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In 2011 the Groot Woordenboek Afrikaans en Nederlands (Large Dictionary Afrikaans and Dutch), commonly known as ANNA, appeared. Contrary to so-called difference dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries of narrowly related languages which describe only differences between the two languages, ANNA describes both differences and similarities between Afrikaans and Dutch, not only on the semantic level but on the combinatorial and pragmatic level as well. In this sense ANNA is a unique project, based on an original amalgamation model. In this article first some background information will be given about the ANNA project and its results, followed by a presentation of the underlying model and an evaluation of it.

An evaluation of Pharos Aanleerderwoordeboek vir skole/Learner's Dictionary for Schools and Longman-HAT Afrikaans Dictionary and Grammar for English Speakers in an Afrikaans language learning course at university level. Research shows that a well-chosen dictionary is the next best resource after the facilitator to enhance the language learning process. There are currently no monolingual or bilingual learner's dictionaries specifically targeting foreign learners who are learning Afrikaans at a tertiary level. Educators and facilitators must thus compensate by prescribing learner's dictionaries such as Pharos's Aanleerderwoordeboek vir skole/Learner's Dictionary for Schools and Longman-HAT's Afrikaans Dictionary and Grammar for English Speakers for these learners. In this article these two dictionaries are being evaluated empirically and qualitatively to determine if there is a need for the composition of a learner's dictionary which specifically targets foreign learners learning Afrikaans at a university level. These specific two learner's dictionaries are being evaluated because they are prescribed for foreign students respectively at, the University of Stellenbosch and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. The degree to which a certain dictionary succeeds in satisfying the lexicographical needs of a specific target group does not only depend on the lexicographer, but also on the target group itself. The current dictionary culture in South Africa is brought to light through reviewing the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS), which is currently being followed in the South African school system. On this basis, suggestions are made for formal dictionary education at tertiary level which includes general and specific dictionary education.

Equivalent Relations in Bilingual Dictionaries: Implications for the Database of an Electronic Bilingual Dictionary of South African Sign Language and Afrikaans. This article is an extract from a more comprehensive theoretical framework in which a concept model for an electronic bilingual foundation phase dictionary of South African Sign Language and Afrikaans is suggested, specifically for the De la Bat School for the Deaf in Worcester, South Africa (Fourie 2013). The purpose of the proposed dictionary is to give the learners of the De la Bat School electronic access to written school word lists, with signs and examples in sign language displayed in video format — therefore in the form of an electronic dictionary. A written word list does not meet the needs of school learners in this case and a dictionary that is designed for the Deaf target users at the school will be of far greater value in the learners' communication in both sign language and the written language. Certain components of the model can in fact also be implemented by users other than the original target users, so that it may also be of use to the broader Deaf community. This article investigates the typical equivalent relations in bilingual dictionaries and on that basis the core of the article makes suggestions about how the lexicographer could treat equivalent relations between sign language and Afrikaans in the proposed dictionary.

Outer Texts in an Electronic Sign Language Dictionary.The suggestions made in this article about outer texts in an electronic sign language dictionary serve as part of a complete concept model suggested specifically for the De la Bat School for the Deaf in Worcester, South Africa (Fourie 2013). The purpose of the proposed dictionary is to give the learners of the De la Bat School electronic access to written school word lists, with signs and examples in sign language displayed in video format — therefore in the form of an electronic dictionary. A written word list does not meet the needs of school learners in this case and a dictionary that is designed for the Deaf target users at the school will be of far greater value in the learners' communication in both sign language and the written language.The article discusses data distribution and the use of a frame structure, the use of outer texts and also supplies examples of outer texts in existing sign language dictionaries, whether electronic or not. Following that suggestions for outer texts in the context of the model are made with illustrating examples.

Lexicography's identity crisis leads to a shift towards electronic lexicographic tools. The rise of mobile phone and smartphone usage in South Africa also creates the opportunity for lexicographers to exploit a new market. This article looks at the current state of Afrikaans mobile dictionaries as an opportunity to delve into this market. The electronic WAT is analysed by primarily applying the function theory to show where user needs must be addressed. This leads to a model for improvement of this and possibly all other mobile dictionaries in South Africa.

A Critical Examination of Dictionaries with Amalgamated Lem­ma­lists. The recently published Groot Woordeboek (Afrikaans en Nederlands), also known as ANNA, is the first dictionary with an amalgamated lemmalist based on the model of Martin and Gouws (2000). ANNA also paves the way for a similar approach for other closely related languages such as the Sotho languages and the Nguni languages of South Africa. The advantages and dis­advan­tages of five aspects namely (a) comparison and contrast, (b) user-friendliness, (c) space saving, (d) ordering of senses and (e) provision of a separate grammatical compendium are criti­cally evalu­ated. The principles of amalgamation, the relevant lemma types, as well as certain char­ac­teristics of the model are briefly discussed beforehand.

In addition to the act of translation, transculturalisation and strategies of textuality come into play as interacting factors in the compilation of interlingual dictionaries. In this article, some conclusions resulting from a comparative survey of some South African dictionaries are drawn, specifically with regard to bi- and trilingual dictionaries in which Afrikaans, English, Japanese, Xhosa and Zulu combine as macrostructural components. After relating the act of translating in the various dictionaries to equivalence-based and descriptive theories of translation, the phenomenon of cultural transposition between lemma and translation equivalent is investigated. Starting with a brief characterisation of the dictionaries, the different perspectives and cultural biases vis-à-vis the "other" culture as reflected in the selection of lemmas and editorial examples are highlighted. In situating each instance of lexicographical contact, certain text linguistic principles are considered and applied to dictionary articles as units of discourse.Keywords: acceptability; afrikaans; associative meanings; cultural studies; english; informativity; intentionality; interlingual dictionaries; japanese; labelling; lexicography; macrostructural selection; offensive items; ostensive addressing; principles of textuality; text linguistics; translation; xhosa; zuluBenewens die handeling van vertaling, tree transkulturalisasie en strategieë van tekstualiteit as interaktiewe faktore op by die saamstel van intertalige woordeboeke. In hierdie artikel word enkele gevolgtrekkings gemaak as uitvloeisel van 'n oorsig oor sommige Suid-Afrikaanse woordeboeke, meer bepaald twee‑ en drietalige woordeboeke waarin Afrikaans, Engels, Japannees, Xhosa en Zulu as makrostrukturele komponente gekombineer word. Nadat die handeling van vertaling in die betrokke woordeboeke met ekwivalensie-gebaseerde en deskriptiewe teorieë van vertaling in verband gebring word, word die verskynsel van kulturele oordrag tussen lemma en vertaalekwivalent ondersoek. Eers word 'n kort karakterisering van die betrokke woordeboeke gegee, en dan word die onderskeie perspektiewe en kulturele vooroordele ten opsigte van die "ander" kultuur soos weerspieël in die keuse van lemmas en redaksionele voorbeeldsinne belig. By die situering van elke geval van leksikografiese kontak word bepaalde tekslinguistiese beginsels oorweeg en toegepas op woordeboekartikels as eenhede van diskoers.Sleutelwoorde: aanstootlike items; aanvaarbaarheid; afrikaans; assosiatiewe betekenisse; beginsels van tekstualiteit; engels; etikettering; informatiwiteit; intensionaliteit; intertalige woordeboeke; japannees; kulturele studies; leksikografie; makrostrukturele seleksie; ostensiewe adressering; tekslinguistiek; vertaling; xhosa; zulu

Abstract: Languages are not static systems. They develop and change, add new items while others become outdated. These changes can be clearly observed in the lexicon especially. No language can afford to ignore or neglect foreign influence. Due to globalisation, especially English gains more and more influence on other (also European) languages. In developing countries, the languages of the former colonisers also still have an enormous impact on the indigenous languages. Some of these nations are slowly heading towards endogenous language policies which demands the modernisation of the technical vocabulary. This is however a costly and time-consuming process. In this regard language planners often prefer borrowing from foreign sources as a quick and therefore cheap method. The first part of this paper deals with the discussion amongst linguists, sociolinguists and lexicographers about the extent to which foreign words should be allowed in an indigenous language. The second part looks at the example of isiXhosa, one of South Africa's eleven official languages, which is strongly influenced by foreign words, especially English and Afrikaans, and shows problems and methods of the integration of foreign words into the isiXhosa grammatical structure.Keywords: FOREIGN WORDS, ISIXHOSA, ENGLISH, AFRIKAANS, BAHASA INDONESIA, RUSSIAN, ESTONIAN, GERMAN, LANGUAGE POLICY, LANGUAGE PURISM, LSP, MORPHOLOGY, SEMANTICS, PHONOLOGYZusammenfassung: Fremdwörter als Problem in der Standardisierung/Lexikographie: Englische und afrikaanse Lehnwörter in isiXhosa. Sprachen sindkeine statischen Systeme. Sie entwickeln und verändern sich, fügen neue Bestandteile hinzu,während andere veralten. Diese Vorgänge lassen sich besonders deutlich im Lexikon einer Sprachebeobachten. Keine Sprache kann es sich leisten fremde Einflüsse zu ignorieren oder zurückzuweisen.Aufgrund von Globalisation gewinnt vor allem das Englisch immer mehr Einfluss aufandere (auch europäische) Sprachen. Aber auch in Entwicklungsländern beeinflüssen die Sprachender früheren Kolonisatoren die einheimischen Sprachen überaus viel. Einige dieser Nationen bewegensich nach und nach in Richtung einer endogenen Sprachpolitik, was die Modernisierung des technischen Vokabulars dringend nötig macht. Dies is jedoch ein kosten- und zeitaufwendigesUnterfangen. Daher bevorzugen Sprachplaner oftmals die relativ schnelle und somit billige Methodeder Entlehnung aus fremden Sprachen.Der erste Teil dieses Aufsatzes behandelt die Diskussion unter Linguisten, Soziolinguistenund Lexikographen, zu welchem Anteil Fremdwörter in einer einheimischen Sprache aufgenommenwerden sollten. Der zweite Teil betrachtet das Beispiel des isiXhosa, eine von Südafrikas elfoffiziellen Sprachen und stark von Fremdwörtern, besonders Englisch und Afrikaans, beeinflusstund zeigt Probleme und Methoden der Integration von Fremdwörtern in die grammatische Strukturdes isiXhosa.Stichwörter: FREMDWÖRTER, ISIXHOSA, ENGLISCH, AFRIKAANS, BAHASA INDONESIA,RUSSISCH, ESTONISCH, DEUTSCH, SPRACHPOLITIK, SPRACHPURISMUS, FACHSPRACHEN,MORPHOLOGIE, SEMANTIK, PHONOLOGIE

Abstract: At eighteen, Lexikos became a major player in the field of linguistics, by being awarded an Im-pact Factor. This article presents a double analysis of the foundation that led to this success. On the one hand a thorough statistical study is undertaken with regard to all contributors and their contributions to Lexikos. To this end a metadata database was designed, with the aim to answer the question: 'Who publishes what type of material from where and when?' On the other hand a content analysis is carried out which focuses on the actual topics (i.e. 'keywords') in Lexikos. To this end an all-inclusive text corpus containing all the Lexikos material was built, with the aim to answer the question: 'What are the major trends in Lexikos?'Keywords: LEXIKOS, LEXICOGRAPHY, METALEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARIES, LEXICOGRAPHERS,METADATA DATABASE, TEXT CORPUS, CONTRIBUTIONS, CONTRIBUTORS,AFFILIATIONS, STATISTICS, TRENDS, ENGLISH, AFRIKAANS, BANTUSamenvatting: Lexikos op achttienjarige leeftijd: Een analyse. Op achttienjarigeleeftijd werd Lexikos een speler van wereldformaat binnen de linguïstiek, door het behalenvan een Impact Factor. Dit artikel stelt een dubbele analyse voor van de grondslag die tot ditsucces leidde. Aan de ene kant wordt een gedetailleerde statistische studie ondernomen met betrekkingtot alle auteurs en hun bijdragen tot Lexikos. Daarvoor werd een metadata-databasis ontworpen,waarmee de volgende vraag wordt beantwoord: 'Wie publiceert welk soort materiaal, vanwaaruit en wanneer?' Aan de andere kant wordt een inhoudsanalyse uitgevoerd die zich toespitstop de feitelijke onderwerpen (m.n. 'sleutelwoorden') in Lexikos. Daarvoor werd een alles-inclusieftekstcorpus met al het Lexikos materiaal gebouwd, waarmee de volgende vraag wordt beantwoord:'Wat zijn de voornaamste trends in Lexikos?'Sleutelwoorden: LEXIKOS, LEXICOGRAFIE, METALEXICOGRAFIE, WOORDENBOEKEN,LEXICOGRAFEN, METADATA-DATABASIS, TEKSTCORPUS, BIJDRAGEN, AUTEURS,AFFILIATIES, STATISTIEKEN, TRENDS, ENGELS, AFRIKAANS, BANTOE

Abstract: Afrikaans etymological lexicography has yet to see an analytic dictionary along the lines of Sigmund Feist's Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch or Anatoly Liberman's An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology. Before an analytic dictionary of Afrikaans etymology can be written, a comprehensive bibliography of works and articles on the subject must first be brought together. This collection is a first step towards creating a resource for Afrikaans similar to Liberman's A Bibliography of English Etymology.Keywords: ETYMOLOGY, LEXICOGRAPHY, HISTORICAL LEXICOLOGY, DICTIONARIES,WORD STUDIES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, ANALYTIC, AFRIKAANS, HISTORICAL LINGUISTICSOpsomming: Bibliografiese materiaal vir die Afrikaanse etimologiese leksikografie.Die Afrikaanse etimologiese leksikografie moet nog 'n analitiese woordeboek krymin of meer soos Sigmund Feist se Götisches etymologisches Wörterbuch of Anatoly Liberman se AnAnalytic Dictionary of English Etymology. Voordat 'n analitiese woordeboek van die Afrikaanse etimologiegeskryf kan word, moet 'n omvattende bibliografie van werke en artikels oor die onderwerpeers bymekaargebring word. Hierdie versameling is 'n eerste stap tot die totstandbrengingvan 'n hulpmiddel vir Afrikaans soortgelyk aan Liberman se A Bibliography of English Etymology.Sleutelwoorde: ETIMOLOGIE, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, HISTORIESE LEKSIKOLOGIE, WOORDEBOEKE,WOORDSTUDIE, BIBLIOGRAFIE, ANALITIES, AFRIKAANS, HISTORIESE TAALKUNDE

Abstract: In this case study, a description is given of a keyboard layout designed to address the input needs of South African languages, specifically Venda, a language which would otherwise be impossible to type on a computer. In creating this keyboard, the designer, Translate.org.za, uses a practical intervention that transforms technology from a means harming a language into one ensuring the creation and preservation of good language resources for minority languages. The study first looks at the implications and consequences of this missing keyboard, and then follows the process from conception, strategy, research and design to the final user response. Not only are problems such as researching the orthographies, key placement and keyboard input options examined, but strategic objectives such as ensuring its wide adoption and creating a multilingual keyboard for all South African languages are also discussed. The result is a keyboard that furthers multilingualism and ensures the capturing of good data for future research. Finally it is a tool helping to boost and bolster the vitality of a language.Keywords: KEYBOARD, MULTILINGUALISM, VENDA, AFRIKAANS, TSWANA, NORTH-ERN SOTHO, ZULU, SOURCE, FREE SOFTWARE, LAYOUTOpsomming: Die skep van 'n enkelvoudige Suid-Afrikaanse toetsborduit-leg om taal te bevorder. In hierdie gevallestudie word 'n beskrywing gegee van die ontwerp van 'n sleutelborduitleg vir die hantering van die insetbehoeftes van Suid-Afrikaanse tale, veral Venda, 'n taal wat andersins onmoontlik op 'n rekenaar getik sou kon word. Deur die skep van hierdie sleutelbord gebruik die ontwerper, Translate.org.za, 'n praktiese ingryp wat tegnologie verander van 'n middel wat 'n taal benadeel tot een wat die skep en bewaring van nuttige taal-hulpbronne vir minderheidstale verseker. Die studie kyk eers na die implikasies en gevolge van hierdie ontbrekende sleutelbord, en volg dan die proses van konsepsie, strategie, navorsing en ontwerp tot die uiteindelike gebruikersreaksie. Nie alleen word probleme soos die navors van die ortografieë, sleutelplasing en sleutelbordinsetkeuses ondersoek nie, maar ook strategiese doelwitte soos die versekering van 'n wye aanvaarding daarvan en die skep van 'n meertalige sleutelbord vir alle Suid-Afrikaanse tale word bespreek. Die resultaat is 'n sleutelbord wat meertaligheid bevorder en die vaslegging van nuttige gegewens vir toekomstige navorsing verseker. Uiteindelik is dit 'n werktuig wat help om die lewenskragtigheid van 'n taal te versterk en te steun.Sleutelwoorde: TOETSBORD, VEELTALIGHEID, VENDA, AFRIKAANS, TSWANA, NOORD-SOTHO, ZOELOE, BRON, GRATIS PROGRAMMATUUR, UITLEG

Opsomming: Deur die tempo van globalisering op handelsgebied ontstaan daar toenemend 'n behoefte aan tweerigtingvakwoordeboeke. Afrikaans is een van die hooftale in Suid-Afrika, en die landbousektor van die land is oorwegend Afrikaanssprekend. Aangesien een van die outeurs Italiaanssprekend is, by vertaling betrokke is en die leemte aan 'n tweerigtingvakwoordeboek Afrikaans en Italiaans ervaar het, is kriteria bepaal vir die samestelling van so 'n vakwoordeboek op die gebied van die landbou-ekonomie tussen Afrikaans, 'n Germaanse taal, en Italiaans, 'n Romaanse taal. In agtereenvolgende afdelings word die algemene kriteria vir die samestelling van so 'n woordeboek uiteengesit. Daarbenewens word voorafgaande werk wat verrig moet word, bespreek, asook die keuring van materiaal. Ten slotte word, aan die hand van gepaste voorbeelde, die leksikografiese beginsels toegepas. 'n Bylaag wat uit twintig lemmas bestaan, dien as voorbeeld van hoe so 'n vakwoordeboek daar behoort uit te sien.Sleutelwoorde: AFRIKAANS, ITALIAANS, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, TERMINOGRAFIE, TERMINOLOGIE, TWEERIGTING, TWEETALIG, VAKLEKSIKOGRAFIE, VAKWOORDEBOEK, WOORDEBOEK.Abstract: A Practical Approach to the Compilation of a Bi-directional Technical Dictionary with Afrikaans and Italian as Language Pair. Due to rapid globalisation in the commercial sphere, there is an ever-increasing need for the compilation of bilingual technical dictionaries. Afrikaans is one of the principal languages in South Africa, and the agricultural sector of the country is predominantly Afrikaans-speaking. Since one of the authors is Italianspeaking, is involved in translation, and has experienced the need for a bi-directional technical dictionary Afrikaans and Italian, criteria were determined for the compiling of such a technical dictionary in the field of agricultural economics between Afrikaans, a Germanic language, and Italian, a Romance language. In subsequent sections, the general criteria for compiling such a dictionary are outlined. In addition, the work that must precede this process is discussed, as is the selection of material. In conclusion, employing appropriate examples, the lexicographical principles are applied. An appendix comprising twenty entries serves as an example of what such a technical dictionary should look like.Keywords: AFRIKAANS, BI-DIRECTIONAL, BILINGUAL, DICTIONARY, ITALIAN, LEXICOGRAPHY, LEXICOGRAPHY FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES, TECHNICAL DICTIONARY, TERMINOGRAPHY, TERMINOLOGY.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to assess the potential use of a mega newspaper corpus, the Media24 archive, in the absence of large balanced and representative corpora, for the compilation of major general dic-tionaries for Afrikaans. Firstly, an evaluation of Media24 against the lemmalists of both a major single-vol-ume and a multi-volume monolingual dictionary for Afrikaans is undertaken to determine to what extent Media24 correlates with the lemmalists of major dictionaries. Secondly, the strength/suitability of Media24 for lemma selection in categories other than newspapers is evaluated. Finally, it is determined what the con-tribution could be of Media24 to lexical sense distinction, selection of examples of usage, and typical colloca-tions.Keywords: AFRIKAANS, MEDIA24 ARCHIVE, NEWSPAPER CORPORA, BALANCED CORPORA, REPRESENTATIVE CORPORA, WORD/LEXICOGRAPHIC/LEXICAL SENSE DIS-TINCTION, LEMMALIST, CORPUS DESIGNOpsomming: 'n Perspektief op die leksikografiese waarde van megakoe-rantkorpusse — Die geval van Afrikaans in Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie arti-kel is om die bruikbaarheid van 'n megakoerantkorpus, die Media24-argief, te bepaal in die afwe-sigheid van groot, gebalanseerde en verteenwoordigende korpusse vir die samestelling van omvat-tende algemene woordeboeke vir Afrikaans. Eerstens word 'n evaluering van Media24 gedoen deur dit met die lemmalyste van 'n groot omvattende enkelvolume-, en 'n multivolumewoorde-boek van Afrikaans te vergelyk, ten einde te bepaal tot watter mate Media24 met die lemmalyste van groot woordeboeke korreleer. Tweedens word die gewig/toepaslikheid van Media24 vir lem-maseleksie uit kategorieë wat koerante uitsluit, geëvalueer. Ten slotte word bepaal wat die bydrae van Media24 kan wees tot leksikale betekenisonderskeiding, keuse van gebruiksvoorbeelde en tipiese kollokasies.Sleutelwoorde: AFRIKAANS, MEDIA24-ARGIEF, KOERANTKORPUSSE, GEBALAN-SEERDE KORPUSSE, VERTEENWOORDIGENDE KORPUSSE, WOORD/LEKSIKOGRAFIESE/ LEKSIKALE BETEKENISONDERSKEIDING, LEMMALYS, KORPUSONTWERP