1. What Is Behind the Fluctuations in Seniors' Poverty Rates in Canada from 1976-2019?
- Author
-
Sibal, Priyanka and Raphael, Dennis
- Subjects
Retirement benefits ,Poverty -- Ontario -- Canada ,Aged ,Personal finance ,Employers ,Income distribution ,Pensions ,Government ,Social sciences ,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Abstract
In this article we consider the factors driving variations in poverty rates among Canadian seniors from 1976-2019. Using the international poverty line which is defined as living with less than 50 percent of national median income--measured in Canada through the Low-income measure after tax (LIM-AT)--senior poverty rates declined from 1980 to the mid-1990s but have since increased. Yet according to the Canadian government's official poverty indicator, the Market Basket Measure (MBM), senior poverty rates remain very low. We investigate these differences in poverty rates over time and consider the implications for seniors' health and well-being. We find that increasing LIM-AT poverty rates are being driven by growing income inequalities among seniors resulting from differential access to Canada's pension plan, employer-sponsored and private pension plans as well as growing income inequalities between seniors and the working-age population. The MBM is not sensitive to these growing inequalities. We consider these findings within a political economy lens that places Canada's undeveloped public pension system within the liberal welfare state's preference for the private rather than public provision of economic resources. We conclude with recommendations for research and action to ensure Canada's growing senior population is provided with the conditions and means necessary for health and well-being. Keywords: senior poverty, income inequality, retirement income, Low-income measure, Market Basket Measure, political economy Dans cet article, nous examinons les facteurs a l'origine des variations des taux de pauvrete chez les aines canadiens de 1976 a 2019. En utilisant le seuil de pauvrete international (defini comme vivant avec moins de 50 pour cent du revenu median national) mesure au Canada par la mesure de faible revenu apres impot (MFR-ApI), nous notons que les taux de pauvrete des personnes agees ont diminue de 1980 jusqu'au milieu des annees 1990, mais ont augmente depuis. Pourtant, selon l'indicateur officiel de la pauvrete du gouvernement canadien, soit la mesure fondee sur un panier de consommation (MPC), les taux de pauvrete des personnes agees demeurent tres faibles. Nous etudions ces differences dans les taux de pauvrete au fil du temps et examinons les implications pour la sante et le bien-etre des personnes agees. Nous constatons que l'augmentation des taux de pauvrete de la MFR-ApI est dictee par les inegalites de revenu croissantes parmi les personnes agees resultant de l'acces differentiel au Regime de pensions du Canada, aux regimes de pensions d'employeur et aux regimes de pensions prives ainsi que par les inegalites de revenu croissantes entre les personnes agees et la population en age de travailler. La MPC n'est pas sensible a ces inegalites croissantes. Nous examinons ces resultats quant au systeme de retraite public sous-developpe du Canada dans une optique d'economie politique ou l'Etat-providence liberal favorise l'approvisionnement des ressources economiques privees plutot que les ressources economiques publiques. Nous procurons aussi des recommandations de recherche et d'action pour nous assurer que la population agee croissante du Canada beneficie des conditions et des moyens necessaires a la sante et au bien-etre. Mots-cles : pauvrete des personnes agees, inegalite des revenus, revenu de retraite, mesure de faible revenu, mesure fondee sur un panier de consommation, economie politique, Introduction Using the international poverty line which is defined as living with less than 50 percent of national median income--measured in Canada through the Low-income measure after tax (LIM-AT)--poverty rates [...]
- Published
- 2022