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Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a severely increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Numerous structural and functional alterations of the cardiovascular system, e.g. endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and remodeling of the vessel wall with hyperplasia and calcification occur early in the course of CKD and contribute to the overt risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sudden cardiac death. Aims and objectives: The basic aim of the study is to analyze the oxidative stress as a marker of cardiovascular risk in children on regular hemodialysis. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Ameer ud din Medical College during 2019. There were 40 children who was selected for this study. At the time of the study, all the patients were on regular three HD sessions per week; each time for 3–4 h for more than 3 months with polysulfone dialyzing membranes, after creatinine clearance had fallen below 8–12 mL/min and/or pharmacological treatment and diet had proved inadequate to control clinical symptoms. Results: We collected all the demographic data of patients. At before-dialysis session, duration of disease positively correlated with HIP-1α (r = 0.677,PP< 0.001); VEGF positively correlated with each of pyruvate (r = 0.316,PPPP&nbsp

Objective: To evaluate capacity of hypoxemia in defendants consuming latent-diabetes in Pakistan, including epidemiologic evidence and statistics classifying with the use of communal sanctuary possessions and expenses, and victim personal gratification. Methods: Our existing exploration was accompanied at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. A cautious calligraphy corroboration (SLR) persisted conducted to categorize exclusive statistics reserved for investigation of sickness diffusion, HRU and costs, and in accumulation to QoL connected to hypoxemia in victims by latent-diabetes in Pakistan, disseminated in Pakistani or English, in January 2018 to December 2019. Results: Eighteen exploration researches, comprising 18 reviews, were predictable in LRS and designated for evaluation. The evaluated proportion of cases of dangerous hypoxaemia by conception each year amplified from 0.95 to 2.53 in victims having DM type-1 and from 0.33 to 0.66 in cases by type-2 DM. Information on HRU is highly analogized from one assumed to the succeeding, production this hard to conclude. Total expenses per HS event extended from €410.96 in victims with T2DM to €714.15 in defendants devouring DM. Work nonattendance was accounted for in 12.83-19.0% of laboring defendants. Additionally, victims who practiced hypoglycemic incidents stated superior anxiety and lesser excellence of life than these who did not explosion such occurrences. Conclusion: Unfluctuating though evidence reserved for LRS was hard to assimilate as of the diversity of examination structures and victim characteristics across the 18 surveys, our survey recognized a high increment connected to hypoglycemic events in HRU and expenses, and victim eminence of life. Additional investigation is authorized to influence covenant on the explanation of hypoxaemia and the investigation development to proposal powerful suggestion on consignment of hypoxaemia and to exactly extent consequence of the existing penetrating predicament in Pakistan. Keywords: Commensal investigation; Hypoxaemia; Pakistan; Systematic literature assessment; DM.

Aims: The danger of incident drop (assumption or abstraction) in victims by or deprived of hypertension concentrating on other concurrent situations, the use of antidiabetic sedatives, and DM period. Methods: The appraisal sample extent comprised newly examined diabetic victims (≥45 years). Our present investigation was led at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore among December 2016 and November 2018 and a random sample of general persons synchronized for age, masculinity, overall preparation, and year of DM examination. We evaluated the charges of incidence (OR) of cascades and led a case-control study in hypertension companion to examine conceivable hazard features for cataracts. Results: The entire of 56,510 diabetic victims were evoked for the review. The IRs of the drop were 21.6 (96.0% CI 20.90-21.80) per 1,000 man-years (py) in diabetic victims and 11.90 (96.0% CI 11.7-12.4) per 1,000 py in the comprehensive public. The IRs cultivated remarkably by age 83 years and consistent macular dropsy was detected. The quantity of the occurrence degree (TFI) was maximum distinguished in victims in the 46-55 age group. In the skillful case-control study, we documented 5900 victims with cataract. The risk of cataract amplified with rising term of DM (adj. or 6.16, 96% CI 5.17-7.32 diabetes for ≥11 years against DM less than 3 years). Conclusion: Interpretation to the present inspection, diabetes is connected over a degree of cataract detection that is about double as reckless. The risk of cascades connected through diabetes is developed at an earlier age. Victims finished DM macular dropsy are at enflamed risk of cascades, as are cases with long-lasting DM.

Every human body contains a personalized set of foreign inhabitants essential to maintaining health, yet also capable of eliciting disease. The totality of these microorganisms, their genomes and ecosystems encompasses the microbiome. The basic aim of the study is to find the role of oral microbiome in health and disease. As the correlation between the human microbiome and health becomes more evident, microbiome research is becoming central to the advancement of disease diagnostics and therapeutics as well as the development of personalized medicine. There are several ways to sequence a metagenome or segments of a metagenome, each technique serving a unique purpose. The most common techniques include 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, pyrosequencing, and shotgun sequencing.The bacterial flora in a healthy oral cavityvsa diseased one is distinctly different, suggesting there may be a profile for a core oral microbiome of health. According to various studies, identical bacterial sequences have been discovered in the oral cavities of unrelated healthy individuals.&nbsp

Introduction: In Pakistan more people die of liver disease due to chronic hepatitis every day than terrorism in a year. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the frequency of low serum ferritin level in patients of decompensated chronic liver disease. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in DHQ hospital, DG khan during June 2019 to March 2020. The data was collected from 100 patients. All adult and middle age 20-60 years patients of both genders, diagnosed case of chronic liver disease (previously or recently diagnosed having features of decompensated disease) were included in the study. After clinical examination, the diagnosis of chronic liver disease was made. After taking all aseptic measures blood was taken and stored in a serum bottle. Results: The data was collected from 100 patients. Mean age (years) in the study was 53.74+8.66 with ranges from 20 to 60 years. Distribution of gender of patient was also calculated in terms of frequency and percentage of male and female patients. There were 03 (1.8) patients have low serum ferritin level (< 20 ng/ml) and decompensated chronic live disease secondary to hepatitis C virus infection. Similarly, descriptive statistics of serum ferritin (ng/ml) of patient was also calculated in terms of mean and standard deviation. Mean serum ferritin level in the study was 200.33+196.97. Conclusion: It is concluded that elevated serum ferritin worsened liver injury. Hence it represents early marker for the severity of chronic liver disease, related both to the degree of liver fibrosis and to the inflammatory activity.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been emerging as a major healthcare problem in Pakistan with 7.0 million people suffering from it and the number of diabetic patients is estimated to rise to a staggering figure of 14.4 million by the year 2040 making Pakistan the 8thhighest country in the world in terms of burden of diabetic patients. Aims and Objectives: The basic aim of the study is to find the association between insulin resistance and measurement of physical activity in older adults without diabetes mellitus. Methodology of the study: The study was conducted at Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur during March 2019 to January 2020. The data was collected from 100 diabetic patients who was suffering from diabetes from last one year. After approval by the hospital ethical review committee, informed written consent was taken from the patients prior to inclusion in the study.Patients from both genders, age range 35 to 65 was selected for this study. Results: The demographic values shows that there is a significant relation between diabetes and hyperlipidemia in a local population of Pakistan. The value of HbA1C is 5.77 ± 0.50 in diabetic patients as compared to normal group. Conclusion: In our study, strong positive correlation was found between serum TC, TG, LDL-C with both BSF and HbA1c, while HDL-C showed weak negative correlation with both BSF and HbA1c. Serum cholesterol, LDL-C and TG levels were significantly elevated and serum HDL-C level was decreased in patients with diabetes.