia. Near Lusaka, gregarious in miombo woodland, 10.II.1996, Eyssartier 96110, (holo-, P[PC0088772]). INDEX FUNGORUM. — IF558792. GENBANK. — JN974997 (LSU). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after the general form of the cap, from the latin adjective hebes, “blunt, obtuse”. DESCRIPTION Pileus Measuring12-20(25) mm in diam., obtuse conico-campanulate then plano-convex to plane, ochraceous-blond, ochraceous beige to dull brown, sometimes darker at the top, fibrillose to coarsely fibrillose, sometimes with erected squamules around the centre. Lamellae Subhorizontal, not very close to quite distant, (1.5)2-3(4) mm broad, emarginate, pale beige then ochraceous brown, with very slightly pruinose edges. Stipe 20-35(40) × 2-3 mm, slightly broadened at the base up to 5-7 mm, seldom cylindrical but never bulbous, pale beige sometimes with pinkish tinges at the tip, then brownish to dirty brown in the older stages, not pruinose or very finely just under the lamellae. Flesh Pale,sometimes with pinkish tinges in- the upper part of the stipe. Odor Particular, of fresh bread or brioche, sometimes honey-like. Taste Mild. Spores Nodulose, with 5-6(7) obtuse swellings, (7)8-9(10) × (5.5) 6-7(7.5) µm. Paracystidia Clavate, small, 15-25 × 8-10 µm. Cheilocystidia Lageniform often subcapitate, without or with few crystals, (40)45-55(60) × (10)13-15(18)µm, with thickened walls up to 2-3 µm, hyaline in 10% ammonia. Pleurocystidia Cheilocystidia-like, but slightly bigger, up to 75(90)µm long. Pileipellis A cutis of relatively broad hyphae, (5)8-12(15) µm. Pigment incrusting. Clamp-connections Present in all parts. NOTES The LSU sequence of our species was part of phylogenetic analyses presented in Ryberg & Matheny (2012) but its systematic position was not discussed. As far as we are aware, it is not mentioned in any other publication so far. nBLAST of this sequence does not suggest high similarities with other African species, although the most similar sequence (96.7% for 99 % coverage) is obtained from another Inocybe from African miombo woodlands: our still unpublished I. subfuscescentipes nom. prov. Inocybe curvipes P. Karst., a species described from Finland but now widely distributed throughout the world (Bougher & Matheny 2011), resembles it in a number of ways, notably in its browning stipe and spore shape, but has more vivid brown colours, spermatic smell, cylindrical or slightly swollen stipe and larger cystidia, broadly fusiform and noticeably tapered towards the apex; in addition, Inocybe curvipes associates with introduced Quercus or Pinus radiata, and also possibly Salix., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["RYBERG M. & MATHENY P. B. 2012. - Asynchronous origins of ectomycorrhizal clades of Agaricales. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B 279, 2003 - 2011. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.2428","BOUGHER N. L. & MATHENY P. B. 2011. - Two species of Inocybe (fungi) introduced into Western Australia. Nuytsia 21 (3): 139 - 148."]}

120. Vuilleminia tropica Hembrom, A. Ghosh, A. Parihar & K. Das, sp. nov. (Figs 23-25) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from other species because of its tropical distribution, lemon yellow hymenophore delimited by a white floccose margin when actively growing and its erumpent nature with a tendency to grow on bark of dead wood, further also by the smaller basidiospores (11-16 × 5-8 µm), basidia (45-75 × 7-9 µm) and rare dendrohyphidia in the hymenium, the thin- to distinctly thick-walled generative hyphae with clamped septae. HOLOTYPE. — India. Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Brindaban Panchayat, Joshkuti, on dead fallen branch of Bauhinia vahilii Wight & Arn., 63 m, 25°01’50.9”N, 87°42’17.2”E, 29.VIII.2013, M. E. Hembrom, MEH-70133 (holo-, CAL [CAL1845]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 840192. GENBANK. — MZ314343 (nrITS, holotype), MZ314344 (nrITS, paratype); MZ314347 (nrLSU, holotype), MZ314346 (nrLSU, paratype). ETYMOLOGY. — Tropica (Lat.) refers to the tropical distribution of the taxon. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — India. Bihar, Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, Valmiki Nagar, on the fallen branch (un-barked wood) of Shorea robusta Gaertn., 27°26’26.1”N, 83°56’10.4”E, 141 m, 2019, M. E. Hembrom, MEH-19; West Bengal, Howrah district, AJCBIBG, Div.: VIII near Kyd monument, on dead branch of Psidium guajava L., 5 m, 22°33’25.4”N, 88°17’30.1”E, 30.VII.2020, M. E. Hembrom, KMA-20-26; Bihar, West Champaran, Valmiki National Park, Ganouli Forest Range, on the decorticant log of unidentified tree, 180 m, 27°22’33.6”N, 83°59’38.5”E, 01.VIII.2020, A. V. Kisku, MEH-20-50 (CAL1846). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, widely effused (5-200 × 5-100 mm or even much larger), up to 0.3 mm thick, growing on bark and more or less separable when fresh, but becoming closely adnate when dried, initially starting to form as small round patches with white margin that quickly merge to form large, effused, crusty basidiomata, leathery and slightly sticky when fresh, brittle and waxy on drying. Margin up to 1 mm wide when actively growing, distinct to indeterminate in older specimens, sterile, floccose, chalky-white (1-2A1) to pale yellow (3A3). Hymenophore Smooth, glabrous, pale yellow to pastel yellow (3A3-4) when young then yellow to lemon yellow (3B5-8), becoming bright yellow to almost egg yellow at maturity, finally ochraceous in older dried specimens. Flesh Papery thin, waxy, yellowish white (1-2A2). Hyphal system Monomitic, generative hyphae septate, clamped at most septa, thin- to moderately thick-walled, branched, with smooth, hyaline, acyanophilic walls (but contents cyanophilic) and not amyloid. Subhymenium & subiculum Composed of compactly arranged vertical elements ending with indistinct subiculum with crystal elements; basal hyphae 3-5 µm wide, thin to moderately thick-walled, loosely interwoven, cytoplasmic contents cyanophilic; hyphae in the middle part 2-4 µm wide, towards subhymenium less interwoven and less branched, more or less parallel, thin-walled. Hymenium Composed of hyphoid elements, rare delicate dendrohyphidia, basidia and basidioles; hyphoid elements 30-45 × 3-4 µm, embedded to projecting up to 16 µm beyond the hymenium, cylindrical, smooth. Dendrohyphidia often difficult to observe, up to 2 µm wide, less branched, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline. Basidia 45-75 × 7-9 µm, clavate to elongated cylindrical, 4-sterigmate with sterigmata 3-10 × 1-3 µm, clamped at base with clamps often delicate and difficult to observe, thin-walled, when young filled with dense and globular contents, becoming empty and collapsed with maturity, smooth, hyaline, when older with occasionally transverse septa. Basidiospores 11-13.6-16 × 5-6.35-8 µm, Q = 1.7-2.15-2.76, cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, moderately thick-walled with walls up to 1 µm thick, smooth, hyaline and acyanophilic; contents cyanophilic, inamyloid. NOTES Vuilleminia Maire is mostly confined to Europe with few exceptions (Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010). Very recently, one of us (MEH) came across some specimens in eastern tropical India growing on bark as well as invading the xylem vessels below the bark. Morphological features and molecular phylogeny place these specimens in the genus Vuilleminia, but none of the described species matches the present collections. The genus Vuilleminia fits the morphological features of our species, including the gelatinous (when fresh) to ceraceous basidiomata with monomitic hyphal system and clamped hyphae, pedicellate-clavate basidia producing large basidiospores and presence of dendrohyphidia (Hjortstam et al. 1988; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013). Growing in the tropics and forming basidiomata (up to 300 µm thick) with lemon yellow hymenial surface and whitish floccose margin on fallen wooden logs, make it easy to identify our species in the field. The more or less thickwalled basidiospores with cyanophilic cytoplasmic contents are unrecorded from other Vuilleminia, viz. V. alni Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles; V. comedens (Nees) Maire; V. corticola Parmasto, V. coryli Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles; V. cystidiata Parmasto; V. erastii Ghob. -Nejh., V. macrospora (Bres.) Hjortstam; V. megalospora Bres.; V. nilsii Ghob. -Nejh. & Duhem, V. oyensis Duhem & M. Gérard, and V. pseudocystidiata Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles. (Hjortstam et al. 1988; Gorjón 2009; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010, 2012; Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013). Many Vuilleminia have numerous dendrohyphidia, but in the present species dendrohyphidia are very few and become difficult to trace in older specimens and usually lack any side branching. Our phylogeny places this novel species sister to V. macrospora , which differs morphologically in its white basidiomata with abundant dendrohyphidia, and capitate, thick-walled, tubular cystidia, and it also has a temperate distribution (Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010). Vuilleminia nilsii shares the creamish to yellowish white hymenial surface and basidiospores with cyanophilic contents (Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013), but its spores are thinwalled and longer (14.5-18 µm).

112. Entoloma aurantioalpinum Armada, Vila, Bellanger, Noordel., Krisai & Dima , sp. nov. (Figs 2-4) DIAGNOSIS. — Macromorphologically similar to Entoloma formosum and E. xanthochroum, two widespread, not strictly alpine species in Europe that occur in lowlands and montane regions, and differ from this E. aurantioalpinum sp. nov. by their more distinctly translucently striate pileus, and furthermore, E. xanthochroum has a coloured lamella edge. HOLOTYPE. — France. Savoie, Peisey-Nancroix, GR5 route du lac de la Plagne, 2050 m. alt., leg. F. Armada, 25.VIII.2018, holo-, LY (FA 4336). MYCOBANK. — MB 840117. GENBANK. — MZ198885 (ITS holotype). ETYMOLOGY. — From aureus (golden) referring to the color of the pileus, and alpinus for growing in an alpine environment. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — France. Savoie, Peisey-Nancroix, GR5 route du lac de la Plagne, 2050 m alt, leg. F. Armada, 23.VIII.2018, LY(FA 4334), ITS[MZ198882]. Italy. Busa de Tasca (Dolomiti), leg. E. Bizio, 23.VIII.2009, Bizio-23082009i2 L [L-0607578], ITS [MZ 468144]; Trentino-Alto Adige, Passo dello Stelvio/Stilfser Joch, near Berghotel Franzenshöhe, alpine grassland with Dryas and Salix spp., 2200 m alt., leg. B. Dima, 30.VII.2018, ELTE (DB 2018-07- 30-4), ITS [MZ 468145]. Austria. Kärnten, Völkermarkt, Eisenkappel: Vellacher Kotschna, 46°22’30”N, 14°32’30”E, mapping grid square 9653/1, alpine grassland, Caricetum firmae, Salix reticulata, calcareous soil, 1500 m s.m., leg. A. Hausknecht, M. E. Noordeloos, M. Meusers, I. Krisai-Greilhuber, and members of the Austrian Mycological Society, 9.IX.1998, WU-Mykol 18644, ITS [MZ 467302] — Niederösterreich, Lilienfeld, St. Aegyd am Neuwalde: Krumbach, Krumbachsattel, 47°48’33.66”N, 15°25’54.85”E, mapping grid square, 8158/4d, altitude 1200 m s.m., alpine grassland, calcareous soil, leg. A. Hausknecht, 6.IX.2006, WU-Mykol 0026678, ITS [MZ 467303]. DESCRIPTION Pileus 15-25 mm, conico-convex, often truncate or with slight umbilicus, with involute then more or less straight margin, at first uniformly orange-yellow to yellow orange towards margin, not or only weakly translucently striate, finely granulose to subsquamulose all over, particularly at center, glabrescent with age. Lamellae Rather crowded, adnate, thin, ventricose, up to 4 mm broad, sometimes a few forked, white then pink, with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe 29-43 × 2.5-4 mm, slender, cylindrical or with longitudinal groove, very brittle, with subbulbous base, pale orange, contrasting with pileus, polished or with a few longitudinal innate fibrils, with white basal mycelium. Context Very thin and brittle, concolorous with surface. Odour Indistinct. Taste Mild. Basidiospores 9.5-12 × (6.5)7.3-8.0(8.5) µm, average 10.3-10.8 × 8.0- 8.3 µm, Q = 1.2-1.7, Qav = 1.45, 6-7 angled in side view. Lamella edge Heterogeneous to almost sterile, made up of dense clusters of cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia 40-65 × 10-14 µm, subcylindrical to clavate or broadly clavate. Pileipellis A cutis with transitions to a trichoderm at centre, made up of clavate terminal elements, 10-25 µm wide, with brownish yellow, intracellular pigment. Clamp-connections Absent. Habitat Terrestrial in alpine heaths amongst either Dryas octopetala or Salix species (S. retusa, S. hastata, S. reticulata), and herbs like Polygonum viviparum, and Alchemilla pentaphyllea, on calcareous bedrock. Distribution Rare, but probably widespread in the Alps in Austria, France, and Italy. NOTES Entoloma aurantioalpinum sp. nov. belongs to the diversified E. sarcitulum clade (Fig. 2), and clusters with two other so far unnamed alpine species. The macromorphologically similar Entoloma formosum and E. xanthochroum are widespread species in Europe, occurring in lowlands and montane regions, but not strictly alpine. Both differ from E. aurantioalpinum sp. nov. by the more distinctly translucently striate pileus, and furthermore, E. xanthochroum has a coloured lamella edge. The holotype of E. aurantioalpinum sp. nov. has, in addition to the intracellular pigment, also some slightly incrusted hyphae, but this has not been observed in the other collections of this species. Incrusting pigments are exceptional in Cyanula., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891

120. Vuilleminia tropica Hembrom, A. Ghosh, A. Parihar & K. Das, sp. nov. (Figs 23-25) DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from other species because of its tropical distribution, lemon yellow hymenophore delimited by a white floccose margin when actively growing and its erumpent nature with a tendency to grow on bark of dead wood, further also by the smaller basidiospores (11-16 × 5-8 µm), basidia (45-75 × 7-9 µm) and rare dendrohyphidia in the hymenium, the thin- to distinctly thick-walled generative hyphae with clamped septae. HOLOTYPE. — India. Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Brindaban Panchayat, Joshkuti, on dead fallen branch of Bauhinia vahilii Wight & Arn., 63 m, 25°01’50.9”N, 87°42’17.2”E, 29.VIII.2013, M. E. Hembrom, MEH-70133 (holo-, CAL [CAL1845]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 840192. GENBANK. — MZ314343 (nrITS, holotype), MZ314344 (nrITS, paratype); MZ314347 (nrLSU, holotype), MZ314346 (nrLSU, paratype). ETYMOLOGY. — Tropica (Lat.) refers to the tropical distribution of the taxon. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — India. Bihar, Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, Valmiki Nagar, on the fallen branch (un-barked wood) of Shorea robusta Gaertn., 27°26’26.1”N, 83°56’10.4”E, 141 m, 2019, M. E. Hembrom, MEH-19; West Bengal, Howrah district, AJCBIBG, Div.: VIII near Kyd monument, on dead branch of Psidium guajava L., 5 m, 22°33’25.4”N, 88°17’30.1”E, 30.VII.2020, M. E. Hembrom, KMA-20-26; Bihar, West Champaran, Valmiki National Park, Ganouli Forest Range, on the decorticant log of unidentified tree, 180 m, 27°22’33.6”N, 83°59’38.5”E, 01.VIII.2020, A. V. Kisku, MEH-20-50 (CAL1846). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, widely effused (5-200 × 5-100 mm or even much larger), up to 0.3 mm thick, growing on bark and more or less separable when fresh, but becoming closely adnate when dried, initially starting to form as small round patches with white margin that quickly merge to form large, effused, crusty basidiomata, leathery and slightly sticky when fresh, brittle and waxy on drying. Margin up to 1 mm wide when actively growing, distinct to indeterminate in older specimens, sterile, floccose, chalky-white (1-2A1) to pale yellow (3A3). Hymenophore Smooth, glabrous, pale yellow to pastel yellow (3A3-4) when young then yellow to lemon yellow (3B5-8), becoming bright yellow to almost egg yellow at maturity, finally ochraceous in older dried specimens. Flesh Papery thin, waxy, yellowish white (1-2A2). Hyphal system Monomitic, generative hyphae septate, clamped at most septa, thin- to moderately thick-walled, branched, with smooth, hyaline, acyanophilic walls (but contents cyanophilic) and not amyloid. Subhymenium & subiculum Composed of compactly arranged vertical elements ending with indistinct subiculum with crystal elements; basal hyphae 3-5 µm wide, thin to moderately thick-walled, loosely interwoven, cytoplasmic contents cyanophilic; hyphae in the middle part 2-4 µm wide, towards subhymenium less interwoven and less branched, more or less parallel, thin-walled. Hymenium Composed of hyphoid elements, rare delicate dendrohyphidia, basidia and basidioles; hyphoid elements 30-45 × 3-4 µm, embedded to projecting up to 16 µm beyond the hymenium, cylindrical, smooth. Dendrohyphidia often difficult to observe, up to 2 µm wide, less branched, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline. Basidia 45-75 × 7-9 µm, clavate to elongated cylindrical, 4-sterigmate with sterigmata 3-10 × 1-3 µm, clamped at base with clamps often delicate and difficult to observe, thin-walled, when young filled with dense and globular contents, becoming empty and collapsed with maturity, smooth, hyaline, when older with occasionally transverse septa. Basidiospores 11-13.6-16 × 5-6.35-8 µm, Q = 1.7-2.15-2.76, cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, moderately thick-walled with walls up to 1 µm thick, smooth, hyaline and acyanophilic; contents cyanophilic, inamyloid. NOTES Vuilleminia Maire is mostly confined to Europe with few exceptions (Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010). Very recently, one of us (MEH) came across some specimens in eastern tropical India growing on bark as well as invading the xylem vessels below the bark. Morphological features and molecular phylogeny place these specimens in the genus Vuilleminia, but none of the described species matches the present collections. The genus Vuilleminia fits the morphological features of our species, including the gelatinous (when fresh) to ceraceous basidiomata with monomitic hyphal system and clamped hyphae, pedicellate-clavate basidia producing large basidiospores and presence of dendrohyphidia (Hjortstam et al. 1988; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013). Growing in the tropics and forming basidiomata (up to 300 µm thick) with lemon yellow hymenial surface and whitish floccose margin on fallen wooden logs, make it easy to identify our species in the field. The more or less thickwalled basidiospores with cyanophilic cytoplasmic contents are unrecorded from other Vuilleminia, viz. V. alni Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles; V. comedens (Nees) Maire; V. corticola Parmasto, V. coryli Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles; V. cystidiata Parmasto; V. erastii Ghob. -Nejh., V. macrospora (Bres.) Hjortstam; V. megalospora Bres.; V. nilsii Ghob. -Nejh. & Duhem, V. oyensis Duhem & M. Gérard, and V. pseudocystidiata Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles. (Hjortstam et al. 1988; Gorjón 2009; Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010, 2012; Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013). Many Vuilleminia have numerous dendrohyphidia, but in the present species dendrohyphidia are very few and become difficult to trace in older specimens and usually lack any side branching. Our phylogeny places this novel species sister to V. macrospora , which differs morphologically in its white basidiomata with abundant dendrohyphidia, and capitate, thick-walled, tubular cystidia, and it also has a temperate distribution (Bernicchia & Gorjón 2010; Ghobad-Nejhad et al. 2010). Vuilleminia nilsii shares the creamish to yellowish white hymenial surface and basidiospores with cyanophilic contents (Ghobad-Nejhad & Duhem 2013), but its spores are thinwalled and longer (14.5-18 µm)., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 54-59, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["EDLER D., KLEIN J., ANTONELLI A. & SILVESTRO D. 2021. - raxmlGUI 2.0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12: 373 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 2041 - 210 X. 13512","BERNICCHIA A. & GORJON S. P. 2010. - Fungi Europaei. Vol. 12: Corticiaceae s. l. Ed. Candusso, Italy, 1008 p.","HJORTSTAM K., LARSSON K-H. & RYVARDEN L. 1988. - The corticiaceae of north Europe. Vol. 8: Phlebiella Thanatephorus - Ypsilonidium. Fungiflora, Oslo: 1450 - 1631.","GORJON S. P. 2009. - Notas sobre el genero Vuilleminia (Corticiaceae, Basidiomycota). Boletin de la Sociedad Micologica de Madrid 33: 81 - 89."]}

119. Russula ferruginea subsp. panamensis Corrales & Manz, subsp. nov. (Figs 16 B-D; 19-22) DIAGNOSIS. — Russula ferruginea subsp. panamensis Corrales & Manz, subsp. nov. differs from Colombian subsp. ferruginea Corrales & Vera, subsp. nov. by terminal cells of hyphae in the pileipellis that are not occasionally to frequently inflated close to their bases, they are shorter on average and slightly narrower. These differences are most evident near the centre of the pileus, where average values of Colombian terminal cells are 18.5-32 × 4.1-4.6 µm and of Panamanian ones 13.5-15.5 × 3.4-3.5 µm. HOLOTYPE. — Panama. Chiriquí province, Quebrada Honda watershed, Fortuna forest reserve, 80°45’09.4”N, 82°14’23.6”W, 1191 m asl., associated with Oreomunnea mexicana, Quercus sp., 19.XII.2012, Anna Giessel & Meike Piepenbring A 28 (UCH, PMA). MYCOBANK. — MB 841771. GENBANK. — MZ604292 (holotype). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the distribution area of the subspecies, which is so far only known from Panama. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — Panama. Chiriqui province, Zarciadero site near Bocas del Toro Road, Fortuna Forest Reserve, 8°45’24”N, 82°16’47”W, alt. 1000 m, in forest dominated by Oreomunnea mexicana, terrestrial, 19.IV.2012, A. Corrales 099 (ARIZ). DESCRIPTION Pileus Small to medium sized, 45-46 mm in diam., when mature plane with depressed centre; margin strongly tuberculate-striate to c. half of the radius; cuticle near centre shiny when wet, rugulose, near margin radially cracking, color near margin light brown turning to light yellowish brown or beige, near the center dark grey-brown, deep blackish brown to almost black. Lamellae Moderately distant, up to 4 mm broad, pale cream-white, lamellulae and furcations occasional, edge even and concolorous. Stipe 35 × 7 mm, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, near lamellae greyish white, towards base light brown, with darker reddishbrown spots at the base, interior hollow. Context 2 mm thick at the middle of the pileus radius, fragile, greyish brown, flesh turning reddish brown when cut and getting more red spots at the base when bruised, taste and odour not observed. Spore print White. Spores (6.8-)7.1-7.4-7.7(-8.2) × (5.3-)5.6-6-6.4(-6.8) µm, mainly broadly ellipsoid, Q = (1.09-)1.18-1.24-1.29(-1.4); ornamentation of moderately large, dense [(4-) 6-8 in a 3 µm diam. circle] amyloid, low, obtuse warts, (0.3-)0.5-0.8(-0.9) µm high, fused in pairs or short chains [(0-)1-4 fusions in the circle], connected by occasional to frequent line connections [(0-) 1-3 in the circle], isolated warts absent; suprahilar spot not amyloid, smooth, relatively large. Basidia (29-)32-35.4-39(-45) × (5.5-)7.5-8.9-10(-11) µm, fusiform or clavate, 4-spored; basidiola first cylindrical or ellipsoid, then clavate, c. 5-9 µm wide. Hymenial cystidia Numerous, c. 1800-2400/mm2, (37-)54-63.7-74(-90) × (5.5-)6.5-7.7-9(-11) µm, mainly fusiform or lanceolate, pedunculate, apically acute, with 1-6µm long appendage, thin-walled, often originating deeply in the subhymenium; contents almost homogenous, yellowish, with few faint dispersed granulations, turning dark brown in sulfovanillin; near the edges of lamellae smaller, (30-)32.5-40.3-48(-64) × 5-6.4-7(-8.5) µm, clavate, rarely lanceolate or fusiform, acute, occasionally also apically obtuse, apically with small, 1-3 µm long appendage. Marginal cells (7-)10-13.1-16(-19) × 4-5.9-7(-8.5) µm, similar to basidiola but shorter, occasionally mixed with some basidia. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 70-130 µm deep; suprapellis very thin, up to 30µm deep, near margin disrupted and absent on some parts, composed of more or less horizontally oriented or repent and sometimes clustered hyphae; vaguely delimited from the thick, gelatinized subpellis formed by loose, irregularly oriented, 2-4 µm wide hyphae, that are denser and horizontally oriented near the trama. Acid-resistant incrustations Absent. Hyphal terminations Near the pileus margin loose or in dispersed clusters, composed of one or two cells, thin walled; terminal cells (8-)10-15.8-21(- 31) × 2.5-3.4-4(-5)µm, mainly cylindrical, occasionally clavate, apically obtuse; subterminal cells branched or not, of constant width and usually as long as wide. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar,terminal cells (6-)10-14.6-19(-28) ×(2-)2.5- 3.4-4(-5) µm, frequently distinctly flexuous-nodulose. Pileocystidia Near the pileus margin dispersed, always 1-celled, mainly subulate, occasionally fusiform or lanceolate, thin-walled, (21-)32-60.9-89(-165) × (3-)3.5-4.6-5.5(-6) µm, apically acute-pointed, mostly with a 1-2µm long, pearl-like appendage; contents slightly yellowish with indistinct granulations, hardly reacting in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre relatively frequent, (20-)23-30.7-40(-65.5) × (3-)3.5- 4.5-5.5(-7) µm, usually subulate or lageniform, otherwise similar to those near the margin of the pileus. Cystidioid hyphae Dispersed in subpellis but more frequent near the context, sometimes similar to cystidia but longer, contents often more conspicuous, oleipherous and turning dark brown in sulfovanillin and red after carbolfuchsin treatment. Clamp connections Absent from all tissues. NOTES The Colombian collections described here as R. ferruginea sp. nov. are very similar to the Panamanian collections ARIZ (Corrales 99) and UCH (A28). We were unable to find any differences in the field, but this might be caused by the lack of details in field descriptions of the Panamanian samples. Under the microscope, Colombian collections have terminal cells of hyphae in the pileipellis occasionally to frequently inflated near bases that are on average longer and also slightly wider than terminal cells in the pileipellis of Panamanian collections. These differences are especially apparent near the pileus centre, where average values of Colombian terminal cells are 18.5-32 × 4.1-4.6 µm and of Panamanian ones are 13.5-15.5 × 3.4-3.5 µm. Our multi-loci analysis shows support to distinguish the Panamanian samples as different taxa from the Colombian samples but this was not supported by the individual gene analysis of LSU or rpb2. The fixed nucleotide differences between them are three in ITS, five in coding parts of tef1 α and three in rpb2 region. Because of few morphological differences and very close phylogenetic proximity, we decided to follow the criteria used byVera et al. (2021) and assign the rank of subspecies to populations of R. ferruginea sp. nov. separated by the disjunction at the Isthmus of Panama. The clade of R. ferruginea subsp. panamensis subsp. nov. based on sequences of the ITS region (Fig. 6) also includes the sequence KM594970, that was obtained from an ectomycorrhizal root tip of Oreomunnea mexicana from Panama (Corrales et al. 2016).

118. Russula ferruginea Corrales & Vera, sp. nov. (Figs 16A; 17-20) DIAGNOSIS. — R. ferruginea sp. nov. differs from the European R. praetervisa Sarnari or the North American R. amerorecondita Avis & Barajas in the combination of the relatively delicate stature, dark brown pileus centre contrasting to its pale yellowish brown margin, almost mild taste and especially its conspicuous color change from light brown to reddish brown or rusty on wounded places especially apparent on the stipe base and the lamellae. It is defined also by combination of narrow hymenial cystidia up to 8 µm and spores with warts connected by fusions and short fine lines. HOLOTYPE. — Colombia. Cundimarca Depart., Mosquera, Chicaque Natural Reserve, 4°36’22”N, 74°18’17”W, alt. 2130 m, in forest dominated by Quercus humboltii, terrestrial, 17.X.2019, A. Corrales 944 (HUA, SAV). MYCOBANK. — MB 841769. GENBANK. — MZ604288 (ITS), MZ604283 (nrLSU), MZ553923 (rpb2), MZ553926 (tef1 α), all from holotype. ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to reddish spots on the base of the stipe and colour change of the wounded context from light brown to reddish brown, resembling iron rusting. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — Colombia. Cundimarca Depart., Mosquera, Chicaque Natural Reserve, 4°36’22”N, 74°18’17”W, alt. 2130 m, in forest dominated by Quercus humboltii, terrestrial, multiple collections of different mycelia distant approximately hundred meters apart, 17.X.2019, A. Corrales 914, A. Corrales 935, A. Corrales 1019 (all deposited in HUA). SPECIMENS STUDIED FOR COMPARISON. — Russula austromontana (Singer B 12402 (F), holotype); Russula cf. austromontana / crucensis: Costa Rica, 3.5 km W of Empalme, 2200 m asl., in montane Quercus seemannii forest, 2.VI.2001, leg. B. Buyck, BB 01.023 (PC); ± 5 km SW of Cerro de la Muerte, Albergue de la Montana, Savegre, 2200 m asl., in montane Quercus seemannii forest, 6.VI.2001, leg. B. Buyck, BB 01.076 (PC). DESCRIPTION Pileus Small to medium sized, 24-48 mm in diam., when young convex, mature plane with depressed centre; margin strongly tuberculate-striate to c. half of the radius (7-13 mm); cuticle slimy especially near the center, shiny, margin peeling or radially cracking, color near margin light brown turning to light yellowish brown or beige, near the center dark brown, deep blackish brown to almost black, discoloring to yellowish brown. Lamellae Moderately distant, c. 8-12/ 1 cm near the pileus margin, 1.5-4 mm broad, pale yellowish-brownish to almost white, lamellulae rare, furcations frequent especially near the stipe, edge even and concolorous. Stipe 28-33 × 5-7.4 mm, cylindrical and staight, longitudinally striate, light brown, darker and with reddish spots at the base, cortex 1-2 mm thick, interior cavernate. Context 2-3 mm thick at the middle of the pileus radius, fragile, light brown, flesh turning reddish brown when cut and getting more red spots at the base when bruised, taste slightly bitter and spicy, odour fishy and fetid. Spore print Not observed. Spores (6.4-)6.8-7.5-8.1(-8.6) × (5.4-)5.7-6.2-6.7(-7) µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid Q = (1.07-)1.13-1.21-1.28(-1.34); ornamentation of moderately large, moderately distant [(4- 7(-8) in a 3 µm diam. circle] amyloid, obtuse warts, (0.3)0.4- 0.8(-1) µm high, mainly fused in small groups or short chains ([0-]1-4[-5] fusions in the circle), connected by occasional and usually short line connections ([0-]1-3[-5] in the circle); suprahilar spot not amyloid, relatively large, smooth or covered by few small low warts. Basidia (22-)35-43.7-53 × (5.5-)7-9.2-11(-12) µm, narrowly clavate, ocassionally pedunculate, 4-spored; basidiola cylindrical or clavate, c. 5-9 µm wide. Hymenial cystidia Mostly numerous, c. 1800-2100/mm2, (50-)56-67.8-79(- 86) × 6-7.1-8(-9) µm, mainly fusiform or lancelolate, rarely narrowly langeniform or subcylindrical, apically mainly acute and sometimes pointed, occasionally obtuse, often moniliform, mainly with small, pearl-like, 1-3(-6) µm long appendage, thin-walled; contents weakly heteroformous, with fine, dispersed granulations usually near the apex, sometimes optically empty, often in Congo red with pale yellow pigment, turning almost black in sulfovanillin; near the lamellae edges smaller, (35-)38-48.4-58(-66) × 6-6.8-8µm, similar in shape and contents. Marginal cells Similar to basidiola but smaller, (12-)14-17-20(-21) × 5-6.5- 7.5 µm, cilindrical or clavate, apically obtuse, mixed with occasional basidia. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 150-240 µm deep; suprapellis strongly gelatinized, verrucose-bumpy in vertical section, irregularly 15-35 µm deep, composed of more or less repent, loose or clustered hyphae; gradually passing to 120-220 µm thick subpellis formed by loose, gelatinised, irregularly oriented but near trama horizontally oriented, dense, 2-4 µm wide hyphae. Acid-resistant incrustations Absent. Hyphal terminations Near the pileus margin composed mainly of one or two cells, flexuous,thin walled, frequently branched, occasionaly nodulose or angulose; terminal cells (9-)12.5-19.7-27(-34) × 2.5-3.8-5(- 5.5) µm, mainly cylindrical or clavate, often apically obtuse and sometimes slightly narrowed; subterminal cells usually as wide as long, frequently branched or with lateral projections.Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre similar, (12-)14-23.8-33(- 41) × 3-4.3-5(-6) µm, more frequently angulose-nodulose. Pileocystidia Near the pileus margin always 1-celled, subulate, narrowly fusiform or lancelolate, variable in length and often long and originating deep in the subpellis, thin-walled, (24-)29-40.4- 51(-76) × 3-4.2-5 µm, apically mainly acute, with a small appendage or knob; contents dispersed, finely granulous, weakly greying in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar in shape but usually shorter (22-)28-36.6- 42.5(-47) × (3-)3.6-4.4-5.2(-6.5) µm, more frequently apically constricted than acute, with contents located in diverse places, usually in apical parts. Cystidioid hyphae Dispersed in subpellis but more frequent near the context, sometimes similar to cystidia but longer, contents often more conspicuous, oleipherous and turning dark brown in sulfovanillin and red after carbolfuchsin treatment. Clamp connections Absent from all tissues. NOTES The multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction based on nrLSU, rpb2 and tef1 α (Fig. 5) clearly places our Colombian and Panamanian collections in one monophyletic clade with strong support values concerning bootstrap (MLbs = 100 %) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP = 1). This clade is recognised in this study on the rank of species as R. ferruginea sp. nov. It belongs to section Ingratae Quél. of the subgenus Heterophyllidinae Romagn. The rusty-spotted North American R. pulverulenta Peck is the sister species of R. ferruginea sp. nov. (MLbs = 61 %, BPP = 0.96), although with poor support. The collection BPL276, labelled as R. pectinatoides Peck, is placed on the higher rank node with moderate support (ML = 68, BI = 0.96). In the ITS analyses (see sample with GenBank accession number KT 933975 in Fig. 6), however, this collection forms part of the species clade of R. amerorecondita. Because sequence data are not yet available for many species of the section Ingratae, our multilocus analysis is undersampled. To trace close relationships and to eliminate coidentity with some taxa published earlier, we analysed also the ITS region based on a set of sequences (Fig. 6) representing the described diversity of American species of the section Ingratae. The topology of this tree is not consistent with the topology obtained in the multilocus analyses and good bootstrap support is usually limited to terminal nodes. Russula ferruginea sp. nov. is placed in a strongly supported clade on a long branch, but there is no support for a more precise placement within the section Ingratae. Colombian and Panamanian collections of the new species received good support (MLbs = 97% and MLbs = 94 % respectively), but they are recognised on the rank of subspecies as discussed below (see comment under subsp. panamensis). The field appearance of R. ferruginea sp. nov. with a relatively fragile stature, dark brown pileus centre contrasting to its pale yellowish brown margin and almost mild taste resembles the European species R. praetervisa or the North American R. amerorecondita. A remarkable feature of R. ferruginea sp. nov. is its conspicuous color change, of the trama becoming reddish brown or rusty on wounded places, especially apparent at the base of the stipe and at the lamellae. This distinct rusty aspect of bruised surfaces is known in several other species of Ingratae such as R. illota Romagn. or R. pulverulenta. With different intensity, however, this color change also occurs in many other species of Ingratae. Among the 78 Russula species described from Latin America (Vera et al. 2021), only some are known from subtropical and tropical montane oak forests and, among these, four are described from Costa Rica as members of the section Ingratae: R. arcyospora Singer, R. austromontan a Singer, R. crucensis Gómez and Alfaro and R. quercusoleoideis Singer et al. Russula arcyospora is similar to R. foetens Romagn. but has odour components of bitter almond and a prominent spore ornamentation composed of high ridges (Singer 1990). Russula austromontana (Singer 1989) is similar to R. ferruginea sp. nov., but has broader hymenial cystidia and more prominent spore ornamentation composed of mostly isolated warts, according to our personal (BB) observations of the type. We sequenced two recent collections collected at or near the type locality in Costa Rica with macroscopical and microscopical characteristics similar to the type collection of R. austromontana. These specimens proved to be unrelated to R. ferruginea sp. nov. in our phylogeny. Russula crucensis, originally classified in sect. Pellicullariae R. Heim subsect. Discopodinae R. Heim, is another member of the section Ingratae (Buyck 1992) and differs from R. ferruginea sp. nov. exactly in the same features as R. austromontana, from which it is difficult to distinguish at this moment. R. quercusoleoideis was originally placed in sect. Ingratae (Singer et al. 1983), but according to Buyck (1992) it is a member of subsect. Griseinae Jul. Schäff. and both, pileipellis structure and hymenial cystidia, are different from the corresponding structures in R. ferruginea sp. nov., Published as part of Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, http://zenodo.org/record/7828891, {"references":["VERA M., ADAMCIK S., ADAMCIKOVA K., HAMPE F., CABON M., MANZ C., OVREBO C., PIEPENBRING M. & CORRALES A. 2021. - Morphological and genetic diversification of Russula floriformis, sp. nov., along the Isthmus of Panama. Mycologia 113: 807 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2021.1897377","SINGER R. 1990. - Agaricales new for Mexico or Central America. Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie botanica 60: 27 - 36.","SINGER R. 1989. - New taxa and combinations of Agaricales (Diagnoses Fungorum Agaricalium IV). Fieldiana Botany, new series 21: 1 - 133.","BUYCK B. 1992. - Checklist of tropical Russulae and their type specimens. Russulales News, special issue 1: 1 - 99.","SINGER R., ARAUJO I. & IVORY M. H. 1983. - The ectotrophically mycorrhizal fungi of the neotropical lowlands, especially central Amazonia. Litter decomposition and ectomycorrhiza in Amazonian forests 2. Part. 2. Beihafte zur Nova Hedwigia 77: 1 - 352."]}

Russula purpureozonata K.Das, A.Ghosh & Buyck sp. nov. Figs 4���5 Diagnosis Russula purpureozonata sp. nov. is a blackening species with a dark purplish concentric zonation on the pileus surface and otherwise typical features of subsect. Decolorantes; it differs from the microscopically similar, North American R. burkei Burl. in its mild taste and ectomycorrhizal association with Abies densa, and from North American R. californiensis and R. magna in its distinctly smaller spores. Etymology Refers to the dark purplish concentric zones on the pileus surface. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� Sikkim, East district, Memeinchu; 27��21.108��� N, 88��49.660��� E; alt. 3539 m a.s.l.; on the soil under Abies densa; 2 Aug. 2018; K. Das, KD 18-003; GenBank: MN267570 (ITS); CAL[1817]. Additional material INDIA ��� Sikkim, East district, opposite to Gnathang firing range forest; 27��18.605��� N, 88��48.794��� E; alt. 3885 m a.s.l.; on the soil under Abies densa; 5 Aug. 2018; K. Das, KD 18-15 (CAL 1818); GenBank: MN269951 (ITS); CAL[1818]. MycoBank: MB 838572; Index Fungorum number: IF558127; Facesoffungi number: FoF 09580 Description Pileus large-sized, 85���105 mm diam., hemispherical when young, then convex, plano-convex to applanate, broadly but shallowly depressed in the centre when mature; margin decurved to plane with maturity, entire; surface viscid when moist, then dry, finely areolate, peeling to �� of the radius, greyish yellow (2C3���4) or olive to linden green (2D5���6), centrally dark brown (7F4���5) to dark purple or purple-black with pastel yellow to light yellow patches (3A4���5), fading towards mid in distinctive concentric zones. Pileus context up to 8 mm thick, thinning towards margin, firm, brittle, chalky white (1���2A2), changing first orange-red, then black when cut or bruised; turning greyish red to reddish brown (8C���D5) and dull green (26E3���4) with guaiacol and FeSO 4, respectively. Lamellae adnexed to free, subdistant (6���7/cm at pileus margin), yellowish white (2���3A2), forked near the stipe apex; edge even and concolorous. Stipe 70���100 �� 20���30 mm, subclavate to clavate, tapered at the apex, central, solid; surface dry, finely longitudinally venose, chalky white (1���2A1) with yellowish white to pale yellow (4A2���3) flush at one side of the centre, changing first orange-red, then black when cut or bruised. Stipe context solid, chalky white (1���2A1), changing first orange-red, then black when cut or bruised; turning greyish red to reddish brown (8C���D5) and dull green (26E3���4) with guaiacol and FeSO 4, respectively. Odour indistinctive. Taste mild. Spore print yellowish white (3A2). Basidiospores globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, (7.4���)7.6���8.02���8.4(���8.9) �� (6.5���)6.8���7.2���7.7 (���8) ��m, Q = (1.04���)1.07���1.11���1.15(���1.23), ornamentation amyloid, composed of somewhat cylindric (mostly with rounded or obtuse apices) isolated very small (0.3 ��m) to high (up to 1.2 ��m) spines and most of spines fused laterally and connected by thin to thick ridges (like small crests) forming partial reticulum; suprahilar plage amyloid; apiculi up to 2 ��m high. Basidia (35���)41���49���57(���68) �� 10���11���12(���14) ��m, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate. Subhymenium layer 20���25 ��m thick, made up of pseudoparenchymatous cells. Hymenial cystidia on lamellar sides (63���)71.5���86���101(���134) �� (9���) 9.5���11���12.5(���14) ��m, subcylindrical, cylindrical to ventricose with capitate, mucronate, moniliform or appendiculate (up to 7 ��m long appendage) apex, emergent up to 55 ��m beyond the basidiole tips; contents dense, heteromorphous and partly or completely filled with fibrous to somewhat crystalloid components, hardly staining in sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with frequent basidia. Hymenial cystidia on lamellar edges (72���)75���84���92.5(���98) �� (9���)9.6���10.5���11.5(���12) ��m, subcylindrical, cylindrical to ventricose with obtuse-rounded, capitate, mucronate or appendiculate apex; contents dense, heteromorphous and partly or completely filled with fibrous to somewhat crystalloid components, hardly staining in sulfovanillin. Hymenophoral trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes and connecting hyphae; sphaerocytes globose to elliptical. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 120���180 ��m thick, two-layered, distinctly divided in 50���80 ��m deep suprapellis composed of erect or ascending hyphal terminations, arranged in a densely turf of trichodermal structure and dispersed pileocystidia, and subpellis 70���100 ��m deep, composed of more or less horizontally irregularly oriented, moderately dense, 2.5���3.5 ��m wide pilear hyphae. Acid-resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin usually branched at the subterminal cells or the cells just below, occasionally slightly flexuous, thin-walled; terminal cells (13���)15.5���24.5���34(���53) �� 3���3.5���4.5(���5) ��m, mainly subulate to tapering towards tips or cylindrical to subcylindrical, apically obtuse or slightly narrowed towards tips and wider near base; subterminal cells usually equal in size, rarely with lateral branches or nodulose, equally wide or more or slightly wider. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre with shorter but slightly wider terminal cells measuring (9���)17���22.5���28.5(���35) �� (2.5���)3���4���4.5(���6) ��m, mainly tapering to subulate towards tips or cylindrical or ventricose or occasionally lageniform, apically obtuse or slightly narrowed towards tips and wider near base; subterminal cells equally wide, sometimes slightly wider or ventricose, rarely with nodulose or with lateral branches. Pileocystidia near the pileus margin 1���4-celled, numerous, cylindrical, usually originating deep in subpellis and often originating from branched subterminal cells, thin-walled; terminal cells (30���)32.5���52���71(���108) �� (4���)4.5���5���6(���6.5) ��m, cylindrical or sometimes slightly tapered towards tips, rounded-obtuse, without any incrustations; contents heteromorphous-crystalline, without reaction in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre with often more septa (1���7); terminal cells (14���) 22.5���38���54(���73) �� (4���)4.5���5���6(���7) ��m, cylindrical or slightly tapered towards tips, rounded-obtuse apex. Clamp connections absent from all tissues., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Das, Kanad & Buyck, Bart, 2021, Two new species in the Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) crown clade from Indian Himalaya, pp. 157-172 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 164-167, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1595, http://zenodo.org/record/5787334

Russula adwanitekae A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. Figs 2���3 Diagnosis Russula adwanitekae sp. nov. is mainly separated from similarly looking species with reddish lilac, orchid purple or greyish to deep magenta colored pileus in subsect. Laricinae by its sequence data (nrITS) and geographic distribution. Etymology After the name of the forest locality, Adwani-Teka. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Adwani-Teka forest; 30��05.681��� N, 78��43.890��� E; alt. 1989 m a.s.l.; in temperate mixed forest; 3 Oct. 2016; A. Ghosh, AG 16-1430; GenBank: MN263242 (ITS); CAL[1821]. Paratype INDIA ��� Uttarakhand, Pauri Garhwal, Adwani-Teka forest; 30��05.675��� N, 78��43.880��� E; alt. 1953 m a.s.l.; in temperate mixed forest; 5 Oct. 2016, A. Ghosh, AG 16-1435; GenBank: MN263243 (ITS); CAL[1822]. MycoBank: MB 838571; Index Fungorum number: IF558126; Facesoffungi number: FoF 09581 Description Pileus small to medium-sized, 36���53 mm diam., convex when young, becoming plano-convex, applanate to uplifted with maturity, broadly depressed centre, near the margin becoming tuberculately striate and more or less straight with age, entire; pileipellis peeling to mid-radius; surface dry, shiny and viscid when moist, glabrous, reddish lilac (14C3���5), orchid purple (14C8) or greyish magenta (14D5���7) to deep magenta (14D8) and centrally dark magenta (13���14F4���8). Pileus context firm, brittle, yellowish white (1���2A2), unchanging after bruising, on exposure or with age. Lamellae adnexed to subdecurrent, equal but mixed with some dispersed lamellulae of different length, close (10���12/cm at pileus margin), cream to pale yellow or light yellow (4A2���4), up to 6 mm broad, occasionally forked near the stipe apex; lamella edge even and concolorous. Stipe 35���51 �� 7���14 mm, cylindrical to subclavate, tapered at the apex, central, solid but not firm; surface dry, finely longitudinally venose, chalky white (1���2A1) but with yellowish white to pale yellow (4A2���3) flush near its middle portion, changing greyish white (1���2B1) after bruising. Stipe context solid, chalky white (1���2A1), changing dirty white or greyish white (1���2B1) after bruising or on exposure; turning reddish brown (8E7���8) to dark brown (8F7���8) with application of guaiacol. Odour indistinctive. Taste mild. Spore print not obtained. Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid, (7���)7.73���8.23���8.72(���9.5) �� (6���)6.6��� 6.93���7.3(���8) ��m, Q = (1.07���)1.13���1.19���1.25(���1.33), ornamentation amyloid (up to 1.7 ��m high), consisting of thick ridges and warts forming incomplete reticulum, with some isolated intermediate warts; suprahilar plage amyloid; apiculi up to 2 ��m high. Basidia (29���)32���35���38(���40) �� (10���)10���11���13 (���15) ��m, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate; sterigmata up to 8 ��m long. Subhymenium layer up to 37 ��m thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenial cystidia on lamellar sides (55���)61.5���71.5���81(���92) �� (7���)8��� 9.5���10.5(���11) ��m, cylindrical, subclavate to fusiform with frequent lageniform (up to 23 ��m long) or appendiculate or few rounded-obtuse apices, emergent up to 32 ��m beyond the basidiole tips; contents crystalline, without reaction in sulfovanillin. Lamellae edges fertile with basidia and cystidia. Hymenial cystidia on lamellar edges (37���)42.5���52.5���62.5(���66) �� (6���)6���7���8(���9) ��m, cylindrical to subclavate with lageniform (up to 20 ��m long) or appendiculate or rounded apex; contents crystalline, without reaction in sulfovanillin. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and few hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 100���120 ��m thick, two-layered, distinctly divided in 40���50 ��m deep suprapellis composed of erect or ascending hyphal terminations, arranged in a trichodermal structure and dispersed pileocystidia, and subpellis 60���70 ��m deep, composed of more or less dense, horizontally oriented hyphae.Acid-resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin usually branched at the subterminal cells or the cells just below, thin-walled; terminal cells (11���)19���28.5���37.5(���50) �� 3���4���4.5(���6) ��m, mainly subulate, sometimes cylindrical to subcylindrical, apically obtuse or slightly narrowed towards tips and wider near base or sometimes attenuated; subterminal cells usually equal in size, sometimes with lateral branches; near the pileus centre with slightly shorter and less wide terminal cells, measuring (15���)18.5���25���32(���44) �� (2���)2.5���3���3.5(���4) ��m, but equally wide subterminal cells. Pileocystidia near the pileus margin 1���4-celled, cylindrical, usually originating deep in subpellis and often originating from branched subterminal cells, thin-walled; terminal cells (23���)40.5���62���83(���110) �� (4���)4.5���5���6(���7) ��m, cylindrical or sometimes slightly tapered towards tips, rounded-obtuse apex, without any incrustations; contents crystalline, without reaction in sulfovanillin; those near the pileus centre with 0���3 septa and shorter terminal cells (15���)25.5���38���51(���70) �� (3.5���)4���5���5.5(���7) ��m. Clamp connections absent from all tissues., Published as part of Ghosh, Aniket, Das, Kanad & Buyck, Bart, 2021, Two new species in the Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) crown clade from Indian Himalaya, pp. 157-172 in European Journal of Taxonomy 782 on pages 161-164, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.782.1595, http://zenodo.org/record/5787334

Russula coronaspora Y.Song sp. nov. MycoBank: MB837425 Index Fungorum: IF558819 Figs 3–4, 7A Diagnosis Russula coronaspora sp. nov. is mainly characterized by its small basidiocarps with pinkish brown pileus, interveined lamellae with few lamellulae, small spores ornamented with sparse, cylindrical and isolated spines, hymenial and dermatocystidia weakly SV+ or SV-, pileipellis gelatinized and orthochromatic in cresyl blue, pileocystidia mostly septate and sometimes branched. Etymology Named after its basidiospores which resemble a coronavirus. Type material Holotype CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 22 Apr. 2019; Y. Song, K19042201; GenBank nos: MN275689 (ITS), MN839580 (nLSU), MN839630 (mtSSU), MT085562 (rpb1), MT085657 (rpb2), MT085600 (tef1); GDGM79711. Additional material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 6 Apr. 2016; Y. Song, K16040650; GenBank no: MN275690 (ITS); GDGM79712. Description Basidiocarp small sized. Pileus 2.5–4 cm in diam., hemispherical to convex at first, turning applanate with depressed center at maturity; surface glabrous, dry, viscid when wet, pinkish (#FDF2E9) or brownish (#FCF3CF), sometime white (#FFFFF0) at margin; margin entire, sometimes cracked, striate when young. Lamellae white (#FFFFF0), interveined, mixed with few, dispersed shorter lamellulae; edge entire, concolorous, smooth. Stipe central, 2–3.5 × 0.5–1 cm, cylindrical, sometimes tapering upwards, solid at first, turning spongy to hollow with age, fleshy, fragile, white (#FBFCFC). Context white, not changing when bruised; taste mild; odor indistinct. Spore print pale cream (#FBFBEF). Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, rarely globose, very small, (60/3/2) (4.5–)4.7–5.1–5.6 (–6.2)× (3.6–) 3.8–4.2–4.6(–4.8) μm, [Q = 1.12–1.20–1.32(–1.38)], hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentation amyloid, spines cylindrical to subclavate, sometimes tapering upwards or downwards, less than 2 μm in height, sparsely distributed [2–(4–) 5 in a 3 μm diam. circle], isolated, long warts scattered, never connected; suprahilar spot indistinct, amyloid. Basidia clavate, 2- or 4-spored, thin-walled, often with irregular contents or droplets, (19.5–)21.5–25–30(–35) × 7–9–10.5(–11) μm; sterigmata 2.4–5.1×1.2– 1.5 μm. Hymenial gloeocystidia on gill sides subcylindrical to fusiform, with papillate, mucronate or branched apices, thin-walled, with irregular refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, (21–)23.5–33– 49(–51) × 4.5–5.5–7.5 μm; on gill edges not abundant, 33–40–46(–50) ×4.5–5–6 μm. Subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae, sphaerocytes up to 21 × 19 μm. Pileipellis orthochromatic in cresyl blue, gelatinized, composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 33–80 μm thick; terminal cells cylindrical, with obtuse or tapering apices, thin-walled, hyaline, (7.5–)8.5–14–19(–24) ×1.5–2–3 μm. Pileocystidia abundant, cylindrical to fusiform, with obtuse or tapering apices, mostly 1- or 2-septa, sometimes branched, with refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, (29–)30.5–62–94.5(–98.5) ×3–4.5–6(8.5) μm. Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of septate and hyaline hyphae measuring 1–3 μm wide; terminal cells cylindrical with obtuse apices, thin-walled, hyaline. Caulocystidia frequent, cylindrical, obtuse or papillate, mostly septate, with refractive contents, (30.5–)33–39.5–49(–57.5)×2–3–4 μm. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.

Russula coronaspora Y.Song sp. nov. MycoBank: MB837425 Index Fungorum: IF558819 Figs 3���4, 7A Diagnosis Russula coronaspora sp. nov. is mainly characterized by its small basidiocarps with pinkish brown pileus, interveined lamellae with few lamellulae, small spores ornamented with sparse, cylindrical and isolated spines, hymenial and dermatocystidia weakly SV+ or SV-, pileipellis gelatinized and orthochromatic in cresyl blue, pileocystidia mostly septate and sometimes branched. Etymology Named after its basidiospores which resemble a coronavirus. Type material Holotype CHINA ��� Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 22 Apr. 2019; Y. Song, K19042201; GenBank nos: MN275689 (ITS), MN839580 (nLSU), MN839630 (mtSSU), MT085562 (rpb1), MT085657 (rpb2), MT085600 (tef1); GDGM79711. Additional material examined CHINA ��� Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 6 Apr. 2016; Y. Song, K16040650; GenBank no: MN275690 (ITS); GDGM79712. Description Basidiocarp small sized. Pileus 2.5���4 cm in diam., hemispherical to convex at first, turning applanate with depressed center at maturity; surface glabrous, dry, viscid when wet, pinkish (#FDF2E9) or brownish (#FCF3CF), sometime white (#FFFFF0) at margin; margin entire, sometimes cracked, striate when young. Lamellae white (#FFFFF0), interveined, mixed with few, dispersed shorter lamellulae; edge entire, concolorous, smooth. Stipe central, 2���3.5 �� 0.5���1 cm, cylindrical, sometimes tapering upwards, solid at first, turning spongy to hollow with age, fleshy, fragile, white (#FBFCFC). Context white, not changing when bruised; taste mild; odor indistinct. Spore print pale cream (#FBFBEF). Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, rarely globose, very small, (60/3/2) (4.5���)4.7���5.1���5.6 (���6.2)�� (3.6���) 3.8���4.2���4.6(���4.8) ��m, [Q = 1.12���1.20���1.32(���1.38)], hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentation amyloid, spines cylindrical to subclavate, sometimes tapering upwards or downwards, less than 2 ��m in height, sparsely distributed [2���(4���) 5 in a 3 ��m diam. circle], isolated, long warts scattered, never connected; suprahilar spot indistinct, amyloid. Basidia clavate, 2- or 4-spored, thin-walled, often with irregular contents or droplets, (19.5���)21.5���25���30(���35) �� 7���9���10.5(���11) ��m; sterigmata 2.4���5.1��1.2��� 1.5 ��m. Hymenial gloeocystidia on gill sides subcylindrical to fusiform, with papillate, mucronate or branched apices, thin-walled, with irregular refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, (21���)23.5���33��� 49(���51) �� 4.5���5.5���7.5 ��m; on gill edges not abundant, 33���40���46(���50) ��4.5���5���6 ��m. Subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae, sphaerocytes up to 21 �� 19 ��m. Pileipellis orthochromatic in cresyl blue, gelatinized, composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 33���80 ��m thick; terminal cells cylindrical, with obtuse or tapering apices, thin-walled, hyaline, (7.5���)8.5���14���19(���24) ��1.5���2���3 ��m. Pileocystidia abundant, cylindrical to fusiform, with obtuse or tapering apices, mostly 1- or 2-septa, sometimes branched, with refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, (29���)30.5���62���94.5(���98.5) ��3���4.5���6(8.5) ��m. Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of septate and hyaline hyphae measuring 1���3 ��m wide; terminal cells cylindrical with obtuse apices, thin-walled, hyaline. Caulocystidia frequent, cylindrical, obtuse or papillate, mostly septate, with refractive contents, (30.5���)33���39.5���49(���57.5)��2���3���4 ��m. Clamp connections absent in all tissues., Published as part of Song, Yu, Xie, Xiu-Chao & Buyck, Bart, 2021, Two novel species of subgenus Russula crown clade (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from China, pp. 15-33 in European Journal of Taxonomy 775 on pages 17-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.775.1543, http://zenodo.org/record/5578352

Russula minor Y.Song sp. nov. MycoBank: MB837427 Index Fungorum: IF558489 Figs 5–6, 7B Diagnosis Russula minor sp. nov. is mainly characterized by its very small basidiocarp with thin context and pink to rosy pileus less than 2.5 cm in diam., pileipellis very easy to peel off, white to cream lamellae with few lamellulae, often curved and hollow to multi-chambered stipe, spores with conical to cylindrical warts never connected, very small basidia and gelatinized pileipellis with slender terminal cells and abundant pileocystidia, and pleurocystidia weakly SV+ (slightly becoming brownish) or SV-, while pileocystidia becoming brown in SV. Etymology Referring to its very small basidiocarp. Type material Holotype CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest mainly with plants in Fagaceae; 12 Sep. 2016; Y. Song, K18043001; GenBank nos.: MN275666 (ITS), MK881964 (nLSU), MK882091 (mtSSU), MT085496 (rpb1), MK880691 (rpb2), MT085599 (tef1); GDGM79686. Additional material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 8 Sep. 2018; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18090802; GenBank no: MN275665 (ITS); GDGM79687 • same data as for preceding; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18090827; GenBank no: MN275667; GDGM79688 • same data as for preceding; 10 Sep. 2018; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18091022; GenBank no: MN275668; GDGM79689. Description Basidiocarp very small (pileus diameter less than 3 cm). Pileus 0.8–2.5 cm in diam., hemispherical to convex when young, turning applanate with depressed center or infundibuliform at maturity; surface dry, viscid when wet, sometimes slightly villose at center, easy to peel to 2/3 radius, white (#FFFAFA) to pinkish (#FAEBD7) at margin, pink, fuchsia pink to rosy (#F97D8E, # C85868, #DF828F) at center; margin smooth and entire at first, turning striate with age, sometimes cracked. Lamellae adnate, dense at first, becoming scattered with age, interveined, white when young, turning yellowish cream (#FCF3CF, #FEF9E7) at maturity; edge concolorous, smooth; lamellulae irregularly dispersed. Stipe central, fleshy, fragile, cylindrical, often curved, solid at first, turning hollow to multi-chambered with age, 0.7–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 cm, white to yellowish cream (#FCF3CF, #F8F9C2), sometimes slightly villose. Context white, sometimes yellowing at lower part of the stipe; taste mild; odor indistinct. Spore print pale cream (#F3E2A9). Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, rarely globose, (40/2/2) (5.0–)5.3–5.8–6.1(–6.6) × (4.1–) 4.3–4.6–4.9(–5.2) μm, [Q = (1.11–)1.15–1.22–1.30], hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentation amyloid, conical to cylindrical warts less than 1.5 μm in height, mostly isolated, rarely fused into short crest, but not reticulate; suprahilar spot amyloid. Basidia clavate, 2- or 4-spored, thin-walled, with irregular contents or dorplets, small, (17–)17.5–21–27(–29.5)×7–8.5–9.5(–10) μm; sterigmata 2.2–4.8 ×0.9–1.7 μm. Pleurocystidia subcylindrical to fusiform, with obtuse, papillate or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with irregular refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, 26.5–36–48(–52.5)×4–6–7 μm. Cheilocystidia similar to pleurocystidia, but shorter, 20–31–40(–47) in length. Subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae, sphaerocytes measuring 21–28 μm in diam. Pileipellis 60–120 μm thick, gelatinized, composed of ascending to erect hyphae; hyphae cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, sometimes branched, 1.5–4 μm wide; terminal cells cylindrical, slender, with obtuse or tapering apices, thin-walled, hyaline, (7–)8–18–31(–44) × 2–2.5–3.5 μm. Pileocystidia one-celled, abundant, subcylindrical to subclavate, obtuse or papillate, sometimes branched, with refractive contents, becoming brown in SV, (15.5–)16–46–106(–130) × 3–4.5–6.5 μm. Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of cylindrical, septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae measuring 1-3 μm in diam.; terminal cells cylindrical with obtuse apices, hyaline, 9–13.5–16(–18) ×2.5–3–4 μm. Caulocystidia subcylindrical, with obtuse apices, with irregular refractive contents, becoming brown in SV, (16.5–)21–35–62(–85.5)× 3–5–6.5 μm. Clamp connections absent in all tissues., Published as part of Song, Yu, Xie, Xiu-Chao & Buyck, Bart, 2021, Two novel species of subgenus Russula crown clade (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from China, pp. 15-33 in European Journal of Taxonomy 775 on pages 25-28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.775.1543, http://zenodo.org/record/5578352

Russula minor Y.Song sp. nov. MycoBank: MB837427 Index Fungorum: IF558489 Figs 5–6, 7B Diagnosis Russula minor sp. nov. is mainly characterized by its very small basidiocarp with thin context and pink to rosy pileus less than 2.5 cm in diam., pileipellis very easy to peel off, white to cream lamellae with few lamellulae, often curved and hollow to multi-chambered stipe, spores with conical to cylindrical warts never connected, very small basidia and gelatinized pileipellis with slender terminal cells and abundant pileocystidia, and pleurocystidia weakly SV+ (slightly becoming brownish) or SV-, while pileocystidia becoming brown in SV. Etymology Referring to its very small basidiocarp. Type material Holotype CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest mainly with plants in Fagaceae; 12 Sep. 2016; Y. Song, K18043001; GenBank nos.: MN275666 (ITS), MK881964 (nLSU), MK882091 (mtSSU), MT085496 (rpb1), MK880691 (rpb2), MT085599 (tef1); GDGM79686. Additional material examined CHINA • Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in evergreen broad-leaf forest; 8 Sep. 2018; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18090802; GenBank no: MN275665 (ITS); GDGM79687 • same data as for preceding; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18090827; GenBank no: MN275667; GDGM79688 • same data as for preceding; 10 Sep. 2018; F. Yuan and Y. Song, K18091022; GenBank no: MN275668; GDGM79689. Description Basidiocarp very small (pileus diameter less than 3 cm). Pileus 0.8–2.5 cm in diam., hemispherical to convex when young, turning applanate with depressed center or infundibuliform at maturity; surface dry, viscid when wet, sometimes slightly villose at center, easy to peel to 2/3 radius, white (#FFFAFA) to pinkish (#FAEBD7) at margin, pink, fuchsia pink to rosy (#F97D8E, # C85868, #DF828F) at center; margin smooth and entire at first, turning striate with age, sometimes cracked. Lamellae adnate, dense at first, becoming scattered with age, interveined, white when young, turning yellowish cream (#FCF3CF, #FEF9E7) at maturity; edge concolorous, smooth; lamellulae irregularly dispersed. Stipe central, fleshy, fragile, cylindrical, often curved, solid at first, turning hollow to multi-chambered with age, 0.7–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 cm, white to yellowish cream (#FCF3CF, #F8F9C2), sometimes slightly villose. Context white, sometimes yellowing at lower part of the stipe; taste mild; odor indistinct. Spore print pale cream (#F3E2A9). Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, rarely globose, (40/2/2) (5.0–)5.3–5.8–6.1(–6.6) × (4.1–) 4.3–4.6–4.9(–5.2) μm, [Q = (1.11–)1.15–1.22–1.30], hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentation amyloid, conical to cylindrical warts less than 1.5 μm in height, mostly isolated, rarely fused into short crest, but not reticulate; suprahilar spot amyloid. Basidia clavate, 2- or 4-spored, thin-walled, with irregular contents or dorplets, small, (17–)17.5–21–27(–29.5)×7–8.5–9.5(–10) μm; sterigmata 2.2–4.8 ×0.9–1.7 μm. Pleurocystidia subcylindrical to fusiform, with obtuse, papillate or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with irregular refractive contents, weakly SV+ or SV-, 26.5–36–48(–52.5)×4–6–7 μm. Cheilocystidia similar to pleurocystidia, but shorter, 20–31–40(–47) in length. Subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of numerous sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae, sphaerocytes measuring 21–28 μm in diam. Pileipellis 60–120 μm thick, gelatinized, composed of ascending to erect hyphae; hyphae cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, sometimes branched, 1.5–4 μm wide; terminal cells cylindrical, slender, with obtuse or tapering apices, thin-walled, hyaline, (7–)8–18–31(–44) × 2–2.5–3.5 μm. Pileocystidia one-celled, abundant, subcylindrical to subclavate, obtuse or papillate, sometimes branched, with refractive contents, becoming brown in SV, (15.5–)16–46–106(–130) × 3–4.5–6.5 μm. Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of cylindrical, septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae measuring 1-3 μm in diam.; terminal cells cylindrical with obtuse apices, hyaline, 9–13.5–16(–18) ×2.5–3–4 μm. Caulocystidia subcylindrical, with obtuse apices, with irregular refractive contents, becoming brown in SV, (16.5–)21–35–62(–85.5)× 3–5–6.5 μm. Clamp connections absent in all tissues.

Russula latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov. (Figs 3; 4) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835726. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 6.IV.2015, J. B. Zhang K15060604 (GDGM 79561). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its broad lamellae. DIAGNOSIS. — Mainly characterized by its distinctly cracking and black-tan pileus, broad and sparse lamellae, stipe and context becoming scarlet when bruised, basidiospores with completely reticulate ornamentations, common presence of 1-spored basidia, encrusted hyphae with brown pigments in pileipellis and absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 13. IX. 2016, J. W. Li, Y. Song K16091311 (GDGM 79562); 13.VII.2015, J. W. Li, Y. Song K17071307 (GDGM 79563). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-12 cm in diameter, hemispherical when young, becoming applanate with a slightly depressed center when mature; surface dry, cracking, tan, grayish to blackish brown, not easy to peel; margin entire or undulate. Lamellae Adnate, sparse, up to 8 mm broad, irregularly unequal, sometimes forked near stipe or at pileus margin, sometimes interveined; surface smooth, white, off-white to cream, tinged with reddish brown; lamella edge concolorous. Stipe 4-8 cm long, central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering upwards or downwards, longitudinally rugulose, white to off-white, becoming grayish white when old, turning reddish-brown to scarlet when bruised, solid or stuffed. Context White, becoming reddish-brown when bruised, turning yellowish-brown in reaction with 5% FeSO 4. Odour Slightly unpleasant. Taste Mild. Spore print White. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [100/5/3] (5.9-) 6-6.8-7.4 (-7.5) × (4.9-) 5.1-5.8-6.5 (-6.9) µm, Q = (1.04-) 1.06-1.17-1.32 (-1.37); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges, forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 41-60 × 6-12 µm, clavate to narrowly clavate, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, hyaline or containing oil droplets; sterigmata 4.8- 8.3 × 1.4-2.2 µm. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes measuring 18.5-55.5 × 17-43 µm and surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (35.5-) 38-62-83 (-91) × (4.5-) 6-7.5-10 µm, protruding up to 30 µm, narrowly clavate to narrowly cylindrical with obtuse or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia (34-)39-43-47(-51) × 4.5-5-6.5 µm, resembling pleurocystidia in shape but smaller in size, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm in width, cylindrical, septate, some with incrustation and brown dispersive pigments; terminal cells (8-)11-23-36(-38.5) × 2.5-4-6(-7.5) µm, usually cylindrical with obtuse apices and brown pigments, lageniform, clavate to cylindrical, some with short rostrate apicesor granular contents. Pileocystidia None found. Stipitipellis Composed of erect hyphae, 40-90 µm wide; hyphae 1.5-4 µm in width, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (6.5-)13- 22-31(-39) × 2-4-6(-7.5) µm, thin-walled, usually hyaline, cylindrical to clavate with obtuse apices. Caulocystidia None found. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES Russula latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., morphologically resembles R. schaefferina Rawla & Sarwal, including pileus color and features of pileipellis, size and ornamentations of basidiospores and absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia, etc. However, it differs substantially from our species in its finely pruinose pileus with uncracking surface, thin and crowded lamellae, and further also by shape and size of pleurocystidia (85-98 × 10-14 µm), and cheilocystidia (35-50 × 9-13 µm), and the hollow stipe covered with ochraceous or brown depressed fibrillose scales (Rawla & Sarwal 1983). When bruised, context of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., directly becomes reddish brown without turning black first. Although all three specimens of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., were collected from the broadleaf forest of DHSBR, several ITS sequences that have a sequence similarity of about 99% to that of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., retrieved from soil in the pine and broadleaf mixed forest of DHSBR are available in GenBank, implying that the species may be common in DHSBR. Russula nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou,Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov. (Figs 5; 6) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835727. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 16.VII.2019, S. Y. Zhou K19071603 (GDGM 79720). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its dark black pileus. DIAGNOSIS. — Mainly characterized by its dry, cracking, dark brown to dark black pileus, off-white lamellae, basidiospores with complete reticulate ornamentations, hymenial cystidia and pileocystidia of various forms with often forked apices, strongly glutinous pileipellis composed of hyphae usually with dark brown vacuolar pigments. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 5.V.2018, J. W. Li, Y. Song K18050529 (GDGM 79721). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-10cm in diameter,applanate to concave when mature;surface dry, dark brown to dark black; margin entire, turning slightly upward. Lamellae Adnate to slightly decurrent, sparse, 6 pieces of lamellae and lamellulae/cm at the margin of pileus, broad, unequal; surface off-white to cream or yellowish, becoming dark brown when bruised; gill edge concolorous, becoming dark brown to black when old (probably from drying out). Stipe 3-5 × 2.5-4 cm, central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering downwards, solid, off-white, becoming grayish white when mature, turning dark brown when bruised. Context White, becoming directly black when bruised without reddening first, 6-8 mm thick near stipe. Odour Unpleasant. Taste Not taken. Spore print White to cream. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [40/2/2] 4.3-4.8-5.4 (-5.8) × (3.4-) 3.7- 4-4.4 (-4.6) µm, Q = 1.10-1.19-1.28 (-1.35); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia (22-) 26.5-31-35 (-46.5) × 5-6.5-8µm, clavate to cylindrical, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, with refractive contents; sterigmata 1.8-6 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (31-) 35-41-52 (-58) × 3.5-5-6.5 µm, of various forms, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuose with obtuse, mucronate, moniliform, inflorescence-like or forked apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia 25-29-35 × 3-4-5 µm, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuous with obtuse or rostrate apices, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, strongly gelatinized, 150-220 µm thick, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate, often with dark brown pigments; terminal cells 12.5-17-22 (-25) × 2.5-4-6 (-7) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse or slightly acute apices, some with dark brown pigments. Pileocystidia 16.5-25-33.5 × 2.5-4-5.5 µm, subclavate to cylindrical, apices mucronate to inflorescence-like, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Stipitipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 60-100 µm thick, gelatinous; hyphae 1.5-4 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (8-) 10-19-31 (-34) × 2.5-5-9 (-10) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse apices, sometimes containing brown pigments. Caulocystidia (16.5-) 21-34-52 (-56) × 3.5-4.5-6 µm, thin-walled, cylindrical with obtuse or short rostrate apices. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., is closely related to R. acrifolia in our multilocus phylogeny (Figs 1; 2). The latter species differs from R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., in its viscid, grayish brown pileus, context that turns red then gray to black when bruised, much crowded lamellae and grayish brown stipe but, above all, in the much larger size (6.0-9.5 × 5.5-7.5 µm) of its basidiospores (Çolak & Işiloğlu 2016). The exceptionally small size of the spores of R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song& L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., comparable to those of species in subg. Archaeae, was hitherto undocumented within subg. Compactae, making it impossible to confuse our species with any of the other Asian or northern hemisphere species in the same subgenus., Published as part of Zhou, Songyan, Song, Yu, Chen, Kaixing, Li, Jingwei, Buyck, Bart & Qiu, Lihong, 2020, Three novel species of Russula Pers. subg. Compactae (Fr.) Bon from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in southern China, pp. 219-234 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (14) on pages 222-232, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a14, http://zenodo.org/record/7814990, {"references":["RAWLA G. S. & SARWAL B. M. 1983. - Taxonomic studies on Indian agarics I. Russulaceae. Bibliotheca Mycologica 91: 23 - 46.","COLAK O. & IsILOGLU M. 2016. - The Subgenus Compactae (Russula) species in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences 1: 86 - 95."]}

Russula latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov. (Figs 3; 4) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835726. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 6.IV.2015, J. B. Zhang K15060604 (GDGM 79561). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its broad lamellae. DIAGNOSIS. — Mainly characterized by its distinctly cracking and black-tan pileus, broad and sparse lamellae, stipe and context becoming scarlet when bruised, basidiospores with completely reticulate ornamentations, common presence of 1-spored basidia, encrusted hyphae with brown pigments in pileipellis and absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 13. IX. 2016, J. W. Li, Y. Song K16091311 (GDGM 79562); 13.VII.2015, J. W. Li, Y. Song K17071307 (GDGM 79563). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-12 cm in diameter, hemispherical when young, becoming applanate with a slightly depressed center when mature; surface dry, cracking, tan, grayish to blackish brown, not easy to peel; margin entire or undulate. Lamellae Adnate, sparse, up to 8 mm broad, irregularly unequal, sometimes forked near stipe or at pileus margin, sometimes interveined; surface smooth, white, off-white to cream, tinged with reddish brown; lamella edge concolorous. Stipe 4-8 cm long, central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering upwards or downwards, longitudinally rugulose, white to off-white, becoming grayish white when old, turning reddish-brown to scarlet when bruised, solid or stuffed. Context White, becoming reddish-brown when bruised, turning yellowish-brown in reaction with 5% FeSO 4. Odour Slightly unpleasant. Taste Mild. Spore print White. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [100/5/3] (5.9-) 6-6.8-7.4 (-7.5) × (4.9-) 5.1-5.8-6.5 (-6.9) µm, Q = (1.04-) 1.06-1.17-1.32 (-1.37); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges, forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 41-60 × 6-12 µm, clavate to narrowly clavate, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, hyaline or containing oil droplets; sterigmata 4.8- 8.3 × 1.4-2.2 µm. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes measuring 18.5-55.5 × 17-43 µm and surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (35.5-) 38-62-83 (-91) × (4.5-) 6-7.5-10 µm, protruding up to 30 µm, narrowly clavate to narrowly cylindrical with obtuse or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia (34-)39-43-47(-51) × 4.5-5-6.5 µm, resembling pleurocystidia in shape but smaller in size, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm in width, cylindrical, septate, some with incrustation and brown dispersive pigments; terminal cells (8-)11-23-36(-38.5) × 2.5-4-6(-7.5) µm, usually cylindrical with obtuse apices and brown pigments, lageniform, clavate to cylindrical, some with short rostrate apicesor granular contents. Pileocystidia None found. Stipitipellis Composed of erect hyphae, 40-90 µm wide; hyphae 1.5-4 µm in width, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (6.5-)13- 22-31(-39) × 2-4-6(-7.5) µm, thin-walled, usually hyaline, cylindrical to clavate with obtuse apices. Caulocystidia None found. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES Russula latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., morphologically resembles R. schaefferina Rawla & Sarwal, including pileus color and features of pileipellis, size and ornamentations of basidiospores and absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia, etc. However, it differs substantially from our species in its finely pruinose pileus with uncracking surface, thin and crowded lamellae, and further also by shape and size of pleurocystidia (85-98 × 10-14 µm), and cheilocystidia (35-50 × 9-13 µm), and the hollow stipe covered with ochraceous or brown depressed fibrillose scales (Rawla & Sarwal 1983). When bruised, context of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., directly becomes reddish brown without turning black first. Although all three specimens of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., were collected from the broadleaf forest of DHSBR, several ITS sequences that have a sequence similarity of about 99% to that of R. latolamellata Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., retrieved from soil in the pine and broadleaf mixed forest of DHSBR are available in GenBank, implying that the species may be common in DHSBR. Russula nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou,Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov. (Figs 5; 6) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835727. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 16.VII.2019, S. Y. Zhou K19071603 (GDGM 79720). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its dark black pileus. DIAGNOSIS. — Mainly characterized by its dry, cracking, dark brown to dark black pileus, off-white lamellae, basidiospores with complete reticulate ornamentations, hymenial cystidia and pileocystidia of various forms with often forked apices, strongly glutinous pileipellis composed of hyphae usually with dark brown vacuolar pigments. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 5.V.2018, J. W. Li, Y. Song K18050529 (GDGM 79721). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 6-10cm in diameter,applanate to concave when mature;surface dry, dark brown to dark black; margin entire, turning slightly upward. Lamellae Adnate to slightly decurrent, sparse, 6 pieces of lamellae and lamellulae/cm at the margin of pileus, broad, unequal; surface off-white to cream or yellowish, becoming dark brown when bruised; gill edge concolorous, becoming dark brown to black when old (probably from drying out). Stipe 3-5 × 2.5-4 cm, central, cylindrical, sometimes tapering downwards, solid, off-white, becoming grayish white when mature, turning dark brown when bruised. Context White, becoming directly black when bruised without reddening first, 6-8 mm thick near stipe. Odour Unpleasant. Taste Not taken. Spore print White to cream. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [40/2/2] 4.3-4.8-5.4 (-5.8) × (3.4-) 3.7- 4-4.4 (-4.6) µm, Q = 1.10-1.19-1.28 (-1.35); ornamentations amyloid, composed of low ridges forming a complete reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia (22-) 26.5-31-35 (-46.5) × 5-6.5-8µm, clavate to cylindrical, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, with refractive contents; sterigmata 1.8-6 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (31-) 35-41-52 (-58) × 3.5-5-6.5 µm, of various forms, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuose with obtuse, mucronate, moniliform, inflorescence-like or forked apices, thin-walled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia 25-29-35 × 3-4-5 µm, narrowly cylindrical to slightly flexuous with obtuse or rostrate apices, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, strongly gelatinized, 150-220 µm thick, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate, often with dark brown pigments; terminal cells 12.5-17-22 (-25) × 2.5-4-6 (-7) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse or slightly acute apices, some with dark brown pigments. Pileocystidia 16.5-25-33.5 × 2.5-4-5.5 µm, subclavate to cylindrical, apices mucronate to inflorescence-like, with refractive contents, thin-walled, unchanging in SV. Stipitipellis Composed of ascending to erect hyphae, 60-100 µm thick, gelatinous; hyphae 1.5-4 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate; terminal cells (8-) 10-19-31 (-34) × 2.5-5-9 (-10) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse apices, sometimes containing brown pigments. Caulocystidia (16.5-) 21-34-52 (-56) × 3.5-4.5-6 µm, thin-walled, cylindrical with obtuse or short rostrate apices. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., is closely related to R. acrifolia in our multilocus phylogeny (Figs 1; 2). The latter species differs from R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., in its viscid, grayish brown pileus, context that turns red then gray to black when bruised, much crowded lamellae and grayish brown stipe but, above all, in the much larger size (6.0-9.5 × 5.5-7.5 µm) of its basidiospores (Çolak & Işiloğlu 2016). The exceptionally small size of the spores of R. nigrocarpa S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song& L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., comparable to those of species in subg. Archaeae, was hitherto undocumented within subg. Compactae, making it impossible to confuse our species with any of the other Asian or northern hemisphere species in the same subgenus.

Russula ochrobrunnea S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov. (Figs 7; 8) MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 835743. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 15.VII.2019, S. Y. Zhou K19071502 (GDGM 79718). ETYMOLOGY. — Named after its light brown lamellae with ochre margin when mature. DIAGNOSIS. — Characterized by its grayish-brown pileus with striate to slightly cracking margin, sparse and light brown lamellae with ochre margin when mature, small basidiospores, presence of 1-spored basidia, flexuous to cylindrical hymenial cystidia often with papillate or branched apices and hyphae usually with brown pigments in pileipellis. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Solitary or gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, on the ground in broadleaf forest, 2.VI.2018, S. Y. Zhou K18060208 (GDGM 79719). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Medium to large sized, agaricoid. Pileus 7-9 cm in diameter, applanate with a depressed center to concave when mature; surface dry, not viscid, grayish-brown to tan, cracking into reticulum; margin slightly undulate or upward, striate. Lamellae Adnate to decurrent, distant (3-4 pieces of lamellae and lamellulae/cm at the margin of pileus), thick, firm, irregularly unequal; light brown to ochre; gill edge concolorous, but becoming tan to dark brown from drying out when old. Stipe 4-6 × 2.4-3 cm, central to eccentric, cylindrical, mostly tapering downwards or slightly curving, solid, off-white. Context White, unchanging, 3-5 mm thick near stipe. Odour Unpleasant. Taste Not taken. Spore print White. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [40/2/2] (3.9-) 4.1-4.4-4.7 (-5.1) × (3.4-) 3.5-3.7-4.0 (-4.3) µm, Q = (1.09-) 1.10-1.18-1.29 (-1.30); ornamentations amyloid, composed of dense warts, some fused into ridges, forming a partial reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia (24-) 26.5-32-39 (-42.5) × 4.5-6-7.5µm, clavate to cylindrical, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored, hyaline or containing granular contents. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia (60.5-) 71-98-136 (-146.5) × 3.5-4.5-6µm, narrowly cylindrical or flexuous with obtuse, mucronate, moniliform or sometimes forked apices, thin-walled, filled with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Cheilocystidia Resembling pleurocystidia. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis A cutis, 70-110 µm thick, strongly gelatinized, orthochromatic in cresyl blue; hyphae 2-6 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate, often with brown pigments; terminal cells (22-) 26-35.5-58 (-63) × 3-5-6 (-7) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse or slightly acute apices, sometimes with brown pigments. Pileocystidia (53.5-) 55-62.5-76 (-90.5) × 3-4.5-7.5 µm, cylindrical to fusiform with obtuse, mucronate or forked apices, some filled with refractive contents, negative in SV. Stipitipellis A cutis; hyphae 1.5-4 µm wide, narrowly cylindrical, septate, many with brown pigments; terminal cells cylindrical or lageniform with obtuse apices. Caulocystidia Cylindrical to narrowly clavate with obtuse or slightly acute apices, up to 7 µm wide, thin-walled, filled with refractive contents. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES Both our phylogenetic analyses place our species firmly in sect. Polyphyllae Buyck & V.Hofst., being closely related to the North American R. eccentrica and already separated by a much longer branch from the Indian R. khanchanjungae Van de Putte, K. Das & Buyck (Fig. 2). BLAST results of its ITS sequence in GenBank show top scores that are all et al. 2014). Russula ochrobrunnea S.Y.Zhou, Y.Song & L.H.Qiu, sp. nov., resembles R. eccentrica in overall morphology, but the latter has pink lamellae and much larger basidiospores (6-7.8 × 5-6 µm) and basidia (52-69 × 6.5-9.5 µm) (Adamčík et al. 2018). Russula cartaginis Buyck & Halling, described from Costa Rica (Buyck & Halling 2004) differs from R. eccentrica and our species in the presence of a brownish gill edge resulting from the presence of colored, branching marginal cells. Typical for most Polyphyllae is the often distinctly inflated lower portion of hymenial cystidia. The Indian species R. khanchanjungae differs particularly by its crowded and forked lamellae becoming brown when bruised, and by the viscid and brown stipe with surface finely cracking exactly as the pileus surface; it also has much larger basidiospores (7.3-9.4 × 6.3-7.8 µm) and basidia (49-61 × 8-12 µm), as well as wider pleurocystidia (8-10 µm in width) (Das et al. 2010). Also R. purpureonigra differs principally in its larger spores and crowded lamellae (Manimohan & Latha 2011)., Published as part of Zhou, Songyan, Song, Yu, Chen, Kaixing, Li, Jingwei, Buyck, Bart & Qiu, Lihong, 2020, Three novel species of Russula Pers. subg. Compactae (Fr.) Bon from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in southern China, pp. 219-234 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (14) on pages 232-233, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a14, http://zenodo.org/record/7814990, {"references":["PARK M. S., LEE H., OH S., JUNG P. E., SEOK S. J., FONG J. J. & LIM Y. W. 2014. - Species delimitation of three species within the Russula subgenus Compacta in Korea: R. eccentrica, R. nigricans, and R. subnigricans. Journal of Microbiology 52: 631 - 638. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12275 - 014 - 4168 - z","ADAMCIK S., JANCOVICOVA S. & BUYCK B. 2018. - The Russulas Described by Charles Horton Peck. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 39 (1): 3 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.7872 / crym / v 39. iss 1.2018.3","BUYCK B. & HALLING R. 2004. - Two new Quercus - associated Russulas from Costa Rica and their relation to some very rare North American species. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 25 (1): 3 - 13.","DAS K., PUTTE K. V. & BUYCK B. 2010. - New or interesting Russula from Sikkim Himalaya (India). Cryptogamie, Mycologie 31 (4): 373 - 387.","MANIMOHAN P. & LATHA K. P. D. 2011. - Observations on two rarely collected species of Russula. Mycotaxon 116: 125 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 116.125"]}

Russula pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. (Figs 4, 5) SYSTEMATIC POSITION. — Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae, Russula subg. Heterophyllidia sect. Ingratae. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, 14.IX.2016, J.W. Li K16042406, (holo-, GDGM [GDGM 75338]). ETYMOLOGY. — Named for its resemblance to R. catillus in pileus morphology. DIAGNOSIS. — R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. resembles R. catillus in overall pileus morphology, but it differs from the latter by its smaller basidiomata, presence of lamellula, much bigger basidiospores ornamented with higher warts never forming a reticulum, presence of dermatocystidia (pileocystidia and caulocystidia), smaller pleurocystidia and not gelatinized pileipellis. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, 7.VI.2015, J. B. Zhang K15060706. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small, agaricoid. Pileus 2.5-4 cm in diam., plano-concave or applanate with a depressed center, some slightly decurrent, surface glabrous, slightly viscid when wet, very pale yellow (corn silk, #FFF8DC) at margin, with a pale greyish brown (tan, #D2B48C) center; margin slightly undulate, striate, rarely cracked. Lamellae Adnate, subequal, interveined, often forked near stipe, about 2 mm in height, very pale grayish yellow (beige, #F5F5DC), unchanging when bruised; edge entire, concolorous; lamellulae rather frequent, but not polydymous. Stipe 2.5-4 × 0.6-1 cm, central, cylindrical, sometimes slightly tapering upwards, surface dry, slightly longitudinally rugulose, a pale greenish-grayish yellow (goldenrod, #EEE8AA) in the upper part, burlywood at the bottom, stuffed at first, becoming hollow when old. Context Off-white (ivory, #FFFFF0), unchanging when bruised. Odour Indistinct. Taste Mild. Spore print Very pale. Basidiospores Broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, [40/2/2] 7.0-7.9-8.6 (-9.2) × (5.1- (5.5-6.1-6.6 (-6.7) µm, Q = (1.19-) 1.22-1.32-1.42, hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentations amyloid, composed of conical to cylindrical warts up to 1.2 µm, isolated, never forming a reticulum; suprahilar spot unamyloid. Basidia 33-41.5 × 10.5-13 µm, 4-spored, rarely 2-spored, some containing oil droplets; sterigmata up to 8 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia 32-37.5 × 9.5-11.5 µm, clavate to subcylindrical, rarely fusiform, with obtuse to truncate apices, thin-walled, with abundant refractive granular contents, negative in SV. Cheilocystidia 33-47.5 × 9-12.5 µm, clavate, with mucronate to rostrate apex, thin-walled, some with refractive granular contents, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells not differentiated. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in cresyl blue, divided into two layers: suprapellis trichoderm, composed of ascending to erect hyphae; subpellis a cutis, composed of septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae; terminal cells clavate to cylindrical, with obtuse apices; subterminal cells cylindrical or slightly inflated. Pileocystidia Abundant, unchanging in SV, mostly 13-33 × 3-6 µm, onecelled, cylindrical, apex obtuse, with granular contents, also present in subpellis. Stipitipellis A cutis, orthochromatic in cresyl blue, composed of repent, thin-walled, septate hyphae up to 4.6 µm broad. Caulocystidia Frequent, clavate to cylindrical, 16-35 × 3-8 µm, with obtuse or rostrate apex, one-celled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Stipe trama Composed of connective hyphae and nested sphaerocytes. Clamp connections Absent. Notes Russula catillus was reported from Korea, and the name refers to the resemblance of the pileus to a small bowl traditionally used for holding soy sauce. R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov., is sharing similar overall color and shape with R. catillus. Dermatocystidia (both pileocystidia and caulocystidia) are present in our species, but were reported (in Lee et al. 2017) as absent in R. catillus, something that is highly unexpected and should be verified again as all of the presently known species in sect. Ingratae from any part of the world all have abundant dermatocystidia and abundant gloeoplerous elements in all of the tissues. Russula pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. is very similar to this R. catillus, but it differs from the latter in its smaller basidiomata, irregular presence of lamellulae, much bigger basidiospores ornamented with higher warts that are never interconnected into a reticulum, and also because of its smaller pleurocystidia and poorly gelatinized pileipellis (see Tables 1, 2).

Russula viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3) SYSTEMATIC POSITION. — Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae, Russula subg. Heterophyllidia subsect. Heterophyllae. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, on the ground in broad-leaf forest, 14.IX.2015, J. B. Zhang K15091418 (holo-, GDGM [GDGM 75339]). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the green tinged buff pileus. DIAGNOSIS. — R. viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. is mainly characterized by sequence data for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), its green tinged cinnamon pileus with undulate and easily peeling margin, absence of lamellulae, basidiospores with partially reticulate ornamentations, gloeocystidia changing to grey in SV and thick pileipellis often with inflated subterminal cells. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, on the ground in broad-leaf forest, 14.IX.2015, J. B. Zhang K15091418-1, (GDGM[GDGM 75340]). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small to medium sized, agaricoid. Pileus 3-5 cm in diam., hemispherical when young, becoming applanate when mature, with entire margin; surface easy to peel to mid-radius, glabrous, dry, not viscid, pale green (#98FB98), with center a very pale greenish-grayish yellow (palegoldenrod, #EEE8AA). Lamellae Adnate, equal, rarely forked, off-white (white smoke, #F5F5F5), unchanging when bruised; edge even, concolorous; lamellulae present, but rare. Stipe 3-4.5 × 0.7-1 cm, central, cylindrical, solid; surface dry, off-white (white smoke, #F5F5F5), longitudinally rugulose. Context Off-white (ghost white, #F8F8FF), 1-3 mm thick, unchanging when bruised. Odour Indistinct. Taste Mild. Spore print Whitish. Basidiospores Subglobose to ellipsoid, [80/4/2] (5.1-) 5.3-6.1-7.0 (-8.1) ×(3.6-) 4.2-4.7-5.5 (-5.8)µm, Q = (1.05-) 1.12-1.30-1.47 (-1.68), hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentations amyloid, composed of verrucose to conical warts up to 0.6 µm, linked by fine lines forming incomplete network, intermixed with isolated warts; suprahilar spot not amyloid. Basidia 31-45.5 × 8.5-11.5 µm, clavate to subcylindrical, 4-spored, rarely 2- or 3-spored, some containing oil droplets when young; sterigmata up to 7 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia 31.5-66 × 4.5-13.5 µm, abundant, fusoid to cylindrical, with rostrate or mucronate apices, thin-walled, with abundant granular contents, becoming dark grey in sulphovanillin (SV). Cheilocystidia 36.5-63 × 4-12 µm, cylindrical, with capitate apex, thinwalled, some with refractive granular contents, becoming dark grey in SV. Marginal cells Not differentiated. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in cresyl blue, divided into an upper trichodermal suprapellis and an underlying subpellis of slender, repent to ascending hyphae. Subpellis 350-450 µm deep, composed of septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae. Suprapellis 50-80 µm thick, composed of ascending to erect, densely septate hyphal extremities, often with progressively inflating subterminal cells; terminal cells subcylindrical or more frequently distinctly narrowing upward, with obtuse apices; chains of subterminal cells mostly progressively inflated, with more basal cells mostly ellipsoid to subglobose. Pileocystidia Abundant, mostly 20.5-84 × 3-6 µm, one-celled, terminal on extremities, narrowly clavate to cylindrical in suprapellis, apex rostrate or obtuse, with granular refractive contents, becoming longer and cylindrical in subpellis, without septa and with distinct refractive contents changing to dark grey in SV. Stipitipellis A cutis, orthochromatic in cresyl blue, composed of repent, thin-walled, septate hyphae up to 4.6 µm broad; terminal cells cylindrical. Caulocystidia Frequent, cylindrical, mostly 18.5-54 × 3-13 µm, with obtuse apices, without septa, with refractive contents, turning dark grey in SV. Stipe trama Composed of connective hyphae and nested sphaerocytes. Clamp connections Absent. Notes The combination of predominantly equal gills, pale spore print, absence of an amyloid suprahilar spot, no primordial hyphae, but presence of single-celled gloeocystidia and welldifferentiated hyphal extremities are all characters that suggest that R. viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. belongs in subg. Heterophyllidia. Our phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences placed it firmly within sect. Heterophyllae, subsect. Heterophyllae, where it is closely related to R. bubalina and R. pseudobubalina (Li et al. 2018). The latter subsection was traditionally based on the European R. vesca and R. heterophylla, two species that produce a strong carrot orange reaction to FeSO 4 (which has not yet been verified for our species) and are both unique among European Russulas in possessing thick-walled, needle-shaped cells at the surface of the pileipellis, particularly near the pileus center. Both of these characters have not yet been reported for any of the Chinese species that were recently attributed to this group, except for the confirmed strong reaction to FeSO 4 in R. pseudobubalina and R. subatropurpurea (Li et al. 2018). Whereas the three Chinese species that were recently attributed to this subsection are all similar to R. vesca in general color, viz. mostly in shades of pink to pinkish brown with local discolored spots that are yellowish rusty in color, R. viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. is more reminiscent of R. heterophylla because of the green shades on the pileus., Published as part of Yuan, Fa, Song, Yu, Buyck, Bart, Li, Jingwei & Qiu, Lihong, 2019, Russula viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. and R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov., two new species from southern China, pp. 45-56 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7814877, {"references":["LI J. W., ZHENG J. F., SONG Y., YUAN F. & QIU L. H. 2018. - Three novel species of Russula from southern China based on morphological and molecular evidence. Phytotaxa 392 (4): 264 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 392.4.2"]}

Russula pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. (Figs 4, 5) SYSTEMATIC POSITION. — Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae, Russula subg. Heterophyllidia sect. Ingratae. HOLOTYPE. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, 14.IX.2016, J.W. Li K16042406, (holo-, GDGM [GDGM 75338]). ETYMOLOGY. — Named for its resemblance to R. catillus in pileus morphology. DIAGNOSIS. — R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. resembles R. catillus in overall pileus morphology, but it differs from the latter by its smaller basidiomata, presence of lamellula, much bigger basidiospores ornamented with higher warts never forming a reticulum, presence of dermatocystidia (pileocystidia and caulocystidia), smaller pleurocystidia and not gelatinized pileipellis. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Gregarious in evergreen broadleaf forest. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing City, Dinghu Mountain, 7.VI.2015, J. B. Zhang K15060706. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small, agaricoid. Pileus 2.5-4 cm in diam., plano-concave or applanate with a depressed center, some slightly decurrent, surface glabrous, slightly viscid when wet, very pale yellow (corn silk, #FFF8DC) at margin, with a pale greyish brown (tan, #D2B48C) center; margin slightly undulate, striate, rarely cracked. Lamellae Adnate, subequal, interveined, often forked near stipe, about 2 mm in height, very pale grayish yellow (beige, #F5F5DC), unchanging when bruised; edge entire, concolorous; lamellulae rather frequent, but not polydymous. Stipe 2.5-4 × 0.6-1 cm, central, cylindrical, sometimes slightly tapering upwards, surface dry, slightly longitudinally rugulose, a pale greenish-grayish yellow (goldenrod, #EEE8AA) in the upper part, burlywood at the bottom, stuffed at first, becoming hollow when old. Context Off-white (ivory, #FFFFF0), unchanging when bruised. Odour Indistinct. Taste Mild. Spore print Very pale. Basidiospores Broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, [40/2/2] 7.0-7.9-8.6 (-9.2) × (5.1- (5.5-6.1-6.6 (-6.7) µm, Q = (1.19-) 1.22-1.32-1.42, hyaline in 5% KOH; ornamentations amyloid, composed of conical to cylindrical warts up to 1.2 µm, isolated, never forming a reticulum; suprahilar spot unamyloid. Basidia 33-41.5 × 10.5-13 µm, 4-spored, rarely 2-spored, some containing oil droplets; sterigmata up to 8 µm long. Lamellar trama Composed of nested sphaerocytes surrounded by connective hyphae. Pleurocystidia 32-37.5 × 9.5-11.5 µm, clavate to subcylindrical, rarely fusiform, with obtuse to truncate apices, thin-walled, with abundant refractive granular contents, negative in SV. Cheilocystidia 33-47.5 × 9-12.5 µm, clavate, with mucronate to rostrate apex, thin-walled, some with refractive granular contents, unchanging in SV. Marginal cells not differentiated. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in cresyl blue, divided into two layers: suprapellis trichoderm, composed of ascending to erect hyphae; subpellis a cutis, composed of septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae; terminal cells clavate to cylindrical, with obtuse apices; subterminal cells cylindrical or slightly inflated. Pileocystidia Abundant, unchanging in SV, mostly 13-33 × 3-6 µm, onecelled, cylindrical, apex obtuse, with granular contents, also present in subpellis. Stipitipellis A cutis, orthochromatic in cresyl blue, composed of repent, thin-walled, septate hyphae up to 4.6 µm broad. Caulocystidia Frequent, clavate to cylindrical, 16-35 × 3-8 µm, with obtuse or rostrate apex, one-celled, with refractive contents, unchanging in SV. Stipe trama Composed of connective hyphae and nested sphaerocytes. Clamp connections Absent. Notes Russula catillus was reported from Korea, and the name refers to the resemblance of the pileus to a small bowl traditionally used for holding soy sauce. R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov., is sharing similar overall color and shape with R. catillus. Dermatocystidia (both pileocystidia and caulocystidia) are present in our species, but were reported (in Lee et al. 2017) as absent in R. catillus, something that is highly unexpected and should be verified again as all of the presently known species in sect. Ingratae from any part of the world all have abundant dermatocystidia and abundant gloeoplerous elements in all of the tissues. Russula pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. is very similar to this R. catillus, but it differs from the latter in its smaller basidiomata, irregular presence of lamellulae, much bigger basidiospores ornamented with higher warts that are never interconnected into a reticulum, and also because of its smaller pleurocystidia and poorly gelatinized pileipellis (see Tables 1, 2)., Published as part of Yuan, Fa, Song, Yu, Buyck, Bart, Li, Jingwei & Qiu, Lihong, 2019, Russula viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. and R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov., two new species from southern China, pp. 45-56 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 50-54, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7814877, {"references":["LEE H., PARK M. S., JUNG P. E., EIMES J. A., SEOK S. J. & LIM Y. W. 2017. - Re-evaluation of the taxonomy and diversity of Russula section Foetentinae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) in Korea, Mycoscience 58 (5): 351 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. myc. 2017.04.006"]}

Yuan, Fa, Song, Yu, Buyck, Bart, Li, Jingwei, Qiu, Lihong (2019): Russula viridicinnamomea F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov. and R. pseudocatillus F. Yuan & Y. Song, sp. nov., two new species from southern China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4): 45-56, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a4