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Bairdiella icistia (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Bairdiella, Romeo Croaker, or Ronco Croaker. To 30 cm (11.8 in) TL (Allen and Robertson 1994). Laguna San Ignacio, southern Baja California (Danemann and De La Cruz-Ag��ero 1993) to Guatamala (Robertson and Allen 2015), including Gulf of California (Chao in Fischer et al. 1995). Inshore, including estuaries (Allen and Robertson 1994); depth: to at least 22 m (72 ft) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Danemann, G. D. & De La Cruz-Aguero, J. (1993) Ichthyofauna of San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas, 19, 333 - 341.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome."]}

Five new species of Stellifer are described from the Caribbean Sea and tropical southwestern Atlantic. Among the previously recognized stelliferine genera, Stellifer is unique by having a pair of variably developed appendages on the posterior margin of the anterior gas chamber, which is lacking in Bairdiella, Corvula, Elattarchus, Odontoscion and Ophioscion. However, recent genetic studies indicated that Stellifer and Ophioscion are not monophyletic. The genus Ophioscion Gill, 1863 is recognized herein as a junior synonym of Stellifer Oken, 1817. Of the five new species described, Stellifer cervigoni n. sp., S. collettei n. sp., and S. musicki n. sp. have a pair of knob-like diverticula along the posterior margin of the anterior gas chamber, which is absent in S. macallisteri n. sp., and S. menezesi n. sp. Stellifer cervigoni n. sp. is found along the southern Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela; it can be distinguished from other species by having a jet-black roof of mouth and inner opercular lining. Stellifer collettei n. sp. is found from Surinam to southeastern Brazil, while S. musicki n. sp. is endemic to northern Brazil. Stellifer macallisteri n. sp. has an oblique, terminal mouth and it is found in Colombia, Venezuela and Dominican Republic. Stellifer menezesi n. sp. has a subterminal mouth and is found from northeastern to southeastern Brazil. These results bring the number of valid species of Stellifer in the Atlantic to 18, and a key to the identification of these species is included.

Key to the species of Bairdiella 1a. Dorsal-fin rays 25-29; gill rakers on first branchial arch 25-27; dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ B. icistia (eastern Pacific from Gulf of California to Guatemala) 1b. Dorsal-fin rays 19-24, gill rakers on first branchial arch 22-24; without dark spot at base of pectoral fins............ 2 2a. Six pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-10, more commonly 9; second anal fin spine thin, shorter than first anal-fin ray........................................................................ B. chrysoura (western Atlantic, from Cape Cod to western Gulf of Mexico) 2b. Five pores on chin; anal-fin rays 8-9, more commonly 8; second anal fin spine robust, as long as first anal-fin ray.... 3 3a. Body silvery without stripes or dark spot; head profile slightly convex; 55 or more scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base................................................. B. ensifera (eastern Pacific, from Southern Mexico to Peru) 3b. Body with wavy stripes or dots; head profile straight or slightly concave; 46-53 scales along lateral line up to caudal fin base...................................................................... 4 4b. Eyes large, orbital diameter larger than 8% SL............................................................................. B. goeldi sp. nov. (western Atlantic, Brazilian coast) 4a. Eye small, orbital diameter less than 8% SL................. 5 5a. 46-49 scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base........................................................... B. armata (eastern Pacific, from Gulf of California to Colombia) 5b. 50-53 (rarely 49) scales with pores along lateral line up to caudal fin base............................................................ 6 6a. Dorsal fin relatively high and head relatively small, hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the height of the head; hei- ght of dorsal fin 1.2-1.5 times the width of the head........................................................................... B. veraecrucis (western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico) 6b. Dorsal fin relatively low and head relatively large, height of dorsal fin 1.7-2.7 times height of the head; height of dor- sal fin 1.6-2.5 times the width of the head......... B. ronchus (western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea), Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252019000100205.pdf: 4783293 bytes, checksum: f68a7e7f1698f943567c25c56928d09d (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The sciaenid genus Bairdiella comprises a group of relatively small fishes found in inshore waters and estuaries of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. Despite recent analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of Bairdiella, there has been no comprehensive revision of the alpha taxonomy of the species of the genus. Bairdiella ronchus from the western Atlantic, has a complex taxonomic history, with four junior synonyms recognized. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, this study indicates that B. ronchus represents a species complex. The species is therefore redescribed and its geographic range is redefined. Bairdiella veraecrucis, which is currently recognized as a junior synonym of B. ronchus, is revalidated, and a new species of the genus is described from the Atlantic coast of Brazil. Finally, inferences are made on the diversity and biogeography of the B. ronchus species complex. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, BR-66040170 Belem, PA, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, BR-04263000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Acervo Zool Univ Santa Cecilia, BR-11045907 Santos, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 300462/2016-6 CNPq: 306054/2006-0 CNPq: 300940/2015-7 CNPq: 405144/2013-0 FAPESP: ICAAF 017/2016 FAPESP: 2016/09204-6

Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. (Figure 4a, Tables 4, 5) zoobank.org:act:561CDE1C-E23D-411E-BBCE-81E3B862BEB0 Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; fishes of North and Middle America; West Indies and along coast of Brazil).– Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 432 (Fauna Brasiliense, listed; description, distribution).– Vazzoler, 1970: 14 (fish fauna, Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, listed; identification key; description).– Roux, 1973: 138 (Calypso ex- peditions; coast of South America; listed).– Chao 1978:39 (in part).– Figueiredo, Menezes, 1980: 59, fig. 98 (marine fishes from southeastern Brazil; description, distribution).– Camargo, Isaac 2001:142 (estuarine fishes from Pará, Brazil).– Casatti, Menezes, 2003: 86 (catalog of marine fish species of Brazil; listed).– Chao, 2003:1602 (in part). Holotype. MPEG 33641, 1, 154.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra, 13 Feb 2014, Alexandre Pires Mar- ceniuk, using gillnets (the same method used for all other type-specimens). Paratypes. MPEG 32860, 1, 146.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra; MPEG 33653, 1, 164.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Jul 2014; MPEG 33654, 4, 158.0-176.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 10 Jul 2014; MPEG 34510, 2, 119.0-127.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 09 Jan 2016; MPEG 33627, 2, 114.0-116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 21 Jan 2014; MPEG 33628, 1, 117.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 18 Jan 2014; MPEG 33615, 1, 116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Aug 2013; AZUSC 4926, 9, 129.0-161.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragan- ça, Furo da Ostra; LBP 19376, 4, 139.0-178.0 mm SL (tissue 76171-76174), Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 2014. Non-type specimens, MZUSP 68517, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís, rio Curuca; LBP 22205, 1 (tis- sue 84692), Brazil, Paraíba, Barra de Mamanguape; USNM 104265, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife; MPEG 1660, 1 (tissue 84204), Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Santo Anto- nio; USNM 43365, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia; MZUSP 68501, 3, 170.0-198.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu, Cachoeira; MZUSP 82209, 3, 98.0-157.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, between Valença and Itacaré; MZUSP 98958, 1, 143.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Comandatuba island; AZUSC 3957, 2, 162.0-174.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio do Meio, Gua- rujá, São Paulo; MZUSP 112337, 5, 90.0-170.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, rio Cubatão; MZUSP 2499, 1, 157.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; AZUSC 4222, 3, 153.0-186.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, estuary channel; AZUSC 363, 2, 154.0-169.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, rio Dia- na; AZUSC 3260, 3, 136.0-171.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, Caneu; AZUSC 2860, 2, 108.0-152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, rio Mariana; AZUSC 3103, 2, 100.0- 152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, Mar Pequeno bridge; MZUSP 108213, 1, 127.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 108229, 1, 129.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 68514, 1, 131.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Itanhaém; MZUSP 58712, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, Peruíbe, rio Guaraú; AZUSC 3712, 2,150.0- 197.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananeia, estuary; MZUSP 46737, 1, 124.0 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo. Diagnosis. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. armata, which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50–55 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 48 or 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4a); from B. ensifera, whi- ch is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4a); from B. icistia, which is found be- tween the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 21-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5) and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4a); from B. ronchus, which is found in the Greater Caribbean Cen- tral Province, and B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having an orbital diameter greater than 8% SL (vs. less than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and the length of the caudal peduncle 1.6-2.3 times the orbital diameter, rarely more than 2.3 (vs. 2.4-3.8, Fig. 5b). Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is further distinguished from B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a larger head and shorter dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.7-2.4 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.8- 2.6 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). . Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. goeldi sp. nov. differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. ronchus, 19 bases from B. veraecrucis, and 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. ronchus, 0.039±0.008 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.180±0.018 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the 14 specimens of B. goeldi sp. nov. sequenced, whi- ch formed two distinct lineages: (1) the specimens from the Brazilian states of Pará, Paraiba, and Sergipe, and (2) the specimens from São Paulo state (Fig. 2). These lineages are differentiated by a genetic distance of 0.007±0.003 and two base pairs, at positions 295 and 409 (Tabs. 2, 3). Description: Morphometric and meristic data were em- ployed in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.21-24; A.II.8-10; P. 15-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 48- 55; scale rows above lateral line 8-10, below 9-12. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending until dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal peduncle, especially on larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long and high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with 3-5 rows, external row with 15-20 enlarged teeth, den- tary with 2-4 rows. Orbit lateral; eye round, very large, or- bital diameter greater than snout length. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid anteriorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sen- sory canal on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one central smal- ler, oval, and two pores on each side; small circular pore on anterior preopercle border. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 10-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Oper- cle tip angled, slightly posterior to vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preoper- cle, infraorbital (two ventral most rows) and interorbital re- gion in specimens larger than 150 mm SL; scales cycloid on infraorbital (anteriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and interobital, specially in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered by scales, cycloid scales to proximal third of fin present in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines III-V longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays slightly shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, length approximately equal to second anal fin spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind verti- cal though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. ±Caudal peduncle depth about equal to eye length, 9.6-12.2 % SL; length 16.2-21.4% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Grayish above lateral line, silvery below lateral line, dark stripes slightly more evident in the fresh specimens, oblique above lateral line, but more or less parallel below lateral line. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish, basal portion of the anal and caudal fins yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, but with some dark pigmentation. Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from at least the equatorial northern state of Pará to Santa Catarina. The southern limit of occurrence is apparently determined by the absence of mangrove forests in estuaries. The species is relatively rare in the northeastern coast of Brazil, but is abundant in estuarine waters on sandy or muddy bottoms on the northern and southeastern coasts of Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. This species has no commercial importan- ce in Brazil (as Bairdiella ronchus in Itagaki et al., 2007). It is incidentally caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, gillnets, and seines, as well as by cast nets in mangrove swamps. Etymology. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is named in honor of the Goeldi Museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) in Belém, Pará (Brazil), that supported taxonomic research on the marine and estuarine fish of Brazil (APM), and the expe- ditions for the collection of specimens on the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Conservation status. Bairdiella goeldi is frequent and abundant. No specific threats were detected, and the spe- cies can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2016). Remarks. Günther (1860) recorded Corvina ronchus (= Bairdiella ronchus) from the Brazilian coast based on a sin- gle specimen from Bahia state, while Jordan, Eigenmann (1889) identified specimens from Rio de Janeiro state as Bairdiella ronchus. This classification was followed by Mi- randa-Ribeiro (1915), Vazzoler (1970), Menezes, Figuei- redo (1980), and Menezes et al. (2003). Meek, Hildebrand (1925) found individual variation among Bairdiella populations, although they decided that these differences were not sufficient to justify the recognition of two distinct species of the genus in the western Atlantic., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Vazzoler AEAM. Ictiofauna da baia de Santos. Sciaenidae (Percoidea, Percomorphi). Bolm Inst Oceanogr S Paulo. 1970; 1918 (1): 11 - 26.","Roux C. 1973. Poissons continental bresilien. teleosteens du pla- teau Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Ca 1 ypso, X. Ann 1 s Inst. Oceanogr. Paris, 1973; 49: 23 - 207.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudes- te do Brasil, III. Teleostei (2). Sao Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia; 1980.","Camargo M, Isaac V. Os peixes estuarinos da regiao norte do Brasil: lista de especies e consideracoes sobre sua distribuicao geogra- fica. Bol Mus Para Emilio Goeldi: Zool. 2001; 17 (2): 133 - 57.","Casatti L, Menezes NA. Familia Sciaenidae. In: Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL, editors. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 2003. p. 86 - 89.","Chao LN. Sciaenidae. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Rome: FAO; 2003. p. 1583 - 1653. vol. 3, Bony fishes, pt. 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. (FAO species iden- tification guide for fishery purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication; No. 5).","Itagaki MK, Ohkawara MH, Dias JF, Katsuragawa M. Description of larvae and juveniles of Bairdiella ronchus (Sciaenidae: Teleostei) in southeastern Brazil. Sci Mar. 2007; 71 (2): 249 - 57.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catalogo das especies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo; 2003.","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707."]}

Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. (Figure 4a, Tables 4, 5) zoobank.org:act:561CDE1C-E23D-411E-BBCE-81E3B862BEB0 Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; fishes of North and Middle America; West Indies and along coast of Brazil).– Miranda Ribeiro, 1915: 432 (Fauna Brasiliense, listed; description, distribution).– Vazzoler, 1970: 14 (fish fauna, Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, listed; identification key; description).– Roux, 1973: 138 (Calypso ex- peditions; coast of South America; listed).– Chao 1978:39 (in part).– Figueiredo, Menezes, 1980: 59, fig. 98 (marine fishes from southeastern Brazil; description, distribution).– Camargo, Isaac 2001:142 (estuarine fishes from Pará, Brazil).– Casatti, Menezes, 2003: 86 (catalog of marine fish species of Brazil; listed).– Chao, 2003:1602 (in part). Holotype. MPEG 33641, 1, 154.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra, 13 Feb 2014, Alexandre Pires Mar- ceniuk, using gillnets (the same method used for all other type-specimens). Paratypes. MPEG 32860, 1, 146.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bra- gança, Furo da Ostra; MPEG 33653, 1, 164.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Jul 2014; MPEG 33654, 4, 158.0-176.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 10 Jul 2014; MPEG 34510, 2, 119.0-127.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 09 Jan 2016; MPEG 33627, 2, 114.0-116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 21 Jan 2014; MPEG 33628, 1, 117.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 18 Jan 2014; MPEG 33615, 1, 116.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 17 Aug 2013; AZUSC 4926, 9, 129.0-161.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Bragan- ça, Furo da Ostra; LBP 19376, 4, 139.0-178.0 mm SL (tissue 76171-76174), Brazil, Pará, Bragança, Furo da Ostra, 2014. Non-type specimens, MZUSP 68517, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, São Luís, rio Curuca; LBP 22205, 1 (tis- sue 84692), Brazil, Paraíba, Barra de Mamanguape; USNM 104265, 1, 111.0 mm SL, Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife; MPEG 1660, 1 (tissue 84204), Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Santo Anto- nio; USNM 43365, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia; MZUSP 68501, 3, 170.0-198.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu, Cachoeira; MZUSP 82209, 3, 98.0-157.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, between Valença and Itacaré; MZUSP 98958, 1, 143.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Comandatuba island; AZUSC 3957, 2, 162.0-174.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, rio do Meio, Gua- rujá, São Paulo; MZUSP 112337, 5, 90.0-170.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, rio Cubatão; MZUSP 2499, 1, 157.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos; AZUSC 4222, 3, 153.0-186.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, estuary channel; AZUSC 363, 2, 154.0-169.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, rio Dia- na; AZUSC 3260, 3, 136.0-171.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Santos, Caneu; AZUSC 2860, 2, 108.0-152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, rio Mariana; AZUSC 3103, 2, 100.0- 152.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, São Vicente, Mar Pequeno bridge; MZUSP 108213, 1, 127.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 108229, 1, 129.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Praia Grande; MZUSP 68514, 1, 131.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Itanhaém; MZUSP 58712, 1, 144.0 mm SL, Bra- zil, São Paulo, Peruíbe, rio Guaraú; AZUSC 3712, 2,150.0- 197.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Cananeia, estuary; MZUSP 46737, 1, 124.0 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo. Diagnosis. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. armata, which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50–55 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 48 or 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4a); from B. ensifera, whi- ch is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4a); from B. icistia, which is found be- tween the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 21-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5) and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4a); from B. ronchus, which is found in the Greater Caribbean Cen- tral Province, and B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having an orbital diameter greater than 8% SL (vs. less than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and the length of the caudal peduncle 1.6-2.3 times the orbital diameter, rarely more than 2.3 (vs. 2.4-3.8, Fig. 5b). Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is further distinguished from B. veraecrucis, which is found between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a larger head and shorter dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.7-2.4 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.8- 2.6 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). . Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. goeldi sp. nov. differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. ronchus, 19 bases from B. veraecrucis, and 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. ronchus, 0.039±0.008 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.180±0.018 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the 14 specimens of B. goeldi sp. nov. sequenced, whi- ch formed two distinct lineages: (1) the specimens from the Brazilian states of Pará, Paraiba, and Sergipe, and (2) the specimens from São Paulo state (Fig. 2). These lineages are differentiated by a genetic distance of 0.007±0.003 and two base pairs, at positions 295 and 409 (Tabs. 2, 3). Description: Morphometric and meristic data were em- ployed in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.21-24; A.II.8-10; P. 15-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 48- 55; scale rows above lateral line 8-10, below 9-12. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending until dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal peduncle, especially on larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long and high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with 3-5 rows, external row with 15-20 enlarged teeth, den- tary with 2-4 rows. Orbit lateral; eye round, very large, or- bital diameter greater than snout length. Interorbital space smaller than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid anteriorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sen- sory canal on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one central smal- ler, oval, and two pores on each side; small circular pore on anterior preopercle border. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 10-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Oper- cle tip angled, slightly posterior to vertical line that passes through pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preoper- cle, infraorbital (two ventral most rows) and interorbital re- gion in specimens larger than 150 mm SL; scales cycloid on infraorbital (anteriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and interobital, specially in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two series of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered by scales, cycloid scales to proximal third of fin present in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines III-V longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays slightly shorter than longest first dorsal spines. Pectoral fin falcate, relatively long, length approximately equal to second anal fin spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind verti- cal though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. ±Caudal peduncle depth about equal to eye length, 9.6-12.2 % SL; length 16.2-21.4% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Grayish above lateral line, silvery below lateral line, dark stripes slightly more evident in the fresh specimens, oblique above lateral line, but more or less parallel below lateral line. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blackish, basal portion of the anal and caudal fins yellowish. Pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish, but with some dark pigmentation. Distribution and habitat. Widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from at least the equatorial northern state of Pará to Santa Catarina. The southern limit of occurrence is apparently determined by the absence of mangrove forests in estuaries. The species is relatively rare in the northeastern coast of Brazil, but is abundant in estuarine waters on sandy or muddy bottoms on the northern and southeastern coasts of Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. This species has no commercial importan- ce in Brazil (as Bairdiella ronchus in Itagaki et al., 2007). It is incidentally caught as bycatch in bottom trawls, gillnets, and seines, as well as by cast nets in mangrove swamps. Etymology. Bairdiella goeldi sp. nov. is named in honor of the Goeldi Museum (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) in Belém, Pará (Brazil), that supported taxonomic research on the marine and estuarine fish of Brazil (APM), and the expe- ditions for the collection of specimens on the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Conservation status. Bairdiella goeldi is frequent and abundant. No specific threats were detected, and the spe- cies can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2016). Remarks. Günther (1860) recorded Corvina ronchus (= Bairdiella ronchus) from the Brazilian coast based on a sin- gle specimen from Bahia state, while Jordan, Eigenmann (1889) identified specimens from Rio de Janeiro state as Bairdiella ronchus. This classification was followed by Mi- randa-Ribeiro (1915), Vazzoler (1970), Menezes, Figuei- redo (1980), and Menezes et al. (2003). Meek, Hildebrand (1925) found individual variation among Bairdiella populations, although they decided that these differences were not sufficient to justify the recognition of two distinct species of the genus in the western Atlantic.

Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan & Dickerson, 1908 (Fig. 4d, Tables 4, 5) Sciaena ronchus Jordan, 1886:44 (United States; listed). Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan, Dickerson, 1908:16, fig. 1 (Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 61676. Paratypes: CAS–SU 20654). Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description; synonymy).– Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999:383 (fishes of Mexico; listed).– Nelson et al., 2004:146 (common names of fishes from the United States; listed).– McEachran, Fechhelm 2005:416 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; short description).– Page et al., 2013:151 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States; listed). Diagnosis. Bairdiella veraecruciscan be differentiated from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50-52 pored scales on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six) and by a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4d); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), caudal pe- duncle length 2.8-3.7 times the orbital diameter (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b), and a relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2- 1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.7-2.4, Fig. 5c), dorsal fin length and 1.2-1.5 times head depth (vs. 1.8-2.6, Fig. 5d); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or spots on the flanks (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4d); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by having 22-24 rays on the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 21-24 gill rakers on the first brachial arch (vs. 25-27, Tab. 4), and no dark spot at the base of pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at base of pectoral fins); from B. ronchus (WA), which is found in the Greater Caribbean Central Province, by its relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.6-2.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head depth (vs. 1.7-2.7, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. veraecrucis differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 19 bases from B. ronchus, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.039±0.008 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. ronchus, and 0.185±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rake- rs 21-24; pored lateral line scales 49-52; scale rows above lateral line 8-9, below 10-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile nearly straight, ascending until first dorsal fin origin, posteriorly slightly convex until caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight from pelvic fin to anal fin. Head relatively short, low. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with two rows, external row with about 40 larger teeth; dentary with two rows, external row with about 35 larger teeth. Orbit lateral; eye round and relatively small, orbital diameter smaller than snout length. Interorbital space slightly convex, covered with cycloid scales. Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one small, central, oval, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip angled, slightly posterior to ver- tical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base and predor- sal region, cycloid on opercle, preopercle, infraorbital and interorbital. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, second dorsal fin with a row of cycloid scales on proximal half of membranes; membranes of anal fin covered by a row of cycloid scales, except at distal third; pectoral fin base covered by cycloid scales; caudal fin base covered by a cluster of small cycloid sca- les, rows of cycloid scales on nearly two thirds of caudal fin rays. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, third spine longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin; ori- gin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral tip, with second dorsal soft ray about the same len- gth of longest first dorsal spine. Anal fin short, emarginated (more prominently in small specimens), first spine as long and slightly stouter than last spine of first dorsal, second anal spine very stout and longer than remaining spines, width ne- arly two thirds of pupil diameter. Pectoral fin long, falcate, almost reaching vent; pelvic fin origin behind vertical thou- gh pectoral fin base; first pelvic fin longest, reaching vent. ±Caudal peduncle depth slightly larger than eye diameter, 8.7-10.8% SL, length 20.0-21.9% SL; caudal fin slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Coloration. Grayish sections near the dorsal fin, but mostly silver above lateral line, silver below lateral line, tenuous bands of pigment on the flanks, oblique over lateral line and more or less parallel ventral to it. Distal portion of dorsal, anal and caudal fins black, pelvic fin yellowish and base of pectoral fin yellowish. Distribution and habitat. Northern Greater Caribbean Province, Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3). Material examined. CNPE 720, 1, 236 mm SL, Mexico, Tabasco, Laguna La Redonda; CNPE 2455, 1, 152 mm SL, Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Soto la Marina, Vista Hermosa; CNPE 1125, 1, 173 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; CNPE 4817, 3, 130- 168 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 4882, 2, 155- 176 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 11083, 2, 125- 130 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; USNM 61676, 1, 201 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Jordan, D. S (Holotype); USNM 62275, 1, 234 mm SL, Mexico, Tampico., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Jordan DS. List of fishes collected at Havana, Cuba, in December, 1883, with notes and descriptions. Proc U S Natl Mus. 1886; 9 (551): 31 - 55.","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Castro-Aguirre JL, Espinosa Perez H, Schmitter-Soto JJ. Ictiofauna estuarino-Lagunar y vicaria de Mexico. Mexico: IPN; Limusa; 1999. (Serie Biotechnologias).","Nelson JS, Crossman EJ, Espinosa Perez H, Findley LT, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Williams JD. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6 th ed. Maryland: American Fisheries Society; 2004. (Special Publication; 29).","Page LM, Espinosa-Perez H, Findley LD, Gilbert CR, Lea RN, Mandrak NE, Mayden RL, Nelson JS. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7 th ed. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society; 2013. (Special Publication; 34)."]}

Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier, 1830) (Fig. 4b, c, Tables 4, 5) Corvina ronchus Cuvier, 1830:107 (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Dominican Republic; Cuba; Suriname MNHN 0095 (1) Dominican Republic, MNHN 5345 (2) Suriname, MNHN 7634 (1, dry) Maracaibo, MNHN 7637 (1), MNHN A–5543 (1) Martinique.–Günther, 1860: 299 (Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum). Sciaena bedoti Regan, 1905:391, Pl. 6 (fig. 1) (Cuba. Syntypes: BMNH 1905.3.18.2 [ex MHNG] (1), MHNG 678.01 (1)). Bairdiella ronchus Poey, 1868: 324 (fishes of Cuba; synopsis).– Jordan, Eigenmann, 1889: 388 (review of sciaenids from America and Europe).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description and synonymy).– Meek, Hildebrand, 1925: 634– 635 (fishes of Panama; description; in part).– Mago-Leccia, 1965: 309 (rio Unare, Venezuela; listed).– Chao, 1978:39 (in part, redescription).– Cervigón, 1992: 398 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Cervigón, 1993:242 (in part, fishes of Venezuela; listed).– Greenfield, Thomerson, 1997:182 (fishes of Belize; listed).– González Bencomo et al., 1997:159 (fishes of Maracaibo, Venezuela; listed).– Aguilera, 1998:50 (fishes of Occidental Venezuela; listed).– Marín, 2000:75 (fishes of Unare Lagoon, Venezuela; short description).– Smith et al., 2003:37 (fishes of Pelican Cays, Belize; listed).– Matamoros et al., 2009:19 (fishes of Honduras; listed).– Angulo et al., 2013:1002 (checklist of fishes from Costa Rica). Diagnosis. Bairdiella ronchus is distinct from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of California and Co- lombia (EP), by the presence of 50-53 scales with pores on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5a); from B. chrysoura (WA), which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six), and a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4b,c); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), and orbital diameter 2.4-3.8 times the caudal peduncle length (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or dark spots on the body (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4b,c); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by the presence of 22-24 rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 22-24 gill rakers on the first bran- chial arch, rarely more than 24 (vs. 25-27, Tab. 5f), and the lack of a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins, Fig. 4b,c); from B. veraecrucis (WA), which occurs between Florida (US) and the northern Gulf of Mexico, by having a relatively larger head and dorsal fin relatively shorter (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.6-2.5 times in the head length (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.7-2.7 times in the head depth (vs. 1.2-1.5, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. ronchus differed by three bases from of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 17 bases from B. veraecrucis, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.018±0.005 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. veraecrucis, and 0.183±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I. 22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rakers 22-26; pored lateral line scales to caudal fin base 49-53±; scale rows above lateral line 8-9 (rarely 10), below 9-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile straight, ascending un- til dorsal fin origin, posteriorly convex until caudal pedun- cle, especially in larger specimens. Ventral profile flattened from pelvic fin to anal fin origin. Head relatively long, high. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth ter- minal, barely inclined; posteriorrmost tip of premaxillary bone passing vertical through middle of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with three or four rows, external row with enlar- ged teeth; dentary with one row. Orbit lateral, eyes round, moderately large, orbital diameter approximately equal to snout length. Interorbital space larger than orbital diameter, slightly convex, covered with ctenoid scales (cycloid ante- riorly). Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary, one central, triangular and subequal in size, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with about 12-15 spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip an- gled, slightly anterior to vertical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base, opercle, preopercle, infraorbital (ventral most two rows) and interorbital region, especially in spe- cimens larger than 150 mm SL; cycloid on infraorbital (an- teriorly), preorbital region below nostrils, opercle and inte- robital in specimens smaller than 150 mm SL. Lateral line simple, arched above the pectoral fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without sca- les, membranes of second dorsal fin and anal fin with one or two rows of 5-7 small cycloid scales. Base of pectoral fin covered with cycloid scales, extending to proximal third in largest specimens. Caudal fin base covered with a cluster of small cycloid scales, rows of cycloid scales on caudal-fin rays, nearly three quarters of their length. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, spines IV-V longest, with small notch between first and second dorsal fin. Origin of second dorsal fin posterior to vertical through pectoral fin tip, with second dorsal soft rays shorter than the longest first dorsal- -fin spines. Pectoral fin falcate and relatively short, its length approximately equal to the second anal spine length. Pelvic fin origin behind vertical though pectoral fin base. Anal fin emarginated, second anal-fin spine very stout and longer than remaining spines. Caudal peduncle depth slightly lar- ger than eye diameter, 10.4-11.9% SL, length 18.2-22.2% SL; caudal fin truncated to slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Color in alcohol. Dusky blue in the dorsal portion above lateral line and on the top of the head, silver below lateral line, with bands of pigments on the flanks, oblique at the top and more or less parallel below lateral line. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, pelvic fins are yellowish, and the pectoral fins are yellowish only at their bases. Distribution and habitat. Greater Caribbean Central Province, Central America, West Indies, Bermuda, and Vene- zuela (Fig. 3). Remarks. In a comprehensive review of the genus Bairdiella, Chao (1978), following previous authors, synony- mized Bairdiella armata Gill, 1863, Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875, Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883, Bairdiella veraecrucis, and Sciaena (Bairdiella) bedoti Regan, 1905 without examining the type specimens or listing the material examined. As result, B. ronchus was considered to be widely distributed in the western Atlantic, from North Carolina to southern Brazil (Cervigón, 1992; McEachran, Fechhelm, 2003, see comments on B. goeldi sp. nov., above). Here, Bairdiella ronchus is redefined based on morphologi- cal (Fig. 1) and molecular evidence (Fig. 2, Tabs. 2, 3), and its distribution is restricted to the Greater Caribbean Central Province, between Cuba and Venezuela. As Venezuela is one of the type localities of the species, MHNH 7634, collected from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is recognized as the lecto- type of the present designation. The recognition of Corvina fulgens Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883 as a junior synonym of B. ronchus by Chao (1978) is erroneous, given that Vaillant, Bocourt (1883) described C. fulgens based on two specimens collected at La Union, El Salvador, in the eastern Pacific, during a scientific expedition to Mexico and Central America. Furthermore, the original description of C. fulgens includes an error in the scale count (115/8/5 scales above, on and below the lateral line, respec- tively; Vaillant, Bocourt, 1883: p. 164). The authors provide the correct count (11/58/15) when subsequently comparing the new species to Corvina macrops Steindachner, 1876, commenting that “This species appears to be approaching the Corvina macrops, […] But the latter fish is higher […] Of the scales, in particular for the transverse line, also differs, 7/60/11 instead of 11/58/15” (p. 165). Further examination of the syntypes of C. fulgens (MNHH A-0975) revealed that they have 23 soft rays in the second dorsal fin, and less than 55 sca- les in the lateral line to the caudal fin base. C. fulgens is therefore regarded as a junior synonym of B. armata Gill, 1863. Corvina subaequalis Poey, 1875 was described from a 245 mm TL specimen collected in Cuba. The author in- dicated that this specimen was sent to the Berlin Museum (ZMB), but it was not cataloged and is presumably lost. The holotype of C. subaequalis was not illustrated, and the des- cription of this species is not accurate enough to differentiate it from several western Atlantic sciaenids. Despite those situations, Chao (1978) considered C. subaequalis to be a junior synonym of B. ronchus, without providing arguments for that decision. Some of the information in Poey’s des- cription is discrepant from the characteristics observed in specimens of B. ronchus, such as the presence of fine den- ticulations in the preopercle (p. 59) vs. moderately largely serrated in all specimens of Bairdiella we examined, and the presence of 25 soft rays in the dorsal fin (vs. 21-24 soft rays), which may be attributable to individual variation, ontogeny or differences in counting the last two conjoined dorsal and anal fin rays as one element or not. However, as images of the holotype of C. subaequalis are not available and the type specimen is probably lost, the exact affiliation of this taxon with B. ronchus cannot be ascertained. Therefore, C. subaequalis should be regarded as nomen dubium. Material examined. LBP 6080, 2, 135- 136 mm SL, Venezuela, Ilsa de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta, Isla de Margarita; LBP 6436, 2, 92-94 mm SL, Venezuela, Isla de Margarita, mouth of Rio Nova Esparta; USNM 4704, 1, 106 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 32090, 1, 209 mm SL, Cuba; USNM 44185, 1, 119 mm SL, Nicaragua, Greytown; USNM 81164, 1, 114 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80710, 1, 185 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Reef; USNM 80711, 1, 130 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 81165, 1, 109 mm SL, Panama, Mindi Cut; USNM 80708, 1, 151 mm SL, Panama, Colon market; USNM 81166, 1, 79 mm SL, Panama, Portobelo; USNM 81168, 2, 87-97 mm SL, Panama, Cristobal; USNM 114303, 1, 203 mm SL, Guatemala, Laguna Grande; USNM 121746, 2, 90-98 mm SL, Venezuela, Cano de Agua; USNM 133714, 2, 192- 241 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 178227, 2, 138- 168 mm SL, Haiti; USNM 300471, 3, 136- 160 mm SL, Belize, east of Dangriga; USNM 343624, 1, 100 mm SL, Cuba, Cayo Mendoza, Cuba., Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Molina, Eduardo Garcia, Caires, Rodrigo Antunes, Rotundo, Matheus Marcos, Wosiacki, Wolmar Benjamin & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revision of Bairdiella (Sciaenidae: Perciformes) from the western South Atlantic, with insights into its diversity and biogeography, pp. 1-18 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180024, http://zenodo.org/record/3649462, {"references":["Poey F. Synopsis piscium cubensium: Catalogo razonado de los peces de la isla de Cuba. Habana: Imprenta de la Viuda de Barcina y Compa; 1868.","Jordan DS, Eigenmann CH. A review of the Sciaenidae of America and Europe. Washington: The Bureau, U. S. Government print- ing office; 1889. (Annual report of the Commissioner of fish and fisheries; vol. 3).","Jordan DS, Evermann BW. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum; 1898. (Bulletin, United States National Museum; No. 47).","Meek SE, Hildebrand SF. The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series. 1925; 15 (226): 331 - 707.","Chao LN. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). U. S. Department of Commerce; 1978. (NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular; 415).","Cervigon F. Tiburones, peces batoideos y peces oseos. In: Cervigon F, Cipriani R, Fischer W, Garibaldi L, Henrickx M, Lemus AJ et al., editors. Guia de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aguas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur America. Rome: FAO; 1992. p. 163 - 456. (Fichas FAO de iden- tification de especies para los fines de la pesca).","Cervigon F. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Miranda: Fundacion Cientifica Los Roques; 1993.","Greenfield DW, Thomerson JE. Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. Gainesville: University of Florida Press; 1997.","Gonzalez Bencomo EJ, Borjas JA, Castillo EC. Ictiofauna del sec- tor San Carlos del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas. 1997; 31 (2): 151 - 79.","Aguilera OA. Los peces marinos del occidente de Venezuela. Acta Biol Venez. 1998; 18 (3): 43 - 57.","Marin G. Ichthyofauna and fisheries of the Unare Lagoon, Estado Anzoategui, Venezuela. 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Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan & Dickerson, 1908 (Fig. 4d, Tables 4, 5) Sciaena ronchus Jordan, 1886:44 (United States; listed). Bairdiella veraecrucis Jordan, Dickerson, 1908:16, fig. 1 (Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 61676. Paratypes: CAS–SU 20654). Bairdiella ronchus (not of Cuvier, 1830).– Jordan, Evermann, 1898: 1436 (in part; description; synonymy).– Castro-Aguirre et al., 1999:383 (fishes of Mexico; listed).– Nelson et al., 2004:146 (common names of fishes from the United States; listed).– McEachran, Fechhelm 2005:416 (fishes of the Gulf of Mexico; short description).– Page et al., 2013:151 (common and scientific names of fishes from the United States; listed). Diagnosis. Bairdiella veraecruciscan be differentiated from B. armata (EP), which occurs between the Gulf of Califor- nia and Colombia (EP), by having 50-52 pored scales on the lateral line, rarely 49 (vs. 46-49, Tab. 5); from B. chrysoura, which is found between Cape Cod (US) and the western Gulf of Mexico, by the presence of five pores on the chin (vs. six) and by a very robust second anal-fin spine, as long as the first anal-fin ray (vs. thin second anal-fin spine, shorter than first anal-fin ray, Fig. 4d); from B. goeldi sp. nov., which is found on the Brazilian coast, by having an orbital diameter less than 8% SL (vs. more than 8% SL, Fig. 5a), caudal pe- duncle length 2.8-3.7 times the orbital diameter (vs. 1.6-2.3, rarely more than 2.3, Fig. 5b), and a relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2- 1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.7-2.4, Fig. 5c), dorsal fin length and 1.2-1.5 times head depth (vs. 1.8-2.6, Fig. 5d); from B. ensifera (EP), which is found between Mexico and Peru (EP), by having wavy stripes or spots on the flanks (vs. body silvery without stripes or spots, Fig. 4d); from B. icistia (EP), which is found between the Gulf of California and Guatemala (EP), by having 22-24 rays on the dorsal fin (vs. 25-29, Tab. 5d), 21-24 gill rakers on the first brachial arch (vs. 25-27, Tab. 4), and no dark spot at the base of pectoral fins (vs. with dark spot at base of pectoral fins); from B. ronchus (WA), which is found in the Greater Caribbean Central Province, by its relatively smaller head and longer dorsal fin (Tab. 4), with dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head length (vs. 1.6-2.5, Fig. 5c), and dorsal fin length 1.2-1.5 times the head depth (vs. 1.7-2.7, Fig. 5d). Molecular diagnosis. The haplotypes of B. veraecrucis differed by four bases from those of all the other Atlantic species analyzed, by nine bases from B. goeldi sp. nov., by 19 bases from B. ronchus, and by 97 bases from B. chrysoura (Tab. 3), with genetic distances of 0.039±0.008 from B. goeldi sp. nov., 0.030±0.007 from B. ronchus, and 0.185±0.019 from B. chrysoura (Tab. 2). Description. Morphometric and meristic data are presen- ted in Tabs. 4, 5. D. X +I.22-24; A.II.8; P. 16-18; gill rake- rs 21-24; pored lateral line scales 49-52; scale rows above lateral line 8-9, below 10-11. Body moderately long and compressed, maximum depth at origin of dorsal fin. Dorsal profile nearly straight, ascending until first dorsal fin origin, posteriorly slightly convex until caudal peduncle. Ventral profile straight from pelvic fin to anal fin. Head relatively short, low. Snout blunt in lateral view, dorsal profile naked. Mouth nearly terminal, oblique in lateral view; posterior tip of premaxilla reaching vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Teeth conical, premaxilla with two rows, external row with about 40 larger teeth; dentary with two rows, external row with about 35 larger teeth. Orbit lateral; eye round and relatively small, orbital diameter smaller than snout length. Interorbital space slightly convex, covered with cycloid scales. Nostrils visible with naked eye, anterior nostril oval, posterior nostril larger and teardrop like, close to anterior eye margin, over or nearly above horizontal line through middle of orbit. Lateral sensory canals on head visible on infraorbital, dentary and preopercle; five ventral pores on dentary tip, one small, central, oval, and two pores on each side. Preopercle margin serrated, with spines, two or three at angle largest. Opercle tip angled, slightly posterior to ver- tical through pectoral fin base. Gill rakers well developed. Scales ctenoid on trunk, belly, pectoral fin base and predor- sal region, cycloid on opercle, preopercle, infraorbital and interorbital. Lateral line simple, slightly arched below first dorsal fin to middle of second dorsal fin, straight elsewhere. First dorsal fin without scales, second dorsal fin with a row of cycloid scales on proximal half of membranes; membranes of anal fin covered by a row of cycloid scales, except at distal third; pectoral fin base covered by cycloid scales; caudal fin base covered by a cluster of small cycloid sca- les, rows of cycloid scales on nearly two thirds of caudal fin rays. Spinous dorsal fin short, first spine shortest, third spine longest; small notch between first and second dorsal fin; ori- gin of second dorsal fin slightly in front of vertical through pectoral tip, with second dorsal soft ray about the same len- gth of longest first dorsal spine. Anal fin short, emarginated (more prominently in small specimens), first spine as long and slightly stouter than last spine of first dorsal, second anal spine very stout and longer than remaining spines, width ne- arly two thirds of pupil diameter. Pectoral fin long, falcate, almost reaching vent; pelvic fin origin behind vertical thou- gh pectoral fin base; first pelvic fin longest, reaching vent. ±Caudal peduncle depth slightly larger than eye diameter, 8.7-10.8% SL, length 20.0-21.9% SL; caudal fin slightly rhomboidal, central rays longest. Coloration. Grayish sections near the dorsal fin, but mostly silver above lateral line, silver below lateral line, tenuous bands of pigment on the flanks, oblique over lateral line and more or less parallel ventral to it. Distal portion of dorsal, anal and caudal fins black, pelvic fin yellowish and base of pectoral fin yellowish. Distribution and habitat. Northern Greater Caribbean Province, Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3). Material examined. CNPE 720, 1, 236 mm SL, Mexico, Tabasco, Laguna La Redonda; CNPE 2455, 1, 152 mm SL, Mexico, Tamaulipas, Rio Soto la Marina, Vista Hermosa; CNPE 1125, 1, 173 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; CNPE 4817, 3, 130- 168 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 4882, 2, 155- 176 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tampamachoco; CNPE 11083, 2, 125- 130 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz de Ignacio, Laguna de Tamiahua; USNM 61676, 1, 201 mm SL, Mexico, Veracruz, Jordan, D. S (Holotype); USNM 62275, 1, 234 mm SL, Mexico, Tampico.