Search

The environmental problem has become a worldwide issue that must be frequently examined. Thus, this study investigates the relation of tourism, natural resources, globalization, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint of the USA, the UK, Pakistan, China, and India by using annual data from 1995 to 2020. The study applied Zivot and Andrews (1992) test to demonstrate the stationarity properties of the series, and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was employed to estimate the long-run and short-run dynamics. The long-run findings disclose that tourism has a significantly positive effect on China and Pakistan, but a significantly negative impact on India. The outcomes further suggest that foreign direct investment increases environmental degradation in India and China in both long and short periods, but contributes to improving the UK's ecosystem. Besides, globalization in China tends to save its environment. Natural resources in the long run also harm the ecosystems of Pakistan, China, and the USA. The error correction term is negatively significant for all countries. The reliability of the model is investigated through diagnostic tests. The selected model is stable as the critical value of CUSUM and CUSUMSQ lie within the 5% significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the bank specific determinants related to the performance of public and private sector banks in Pakistan. Using strongly balanced panel yearly data from 2010 to 2017, Pooled OLS, fixed effect, Random effect and Random Effect Mundlak Transformation (REMT) have been utilized to provide the empirical evidences in credit risk management in Pakistan. The identification of suitable explanatory variable that explains the banking profitability wisely is made possible by using the panel data techniques. In this study, impact of bank specific variables are: Return On Assets, Capital Ratio, Credit Risk, Credit deposit ratio, Liquidity Ratio, Interest expended to interest earned, bank size and ownership on the profitability of banks in Pakistan has been assessed using four different panel data techniques. Out of the four estimation strategies Random Effect with Mundlak (1978) transformation raises the overall variation of the baseline model to 63% that is explained by banking profitability. Ignoring the time-invariant characteristics in the model, credit deposit ratio and interest expanded to interest earned possess negative relationship with return on assets of banks. Size of the bank is positive and significant when with-in and between banks information is augmented in Radom effect method of estimation. However the size of banks may not affect the banking profitability by allowing correlation between unobservable heterogeneity using Random Effect with Mundlak (1978) transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]