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Background: Awareness is important for proper self-management and is the foundation of diabetes treatment. Children and adolescents living with diabetes must have sufficient knowledge of diabetes. Aim: This study aimed to assessing knowledge of children and adolescents regard to diabetes and assess the relationship between knowledge and glycemic control in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents in Taif diabetic center, KSA. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study. The study included children and adolescents attending a diabetic center in Taif, KSA. Questionnaire was used to collect data with help from parents and medical files. Knowledge was assessed using Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test revised true/false version. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. Results: The study included 232 children and adolescents, of whom 54.7% were females. Of all, 86.9% had T1DM. Over half the participants had a positive family history of diabetes (53.9%), and used insulin 1 to 3 times a day (52.2%). Over half of the participants (57.8%) had poor knowledge levels, and 39.7%, and 2.6%, had good and excellent knowledge levels, respectively. Sex significantly associated with diabetes knowledge (P=0.026), as more females (47.2%) had good knowledge than males (30.5%). Maternal education (P=0.018) as well as family income (P=0.001) were significantly associated with knowledge level among participants. Being diagnosed in the last one year only was associated with poorer knowledge than earlier diagnoses (P=0.005). Similarly, more frequent daily insulin use was associated with higher rates of good knowledge (P=0.000). Measuring blood glucose at home was also associated with higher rates of good knowledge (P=0.025), and excellent glycemic control was associated with higher rates of excellent knowledge among participants (P=0.001). Conclusion: The study found positive associations between diabetic knowledge and sociodemographic factors, time of diagnosis, as well as better glycemic control. We recommend further educational emphases for this age group as it is likely to be associated with better prognosis and less complications.

Background: Heart failure, mainly systolic dysfunction, has been studied as a determining factor in the prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). However, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) has not been well studied in this regard. Methods: A total of 516 patients were diagnosed with acute PE from January 2013 to December 2016. Both hemodynamically stable and unstable patients (i.e. massive PE) who underwent echocardiography within two months of diagnosis were included. Of these, 161 patients were finally included in the study. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of LVDD in patients with acute PE and its influences on in-hospital mortality or poor clinical outcomes. Results: Of 161 patients, 35 patients died during hospitalization (mortality rate 21.7%). Among 73 patients without left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, 14 died (mortality rate 19.2%). Among 88 patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, 21 died (mortality rate 23.9%). The odds ratio of mortality in these patients was 1.321 (0.617 to 2.828), with 95% confidence intervals (P = 0.473). Conclusions: In patients with acute PE, LVDD identified by echocardiography was associated with higher in-hospital mortality rates (23.9 compared with 19.2 for those without LVDD), although this effect was not statistically significant. Additional studies with a larger sample size are required to fully clarify the prognostic effects of LVDD on patients with acute PE. Keywords: pulmonary embolism, heart failure, diastolic dysfunction, prevalence, mortality.

Introduction: Over 20,000,000 patients undergo scrotal hernia repair surgery every year, making it the most prevalent surgical repair. Through advancement in surgical techniques, repair is almost always successful, with a rate of recurrence that is less than 11%, and very few long-term complications, such as post-operative chronic pain, are reported. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through March 2017. The following search terms were used: scrotal hernias, scrotal swellings, prevalence of hernias, hernia repair, hernia surgery in complicated cases, emergent hernia surgery Aim: Our aim in this study is to understand the recent international guidelines on the best surgical approaches to patients with scrotal hernia, along with outcomes and quality of life following each type of intervention. Conclusion: Besides being fairly successful, the surgeries are followed by a relatively large number of recurrence. Several studies has been conducted which show that mesh-based, minimally invasive surgical repair techniques, are associated with the best outcomes, better quality of life, and lower rates of recurrence and postoperative complications. Keywords: scrotal hernias, scrotal swellings, prevalence of hernias, hernia repair, hernia surgery in complicated cases, emergent hernia surgery